DOCSLIB.ORG

Brontornis Burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, Un Anseriformes (Aves

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brontornis Burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, Un Anseriformes (Aves Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 9(1): 15-25, 2007 Buenos Aires, ISSN 1514-5158 Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina Federico L. AGNOLIN Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales «Bernardino Rivadavia», Av. Angel Gallardo 470 (1405) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Área Paleontología, Fundación de Historia Natural «Félix de Azara», Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología. CEBBAD - Universidad Maimónides, Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB) Buenos Aires, Argentina, e-mail: [email protected]. Abstract: Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, a giant Anseriformes (Aves) from the Middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Since its original description, Brontornis burmeisteri was considered as closely related to the family Phorusrhacidae (Gruiformes). Brontornis is known only by scarce postcranial remains, fragmentary mandibles and a quadrate bone. All the material comes from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. A reanalysis of this material indicates that Brontornis may be more properly included within the Anseriformes as a basal member of this group, together with Diatryma and the extinct family Dromornithidae. Its inclusion within the Anseriformes suggests a more complex evolutionary history of the poorly known paleoavifaunas of South America. Key words: Brontornis, Phorusrhacidae, Anseriformes, Miocene, Argentina. ____________ Desde su descripción original, Brontornis dos con la graviportalidad (Tonni, 1977; Alva- burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, 1891 fue consi- renga & Hofling, 2003). derado como el representante más robusto y de Un análisis detallado del escaso material mayor tamaño de los Stereornithes (= Pho- craneano conocido, así como del material post- rusrhacidae Ameghino, 1889), criterio seguido craneano, indica una diferente posición filo- por la mayoría de los autores subsiguientes (e.g., genética para Brontornis. En este trabajo se pro- Patterson & Kraglievich, 1960; Alvarenga, 1993; pone que este género se encontraría más cer- Alvarenga & Hofling, 2003; Tambussi & Noriega, canamente relacionado a los Anseriformes que a 1996). Moreno & Mercerat (1891) remarcaron las los Phorusrhacidae (Gruiformes). Los Anse- notables semejanzas que presentaba Brontornis riformes vivientes se encuentran representados con el género Cygnus (Anseriformes), en espe- por el clado Anseres, el cual se compone de tres cial en el tibiotarso y fémur. Por otro lado, familias de aves acuáticas voladoras: los Ana- Dolgopol de Sáez (1927) indicó importantes dife- tidae, de distribución cosmopolita, los Anse- rencias (especialmente en el tarso y falanges) ranatidae y finalmente los Anhimidae, endémi- entre Brontornis y el resto de los Phorusrhacidae cos de Oceanía y Sudamérica, respectivamente. (=Stereornithes), y en consecunecia erigió, para Por otro lado, el registro fósil de Anseriformes el primero, un nuevo grupo de aves denominado basales se encuentra restringido principalmente a Brontornithes. Esta hipótesis ha sido criticada por formas de gran tamaño, de proporciones Kraglievich (1932) y la supresión definitiva de los graviportales y con capacidad nula de vuelo. Brontornithes, junto con su inclusión den-tro de Den-tro de estos taxones se presenta el género los Phororhacoidea, fue llevada a cabo pos- extin-to Diatryma Cope, 1876 del Eoceno de teriormente por Patterson & Kraglievich (1960). América del Norte, el cual ha sido considerado Dentro de los Phororhacoidea, Brontornis fue original-mente como un posible Palaeognathae considerado como cercanamente emparentado a (Cope, 1876) y posteriormente como un miembro los géneros Physornis Ameghino, 1895 y Para- del orden Gruiformes, probablemente relacionado physornis Alvarenga, 1993, conformando la fa- a los Cariamoidea (Mathew & Granger, 1917). Su milia (o subfamilia) Brontornithinae, la cual ha inclusión dentro de los Gruiformes ha sido pues- sido fundamentada principalmente porque todos ta en duda primeramente por Olson (1985). sus