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Baca County Teacher Resource Teacher Resource Set Title Baca County Developed by Laura Douglas, Education ala Carte Grade Level 9 – 12 Essential Questions What impact did mechanized agriculture have on Baca County in the early 20th century? How did natural and human factors change the environment and contribute to the Dust Bowl? What role did the Dust Bowl have in developing agricultural policy? How does that policy impact Baca County today? How do Baca County buildings constructed in the late 1800s and early 1900s inform us about life on the Eastern plains prior to the Dust bowl? Contextual Paragraph Baca County is the southeastern most of the 64 counties in Colorado, and was created by the Colorado legislature on April 16, 1889, named in honor of pioneer and Colorado territorial legislator Felipe Baca. According to archaeological evidence such as petroglyphs and stone tools and points, the area now known as Baca County was inhabited as early as 2500 BCE. In 1541, Spain claimed this area and by 1720 the Comanche had taken control of the area from the Plains Apache. In 1823, the area won independence from Spain and became part of Mexico, until 1836 when it was part of the Mexican concession to the Republic of Texas. Baca County became part of the Colorado Territory in 1861. By the 1880s, ranches were established and in 1889, a state legislator introduced the bill that created Baca County with Springfield as the county seat. In the 1920s, the arrival of the Santa Fe Railroad led to the establishment of the towns of Walsh, Pritchett, and Bartlett. As the county’s population expanded and agricultural demand swelled, farmers used newly developed farm machines to rip up huge chunks of the county’s native grasses and replaced them with irrigated fields of wheat and corn. Baca County was the hardest-hit county in Colorado during the Dust Bowl (1934–40). When the first of several severe droughts hit the Great Plains in 1934, there were no grass roots to keep the topsoil down, and the incessant wind whipped it up into enormous dark clouds. The wind piled the dust in great drifts, some of which partially or completely covered homes, fences, and cars. Many families were forced to abandon their farms. Wheat was not harvested again in Baca County until 1940, and by then the population had dropped from 10,570 in 1930 to 6,207. This led to soil conservation efforts by the federal government including the purchase of cultivated land by the government to return it to grassland. Today the U.S. Forest Service supervises 220,000 acres of Comanche National Grassland, including Carizzo Creek and Picture Canyon in Baca County. 1 Teacher Resource Set Resource Set Dust storm. Baca Dust storm. Baca Meeting on Repossessed Field of kaffir corn, Dust Storm County, CO County, CO courthouse steps. combines in lot at which is now Baca County, CO. Springfield. Baca growing on the Drought committee County, CO Bosley reorganization unit. Baca County, CO Dust storm. Baca Dust storm. Baca Meeting on Repossessed Field of kaffir corn, People stand in a yard County, CO, 1936. County, CO, 1936. courthouse steps. combines in lot at which is now growing on a farm between a Baca County, CO. Springfield. Baca on the Bosley house and out Drought committee, County, CO, reorganization unit. buildings looking at an July-August 1936. September 1939. Baca County, CO, approaching dust September 1939. storm, possibly near Walsh, Baca County, or Holly, Prowers County, southeastern CO. The devastating dust bowl carried top soil for miles, 1935. Example of the size The dust storms Farmers in Baca The Dust Bowl By 1939, thanks to The 1930s drought and scope of the would black out the County began to resulted in many help from the federal combined with high clouds of dust in Baca sun making visibility organize in an attempt farmers leaving Baca government, winds created County during the very limited. to minimize the impact County for more soil- agriculture began catastrophic winds. Dust Bowl. of the drought. As a rich parts of the state again. The Dust Bowl group, they requested and country. impacted much of the assistance from the prairie ecosystem. federal government. 