7$0,/³(1*/,6+ ',&7,21$5< COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

7$0,/³(1*/,6+ ',&7,21$5< COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY 7$0,/³(1*/,6+ ',&7,21$5< )RU8VH:LWK &20021632.(17$0,/ 0$'(($6< 7KLUG(GLWLRQ E\ 79$',.(6$9$/8 'LJLWDO9HUVLRQ &+5,67,$10(',&$/&2//(*(9(//25( Adi’s Book, Tamil-English Dictionary. KEY adv. adverb n. noun pron. pronoun v. verb nom. takes nominatve case dat. takes dative case adj. adjective acc. takes accusative case d.b. taked declensional base intr. intransitive tr. transitive neut. neuter imp. impersonal pers. personal incl inclusive excl. exclusive m. masculine f. feminine sing. singular pl. plural w. weak s. strong TAMIL ENGLISH TAMIL ENGLISH KX ZQ become, happen DNN sister (older) KX ZQ happen, become DNNXº arm pit DE\VDP exercise (n.) DºD VQGK measure DE\VDPVHL ZGK exercise (v.) alamaram banyan tree adangu (w.in) obey DºDYXHGX VWKWK measurements (take m.) adangu (w.in) subside alladhu or adhan its P yes DGKDQOHKDL\OH therefore DPYVH no moon DGK same ambadhu fifty DGKLKUDP authority DPP madam DGKLNODLOH early morning DPPWK\U mother adhisayam wonder (n.) ammi grindstone adhu it ¼ male adhu (pron. neut.) that Q but DGKXNNXWKKXQGKSÀOD accordingly anai dam adhunga their (neut.) DQVLDQFKL pine apple adhunga they (things) DQEXQVDP love, kindness adhunga those (things)(are) QGDYDU Lord DGKXQJDºH them (things) andha (adj) that adi (s.thth) strike andha (pron.neut.) those adikkadi often DQKD many GX goat, sheep DQKDP almost, mostly aduppu oven, stove ange there aduththa next DQJHGKQ there only ahalam width anju five ahappadu (w.tt) caught, (to be) found D¼¼DQ brother (elder) DK\DYLPQDP aeroplane anumadhi permission (n.) K\DPYQXP sky anumadhi permit (n.) LSÀFKFKX FRO finished anumadhi kodu (s.thth) permit (v.) DLQQÌUX five hundred anuppu (w.in) send LSÀ ZQ exhaust, finish apdi that way DL\ sir DSGLGKQ that is it DL\À oh dear DSGL\ indeed?, is that so? DL\ÀSYDP poor soul! DSGL\" really?, right? DNN elder sister DSSWKDKDSSDQ father Adi’s Book, Tamil-English Dictionary. TAMIL ENGLISH TAMIL ENGLISH appappo now and then DYLVL\DPLOOGKD unwanted, needless appo then, (at that time) HYºDYX how much apram afterwards, later on DYºDYX that much apram, pirahu later on, afterwards DYºDYXGKQ all, (that is all) DÄDKX beauty DYºDYXGKQ that is all UDP depth \ nurse UDPEDP beginning (n.) \LUDP thousand UDPEL VWKWK begin, start badhil reply (n.) UDPEL VWKWK start, begin badhil (n) answer (n) UDQMX orange (loose skin) badhil (w.n) answer (v) UDQMXQLUDP orange (colour) badhil sol (w.n) reply are half (Nos) badhiram look out!, safety are room (n.) badhiram safety, look out! are (s.thth) grind EDGKLUDPSUWKWKX care (take care,be careful) DÄH VWKWK invite EKDPSLULYX part, portion DÄHSSX invitation ENNLP¯GKL balance, remainder DÄL VWKWK destroy balam strength arisi rice (uncooked) EVKHPRÄL language artham meaning bayam fear (n.) UX six ED\DQJºL coward aru (s.thth) cut (with knife or saw) bayappadu (w.tt) fear (v.) DÄX ZGK cry, weep EKÌPL earth (the) UXULSSÀ cool (become cool) bomme doll UXQDGKL river buddi bottle arubadhu sixty EXGKDQNLÄDPH Wednesday DÄXKLSSÀ ZLQ decay (v.) budhdhi, arivu wisdom DÄXNN DGY dirty EXGKGKLVOLDULYOL wise person DÄXNNQD DGM dirty chakkare sugar DÄXNNX dirt FKDQGUDQQLO moon DUXNNX ZLQ YDÄXNNX slip FKDWWHFKRNNL shirt DUXPHMÀU excellence chennai Madras DUXPH\LUX VQGK excellent (to be) chinna (adj) little, small asowgaryam discomfort chittu chit, note aspathri hospital dazan dozen WKLUDP impatience dhadave, dharam occasion, time aththane that many GKKDP thirst (n.) WWDP sport GKKDPHGX VWKWK thirsty WWXNNUL mutton dhairyam courage ava, avar her GKDLU\DVOL courageous person ava, avar she GKQ only, indeed avan, avar his dhandi punish avanga their (pers.) dharam, dhadave time, occasion avanga they (pers.) dhayavuseidhu please DYDQJDºH them (pers.) GKVDP country (national) avar his, her GKLG¯UHQGUX suddenly avar that person GKLG¯UQX sudden avar, ivar, avan, ivan he GK¯QDPWKGL day of the month avasaram hurry GKLQDQGKÀUDP daily avasaram urgency GKÀUDP QOGKÀUDPHWF every-(day, week,etc.) avasiyam necessity, need GKUNVKHSDÄDP grapes DYLÄ VWKWK untie GKÌUDGKÌUDP away(apart) Adi’s Book, Tamil-English Dictionary. TAMIL ENGLISH TAMIL ENGLISH GKÌUDP distance HÄX ZQGK stand up GKÌVL dust UXEDGKX seventy GKÌVLWKWWX ZLQ dust HÄXGKGKX letter (of alphabet) HGHSU VWKWK weigh HÄXGKX ZLQ write GKYDGKX anything, something HUXGKXPGX bullock GKYDGKXHGKÀ something or other erumbu ant HGKÀGKYDGKX anything erume buffalo edhu which (thing) HÄXQJ regularly edhunga which (things) HÄXSSX ZLQ WU wake edu (s.thth) lift, take up, take, pass on eththane how many eli, yeli rat ettu eight HOO DGM all evanga which (persons HOOYLGKDPQD all, (all kinds of) evar which (person) HOOP all (all things) JDGLKUDP clock HOOUXP all (all persons) JDGLKUDP NDL watch HOXPLFKDPEDÄDP lime gejam yard HºXPLFKFKDPSDÄDP lime JHWWLV\DP fast colour (dye) HPQGKXSÀ ZQ deceived (to be) JHWWLNNUD DGM clever emaththu (w.in)(tr) decieve JHWWLNNUDU clever person en, yen my JHWWL\ thick (cooking) Q\Q why JKDQDPSU VWKWK weigh H¼EDGKX eighty ghanam, ede weight (n.) endha (adj)(sing., pl.) which ghavanam attention (n.) endhiri (s.ndh) get up, arise, awake ghavanam (n.) care endhiri (s.thth) stand up JKDYDQDP carefully HQJDºH H[FO DFF us JKDYDQDPLUX ZQGK careful (be) enge, yenge where ghavani pay attention, listen QLQQ because ghavani (s.thth) listen, pay attention enna, yenna what JÀVHN¯UHJÀVHPXWWH cabbage enne me JÀVHSÌ cauliflower H¼¼ÌUX eight hundred JR\\SDÄDP guava epdi how, which way JUPDMDQDQJD village people epdi which way, how JUPDP village SSDP belching JUPDWKWKX village (of the) SSDPYLGX ZWW belch (v.) gudhi (s.thth) jump (v.) eppo, yeppo when JXPVWK clerk HSSRY¼XPOXP anytime JX¼DP nature, trait, quality eppovum always JX¼DVOL good –natured person eppovum anytime idadhu left (side) eppovum+(any negative) never idam place, space UH DGM poor idam room, (enough space) UH