integrantes poseen extremidades posteriores Andors (1992) ha ubicado Diatryma dentro de los cortas y robustas y el tarsometatarso ancho y Galloanserae y lo incluyó acertadamente dentro anteroposteriormente aplanado (Alvarenga & de los Anseriformes. Consecuentemente, Diatry- Höfling, 2003), caracteres todos estos relaciona- ma ha pasado de ser una gigantesca grulla carní- 16 Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 9 (1), 2007 Fig. 1. Cladograma de consenso indicando la posición filogenética de Brontornis. Los números en ne-grita indican el número de carácter y el número entre paréntesis el estado del mismo. Los caracteres subrayados representan homoplasias. Galloanserae: 16(1), 21(1), 27(1); Anseriformes: 2(1), 6(1), 9(1), 12(1), 14(1), 17(1), 19(1), 20(1), 30(1), 36(1), 37(1), 38(1), 39(1), 40(1), 41(1), 43(1), 45(1), 47(0), 48(1); Nodo 1: 27(1), 25(1); Nodo 2: 18(1); Anseres: 3(1), 5(1), 15(1), 47(1), 48(0); Nodo 3: 4(1), 7(1), 10(1), 28(1), 29(1), 31(1), 32(1), 33(1), 34(1), 35(1). Abreviaturas: Phorus.: Phorusrhacidae. vora a un pacífico «pato gigante» (Murray & (altura hasta la cabeza) y su peso en más de 350 Megirian, 1998; véase Witmer & Rose, 1991). kg (Alvarenga & Hofling, 2003). Seguramente Adicionalmente, los géneros Gastornis Hébert, incapacitado de volar, como lo sugieren las pro- 1855 y Zhongyuanus Hou, 1980 del Eoceno de porciones de los huesos conservados (la longitud Europa y Asia, respectivamente han sido inclui- del tarsometatarso es aproximadamente un 50 dos junto con Diatryma en la familia Gastor- % de la del tibiotarso), y el peso estimado, nithidae (Martin, 1992; Andors, 1992). Recien- Brontornis con toda seguridad era un ave de con- temente, una familia de supuestos Palaeognathae dición graviportal (Tonni, 1977). La gran robus- graviportales de gran tamaño fue erigida para tez de la mandíbula de este taxón, sumada a sus abarcar materiales fósiles del Mioceno-Pleis- extremidades de proporciones indicativas de toceno de Oceanía. Esta agrupación fue denomi- graviportalidad, llevó a especular sobre los posi- nada Dromornithidae y originalmente fueron bles hábitos alimenticios de Brontornis, conside- considerados relacionados a los Casuariidae, prin- rándosele principalmente carroñeros (Tonni, cipalmente sobre la base de caracteres potcra- 1977; Alvarenga & Hofling, 2003). neanos (Rich, 1980; 1992). Sin embargo, Murray El objetivo del presente trabajo es reanalizar & Megirian (1998) después de un detallado estu- los materiales conocidos de Brontornis burmeis- dio del cráneo de los Dromornithidae concluye- teri, así como reconsiderar su posición filo- ron que esta familia debería ser incluida dentro genética. de los Anseriformes, como el posible grupo her- mano de los Anhimidae. De este modo, los gru- METODOS pos-hermanos de los Anseriformes vivientes los constituirían agrupaciones de aves con nula ca- Los caracteres utilizados en el análisis filo- pacidad de vuelo, graviportales y de gran tama- genético (Apéndice I) han sido tomados de ob- ño corporal. servaciones personales e información édita. La Brontornis burmeisteri es, sin duda alguna, matriz elaborada para analizar la posición el ave de mayor tamaño que habitó América, su- filogenética de Brontornis consiste en 51 carac- perando inclusive al género norteamericano teres y 12 taxones terminales. Se utilizan como Diatryma. Su tamaño ha sido calculado en 2,8 m. grupos externos las Familias Tinamidae y Ralli- Agnolin: Brontornis, Anseriformes basal del Mioceno de Argentina 17 dae. Se incluyen miembros bien conocidos de la Familia Phorusrhacidae (i.e., Paraphysornis, Tolmodus, Phorusrhacos), Galliformes, y varios Anseriformes basales (i.e., Diatryma, Dromor- nithidae, Anseranatidae, Anhimidae), así como los Anatoidea. No se ha incluido en el análisis cladístico al Phorusrhacidae Physornis (un gé- nero supuestamente cercano a Brontornis) debi- do a la naturaleza incompleta sobre la cual se ha basado este taxón. Del mismo modo, los Gas- tornithidae Gastornis y Zhongyuanus no son in- cluidos en el análisis cladístico debido a su natu- raleza fragmentaria (véase Martin, 1992). Se analizaron los datos bajo el programa NONA (Goloboff, 1993) mediante análisis heurístico con un máximo obtenible de árboles de 10000 y un número de replicaciones de 1000. La estrategia de búsqueda utilizada es TBR + TBR (mult*max*). Se obtuvieron