2 Teacher Resource Set https://www.loc.gov/ite https://www.loc.gov/ite https://www.loc.gov/ite https://www.loc.gov/ite https://www.loc.gov/ite http://digital.denverlibr m/fsa1998018172/PP/ m/fsa1998018173/PP/ m/fsa1998019685/PP/ m/fsa2000015395/PP/ m/fsa2000015380/PP/ ary.org/cdm/singleite m/collection/p15330co ll22/id/13707/rec/1 Dust Storm Mr. Bosley of the Home of Mr. Bosley F. D. R. in Denver Dust storm in Colorado Millennial reorganization unit and the Bosley southern CO Site standing in a field of reorganization unit. sudan grass View of a dust storm Mr. Bosley of the Home of Mr. Bosley United States Several automobiles The site contains over rooftops of wood reorganization unit and the Bosley President Franklin and utility poles are evidence of long and frame buildings, standing in a field of reorganization unit. A Delano Roosevelt shrouded in a dust diverse human including a Conoco sudan grass on his project commanding speaks from a podium storm, possibly in occupation through station, possibly in farm in Baca County, FSA (Farm Security in Denver, Colorado. Walsh, Baca County, prehistoric and historic Walsh, Baca County, CO. This grass is one Administration) The Colorado State or Holly, Prowers periods. The location or Holly, Prowers of the best cover attention. Baca Capitol portico and County, southeastern offered a permanent County, southeastern crops which can be County, CO, dome are in the Colorado. The water supply natural Colorado. A "Quaker grown in this region in September 1939. background, 1936. devastating dust bowl shelters along the State Motor Oil" sign order to bring it back carried top soil for projecting bluff. The is on the gas station. from its present miles, 1935. site also contains a The devastating dust stricken stage due to large array of rock art bowl carried top soil dust storms, whose range of styles for miles,1935. September 1939. demonstrates the evolution of rock art through time. 3 Teacher Resource Set Pictures from the Farmers such as this The home of Mr. Franklin Delano The effects of the An 1868 skirmish here heart of Baca County one were subsidized Bosley reorganization Roosevelt was critical Dust Bowl would last between soldiers of during the dust storm. by the government to unit who was to providing aid a decade in Baca the U.S. 7th Cavalry plant native grasses supported by the received by counties County and it would and Cheyenne Indians after the Dust Bowl to federal government to such as Baca to go on to suffer other was the last help restore the land. rehabilitate the farm recover from the cycles of drought over historically land in Baca County. effects of the Dust the next several documented Plains Bowl. decades. Indian/military engagement in southeastern Colorado. Although the Colorado Millennial Site is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as of April 4, 1980, as of 2017 the file has not been digitized and cannot be accessed via that site. The site also includes Hackberry Springs and Bloody Springs. http://digital.denverlibr https://www.loc.gov/ite https://www.loc.gov/ite http://digital.denverlibr http://digital.denverlibr http://legacy.historycol ary.org/cdm/singleite m/fsa2000015390/PP/ m/fsa2000015383/PP/ ary.org/cdm/singleite ary.org/cdm/singleite orado.org/oahp/baca- m/collection/p15330co m/collection/p15330co m/collection/p15330co county ll22/id/13533/rec/3 ll22/id/18974/rec/28 ll22/id/13651/rec/100 4 Teacher Resource Set National Register Springfield School Two Buttes Dam Commercial Hotel National Register Stonington Church Nomination Form for House c. 1977 northeast of (Stage Stop Hotel) Nomination Form for First Methodist - the Springfield Springfield, CO 1033 Main St. Stonington Church, Episcopal Church c. School House State Register March State Register March 4, 1996 1995 October 5, 1977 8, 1995 September 10, 2003 The Springfield The school house The 1909 dam is The Commercial Hotel W. S. Murray, Stonington Church is School House was served as a significant for its / Hamilton Hotel is postmaster in a small a one story, wood constructed of native monument to settlers engineering as an Springfield’s longest Kansas town across frame building with sandstone from a who came West in the intact example of a functioning and oldest the border from Baca pointed arch windows. quarry east of late 19th century. turn-of-the-century surviving hotel. It County built the It was constructed in Springfield. It has a earthen dam built to opened in 1920 and Stonington church. He 1917 and the interior gable roof with cedar The rock building was aid in irrigating operated continuously was also responsible remodeled during the shingles and a belfry replaced in the 1920s. portions of up to the present. for building many of 1980s. It is in fairly for the school bell. southeastern the early residences. good condition with Colorado. little alteration since its construction. The first school house The original school Intended to irrigate Known as the Funds for construction The railroad facilitated in Springfield is a well- house was sold and nearby farm land, the Commercial Hotel and labor were its construction by preserved example of became the home of resulting reservoir from 1920 to the mid- donated by residents transporting lumber to pioneer prairie the Springfield was much better used 1930s, the hotel of the community. The the area. architecture. It sits Masonic Lodge #153 as a site for hunting, operated as the church was a marvel alone in the midst of in September 1922.
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