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Supplementary Information Journal of Vertebrate SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds FEDERICO J. DEGRANGE,1* CLAUDIA P. TAMBUSSI,1 MATÍAS L. TAGLIORETTI,2 ALEJANDRO DONDAS,3 and FERNANDO SCAGLIA3 1CICTERRA, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina. [email protected]; 2Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. CC 722, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; 3Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia. Plaza España sin número, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina. *Corresponding author. APPENDIX S1. Character list used for the phylogenetic analysis of phorusrhacid intrafamiliar relationships. Skull and Mandible (1) Neurocranium, relative size compared with total size of the skull: small (0); big (1). (2) Upper beak, maxilla and premaxilla: wider than tall (0); taller than wide (1). Character 1 of Alvarenga et al. (2011); character 3 of Mayr (2002). (3) Upper beak, distal hook: absent (0); section with triangular shape and poorly developed ventrally (1); section with oval shape and great developed ventrally (2). (4) Fonticulis occipitalis (Ericson, 1997): present (0); absent (1). (5) Neurocranium, frontal region: pentagonal (0); triangular (1). (6) Neurocranium, shape of the foramen magnum: subpentagonal (0); circular (1); oval (2); triangular (3). (7) Neurocranium, prominentia cerebellaris: blunt edge (0); sharp edge (1). (8) Neurocranium, crista nuchalis transversa: absent (0); present, thin and sharp (1); stout and rounded (2). (9) Neurocranium, processus parasphenoidalis medialis with accessory tubercules: present (0), absent (1). (10) Upper beak, straight or weakly convex above the nares (0); markedly convex above the nares (1). Character 4 of Agnolín (2009). (11) Upper beak, nares shape: oval or kidney-shaped (0); triangular (1). (12) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria craniofacialis: present (0); absent (1). (13) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria palatina: present (0); absent (1). (14) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria arcus jugalis: present (0); absent (1). (15) Cranial edge of the fenestra antorbitaria: oblique (0); vertical (1). Compare with character 4 of Alvarenga et al. (2011) and character 8 of Agnolín (2009)]. Agnolín (2009) defines both states as oblique against ‘straight’. This last term may be confusing. (16) Cranial fusion of the lacrimals with the frontals: absent (0); present (1). Compare with character 6 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (17) Supraorbital process of lacrimals: short (0); caudally long (1). Compare with character 9 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (18) Supraorbital processes of the lacrimals in contact with the orbital edge of the frontals: present (0); absent (1). (19) Neurocranium, fossa temporalis, triangular in shape, meeting in the sagittal plane dorsally: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 7 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (20) Contact between the lacrimal and the jugal bar through the os lacrimale communicans (present as an independent bone): present (0); absent (1). (21) Jugal bar, height two times or more than the width: absent (0); two times as tall (1); more than two times as tall (2). Compare with character 14 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (22) Upper beak, nares, prenarial fossa (=fossa premaxillar of Agnolín, 2009): present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 6 of Agnolín (2009). (23) Splachnocranium, medial fusion of the maxillopalatine process: absent (0); present (1). (24) Palate, fossa palatalis: absent (0); present (1). (25) Palate, palatine crista lateralis: very extended ventrally (0); poorly extended ventrally (1). (26) Palate, palatine rostral process: absent or poorly developed (0); present (1). (27) Palate, basipterygoid articulation: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 23 of Mayr and Clarke (2003). (28) Pterygoid, with articulation process for the basipterygoid process: absent (0); present (1). Compare with character 11 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (29) Quadrate, condyle number: two, caudal condyle untied with the lateral condyle (0); three, caudal condyle separated from the lateral condyle (1). Compare with characters 52 and 54 of Livezey (1998). (30) Quadrate, pneumatic foramen in the medial surface of the orbital process: one (0); two (1); absent (2). (31) Quadrate, caudal pneumatic foramen on the corpus: present (0); absent (1). (32) Symphysis: ventrally curved (0); straight (1); dorsally curved (2). Compare with character 17 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (33) Rami mandibulae, mandibular fenestra: simple (0); double (1); triple (2). (34) Fossa articularis quadratica, processus lateralis mandibulae: very developed (0); poorly developed (1). (35) Processus retroarticularis: absent (0); present, caudolaterally directed (1); present, laterally