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Saving the Dust Bowl: “Big Hugh” Bennett’S Triumph Over Tragedy
Saving the Dust Bowl: “Big Hugh” Bennett’s Triumph over Tragedy Rebecca Smith Senior Historical Paper “It was dry everywhere . and there was entirely too much dust.” -Hugh Hammond Bennett, visit to the Dust Bowl, 19361 Merciless winds tore up the soil that once gave the Southern Great Plains life and hurled it in roaring black clouds across the nation. Hopelessly indebted farmers fed tumbleweed to their cattle, and, in the case of one Oklahoma town, to their children. By the 1930s, years of injudicious cultivation had devastated 100 million acres of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.2 This was the Dust Bowl, and it exposed a problem that had silently plagued American agriculture for centuries–soil erosion. Farmers, scientists, and the government alike considered it trivial until Hugh Hammond Bennett spearheaded a national program of soil conservation. “The end in view,” he proclaimed, “is that people everywhere will understand . the obligation of respecting the earth and protecting it in order that they may enjoy its fullness.” 3 Because of his leadership, enthusiasm, and intuitive understanding of the American farmer, Bennett triumphed over the tragedy of the Dust Bowl and the ignorance that caused it. Through the Soil Conservation Service, Bennett reclaimed the Southern Plains, reformed agriculture’s philosophy, and instituted a national policy of soil conservation that continues today. The Dust Bowl tragedy developed from the carelessness of plenty. In the 1800s, government and commercial promotions encouraged negligent settlement of the Plains, lauding 1 Hugh Hammond Bennett, Soil Conservation in the Plains Country, TD of address for Greater North Dakota Association and Fargo Chamber of Commerce Banquet, Fargo, ND., 26 Jan. -
Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E
Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction .................................................................................................................. -
Washita Basin Project Oklahoma
Washita Basin Project Oklahoma James M. Bailey, Ph.D. Bureau of Reclamation 2008 0 Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 1 Washita Basin Project ...................................................................................................... 2 Physical Setting ............................................................................................................. 3 Prehistoric and Historic Setting .................................................................................. 4 Project Investigation and Authorization .................................................................. 11 Project Construction................................................................................................... 16 Uses of Project Water ................................................................................................. 30 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 32 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 33 Index................................................................................................................................. 35 1 Washita Basin Project Located adjacent to America’s arid west/humid east division line known as the 100th meridian, western Oklahoma’s rolling uplands are susceptible to unpredictable weather cycles. -
Surviving Drought and Depression in Southwestern Kansas Pamela Riney-Kehrberg Iowa State University, [email protected]
History Books History 9-1994 Rooted in Dust: Surviving Drought and Depression in Southwestern Kansas Pamela Riney-Kehrberg Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books Part of the Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela, "Rooted in Dust: Surviving Drought and Depression in Southwestern Kansas" (1994). History Books. 6. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books/6 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Books by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTENTS List of Illustrations, Maps, and Tables ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction l Hardly a Cloud in the Sky 5 2 Trials, Tests, and Hard Times 21 3 A Cow in Every Yard 4 "Everything Comes from Washington" 5 The Hardest of Times 6 Down but Not Out 112 7 Facing a Crisis of Confidence 129 8 Too Poor to Leave, Too Discouraged to Stay 140 Epilogue: The Dust Settles 165 Appendix A: Questionnaire and Oral History Project 183 Appendix B: Use of the Kansas State Agricultural Census 187 Appendix C: Tables 189 Notes 197 Bibliography 227 Index 241 ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND TABLES Illustrations Rural Hamilton County south of Syracuse 9 The Jessie J. Henry family claim in Stanton County 11 January 1930 map from Nation's Business 16 1935 map from Nation's Business -
Dr. Brett R. Lenz
COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION A Dissertation DR. BRETT R. LENZ COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION, NORTH AMERICA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester By Brett Reinhold Lenz Department of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester June 2011 1 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Garreck, Haydn and Carver. And to Hank, for teaching me how rivers form. 2 Abstract This dissertation involves the development of a geologic framework applied to upper Pleistocene and earliest Holocene archaeological site discovery. It is argued that efforts to identify colonizer archaeological sites require knowledge of geologic processes, Quaternary stratigraphic detail and an understanding of basic soil science principles. An overview of Quaternary geologic deposits based on previous work in the region is presented. This is augmented by original research which presents a new, proposed regional pedostratigraphic framework, a new source of lithic raw material, the Beezley chalcedony, and details of a new cache of lithic tools with Paleoindian affinities made from this previously undescribed stone source. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The list of people who deserve my thanks and appreciation is large. First, to my parents and family, I give the greatest thanks for providing encouragement and support across many years. Without your steady support it would not be possible. Thanks Mom and Dad, Steph, Jen and Mellissa. To Dani and my sons, I appreciate your patience and support and for your love and encouragement that is always there. Due to a variety of factors, but mostly my own foibles, the research leading to this dissertation has taken place over a protracted period of time, and as a result, different stages of my personal development are likely reflected in it. -
