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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds FEDERICO J. DEGRANGE,1* CLAUDIA P. TAMBUSSI,1 MATÍAS L. TAGLIORETTI,2 ALEJANDRO DONDAS,3 and FERNANDO SCAGLIA3 1CICTERRA, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina. [email protected]; 2Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. CC 722, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; 3Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia. Plaza España sin número, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina. *Corresponding author. APPENDIX S1. Character list used for the phylogenetic analysis of phorusrhacid intrafamiliar relationships. Skull and Mandible (1) Neurocranium, relative size compared with total size of the skull: small (0); big (1). (2) Upper beak, maxilla and premaxilla: wider than tall (0); taller than wide (1). Character 1 of Alvarenga et al. (2011); character 3 of Mayr (2002). (3) Upper beak, distal hook: absent (0); section with triangular shape and poorly developed ventrally (1); section with oval shape and great developed ventrally (2). (4) Fonticulis occipitalis (Ericson, 1997): present (0); absent (1). (5) Neurocranium, frontal region: pentagonal (0); triangular (1). (6) Neurocranium, shape of the foramen magnum: subpentagonal (0); circular (1); oval (2); triangular (3). (7) Neurocranium, prominentia cerebellaris: blunt edge (0); sharp edge (1). (8) Neurocranium, crista nuchalis transversa: absent (0); present, thin and sharp (1); stout and rounded (2). (9) Neurocranium, processus parasphenoidalis medialis with accessory tubercules: present (0), absent (1). (10) Upper beak, straight or weakly convex above the nares (0); markedly convex above the nares (1). Character 4 of Agnolín (2009). (11) Upper beak, nares shape: oval or kidney-shaped (0); triangular (1). (12) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria craniofacialis: present (0); absent (1). (13) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria palatina: present (0); absent (1). (14) Splachnocranium, zona flexoria arcus jugalis: present (0); absent (1). (15) Cranial edge of the fenestra antorbitaria: oblique (0); vertical (1). Compare with character 4 of Alvarenga et al. (2011) and character 8 of Agnolín (2009)]. Agnolín (2009) defines both states as oblique against ‘straight’. This last term may be confusing. (16) Cranial fusion of the lacrimals with the frontals: absent (0); present (1). Compare with character 6 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (17) Supraorbital process of lacrimals: short (0); caudally long (1). Compare with character 9 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (18) Supraorbital processes of the lacrimals in contact with the orbital edge of the frontals: present (0); absent (1). (19) Neurocranium, fossa temporalis, triangular in shape, meeting in the sagittal plane dorsally: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 7 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (20) Contact between the lacrimal and the jugal bar through the os lacrimale communicans (present as an independent bone): present (0); absent (1). (21) Jugal bar, height two times or more than the width: absent (0); two times as tall (1); more than two times as tall (2). Compare with character 14 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (22) Upper beak, nares, prenarial fossa (=fossa premaxillar of Agnolín, 2009): present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 6 of Agnolín (2009). (23) Splachnocranium, medial fusion of the maxillopalatine process: absent (0); present (1). (24) Palate, fossa palatalis: absent (0); present (1). (25) Palate, palatine crista lateralis: very extended ventrally (0); poorly extended ventrally (1). (26) Palate, palatine rostral process: absent or poorly developed (0); present (1). (27) Palate, basipterygoid articulation: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 23 of Mayr and Clarke (2003). (28) Pterygoid, with articulation process for the basipterygoid process: absent (0); present (1). Compare with character 11 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (29) Quadrate, condyle number: two, caudal condyle untied with the lateral condyle (0); three, caudal condyle separated from the lateral condyle (1). Compare with characters 52 and 54 of Livezey (1998). (30) Quadrate, pneumatic foramen in the medial surface of the orbital process: one (0); two (1); absent (2). (31) Quadrate, caudal pneumatic foramen on the corpus: present (0); absent (1). (32) Symphysis: ventrally curved (0); straight (1); dorsally curved (2). Compare with character 17 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (33) Rami mandibulae, mandibular fenestra: simple (0); double (1); triple (2). (34) Fossa articularis quadratica, processus lateralis mandibulae: very developed (0); poorly developed (1). (35) Processus retroarticularis: absent (0); present, caudolaterally directed (1); present, laterally directed (2). Vertebral Column (36) Third cervical vertebra, an osseous bridge