tres clado-gramas, Fi. 2. Brontornis burmeisteri. Cuadrado izquierdo en vis- cuyo consenso estricto brindó un árbol de una tas: (A) anterior; (B) posterior; (C) distal. Escala 2 cm. longitud de 61 pasos, con un Indice de Consistencia de 81 y un Indice de Retención de 91 (Fig. 1). Todos los caracteres fueron corridos 1895; actualmente sinónimo junior de Brontornis con polaridad libre. platyonyx; según Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003). Se sigue la terminología osteológica de Diagnosis. Brontornis burmeisteri puede ser Howard (1926) y Baumel & Witmer (1993) con diagnosticado sobre la base de las siguientes modificaciones, y el esquema estratigráfico de autapomorfías: 1) tróclea III del tarsometatarso Legarreta & Uliana (1994). Con respecto a los con una fuerte proyección dorsomedial de la su- Phorusrhacidae se adopta la nomenclatura perficie articular (Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003), 2) taxonómica empleada por Tonni (1980), con mo- puente supratendinoso del extremo distal del dificaciones. tibiotarso ausente, 3) continuación dorsal del Abreviaturas. BMNH, British Museum of surco intercondilar del cuadrado. Natural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Vol. 11, No. 3
    BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae
    [Show full text]
  • Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
    / Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded.
    [Show full text]
  • Sistemática Y Filogenia De Las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
    SISTEMÁTICA Y FILOGENIA DE LAS AVES FORORRACOIDEAS (GRUIFORMES, CARIAMAE) Federico Agnolín1, 2 1Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470 (1405), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. fedeagnolí[email protected] 2Área Paleontología. Fundación de Historia Natural “Félix de Azara”. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropolo- gía. CEBBAD - Universidad Maimónides. Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae). Federico Agnolín. Primera edición: septiembre de 2009. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfono: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228). E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Diseño: Claudia Di Leva. Agnolín, Federico Sistemática y filogenia de las aves fororracoideas : gruiformes, cariamae / Federico Agnolín ; dirigido por Adrián Giacchino. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2009. 79 p. : il. ; 30x21 cm. - (Monografías Fundación Azara / Adrián Giacchino) ISBN 978-987-25346-1-5 © Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Sistemática y Filogenia de las aves fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) Resumen. En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión sistemática de las aves fororracoideas y se propone por primera vez una filogenia cladística para los Phororhacoidea y grupos relacionados. Se acuña el nuevo nombre Notogrues para el clado que incluye entre otros taxones a Psophia, Cariamidae y Phororhacoidea. Dentro de los Notogrues se observa una paulatina tendencia hacia la pérdida del vuelo y la carnivoría.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanis Walleri: Bones of Contention
    Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 201-229 201 TITANIS WALLERI: BONES OF CONTENTION Gina C. Gould1 and Irvy R. Quitmyer2 Titanis walleri, one of the largest and possibly the last surviving member of the otherwise South American Phorusrhacidae is re- considered in light of all available data. The only verified phorusrhacid recovered in North America, Titanis was believed to exhibit a forward-extending arm with a flexible claw instead of a traditional bird wing like the other members of this extinct group. Our review of the already described and undescribed Titanis material housed at the Florida Museum of Natural History suggest that Titanis: (1) was like other phorusrhacids in sporting small, ineffectual ratite-like wings; (2) was among the tallest of the known phorusrhacids; and (3) is the last known member of its lineage. Hypotheses of its range extending into the Pleistocene of Texas are challenged, and herein Titanis is presumed to have suffered the same fate of many other Pliocene migrants of the Great American Interchange: extinction prior to the Pleistocene. Key Words: Phorusrhacidae; Great