The Great Plains: from Dust to Dust
The Great Plains: From Dust to Dust Planning magazine -- December 1987 The Great Plains: From Dust to Dust A daring proposal for dealing with an inevitable disaster. By Deborah Epstein Popper and Frank J. Popper At the center of the United States, between the Rockies and the tallgrass prairies of the Midwest and South, lies the shortgrass expanse of the Great Plains. The region extends over large parts of 10 states and produces cattle, corn, wheat, sheep, cotton, coal, oil, natural gas, and metals. The Plains are endlessly windswept and nearly treeless; the climate is semiarid, with typically less than 20 inches of rain a year. The country is rolling in parts in the north, dead flat in the south. It is lightly populated. A dusty town with a single gas station, store, and house is sometimes 50 unpaved miles from its nearest neighbor, another three-building settlement amid the sagebrush. As we define the region, its eastern border is the 98th meridian. San Antonio and Denver are on the Plains' east and west edges, respectively, but the largest city actually located in the Plains is Lubbock, Texas, population 179,000. Although the Plains occupy one-fifth of the nation's land area, the region's overall population, approximately 5.5 million, is less than that of Georgia or Indiana. The Great Plains are America's steppes. They have the nation's hottest summers and coldest winters, greatest temperature swings, worst hail and locusts and range fires, fiercest droughts and blizzards, and therefore its shortest growing season. The Plains are the land of the Big Sky and the Dust Bowl, one-room schoolhouses and settler homesteads, straight-line interstates and custom combines, prairie dogs and antelope and buffalo. -
Chautauqua Man
Danney Goble: Chautauqua Man From the cozy confines of Monnet Hall, a genial historian delights in bringing alive the colorful history of Oklahoma. by Anne Barajas Qhould you ever be told that Oklahoma's history is less than fascinating, just send the doubters o Danney Goble's office tucked away in a corner of the old law barn . There, in the unassuming drawl ofthe very best Southern storytellers, he will quietly inform them that they are dead wrong. Goble is the historian for OU's renowned Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center, devoted to nonpartisan teaching and research related to the U.S . Congress . Goble also is a former Pulitzer Prize nominee, a sometimes-actor with several films to his credit, a national expert on political and Southern history and a true believer in the value of studying Oklahoma's colorful past . continued 1995 SPRING 27 "I became a historian entirely by wrenching transition from agricultural else had Tinker Field. accident," confesses Goble, who is kept frontier to something approaching a "What you see," he says with more company inhiscorner office by framed modern industrial state." than a touch of pride, "is that black-and-white images ofAngie Debo, Goble acknowledges that some Oklahoma's national and regional his- the late grand dame ofOklahoma his- Oklahomans are uncomfortable with tory, if not writ large, is at least writ tory, and students from the OU Class darker chapters in the state's history dramatic ." of 1906, frozen in time beside their'06 and would rather focus on the positive Part of that drama is the inherit- Rock. -
Post-Glacial Fire History of Horsetail Fen and Human-Environment Interactions in the Teanaway Area of the Eastern Cascades, Washington
Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Winter 2019 Post-Glacial Fire History of Horsetail Fen and Human-Environment Interactions in the Teanaway Area of the Eastern Cascades, Washington Serafina erriF Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Education Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Ferri, Serafina, "Post-Glacial Fire History of Horsetail Fen and Human-Environment Interactions in the Teanaway Area of the Eastern Cascades, Washington" (2019). All Master's Theses. 1124. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1124 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POST-GLACIAL FIRE HISTORY OF HORSETAIL FEN AND HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE TEANAWAY AREA OF THE EASTERN CASCADES, WASHINGTON __________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Resource Management ___________________________________ by Serafina Ann Ferri February 2019 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies -
Dust Bowl Meets Great Depression
DUST BOWL MEETS GREAT DEPRESSION Environmental Tools and Tales of the Dust Bowl By Eliza Williams "When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect." —Aldo Leopold, 1948 Submitted to Professor Linda Gerstein In Partial fulfillment of the requirements of History 400: Senior Thesis Seminar 22 April 2011 41 st Anniversary of Earth Day ABSTRACT In the 1930s the Great Depression and a severe drought and dust storms rocked the U.S. A decade and a half before, the First World War marked a period of rising global wheat demand, and the Great Plains became an international breadbasket. American farmers met the demand and turned the region into a one-crop resource. The droughts of the early 1930s would further devastate the Plains topsoil, as farmers continued to break the sod and strove to top the yields of the war years. High winds took hold of the dry, overworked soil, now reduced to a fine powder, whipping up dangerous dust storms that transformed farmland into desert, and left thousands homeless and desperate. Inhabitants of the Plains, now termed the Dust Bowl, reacted to harsh conditions by attempting to combat nature, for the land ethic at the time was such that humans thought themselves stronger than and able to defeat the environment, rather than being part of it. At the same time, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 created domestic turmoil and international calamity, and the nation had to confront two unrelated crises simultaneously. With more than 15 million Americans unemployed, President Franklin Roosevelt sought to bolster American morale and unity through his ambitious New Deal, which enacted sweeping social and economic changes. -