linking the processus transversus to processus articularis (postzygapophysis) making a dorsal fenestra: absent (0); present (1). Character 52 of Mayr and Clarke (2003); character 21 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (37) Bifurcate neural spines in cervical vertebrae: absent (0); present (1). Thoracic Girdle (38) Sternum, spina externa: absent (0); present (1). (39) Sternum, craniolateral process: present but poorly developed (0); present and very developed, describing a stout spine (1). (40) Sternum, caudal margin with: one pair of incisions (0); without incisions (1). Character 13 of Mayr (2002). (41) Coracoid, procoracoidal process: developed (0); absent or poorly developed (1). Modified from character 28 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). According to Alvarenga and Höfling (2003) and Alvarenga et al. (2011), the procoracoidal process is absent in all phorusrhacids. (42) Coracoid, acrocoracoidal process: present (0); absent (1). Character 29 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (43) Coracoid, an osseous bridge linking the acrocoracoidal and the procoracoidal process: present (0); absent (1). Character 6 of Mayr (2002); character 30 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (44) Coracoid, coracoid fused to clavicle: absent (0); present (1). Character 31 of Alvarenga et al.[(2011). (45) Scapula, acromion cranially projected: absent (0); present (1). Character 33 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (46) Scapula, extremitas cranialis scapulae, group of foramina ventrally located to facies articularis humeralis: absent (0); present (1). Forelimb (47) Humerus, fossa m. brachialis: shallow (0); deep (1). (48) Humerus, processus flexorius: present (0); absent (1). Compare with character 129 of Livezey (1998); character 39 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (49) Humerus, distal end strongly oblique in relation to longitudinal axis of the shaft: absent (0); present (1). Character 17 of Mayr (2002). (50) Humerus, incisura intercondylaris: present (0); absent or poorly developed (1). (51) Humerus, fossa olecrani: absent or poorly excavated (0); present and deep (1). (52) Ulna, greatly abbreviated, measuring only about three-fourths (or less) of the length of the humerus: absent (0); present (1). Modified from character 18 of Mayr (2002). (53) Carpometacarpus, Os metacarpale minus, more extended distally than the os metacarpale major: present (0); absent (1). Modified from character 67 of Agnolín (2009). (54) Carpometacarpus, medial process located at the base of the os metacarpale minus: present and distally projected (0); present and ventrally projected (1); absent (2). Pelvic Girdle (55) Preacetabular region: elongated and not compressed laterally (0); elongated and compressed laterally (1); compressed laterally but not elongated (2). Modified from character 24 of Mayr (2002) and character 43 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). Previous authors (Mayr, 2002; Alvarenga and Höfling, 2003; Agnolín, 2009; Alvarenga et al., 2011) considered that all phorusrhacids have a long and compressed pelvis. However, the psilopterine type phorusrhacid does not possess a fully compressed pelvis. (56) Pelvis postacetabularly compressed laterally: absent (0); present (1). (57) Crista iliaca dorsalis, preacetabular edge: straight (0); curved, forming a bow (1). (58) Tuberculum preacetabulare: very developed (0); absent or poorly developed (1). (59) Crista trochanterica: low (0); tall, very developed (1). Compare with character 44 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (60) Supratrochanteric crest, lateral projection: more projected than the antitrochanter (0); less projected than the antitrochanter (1). (61) Iliac platform (sensu Rovereto, 1914): absent (0); present (1). (62) Iliac shield (sensu Rovereto, 1914): absent (0); present (1). (63) Ala ischii, caudal margin: ‘V’-shaped (0); bowed (1). (64) Process caudally located to the ilioischiadic foramen: very developed (0); poorly developed (1); absent (2). (65) Pubis incomplete: absent (0); present (1). Character 46 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). Hind Limbs (66) Femur, trochanter majus: prominent proximally (0); absent or not prominent (1). Character 49 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (67) Femur, crista trochanteris, relative height to the caput femoris in cranial view: equal (0); more proximal (1); more distal (2). (68) Femur, linea intermuscularis cranialis: well marked (0); absent or tenuous (1). (69) Femur, fossa poplitea: shallow (0); deep (1). Character 50 of Alvarenga et al. (2011). (70) Femur, osseous bar uniting the lateral and medial condyli, limiting caudodistally the popliteal fossa: present (0); absent (1). (71) Tibiotarsus, pons supratendineus with distal lip (sensu Degrange and Tambussi, 2011):
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  • New Skull Remains of Phorusrhacos Longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for the Morphology of Phorusrhacidae

