DOCSLIB.ORG

Predictive Modeling Upper Delaware Valley Practices in Regional Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Predictive Modeling Upper Delaware Valley Practices IN REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE by R. Michael Stewart, Ph.D. Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey March 2019 State of New Jersey Governor Philip D. Murphy Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver Department of Environmental Protection Catherine R. McCabe, Commissioner Natural and Historic Resources Group Historic Preservation Office Mail Code 501-04B P.O. Box 420 Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0420 Cover photograph courtesy of Dewberry Engineering, Parsippany, New Jersey. This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Any opinions findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. PREDICTIVE MODELING UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY PRACTICES IN REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE by R. Michael Stewart Prepared for: The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Trenton, New Jersey March 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I. Introduction 1 II. Background: Regional 8 A. Early Trends in the Middle Atlantic Region 8 B. Early Trends in the Delaware Valley and New Jersey 12 C. Summary of Early Trends 17 D. Subsequent Practices in the Middle Atlantic Region 18 E. Subsequent Practices in the Delaware Valley and New Jersey 34 F. Summary of Subsequent Practices 47 G. Guidance of State Historic Preservation Offices 48 III. Modeling in the Upper Delaware Valley 51 A. Ahistorical Models 51 B. Additional Comments Regarding Environmental and Cultural Variables 72 C. Period-Specific Observations 75 D. Summary 81 IV. Discussion and Recommendations 85 A. Survey Goals, Field Methods, Site Size and Significance 85 B. Survey Goals, Field Methods, Site Size and Significance – Recommendations 92 C. Revisiting Select Variables, Environmental and Cultural 94 1. Environmental 94 2. Cultural 105 D. Revisiting Select Variables, Environmental and Cultural – Recommendations 109 E. Conclusion: Approaches in Modeling 113 V. Acknowledgments 118 VI. References Cited 119 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Upper Delaware Valley Project Area Showing Relevant Counties of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York 3 2. Physiography and Elevations in the Delaware River Basin 4 3. Overview of Assessed Site Sensitivity for Modeling Regions 7-10 in Pennsylvania 42 4. Topographic Cross-Sections of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pennsylvania and New Jersey 58 5. Binford’s Leapfrog Pattern of Residential Bases and Foraging Radii 74 6. Least Cost Pathways from the West Athens Hill Source Area for Normanskill Chert to the Poirier Paleoindian Site in the Upper Delaware Valley 79 7. Hydrography and Topography of Warren County, New Jersey 97 8. Variation in the Hydrography of Two Areas of Roughly Equal Size in Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 98 9. Ridge and Valley and Highlands Natural Corridors Linking the Delaware and Hudson River Valleys 101 10. Conjectured Major Historic Indian Trails of New Jersey Relevant to the Project Area 106 PAGE 11. Historic Indian Paths in Pennsylvania Relevant to the Project Area 107 12. Historic Indian Paths in Pennsylvania Relevant to the Project Area 108 13. Modern Mast Trees Per Soil Type, West Branch Basin of the Delaware River 111 LIST OF TABLES 1. Variables Highlighted in a Sample of Early Settlement and Locational Models for the Middle Atlantic Region 14 2. Topographic Settings Associated with the Greatest Percentage of Sites for Physiographic Zones in Pennsylvania. 20 3. Environmental Variables Employed in Models Reviewed for Pennsylvania Statewide Predictive Model Development 24 4. Breakdown of Environmental Divisions Used in the Development of Statewide Predictive Models for Pennsylvania 25 5. Average Distance to Stream Confluence for Select Time Periods and Physiographic Zones, Pennsylvania 32 6. Average Stream Order of the Nearest Confluence to Sites by Physiographic Zone and Time Period, Pennsylvania 32 7. Relation of Sites to Streams and Stream Confluences in the Susquehanna, Potomac, and Delaware River Basins, Pennsylvania 33 8. Relation of Sites to Streams and Stream Confluences in the Upper Juniata River Basin, Pennsylvania 33 9. Variables Employed in Pine Barrens Modeling Project, New Jersey 36 10. Variables Used in Assessing Locations of Sites and Control Points Ocean County, New Jersey 37 11. Relation of a Sample of Sites to Surface Water Ocean County, New Jersey 38 12. Variable Features, Ranges/States, and Weighted Values, Midpeninsular Drainage Divide, Coastal Delaware 40 13. Variable Features, Ranges/States, and Weighted Values Mid Drainage Zone, Coastal Delaware 40 14. Proximity of Sites to Water in the Outer Coastal Plain of New Jersey 45 15. Testing Methodology Matrix for Use in Archaeological Surveys Completed in Pennsylvania 49 16. Variable Weights in the Bailey and Dekin Predictive Model for the Upper Delaware