American Biotic Interchange; Florida; Pliocene; Titanis INTRODUCTION men on the tarsometatarsus, these specimens were as- Titanis walleri (Brodkorb 1963), more commonly known signed to the Family Phorusrhacidae (Brodkorb 1963) as the North American ‘Terror Bird’, is one of the larg- and named after both a Titan Goddess from Greek my- est known phorusrhacids, an extinct group of flightless thology and Benjamin Waller, the discoverer of the fos- carnivorous birds from the Tertiary of South America, sils (Zimmer 1997). Since then, isolated Titanis mate- and most likely, the last known member of its lineage rial has been recovered from three other localities in (Brodkorb 1967; Tonni 1980; Marshall 1994; Alvarenga Florida (Table 1; Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Terror Birds “Phorusrhacidae”
    Terror Birds “Phorusrhacidae” TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY ORIGINS OF FLIGHTLESSNESS IN BIRDS ADAPTATIONS ● Named in Diet and Hunting: (3) 1887 by The graphic to the left compares the skulls of Florentino Origin: (5) three species of terror birds including Ameghino, A theory commonly accepted by scientist is that all Andalgalornis steulleti, Haliaeetus albicilla and after the first birds that cannot fly today descended from birds that Cariama cristata. Each skull is placed under member of could fly. Some scientist argue that the birds that can different load cases. the group no longer fly lost that ability because there wasn’t any discovered, evolutionary advantage to flying in their environment. If Andalgalornis steulleti hunted small prey: Phorusrhacos Relation to Phorusrhacidae: (9) ● Less precision necessary ● Upon naming, Phorusrhacidae evolved to be menacing predators ● Easier to kill no precedent despite not having the ability to fly. Part of what made ● More safe to consume for a large them such a formidable predator is their small wings. If Andalgalornis steulleti hunted large prey: carnivorous bird had existed in South America (6) The size of the wings of Phorusrhacidae allowed for ● More precision ● SIlhouettes in the above diagram indicate body size, them to make quick maneuvers while moving at top ● Avoiding high lateral loads and dark silhouettes indicate a body mass over 70kg. speeds. This ultimately enabled them to out maneuver ● Used attack-and-retreat strategy ● Easily identified in the tree is the divergence from their prey more often than not. ● Possible use of talons to hold down prey smaller terror birds to those that are very large, the 3 ones we are familiar with, like Phorusrhacos.
    [Show full text]
  • New Skull Remains of Phorusrhacos Longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for the Morphology of Phorusrhacidae
    Journal of Paleontology, 93(6), 2019, p. 1221–1233 Copyright © 2019, The Paleontological Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 0022-3360/19/1937-2337 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2019.53 New skull remains of Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: implications for the morphology of Phorusrhacidae Federico J. Degrange,1* Drew Eddy,2,3 Pablo Puerta,4 and Julia Clarke2* 1Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina <[email protected]> 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78756, USA <[email protected]> 3BHP Billiton, 1500 Post Oak Boulevard, Houston, Texas, 77056, USA <[email protected]> 4Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Av. Fontana 140-CP9100, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina <[email protected]> Abstract.—The giant carnivorous phorusrhacid bird Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) was first described in 1887 by Florentino Ameghino on the basis of a jaw fragment. The majority of a skull of the species still encased in crumbling rock was preserved only long enough for illustrations to be made by Carlos Ameghino in the field and for a brief description to be written. Skull remains of this species have remained scarce, and few postcranial remains have been figured. Here, we reassess the cranial anatomy of this outstanding ‘terror bird’ species taking into account data from a newly discovered skull.
    [Show full text]
  • SAPE Newsletter 1994 No.8 1 of 28 Some Areas Than in Others ? How Does the Fossil Record Influence Our Perception of Modern Avian Distributions ?