directed (2). Vertebral Column (36) Third cervical vertebra, an osseous bridge linking the processus transversus to processus articularis (postzygapophysis) making a dorsal fenestra: absent (0); present (1). Character 52 of Mayr and Clarke (2003); character 21 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (37) Bifurcate neural spines in cervical vertebrae: absent (0); present (1). Thoracic Girdle (38) Sternum, spina externa: absent (0); present (1). (39) Sternum, craniolateral process: present but poorly developed (0); present and very developed, describing a stout spine (1). (40) Sternum, caudal margin with: one pair of incisions (0); without incisions (1). Character 13 of Mayr (2002). (41) Coracoid, procoracoidal process: developed (0); absent or poorly developed (1). Modified from character 28 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). According to Alvarenga and Höfling (2003) and Alvarenga et al. (2011), the procoracoidal process is absent in all phorusrhacids. (42) Coracoid, acrocoracoidal process: present (0); absent (1). Character 29 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (43) Coracoid, an osseous bridge linking the acrocoracoidal and the procoracoidal process: present (0); absent (1). Character 6 of Mayr (2002); character 30 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (44) Coracoid, coracoid fused to clavicle: absent (0); present (1). Character 31 of Alvarenga et al.[(2011). (45) Scapula, acromion cranially projected: absent (0); present (1). Character 33 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (46) Scapula, extremitas cranialis scapulae, group of foramina ventrally located to facies articularis humeralis: absent (0); present (1). Forelimb (47) Humerus, fossa m. brachialis: shallow (0); deep (1). (48) Humerus, processus flexorius: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 129 of Livezey (1998); character 39 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (49) Humerus, distal end strongly oblique in relation to longitudinal axis of the shaft: absent (0); present (1). Character 17 of Mayr (2002). (50) Humerus, incisura intercondylaris: present (0); absent or poorly developed (1). (51) Humerus, fossa olecrani: absent or poorly excavated (0); present and deep (1). (52) Ulna, greatly abbreviated, measuring only about three-fourths (or less) of the length of the humerus: absent (0); present (1). Modified from character 18 of Mayr (2002). (53) Carpometacarpus, Os metacarpale minus, more extended distally than the os metacarpale major: present (0); absent (1). Modified from character 67 of Agnolín (2009). (54) Carpometacarpus, medial process located at the base of the os metacarpale minus: present and distally projected (0); present and ventrally projected (1); absent (2). Pelvic Girdle (55) Preacetabular region: elongated and not compressed laterally (0); elongated and compressed laterally (1); compressed laterally but not elongated (2). Modified from character 24 of Mayr (2002) and character 43 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). Previous authors (Mayr, 2002; Alvarenga and Höfling, 2003; Agnolín, 2009; Alvarenga et al., 2011) considered that all phorusrhacids have a long and compressed pelvis. However, the psilopterine type phorusrhacid does not possess a fully compressed pelvis. (56) Pelvis postacetabularly compressed laterally: absent (0); present (1). (57) Crista iliaca dorsalis, preacetabular edge: straight (0); curved, forming a bow (1). (58) Tuberculum preacetabulare: very developed (0); absent or poorly developed (1). (59) Crista trochanterica: low (0); tall, very developed (1). Compare with character 44 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (60) Supratrochanteric crest, lateral projection: more projected than the antitrochanter (0); less projected than the antitrochanter (1). (61) Iliac platform (sensu Rovereto, 1914): absent (0); present (1). (62) Iliac shield (sensu Rovereto, 1914): absent (0); present (1). (63) Ala ischii, caudal margin: ‘V’-shaped (0); bowed (1). (64) Process caudally located to the ilioischiadic foramen: very developed (0); poorly developed (1); absent (2). (65) Pubis incomplete: absent (0); present (1). Character 46 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). Hind Limbs (66) Femur, trochanter majus: prominent proximally (0); absent or not prominent (1). Character 49 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (67) Femur, crista trochanteris, relative height to the caput femoris in cranial view: equal (0); more proximal (1); more distal (2). (68) Femur, linea intermuscularis cranialis: well marked (0); absent or tenuous (1). (69) Femur, fossa poplitea: shallow (0); deep (1). Character 50 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (70) Femur, osseous bar uniting the lateral and medial condyli, limiting caudodistally the popliteal fossa: present (0); absent (1). (71) Tibiotarsus, pons supratendineus with distal lip (sensu Degrange and Tambussi, 2011):
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