National Scenic And Recreational River 53 17. Site Sensitivity Rankings and Site Distributions for the Callicoon and Damascus 7.5’ USGS Quadrangles 53 18. Kvamme Gain Values for Site Sensitivity Rankings in the Bailey and Dekin Model for the Upper Delaware National Scenic And Recreational River 53 19. Distribution of Sites By Environmental Zone in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York 55 20. Site Settings on the Valley Floors of the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York 56 PAGE 21. Site Settings in the Valley Walls Environmental Zone of the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York 56 22. Site Settings in the Uplands of the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York 56 23. Settings of 1991-92 Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Transect Survey Sites and Other Sites in a Regional Sample 58 24. Relation of Sites to Surface Water in a Sample From Monroe and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania and Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 59 25. Incremental Distances to Surface Water for a Sample of Sites From Monroe and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania and Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 59 26. Acreage Equivalent of Environmental Zones Tested in the Riegel et al 1994 Survey of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 61 27. Sampling of Environmental Settings and Results of the Riegel et al 1994 Survey of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 61 28. Relation of Sites to Surface Water for Monroe, Northampton and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania and Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 62 29. Incremental Distances to Surface Water for Sites in Monroe, Northampton and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania and Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 62 30. Site and Landform Associations in Monroe, Northampton and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania and Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 62 31. Horizontal Distance to Water in the Pocono Uplands Model 64 32. Pocono Uplands Model: High Probability Variables Revised 64 33. Surface Water Associations for Sites in Three Watersheds, Northampton and Monroe Counties, Pennsylvania 66 34. Landforms Associated With Sites in the West Branch Delaware Sub-Basin, Pennsylvania 69 35. Sites and Distance to Surface Water in the West Branch Delaware Sub-Basin, Pennsylvania 69 36. Landforms Associated With Sites in the Marshalls, Brodhead, Pocono, and McMichaels Creeks Watershed, Pennsylvania 70 37. Distance of Sites to Surface Water in the Marshalls, Brodhead, Pocono, and McMichaels Creeks Watershed, Pennsylvania 71 38. Predictive Criteria in the Brewer et al (2014) Model, Monroe County, Pennsylvania 71 39. Surface Water Associations of Caves and Rockshelters Investigated by Max Schrabisch 72 40. Aspect/Exposure of Caves and Rockshelters Investigated by Max Schrabisch 73 41. Landform and Cultural Component Associations Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 76 42. Nearest Water and Cultural Component Associations Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 77 43. Nearest Stream Confluence and Cultural Component Associations Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 77 44. Closest Distance Between Pathways and Non-Destination Paleoindian Sites with Normanskill Chert Artifacts 78 PAGE 45. Distance of Orient Sites in Floodplain/Terrace Settings to Secondary Streams in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania 80 46. Examples of Cultural Historical Affiliations and Site Settings on the Valley Floor of the Upper Susquehanna River, New York 82 47. Examples of Small Sites in the Upper Delaware Valley Project Area 87 48. Distance of Sites to Nearest Water, Warren and Sussex Counties, New Jersey 95 49. Examples of Toolstone Sources in the Upper Delaware Valley 100 50. Examples of Periods of Moisture Stress Potentially Impacting Paleoenvironments in the Region 112 I. INTRODUCTION It is rare that archaeologists can examine 100% of anything in the field and this is especially true of reconnaissance surveys of extensive project or geographic areas. Sampling and the use of models that predict potential site locations or sensitive environmental zones typically are employed in these situations. In what follows I examine the use of predictive models for Native American sites in the Delaware Valley focusing on their use in the upper portions of the drainage basin. The effort is part of an alternative mitigation project supported by the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office. The overarching goal of the mitigation is to craft reports and essays that update and synthesize aspects of archaeological practice and the record of Pre-Contact and Contact Native American life in the Upper Delaware Valley, and understand them in the context of broader regional
Recommended publications
  • Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Quality of Northern Bucks County, Pennsylvania

    Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Quality of Northern Bucks County, Pennsylvania

    HYDROGEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER QUALITY OF NORTHERN BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA by Ronald A. Sloto and Curtis L Schreftier ' U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4109 Prepared in cooperation with NEW HOPE BOROUGH AND BRIDGETON, BUCKINGHAM, NOCKAMIXON, PLUMSTEAD, SOLEBURY, SPRINGFIELD, TINICUM, AND WRIGHTSTOWN TOWNSHIPS Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center District Chief Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, MS 517 840 Market Street Denver Federal Center Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 17043-1586 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract....................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................2 Purpose and scope ..................................................................... 2 Location and physiography ............................................................. 2 Climate...............................................................................3 Well-numbering system................................................................. 4 Borehole geophysical logging............................................................4 Previous investigations ................................................................. 6 Acknowledgments....................................................................
  • State Game Lands 267 Blair County

    State Game Lands 267 Blair County

    ROAD CLASSIFICATION Secondary Highway Unimproved Road ! Electric Oil Pipeline; Gas Line Other Line l Phone ll Sewer Line; Water Line ± Trail !! Special Trails Stream IA Parking Area ²³F Food & Cover Crew HQ ²³G Garage L Headquarters l ²³O Other YY ²³S Storage l Gate YY Tower Site l l Food Plot Game Land Boundary Other Game Lands Wetland ! ! ! ! ! IAl! l ! ! ! ! PENNSYLVANIA GAME COMMSISSION STATE GAME LANDS 267 BLAIR COUNTY Feet 0 1900 3800 5700 7600 1 inch = 3,000 feet January 2014 Service Layer Credits: Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed State game land (SGL) 267 is located in Logan Township, Blair County 12/17/2012 SPORTSMEN'S RECREATION MAP in Wildlife Management Unit 4D and currently has a deeded acreage of 1,041 acres. Approximately 2,200 feet of Laurel Run, a cold water fishery, flows through SGL 267, and all water within this SGL is part of the Susquehanna watershed. The Game Commission currently maintains one public parking area on SGL 267, located on Skyline Drive. There are 0.95 miles of maintained administrative roads throughout SGL 267, providing for public access to this area by foot. The farthest point on SGL 267 by foot from a parking area or public road is approximately 0.75 miles. All roads are currently closed year-round to public motor vehicle traffic and access is controlled with locked gates. The gated roads and rights-of-way provide access for hunters and avenues for hiking, Each time a hunter buys a hunting license, the wildlife photography and bird-watching. money he spends goes toward many facets of wildlife management.
  • A Century of Forest Stewardship in New Jersey 1905-2005

    A Century of Forest Stewardship in New Jersey 1905-2005

    A Century of Forest Stewardship in New Jersey 1905-2005 Researched and written by Kevin Wright © Kevin Wright 2005 An Introduction to New Jersey’s Natural Parks and Forest Reservations Tucked between blue-hazed mountains and the ocean shore, the State of New Jersey occupies a full cross section of the Atlantic slope with terrains and habitats that vary remarkably mile by mile. The cultural landscape is equally picturesque; what began as the most ethnically and religiously diverse colony has become the most densely populated State in the Union. Consequently a wonderful variety of plant and animal life competes on a daily basis with a spreading suburban population for space and resources. New Jersey’s virgin forests vanished by 1860, having been repeatedly cut over. With such widespread deforestation, even the Highlands “presented a perfectly bare appearance.” By 1900, about 46% of New Jersey’s land area, amounting to two million acres, remained woodland, though its condition was generally poor. Though this forest area was close to lumber markets, its overall value was insignificant, due mainly to repeated and uncontrolled destruction by forest fires. The first generation of professional American foresters, trained mainly in the carefully managed forest reserves of Germany, recommended the practice of scientific forestry to restore the exhausted condition of New Jersey’s remnant woodlands after centuries of exploitation. They believed that even the poor sandy soils of the Pine Barrens might yield crops of “commercially valuable trees … at a more rapid rate than is the rule on the average forest soil in the East, due to a favorable climate.”1 They not only advocated the creation of an organized firefighting force, but also a system of state-owned demonstration forests to promote reforestation.
  • HIGH ALLEGHENY PLATEAU ECOREGIONAL PLAN: FIRST ITERATION Conservation Science Support—Northeast and Caribbean