Q poor man (n.) LGKÀ here you are! UL lake LGKÀLQJHGKQ right here eri (w.ndh) burn idhu this (thing)(is) erichchal burning sensation idhunga these things USGX arrangement idi thunder (n.) USGXVHL ZGK arrange idi idikkudhu (s.thth) thunders ÄX seven iduppu hip, waist UX ZLQ climb up, get into LºDLSUX ZLQ rest HÄX ZQGK rise, get up ile leaf HUXSÀGX ZWW manure (v.) ille no, not (is not) Adi’s Book, Tamil-English Dictionary. TAMIL ENGLISH TAMIL ENGLISH indha (pron.neut) this NDGDYXºGKYDQ God LQGKL\ India kade shop inge here NDGHNNUDQ shopkeeper LQJHGKQLGKÀ right here kadetheru bazaar, market LQLP OH henceforth kadhavu door inippu, thithippu sweetness kadhe story L¼¼DNNL today NGKX ear LQQR¼¼X another thing kadi (s.thth) bite LQQRUXYURUX another NDGLGKDPNLGKDP letter innu, enbadhu that (conjunction) NGX forest innum more, yet, still NGXYD¼DP forest, jungle innum enna what else NDGXGKVL letter LQUXQGKOSÀOLUXQGKX abruptly NDGXPH\ severe (adv) ipdi this way NDGXPH\QD severe (adj) ippo now NL vegetable LSSROP nowadays NL ZQGK LQWU dry ¯UD damp, wet NDLHÄXGKX handwriting, signature ¯UD DGM wet, damp NDLHÄXGKXSÀGX ZWW sign irakku (w.in) lower (v.) NLNUL vegetables irangu (w.in) alight, climb down NDLNXÄDQGKH baby iru (s.ndh) wait, stay, be kaichchu boil LÄX VWKWK pull NLGKDPNDGXGKVL paper (material) irubadhu twenty NLQGKXSÀXODUQGKDSÀ wither irukkudhu is (to be) NLQGKXSÀYGLSÀ ZQ wither irumbal cough (n.) NDLWKXSSNL handgun, pistol irumbu (w.in) cough (v.) NNNNKDP crow (n.) LUXQGKOXPQOXP nevertheless NDNNVX latrine LUXQÌUX two hundred NO leg (including foot) iruttu dark NO quarter iththane this many kala (s.ndh) mix iva (f) this person NODP time (long) ivan (m) this person NODPEDUDNWKWKOH morning ivanga these persons NODPHNODLOH morning ivar (polite)(m. or f.) this person NDºHSSLUX VQGK tired (to be) LYºDYX this much NDºHSSX tiredness MDPXQQYDO plum NDOOÌUL college jananga people NOYL Q channel jannal window NDPEDºL wool MVWKLDGKLKDP much kambam pillar jebam prayer kambi rod, wire jebam sei (w.dh) pray NPLNWWX show MLOO district NDPPLKX ZQ LQWU decrease, reduce(intr) MÀULUX VQGK excellent (to be) NDPPLSD¼¼X ZLQ WU decrease, reduce(tr) MRUDPNLFKFKDO fever ND¼ eye kachcheri performance (musical) N¼PDOSÀ ZQ lost (be) kada (s.ndh) cross kanji starch, gruel (n.) kadal, samudharam sea, ocean NDQMLSÀGX ZWW starch NDGDODNNL ground nut, peanut ND¼¼GL glass, mirror kadan debt kappal ship kadan kodu (s.thth) lend NSSWKWKX ZLQ save kadasi last (position) NSSL coffee Adi’s Book, Tamil-English Dictionary. TAMIL ENGLISH TAMIL ENGLISH kara (s.ndh) milk (v.) N¯UDLNNL cucumber NUDP hot (food, taste) NLÄDNN east (in the east) NUDP pungence, (hot spices) NLÄDNNX east NUDQDP cause, reason NLÄDPH day of the week NDÄDWWX dismantle,strip,take off NLÄDYDQ old man kare bank, shore, bund NLÄDYL old woman NUL\DPYLVKD\DP news, affair, matter NLÄH GDW below, down, under karuppu black NLÄL VWKWK tear NDÄXYX ZLQ wash (dishes,etc.) N¯ÄSDGL ZQGK obey kasakku (w.in) wash (by rinsing) kitta (d.b.) near kasappu bitterness NÀEDPYD ZQGK angry (to be angry) kashtam difficulty, trouble NÀEDPNÀYDP anger kashtappadu (w.tt) suffer, worry NÀGDLNODP summer (season) NWKWKDGL VWKWK windy (to be) NRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water NWKWKLUX VQGK windy (to be) NRGKLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water kaththari scissors kodi banner, flag, vine,creeper kaththari (s.thth) cut (with scissors) kodu (s.thth) give NDWKWKDULNNL brinjal NÀGXSÀWWDGKX DGM striped kaththi knife NROODNLSÀUHQGXNNXSÀ stools (pass) NDWKWKLNRº ZQGK LQWU pierced (to be) kollaki, rendukku stools (n.) NWKWKX air, breeze, wind NÀOODNNLGKUºDPSÀ ZQ bowels move freely kaththu (w.in) cry out, shout NÀOODNNLSÀ ZQ bowels move kaththu (w.in) shout, cry out, yell kondu (acc.) by means of NWKWKXSÀ ZQ gas (pass) NRQGXSÀ take away NWKXYQJDSÀ ZQ
Recommended publications
  • Addendum to Notice of 2Nd/2016-17 Extra Ordinary General
    The Indian Performing Right Society Limited CIN: U92140MH1969GAP014359 Regd. Office: 208, Golden Chambers, New Andheri Link Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai– 400053 Tel: 2673 3748/49/50/6616 Fax: 26736658. Email:[email protected] Website: www.iprs.org ADDENDUM TO THE NOTICE Addendum is hereby given to the Original Notice of the 2nd/2016-17 Extra-Ordinary General Meeting (‘EOGM’) of the Members of The Indian Performing Right Society Limited which will be held at Shri Bhaidas Maganlal Sabhagriha, U-1, J.V.P.D. Scheme, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai – 400 056 on Friday, the 31st day of March, 2017 at 10:30 A.M. to transact the following business: FOLLOWING RESOLUTIONS VIDE ITEM NOS. 6 TO 11 BEING RESOLUTIONS FOR APPOINTMENT OF NOMINEE DIRECTORS OF AUTHOR/COMPOSER MEMBERS, ARE FOR VOTING BY AUTHOR/ COMPOSER MEMBERS ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 24(i) OF THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF THE COMPANY: 6. To consider and if thought fit, to pass, with or without modification(s), the following resolution as an Ordinary Resolution: “RESOLVED THAT pursuant to the provisions of Sections 152 and 160 and other applicable provisions, if any, of the Companies Act, 2013 read with the Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014 (including any statutory modification(s) or re-enactment thereof for the time being in force) and in accordance with Article 24 of the Articles of Association of the Company, Mr. Javed Jannisar Akhtar, who fulfills the criteria for appointment of Director in accordance with Article 20(b) of the Articles of Association of the Company and in respect of whom the Company has received a notice in writing from him under Section 160 of the Companies Act, 2013 along with necessary security deposit amount, proposing his candidature for the office of Author/Composer Director-Region-West, be and is hereby appointed as a Director of the Company who shall be liable to retire by rotation.