The-Dust-Bowl.Pdf
The Dust Bowl As the majority of the country was dealing with the crippling economic effects of the Great Depression, yet another catastrophe awaited Americans living in the southwestern portion of the Great Plains region – the Dust Bowl. The 1930s and 1940s saw this region devastated by the worst man-made ecological disaster in American history, a series of dust storms that ravaged the land due to a combination of drought and soil erosion. The Great Plains region was settled by thousands of American farmers thanks to the Homestead Act of 1862, which encouraged westward migration by provided settlers with 160 acres of public land. In exchange, these “homesteaders” paid a small fee and were required to live on the land continuously for five years. Most of the farmers raised grazing cattle or grew wheat. Over the years, demand for wheat products grew and consequently millions more acres of prairies grass were plowed and planted for wheat production. At the same time, the introduction of mechanized farming during the Industrial Era had revolutionized the industry. Manual labor was replaced by machinery which could prepare more fields and harvest more crops than ever before. This combination of factors presented a problem when drought struck in 1931. Large dust storms began to sweep across the region. The natural prairie grass could have withstood the severe drought, but the wheat that was planted in its stead could not. The drought caused the wheat to shrivel and die, exposing the dry, bare earth to the winds. This was the major cause of Dust clouds rolling over prairies, Hugoton, Kansas, 1935, Courtesy of the Kansas Memory Project the dust storms and wind erosion of the 1930s. -
Learning About the Great Depression and Dust Bowl Through Primary Sources
Learning about the Great Depression and Dust Bowl through Primary Sources Cortney Stone Curator of Education The best way to understand history is to examine primary sources – the materials created by those who experienced historical events. Examples of primary sources include journals, photographs, and newspaper articles from the time period. Even household objects and textiles, such as samplers and quilts, can serve as primary sources. Teaching with primary sources encourages critical thinking and analysis among students. It also lets them examine history in the open rather than through the lens of a secondary source, such as a textbook or classroom lecture. Oklahoma's C3 Standards for Social Studies require educators to teach history using primary sources. This guide has information for teaching with primary sources along with examples and discussion questions related to the Great Depression and Dust Bowl in Oklahoma. Using Sources Wisely First, you must select good primary sources that are age-appropriate for your students and relevant to your social studies lessons. You may want to choose sources that are good for compare and contrast exercises. Next, you will need to create questions that invite students to examine the sources 1 closely and think critically about the subject matter. Finally, you should present the materials and the questions to the students in an engaging manner and help them understand the lessons. Ask them to back up any comments or assumptions they make with evidence from the primary sources or other sources, and help them find ways to answer any additional questions they have by doing research. Where to Find Primary Sources Primary sources are everywhere. -
Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2
TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2 EDITORIAL COORDINATORS Michael C. Moore Tennessee Division of Archaeology TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Kevin E. Smith Middle Tennessee State University VOLUME 8 Summer 2016 NUMBERS 1-2 EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1 EDITORS CORNER Paul Avery Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 4 The Old Man and the Pleistocene: John Broster and Paleoindian Period Archaeology in the Mid-South – Jared Barrett Introduction to the Special Volume TRC Inc. D. SHANE MILLER AND JESSE W. TUNE Sierra Bow 8 A Retrospective Peek at the Career of John Bertram University of Tennessee Broster Andrew Brown MICHAEL C. MOORE, KEVIN E. SMITH, AARON DETER- University of North Texas WOLF, AND DAVID E. STUART Hannah Guidry 24 The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Record in TRC Inc. Tennessee: A Review of the Tennessee Fluted Point Survey Michaelyn Harle JESSE W. TUNE Tennessee Valley Authority 42 Quantifying Regional Variation in Terminal Phillip Hodge Pleistocene Assemblages from the Lower Tennessee Tennessee Department of Transportation River Valley Using Chert Sourcing RYAN M. PARISH AND ADAM FINN Shannon Hodge Middle Tennessee State University 59 A Preliminary Report on the Late Pleistocene and Sarah Levithol Early Holocene Archaeology of Rock Creek Mortar Tennessee Division of Archaeology Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee JAY FRANKLIN, MAUREEN HAYS, FRÉDÉRIC SURMELY, Ryan Parish ILARIA PATANIA, LUCINDA LANGSTON, AND TRAVIS BOW University of Memphis 78 Colonization after Clovis: Using the Ideal Free Tanya M. Peres Distribution to Interpret the Distribution of Late Florida State University Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archaeological Sites in the Duck River Valley, Tennessee Jesse Tune D. SHANE MILLER AND STEPHEN B.