    HIGH ALLEGHENY PLATEAU ECOREGIONAL PLAN: FIRST ITERATION Conservation Science Support—Northeast and Caribbean

    HIGH ALLEGHENY PLATEAU ECOREGIONAL PLAN: FIRST ITERATION Conservation Science Support—Northeast and Caribbean The High Allegheny Plan is a first iteration, a scientific assessment of the ecoregion. As part of the planning process, other aspects of the plan will be developed in future iterations, along with updates to the ecological assessment itself. These include fuller evaluations of threats to the ecoregion, constraints on conservation activities, and implementation strategies. CSS is now developing a standard template for ecoregional plans, which we have applied to the HAL first iteration draft report, distributed in 2002. Some of the HAL results have been edited or updated for this version. Click on the navigation pane to browse the report sections. What is the purpose of the report template? The purpose of creating a standard template for ecoregional plans in the Northeast is twofold: — to compile concise descriptions of methodologies developed and used for ecoregional assessment in the Northeast. These descriptions are meant to meet the needs of planning team members who need authoritative text to include in future plan documents, of science staff who need to respond to questions of methodology, and of program and state directors looking for material for general audience publications. — to create a modular resource whose pieces can be selected, incorporated in various formats, linked to in other documents, and updated easily. How does the template work? Methods are separated from results in this format, and the bulk of our work has gone into the standard methods sections. We have tried to make each methods section stand alone. Every section includes its own citation on the first page.
  • INVESTING in OUR FUTURE Quantifying the Impact of Completing the East Coast Greenway in the Delaware River Watershed

    INVESTING in OUR FUTURE Quantifying the Impact of Completing the East Coast Greenway in the Delaware River Watershed

    INVESTING IN OUR FUTURE Quantifying the Impact of Completing the East Coast Greenway in the Delaware River Watershed Report Prepared For: Prepared By: Executive Summary Completing the East Coast Greenway in the Delaware Watershed will provide: 175 2 MILES OF MULTI-USE TRAIL 2,460 TEMPORARY JOBS $840M IN ANNUAL TOURISM BENEFITS ($4.8M/MILE LOCAL ECONOMIC IMPACT) $2.2B ONE-TIME ECONOMIC BENEFITS Table of Contents What is the East Coast Greenway? 5 The East Coast Greenway in the Delaware Watershed 6 What the Greenway Connects 8 Transport + Safety Benefits 10 Case Study: Jack A. Markell Trail 12 Economic Benefits + Planning for Equity 14 Case Study: Bristol Borough 20 Health Benefits 22 Environmental Benefits 24 Case Study: Riverfront North Partnership 26 Conclusion 28 Bartram’s Mile segment of East Coast Greenway along west bank of Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. East Coast Greenway Alliance photo Sources 30 On the cover: celebrations on Schuylkill River Trail Schuylkill Banks photos ME Calais Bangor Augusta Portland NH Delaware Portsmouth MA Boston Watershed NY Hartford New Haven CT Providence NJ RI PA New York Philadelphia Trenton Wilmington MD Baltimore Washington DC Annapolis DE Fredericksburg VA Richmond 4 Norfolk NC Raleigh Fayetteville New Bern Wilmington SC Myrtle Beach Charleston GA Savannah Brunswick Jacksonville St.Augustine FL Melbourne Miami Key West greenway.org What is the East Coast Greenway? The East Coast Greenway is developing into one of the nation’s longest continuous biking and walking paths, connecting 15 states and 450 communities from Key West, Florida, to Calais, Maine. The in-progress Greenway is a place that bicyclists, walkers, runners, skaters, horseback riders, wheelchair users, and cross-country skiers of all ages and abilities can enjoy.
  • GWP History 1985-2015