    SOCIETY OF AVIAN PALEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTION INFORMATION LETTER n° 8, November 1994 Secretary: Cécile Mourer-Chauviré Département des Sciences de la Terre Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 27-43 Boul. du 11 Novembre 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, FRANCE SAPE MEETING IN WASHINGTON, D. C., 2 to 8 June 1996 At the Frankfurt meeting of SAPE in 1992 it was decided that the next meeting of SAPE would be at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., from 2 to 8 June 1996. The Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, Maryland, will be a joint host of the meeting. Plan to attend. The scientific program will be open, just as in the past, but to whatever extent possible, we would like to organize as many papers as possible into major themes. PLEASE LET US HAVE YOUR IDEAS FOR SUITABLE TOPICS. The following are suggestions only, and may not be part of the final program at all. We want to hear from you. Mesozoic birds. A perennial favorite. What are the new discoveries ? What do they tell us regarding the origins of birds (dinosaurs vs. thecodonts, etc.) ? What bearing, if any, do Mesozoic birds have on the origin and divergence of modern orders of neognathous birds ? Phyletic lineages through time. What does the fossil record tell us regarding changes through times in lineage of species, genera, families: How should we handle the problem of nomenclature and systematics of a single lineage that shows changes through time ? Extinction. How do we identify lineages that have become extinct and left no descendents. What is the timing and cause of extinction in avian lineages ? How well do these correlate with extinction events in mammals or other organisms? Biogeography and faunal changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2: the Scientific Data Relative to the Biblical Teaching of Genesis 1-11
    441 Part 2: The scientific data relative to the Biblical teaching of Genesis 1-11. Chapter 1: General Theology of Scientific Evidences for the Creator & Bible: a] “God” hath “left not himself without witness” (Acts 14:15,17). b] Biblical creation model to be scientifically compared and contrasted with the Book of Nature. Chapter 2: “The creation of the world” (Rom. 1:20): the generally united old earth creationist school. a]i] Cosmology (The First Cause): “In the beginning God created” (Gen. 1:1), the universe & how at the time of the Big Bang God made matter out of nothing at all! a]ii] Cosmology (The First Cause): The “creation” claims of the world’s largest Infidel religion, Mohammedanism, as found in the Koran; and also the “creation” claims of the world’s two largest heathen religions, Buddhism & Hinduism; are not scientific. b] Teleology (Design): i] “God created the heaven and the earth” (Gen. 1:1) & the Anthropic Principle. ii] “In the beginning God” (Gen. 1:1): The Anthropic Principle subject to the Theocentric Principle (Isa. 46:9,10). iii] “God created … the earth” (Gen. 1:1): Earth’s Solar System. iv] “God created … the earth” (Gen. 1:1): Earth-Sun-Moon system. v] “God created … the earth” (Gen. 1:1) – but how “old” is the “old … earth” (Ps. 102:25)? Chapter 3: “God created … the earth” (Gen. 1:1): uniformitarianism & catastrophism. a] From Xenophanes to William Hutton. b] Adam Sedgwick (old earth creationist) verses Charles Lyell (anti- supernaturalist uniformitarianism). c] Thomas Chalmers (old earth creationist) verses Charles Lyell’s type of anti-supernaturalist uniformitarianism.
    [Show full text]
  • “Estudio De La Capacidad Aerodinámica En Aves Del Terror (Aves, Phorusrhacidae)”
    TESINA PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS “Estudio de la capacidad aerodinámica en aves del terror (Aves, Phorusrhacidae)” Bach. Felipe H. Montenegro Touron Orientador: Dr. Washington W. Jones. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural- MEC Co- orientador: Dr. Ernesto Blanco. Instituto de Física- Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR Diciembre, 2017 Tesina F. Montenegro Página 0 “No sé si mi canto es lindo o si saldrá medio triste; nunca fui zorzal, ni existe plumaje más ordinario. Yo soy pájaro corsario que no conoce alpiste. Vuelo porque no me arrastro, que el arrastrarse es la ruina; anido en árbol de espina lo mesmo que en cordilleras sin escuchar las zonceras del que vuela a lo gallina. No me arrimo así nomás a los jardines floridos. Sin querer vivo alvertido pa' no pisar el palito. Hay pájaros que solitos se entrampan por presumidos.” Héctor Roberto Chavero Aramburu el gran “Atahualpa Yupanqui” (1908-1992) Fragmento del poema El payador perseguido (1965), canción que me acompaño durante todas las jornadas de escritura de esta tesina Tesina F. Montenegro Página 1 Tabla de contenido Tabla de contenido ........................................................................................................................ 2 Agradecimientos ........................................................................................................................... 3 Resumen ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Introducción .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brotherly Love
    THE HOOT www.illinoisyoungbirders.org The Hoot Volume 2, Issue 4 American Redstart by Nandu Dubey Spring 2012 A PUBLICATION OF THE ILLINOIS YOUNG BIRDERS, A SPECIAL PROJECT OF THE IOS IN THIS ISSUE Brotherly Love by Matthew Cvetas, ILYB Parent and Editor of The Hoot I can still remember the day my brother A good relationship with a family member – declared he’d had enough with me and brother, sister, parent or other ‐ can be an moved his bed out of our bedroom and into unique and special thing. In my current the hallway. It was odd to see his bed out family role as referee…errr, parent, it’s there, not just because there wasn’t really something I constantly try to impress upon room for it in the hallway, but because of the my children, not just each time they raise Graham and Henrey Deese by Jeff Reiter hole it left in our cramped little room. “Heh,” their voices at each other. I’m hoping one day I thought, “maybe I could get a desk?” All the message gets through to them. Bloomingdale Birding Brothers kidding aside ‐ I don’t know that I knew it Jeff Reiter tells us why the future of birding is in good then, but something I treasured, my brother, Since I seriously started birding in my adult hands with ILYB members, Graham and Henrey Deese. was now missing from my life – well, from years, I haven’t had the opportunity to take Page 2 my bedroom anyway. my dbrother an his son birding with Jake and me.
