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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION AND BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE IN PRE-CONTACT FLORIDA: A MORPHOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CONTINUITY AND CHANGE By MARANDA ALMY KLES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Maranda Almy Kles 2 To the two people in my life who made this possible: my husband, Joseph Kles, and my mother, Marion Almy. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of many people, probably more than I list here. Firstly I would like to acknowledge my co-chairs Dr. Michael Warren and Dr. John Krigbaum who have helped me become the biological anthropologist I am through their mentorship from my undergraduate years onward. Also, many thanks to Dr. Kenneth Sassaman for piquing my interest in anthropology in his General Anthropology course and second for helping me go from the daughter of an archaeologist to a biological anthropologist who better understands the complexities of the archaeological record. Secondly, I want to acknowledge the people who have provided insight and input on my research. Dr. George Luer, his input and support have helped me immensely. I appreciate the invaluable information provided by Donna Ruhl, Louis Tesar, Dr. Robert Austin, and Dr. David Dickel about sites and collections. Dr. Jerald Milanich, who has been a mentor in various ways and who showed me many years ago that you can blend archaeology, history, and biological anthropology. I am also indebted to Katie Miyar for traveling with me to collections, allowing me to stay in her house while working, and providing me with a supportive ear through this process. In addition, Dr. Sherry Hutt for discussions that led to this topic, Dr. Jan Matthews for being a friend, Dr. Margo Schwadron for her support, guidance, and friendship, and many others whom I am forgetting for input on various topics. Thirdly, I must acknowledge those institutions and the people who care for Florida’s priceless collections examined in this research: The Florida Museum of Natural History, Florida Department of Historic Resources, Florida State University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida Atlantic University, University of Miami, Sarasota County 4 History Center, the Smithsonian Institution, Donna Ruhl, Dr. Neill Wallis, Elise LeCompte, Dr. David Dickel, Dr. Glen Doran, Dr. Heather Walsh-Haney, Dr. Arlene Fradkin, Dr. John Gifford, Monica Faraldo, Jodi Prachett, and Dr. David Hunt. No acknowledgement would be complete without thanking my family for their love and support. In particular, I want to thank my mom—despite her many efforts and best intentions, I thank her for starting me in this field (even before I was born) and helping me find my true passion (that fateful trip to the cemetery in Fort Myers). It is my hope that your granddaughter follows in your footsteps and becomes an anthropologist! Also, thank you to Grandpa Sheldon and Grandpa Dick for the many tiring hours put in at the end entertaining their granddaughter so I could work. It would have taken ten times longer without you. Lastly, I want to thank Joseph Kles, my husband, without whom I never could have done this. When I told you I wanted to come back to school and you said ‘yes’, I knew you were the one for me, even if you had no idea what you were getting yourself into. Five years later here we are and you have been everything to me whenever I needed it -- words can never express my gratitude. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF QUESTIONS ......................................... 16 2 CULTURE HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF FLORIDA .................................. 28 Paleoindian Period .................................................................................................. 28 Archaic Period ........................................................................................................ 29 Woodland Period .................................................................................................... 32 North Florida ..................................................................................................... 34 North and Northwest .................................................................................. 35 North Central .............................................................................................. 37 Northeast ................................................................................................... 39 Southern Peninsular Gulf Coast and South Florida .......................................... 40 Southern Peninsular Gulf Coast ................................................................. 40 South Florida .............................................................................................. 42 Mississippian Period ............................................................................................... 45 Summary ................................................................................................................ 46 3 BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE ANALYSIS: HISTORY, THEORY, AND METHODS ..... 51 Biological Distance Studies on Living Populations .................................................. 52 Biological Distance Studies on Archaeological Populations .................................... 53 Metric Versus Non-Metric Traits ............................................................................. 59 Biological Distance-Theory, Assumptions, and Models .......................................... 61 Theory .............................................................................................................. 61 Assumptions ..................................................................................................... 62 Assumptions analyzed ..................................................................................... 62 Model derivations ............................................................................................. 67 Methodologies .................................................................................................. 70 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS ................................................................................ 72 Data Collected ........................................................................................................ 72 Missing Data ........................................................................................................... 74 Statistical Methods .................................................................................................. 77 6 Materials ................................................................................................................. 80 Archaic Sites .................................................................................................... 80 Warm Mineral Springs (8SO19) ................................................................. 80 Windover Pond (8BR246) .......................................................................... 81 Little Salt Spring (8SO18) .......................................................................... 81 Bay West (8CR200) ................................................................................... 82 Republic Groves (8HR4) ............................................................................ 82 Gauthier (8BR193) ..................................................................................... 83 Bird Island (8DI52) ..................................................................................... 83 Weeden Island/Manasota Sites ........................................................................ 84 McKeithan (8CO17) ................................................................................... 84 Crystal River (8CI1) ................................................................................... 84 Hughes Island Mound (8DI45) ................................................................... 85 Yellow Bluffs Mound (8SO4) ...................................................................... 86 Dunwody (8CH61) ..................................................................................... 86 Casey Key (8SO17) ................................................................................... 87 Palmer Burial Mound (8SO2A) ................................................................... 87 Manasota Key Cemetery (8SO1292) ......................................................... 88 Venice Beach Complex (8SO26) ............................................................... 88 Bayshore Homes (8PI41) ........................................................................... 89 Bay Pines Site (8PI64) ............................................................................... 89 South Florida Sites ........................................................................................... 90 Captiva Mound (8LL57) ............................................................................