    GWP History 1985-2015

    A Brief History 1985 - 2015 The Pittsburgh region is rightly associated with the emergence of American philanthropy, as Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick and other successful 19th century industrialists promoted using their wealth to benefit the community. In southwestern Pennsylvania, as in the rest of the nation, the field of philanthropy grew in the 20th century and professional staff increasingly facilitated the work of donors and trustees. Starting in the 1960s and 1970s, membership associations and grantmakers’ interest groups began forming as philanthropic leaders recognized the advantages of connecting with colleagues to exchange information, share lessons learned and identify best practices. When Grantmakers of Western Pennsylvania (GWP) was established in 1985, it became the eighteenth regional association of grantmakers created in the nation. Like other regional associations (RAs), GWP’s initial goals were to create learning opportunities for members, support grantmaking as a profession and thereby contribute to the overall effectiveness of philanthropy. GWP’s Origins While the organization was formally incorporated in 1985, organizing for the purpose of learning and exchange was an already established practice. In the 1960s, Pittsburgh’s senior corporate leaders met regularly to discuss their philanthropic interests; private foundation leaders held a similar discussion group. After meeting separately for some years, the two groups merged to form the Pittsburgh Contributions Group, GWP’s predecessor. In June 1983, the Contributions Group began to explore whether to incorporate more formally. Although a number of grantmakers participated, William Lafe (The Pittsburgh Foundation/Howard Heinz Endowment) and Phillip Hallen (Maurice Falk Medical Fund) are most closely linked with advancing this discussion.
  • Delaware Valley Consortium for Excellence and Equity

    Delaware Valley Consortium for Excellence and Equity

    DELAWARE VALLEY CONSORTIUM FOR EXCELLENCE AND EQUITY “Recruiting Teachers and Administrators Who Value Diversity, Inclusion and High Achievement for ALL Students” 11th ANNUAL EDUCATORS OF COLOR RECRUITMENT FAIR ONDAY PRIL M , A 3, 2017 5P.M. - 8:30 P.M. PENN CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA TH 3440 MARKET STREET, 5 FLOOR CONFERENCE CENTER To register for the event, Email your full name & e-mail address to [email protected] or call 215-746-3213 Founded in 2004, the Consortium is a network of 30 well-respected regional school districts, the Chester County intermediate Unit, and PA State Education Association, located throughout southeastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey and northern Delaware. We are collectively committed to enhancing the achievement of all students, and most specifically, to increasing the academic performance, engagement, and future success of our students of color. 2016-17 Delaware Valley Consortium for Excellence and Equity -Attending Members * Abington, PA Lindenwold, NJ Springfield Township, PA Brandywine, DE Lower Merion, PA Tredyffin/Easttown, PA Bristol-Borough, PA Neshaminy, PA Upper Dublin, PA Centennial, PA Phoenixville, PA Wallingford—Swarthmore, PA Cheltenham Township, PA Pennsbury, PA Wissahickon, PA Chichester, PA Reading, PA Woodbury, NJ Council Rock, PA Ridley, PA Radnor, PA Delaware County IU, PA Rose Tree Media, PA Great Valley, PA Southeast Delco, PA *Attending as of 3.24.2017 Hatboro-Horsham, PA Spring Ford, PA Teachers and administrators of color who are interested in exploring career opportunities with any or all of these organizations are encouraged to attend. Opportunities will be provided to network with staff of color who are currently working in the Consortium districts.
  • Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E

    Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E

    Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction ..................................................................................................................
  • Dr. Brett R. Lenz

    Dr. Brett R. Lenz

    COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION A Dissertation DR. BRETT R. LENZ COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION, NORTH AMERICA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester By Brett Reinhold Lenz Department of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester June 2011 1 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Garreck, Haydn and Carver. And to Hank, for teaching me how rivers form. 2 Abstract This dissertation involves the development of a geologic framework applied to upper Pleistocene and earliest Holocene archaeological site discovery. It is argued that efforts to identify colonizer archaeological sites require knowledge of geologic processes, Quaternary stratigraphic detail and an understanding of basic soil science principles. An overview of Quaternary geologic deposits based on previous work in the region is presented. This is augmented by original research which presents a new, proposed regional pedostratigraphic framework, a new source of lithic raw material, the Beezley chalcedony, and details of a new cache of lithic tools with Paleoindian affinities made from this previously undescribed stone source. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The list of people who deserve my thanks and appreciation is large. First, to my parents and family, I give the greatest thanks for providing encouragement and support across many years. Without your steady support it would not be possible. Thanks Mom and Dad, Steph, Jen and Mellissa. To Dani and my sons, I appreciate your patience and support and for your love and encouragement that is always there. Due to a variety of factors, but mostly my own foibles, the research leading to this dissertation has taken place over a protracted period of time, and as a result, different stages of my personal development are likely reflected in it.
  • Baca County Teacher Resource