    [Show full text]
  • Few Translation of Works of Tamil Sidhas, Saints and Poets Contents
    Few translation of works of Tamil Sidhas, Saints and Poets I belong to Kerala but I did study Tamil Language with great interest.Here is translation of random religious works That I have done Contents Few translation of works of Tamil Sidhas, Saints and Poets ................. 1 1.Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkual ...................................................................... 7 2.Vaan chirappu .................................................................................... 9 3.Neethar Perumai .............................................................................. 11 4.Aran Valiyuruthal ............................................................................. 13 5.Yil Vazhkai ........................................................................................ 15 6. Vaazhkkai thunai nalam .................................................................. 18 7.Makkat peru ..................................................................................... 20 8.Anbudamai ....................................................................................... 21 9.Virunthombal ................................................................................... 23 10.Iniyavai kooral ............................................................................... 25 11.Chei nandri arithal ......................................................................... 28 12.Naduvu nilamai- ............................................................................. 29 13.Adakkamudamai ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Handy Katakana Workbook.Pdf
    First Edition HANDY KATAKANA WORKBOOK An Introduction to Japanese Writing: KANA THIS IS A SUPPLEMENT FOR BEGINNING LEVEL JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION. \ FrF!' '---~---- , - Y. M. Shimazu, Ed.D. -----~---- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENlS vii STUDYSHEET#l 1 A,I,U,E, 0, KA,I<I, KU,KE, KO, GA,GI,GU,GE,GO, N WORKSHEET #1 2 PRACTICE: A, I,U, E, 0, KA,KI, KU,KE, KO, GA,GI,GU, GE,GO, N WORKSHEET #2 3 MORE PRACTICE: A, I, U, E,0, KA,KI,KU, KE, KO, GA,GI,GU,GE,GO, N WORKSHEET #~3 4 ADDmONAL PRACTICE: A,I,U, E,0, KA,KI, KU,KE, KO, GA,GI,GU,GE,GO, N STUDYSHEET #2 5 SA,SHI,SU,SE, SO, ZA,JI,ZU,ZE,ZO, TA, CHI, TSU, TE,TO, DA, DE,DO WORI<SHEEI' #4 6 PRACTICE: SA,SHI,SU,SE, SO, ZA,II, ZU,ZE,ZO, TA, CHI, 'lSU,TE,TO, OA, DE,DO WORI<SHEEI' #5 7 MORE PRACTICE: SA,SHI,SU,SE,SO, ZA,II, ZU,ZE, W, TA, CHI, TSU, TE,TO, DA, DE,DO WORKSHEET #6 8 ADDmONAL PRACI'ICE: SA,SHI,SU,SE, SO, ZA,JI, ZU,ZE,ZO, TA, CHI,TSU,TE,TO, DA, DE,DO STUDYSHEET #3 9 NA,NI, NU,NE,NO, HA, HI,FU,HE, HO, BA, BI,BU,BE,BO, PA, PI,PU,PE,PO WORKSHEET #7 10 PRACTICE: NA,NI, NU, NE,NO, HA, HI,FU,HE,HO, BA,BI, BU,BE, BO, PA, PI,PU,PE,PO WORKSHEET #8 11 MORE PRACTICE: NA,NI, NU,NE,NO, HA,HI, FU,HE, HO, BA,BI,BU,BE, BO, PA,PI,PU,PE,PO WORKSHEET #9 12 ADDmONAL PRACTICE: NA,NI, NU, NE,NO, HA, HI, FU,HE, HO, BA,BI,3U, BE, BO, PA, PI,PU,PE,PO STUDYSHEET #4 13 MA, MI,MU, ME, MO, YA, W, YO WORKSHEET#10 14 PRACTICE: MA,MI, MU,ME, MO, YA, W, YO WORKSHEET #11 15 MORE PRACTICE: MA, MI,MU,ME,MO, YA, W, YO WORKSHEET #12 16 ADDmONAL PRACTICE: MA,MI,MU, ME, MO, YA, W, YO STUDYSHEET #5 17
    [Show full text]