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    Journal of Paleontology, 93(6), 2019, p. 1221–1233 Copyright © 2019, The Paleontological Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 0022-3360/19/1937-2337 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2019.53 New skull remains of Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: implications for the morphology of Phorusrhacidae Federico J. Degrange,1* Drew Eddy,2,3 Pablo Puerta,4 and Julia Clarke2* 1Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina <[email protected]> 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78756, USA <[email protected]> 3BHP Billiton, 1500 Post Oak Boulevard, Houston, Texas, 77056, USA <[email protected]> 4Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Av. Fontana 140-CP9100, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina <[email protected]> Abstract.—The giant carnivorous phorusrhacid bird Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) was first described in 1887 by Florentino Ameghino on the basis of a jaw fragment. The majority of a skull of the species still encased in crumbling rock was preserved only long enough for illustrations to be made by Carlos Ameghino in the field and for a brief description to be written. Skull remains of this species have remained scarce, and few postcranial remains have been figured. Here, we reassess the cranial anatomy of this outstanding ‘terror bird’ species taking into account data from a newly discovered skull.
  • Thier-Reichs

    Thier-Reichs

    D" H. G. BRONN’S Klassen und Ordnungen des THIER-REICHS, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Fortgesetzt von Ph. D., M. A. Hans Gadow, F. R. S. in Cambridge. Mit auf Stein gezeichneten’Abbildungen. Sechster Band. IV. Abtheilung. Vögel: Aves. 44. u. 45. Lieferung. • Leipzig. C. F. Winter’sehe Verlagshandlung. 1893. rcin.org.pl rcin.org.pl Vögel. 81 Opistlio- Alcidae coinus Cuculid. Mnsopliag.* Psittaci Striges F und N 7-2 H 7ä F II H H H U spärlich U nackt nackt U spärlich, aber U wollig gross U spärlich ü spärlich R U R + 4- — r 4- 4- — r + solid + 4- 4- 4- d d d Halswurzel sp. sp. Brust — Brust — After Hals — After Halsmitte — Halsm. — Hals — After After After Strix Halsw. 11 10 10 10 10 11 — 4- 4~ 4- — b b n b b — 11 oft compl. einfach einfach einfach oft weiches Ceroma Ceroma S H H H 11 11 P i i i i i oft knöchernes Septum s s D D D S 4- 4- vorn gespalt. 4~ — r — 4- — — — — — 4- tief ziemlich tief tief tief ziemlich flach tief gross — — — — — s. kurz s. k. k o k o 0 0 15 18. 1!» 14 15 13. 14 14 s. wechselnd = 1 = T 1 T T 1 einige Wirbel j. k lang j. lang, k 1 mittel lang, einige Y lang, kurz Y — — — — — — 11.; 1 1.4-1 F. 2 Inc. 1 s. kl.I. 2 I.; 1 1.4-1 F. 2 Inc. 1 oder 2 Inc. 2 oder 1 Inc. od. F.
  • A Well-Preserved Partial Skeleton of the Poorly Known Early Miocene Seriema Noriegavis Santacrucensis

    A Well-Preserved Partial Skeleton of the Poorly Known Early Miocene Seriema Noriegavis Santacrucensis

    A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis GERALD MAYR and JORGE I. NORIEGA Mayr, G. and Noriega, J.I. 2015. A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 (3): 589–598. Seriemas (Cariamidae) include two extant species, Cariama cristata and Chunga burmeisteri, which live in semi-open plains of South America and have a poorly documented evolutionary history. One of the earliest fossil representatives of Cariamidae is the recently described Noriegavis santacrucensis from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Ar- gentina). So far, however, this species was only known from a cranium and tentatively referred distal tibiotarsi, and its phylogenetic assignment has been questioned. Here we describe a well-preserved partial skeleton from the Santa Cruz Formation, which substantiates the classification of Noriegavis in Cariamidae. Plesiomorphic features show N. santa- crucensis to be outside crown group Cariamidae, but the species is nevertheless very similar to its modern relatives and documents that the osteology of seriemas underwent only few changes during the past 16 million years. Key words: Aves, Cariamiformes, Cariamidae, Miocene, Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina. Gerald Mayr [[email protected]], Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Ornithological Section, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Jorge I. Noriega [[email protected]], Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, CICYTTP-CONICET, Materi y España, (3105) Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Received 23 July 2013, accepted 26 September 2013, avialable online 8 October 2013. Copyright © 2015 G.Mayr and J.I. Noriega. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.