    [Show full text]
  • A Giant Flightless Bird from the Pleistocene of Florida
    THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. 80 APRIL, 1963 No. 2 A GIANT FLIGHTLESS BIRD FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF FLORIDA PIERCE BRODKORB Tin; large, flightlessbirds of the superfamilyPhorusrhacoidea have had a known history confined,until now, to Argentina and Uruguay, and, in time, to the periodfrom the Oligoceneto the early Pleistocene.This paper extendsthe known geographicoccurrence of the group to North America and its known geologicrange into the late Pleistocene. The fossil here described,from a fluvial depositin northern Florida, is a bird of tremen- dous size, larger than the African ostrich and more than twice the size of the South American rhea. Titanis, new genus Type of Genus. Titanis walleri, new species. Diagnosis. Referable to the family Phorusrhacidae,subfamily Phorus- rhacinae,on the basisof: gigantic size; distal foramen of tarsometatarsus bifurcate, with foramenfor extensorbrevis digiti IV openingthrough distal end of shelf boundingouter intermetatarsalspace (confluent with foramen for tibialis anticus artery on plantar surface of shaft in Brontornithidae, separatebut on plantar face in Rheidae); lower end of shaft not bilaterally expanded(flaring toward roots of trochleaein Rheidae); plantar surface of shaft flat above trochleae (concavein comparablegroups); trochleae nearly on a plane (strongly arched in Psilopteridaeand Rheidae); poste- rior wingsof trochleaeobsolete (well developedin Psilopteridae). Distal portion of tarsometatarsussimilar to that of Phorusrhacos Ameghino(1887),* but middletrochlea somewhat expanded distally (with- out distal expansionin Phorusrhacos),vertical in distal view (medially inclinedin Phorusrhacos),and with inner marginof plantar face abruptly * This is the original spelling, although at least six emendationshave been proposed, three by Lydekker, two by Ameghino himself, and one by Sdater.
    [Show full text]
  • P-3 Höfling.Fm
    ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 15 (Suppl.): 73–81, 2004 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society RECENT ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL BIRDS Elizabeth Höfling Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n. 101, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mails: [email protected] & [email protected] Resumo. – Estudos anatômicos recentes de aves Neotropicais. – O conhecimento anatômico é um pré- requisito fundamental para entender as séries de transformações nos caracteres e a história evolutiva dos organismos. Os métodos tradicionais, utilizados no estudo anatômico, foram sendo gradualmente substi- tuídos por uma abordagem dinâmica e funcional, em que são empregadas técnicas cada vez mais sofistica- das. Além disso, o estudo das relações de parentesco entre os organismos, como proposto pelo entomologista alemão Willi Hennig, tem motivado os biólogos a reviver a anatomia por ser ela indicativa das relações entre os táxons. Assim, as novas idéias e os conceitos da sistemática filogenética foram, tam- bém, incorporados à ornitologia. Na década de 1980 iniciamos, na Universidade de São Paulo, um pro- grama de pesquisa com vários projetos em ornitologia que não haviam sido, até então, explorados no Brasil, voltados, principalmente, para a avifauna Neotropical. O novo grupo de pesquisa em anatomia conta, atualmente, com 18 pesquisadores e estudantes que trabalham nos seguintes temas: a) anatomia osteológica e miológica, que fornece subsídios para entender a mecânica dos movimentos, além de ser uma importante fonte de caracteres para sustentar hipóteses filogenéticas; b) anatomia da siringe, que tem pos- sibilitado a caracterização dos padrões morfológicos de vários grupos de aves; e c) pesquisa sobre aves fós- seis da América do Sul.
    [Show full text]