    Baca County Teacher Resource

    Teacher Resource Set Title Baca County Developed by Laura Douglas, Education ala Carte Grade Level 9 – 12 Essential Questions What impact did mechanized agriculture have on Baca County in the early 20th century? How did natural and human factors change the environment and contribute to the Dust Bowl? What role did the Dust Bowl have in developing agricultural policy? How does that policy impact Baca County today? How do Baca County buildings constructed in the late 1800s and early 1900s inform us about life on the Eastern plains prior to the Dust bowl? Contextual Paragraph Baca County is the southeastern most of the 64 counties in Colorado, and was created by the Colorado legislature on April 16, 1889, named in honor of pioneer and Colorado territorial legislator Felipe Baca. According to archaeological evidence such as petroglyphs and stone tools and points, the area now known as Baca County was inhabited as early as 2500 BCE. In 1541, Spain claimed this area and by 1720 the Comanche had taken control of the area from the Plains Apache. In 1823, the area won independence from Spain and became part of Mexico, until 1836 when it was part of the Mexican concession to the Republic of Texas. Baca County became part of the Colorado Territory in 1861. By the 1880s, ranches were established and in 1889, a state legislator introduced the bill that created Baca County with Springfield as the county seat. In the 1920s, the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad led to the establishment of the towns of Walsh, Pritchett, and Bartlett.
  • Delaware Water Gap

    Delaware Water Gap

    Delaware Water Gap NATIONAL RECREATION AREA PENNSYLVANIA . NEW JERSEY WHERE TO STAY Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, completed facilities are not yet in operation at terrace at the foot of Mount Minsi near the lower authorized by Congress in 1965, will preserve a a particular site, plan to return when you can end of the parking area, there is an unobstructed Food, lodging, gasoline, souvenirs, and other large and relatively unspoiled area astride the visit in safety and comfort. view across the river. Exhibits at the terrace ex­ items are available in towns and communities river boundary of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. plain how this mountain range was formed and from Port Jervis, N. Y., at the upper end of the Within easy driving range of several large metro- help you to understand rock formations visible national recreation area, to Portland, Pa., a few KITTATINNY POINT is on the New Jersey side politan areas, it will provide facilities and in the side of Mount Tammany. These million-year- miles below the proposed dam. No camping or of the Water Gap between Int. 80 and the Dela­ services for many types of recreational activities old rocks are constantly being changed by the picnicking facilities are available in the area ware River. A parking overlook is at the foot of and for interpretation of the area's scenic, forces of erosion. Alternate freezing and thawing this season, but they are available in nearby Mount Tammany on the opposite side of the scientific, and historical values. The forest cover of water in the crevices and plants forcing their State and private developments.
  • On the Evolution of Human Fire Use

    On the Evolution of Human Fire Use

    ON THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN FIRE USE by Christopher Hugh Parker A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology The University of Utah May 2015 Copyright © Christopher Hugh Parker 2015 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Christopher Hugh Parker has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Kristen Hawkes , Chair 04/22/2014 Date Approved James F. O’Connell , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Henry Harpending , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Andrea Brunelle , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Rebecca Bliege Bird , Member Date Approved and by Leslie A. Knapp , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Anthropology and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Humans are unique in their capacity to create, control, and maintain fire. The evolutionary importance of this behavioral characteristic is widely recognized, but the steps by which members of our genus came to use fire and the timing of this behavioral adaptation remain largely unknown. These issues are, in part, addressed in the following pages, which are organized as three separate but interrelated papers. The first paper, entitled “Beyond Firestick Farming: The Effects of Aboriginal Burning on Economically Important Plant Foods in Australia’s Western Desert,” examines the effect of landscape burning techniques employed by Martu Aboriginal Australians on traditionally important plant foods in the arid Western Desert ecosystem. The questions of how and why the relationship between landscape burning and plant food exploitation evolved are also addressed and contextualized within prehistoric demographic changes indicated by regional archaeological data.