  • Spectacle Spaces: Production of Caste in Recent Tamil Films
    South Asian Popular Culture ISSN: 1474-6689 (Print) 1474-6697 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsap20 Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films Dickens Leonard To cite this article: Dickens Leonard (2015) Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films, South Asian Popular Culture, 13:2, 155-173, DOI: 10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 Published online: 23 Oct 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rsap20 Download by: [University of Hyderabad] Date: 25 October 2015, At: 01:16 South Asian Popular Culture, 2015 Vol. 13, No. 2, 155–173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2015.1088499 Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films Dickens Leonard* Centre for Comparative Literature, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India This paper analyses contemporary, popular Tamil films set in Madurai with respect to space and caste. These films actualize region as a cinematic imaginary through its authenticity markers – caste/ist practices explicitly, which earlier films constructed as a ‘trope’. The paper uses the concept of Heterotopias to analyse the recurrence of spectacle spaces in the construction of Madurai, and the production of caste in contemporary films. In this pursuit, it interrogates the implications of such spatial discourses. Spectacle spaces: Production of caste in recent Tamil films To foreground the study of caste in Tamil films and to link it with the rise of ‘caste- gestapo’ networks that execute honour killings and murders as a reaction to ‘inter-caste love dramas’ in Tamil Nadu,1 let me narrate a political incident that occurred in Tamil Nadu – that of the formation of a socio-political movement against Dalit assertion in December 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding A
    Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding Adobe-Symbol-Encoding csHPPSMath Adobe-Zapf-Dingbats-Encoding csZapfDingbats Arabic ISO-8859-6, csISOLatinArabic, iso-ir-127, ECMA-114, ASMO-708 ASCII US-ASCII, ANSI_X3.4-1968, iso-ir-6, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, csASCI big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2, BigEndian, 68k, PowerPC, Mac, Macintosh Big5 csBig5, cn-big5, x-x-big5 Big5Plus Big5+, csBig5Plus BMP ISO-10646-UCS-2, BMPstring CCSID-1027 csCCSID1027, IBM1027 CCSID-1047 csCCSID1047, IBM1047 CCSID-290 csCCSID290, CCSID290, IBM290 CCSID-300 csCCSID300, CCSID300, IBM300 CCSID-930 csCCSID930, CCSID930, IBM930 CCSID-935 csCCSID935, CCSID935, IBM935 CCSID-937 csCCSID937, CCSID937, IBM937 CCSID-939 csCCSID939, CCSID939, IBM939 CCSID-942 csCCSID942, CCSID942, IBM942 ChineseAutoDetect csChineseAutoDetect: Candidate encodings: GB2312, Big5, GB18030, UTF32:UTF8, UCS2, UTF32 EUC-H, csCNS11643EUC, EUC-TW, TW-EUC, H-EUC, CNS-11643-1992, EUC-H-1992, csCNS11643-1992-EUC, EUC-TW-1992, CNS-11643 TW-EUC-1992, H-EUC-1992 CNS-11643-1986 EUC-H-1986, csCNS11643_1986_EUC, EUC-TW-1986, TW-EUC-1986, H-EUC-1986 CP10000 csCP10000, windows-10000 CP10001 csCP10001, windows-10001 CP10002 csCP10002, windows-10002 CP10003 csCP10003, windows-10003 CP10004 csCP10004, windows-10004 CP10005 csCP10005, windows-10005 CP10006 csCP10006, windows-10006 CP10007 csCP10007, windows-10007 CP10008 csCP10008, windows-10008 CP10010 csCP10010, windows-10010 CP10017 csCP10017, windows-10017 CP10029 csCP10029, windows-10029 CP10079 csCP10079, windows-10079
    [Show full text]
  • Hi Ilok Ru H \Yi~>? I
    t'/I h( C 13~ /') I ( J /~ j into hi ilok ru h \Yi~>? I / EsCUELAS SIN FRONTERAS Guatemala 1995 xintow chik ilok ru hu ESCUELAS SIN FRONTERAS Rokslnkll II Ilok ru hu Reheb' II kok'ol OJ q'eqchl' wankeb' SOl xb'een noloJ tosol hu xmolam ESF ColeCClOn Matenales educallvos nO 2 Idtoma Qeqclu Sene Manual del alumno Nlvel Pnmergrado Area Lecto escntura Drrector de colecclOn DrrecclOn de Programas Autores Jorge Seb Choc Carlos Qwm Xol Sofi Lamy PIerre Lancelot DlagramaClon PIerre Lancelot DlbuJos Mayra Fong URL Portada Marganta Ramrrez URL Pnmera relmpreslon 1999 IIIDII ~ III1ft9 Uruversldad Rafael Landivar USAID ESCUELAS SIN FRONTERAS © Escuelas Sm Fronteras Guatemala Penrullda la reproducclOn con preVIa autonzaclon xintow chik ilok ru hu Xyoob'ankll Sal xyollajlk chi junajwa II rokslnkll II tasal hu xmtaw chlk lIok ru hu, oXlb' ru h xsal naq xk'ojlaman - Jun ch'uut chi eetahl wankeb' chi ru t'lkr, 26 (waqlb' xka'k'aal) chi junll - Jun xk'utb'al xb'e h xk'anjellaj tzolonel - Jun tasal hu b'ar WII natawman naab'al kok' k'anjel yal re xtenq'ankll II tzolom A oXlb' paay chi na'leb' ha'ln Ink'a' naru nake'xjachl nb', ya jo'kan aj WII naq maajunwa naru rokslnklleb' a tasal hu ha'ln WI tOj majll natzolman II xb'ereslnkll Jo'kan bill, WI Ink'a' nab'aanuman chi jolalln, h xtzolb'al II aatlnob'aal moko jwal yaal to no Ie!, xb'aan naq Ink'a' xlajman xk'eeb'al xloqlal II xk'a'uxl ut II xtusulal h xyo'lajlk chaq a k'anJel ha'ln, ut chi Jo'ka'an nake'kana xb'aanunkll chi junll h xb'ehll ut h xtusulal II tzolok, WI maak'a' chi junll ha'ln maak'a' chlk xyaalal
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Special Issue on Japanese Geminate Obstruents
    J East Asian Linguist (2013) 22:303-306 DOI 10.1007/s10831-013-9109-z Introduction to the special issue on Japanese geminate obstruents Haruo Kubozono Received: 8 January 2013 / Accepted: 22 January 2013 / Published online: 6 July 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Geminate obstruents (GOs) and so-called unaccented words are the two properties most characteristic of Japanese phonology and the two features that are most difficult to learn for foreign learners of Japanese, regardless of their native language. This special issue deals with the first of these features, discussing what makes GOs so difficult to master, what is so special about them, and what makes the research thereon so interesting. GOs are one of the two types of geminate consonant in Japanese1 which roughly corresponds to what is called ‘sokuon’ (促音). ‘Sokon’ is defined as a ‘one-mora- long silence’ (Sanseido Daijirin Dictionary), often symbolized as /Q/ in Japanese linguistics, and is transcribed with a small letter corresponding to /tu/ (っ or ッ)in Japanese orthography. Its presence or absence is distinctive in Japanese phonology as exemplified by many pairs of words, including the following (dots /. / indicate syllable boundaries). (1) sa.ki ‘point’ vs. sak.ki ‘a short time ago’ ka.ko ‘past’ vs. kak.ko ‘paranthesis’ ba.gu ‘bug (in computer)’ vs. bag.gu ‘bag’ ka.ta ‘type’ vs. kat.ta ‘bought (past tense of ‘buy’)’ to.sa ‘Tosa (place name)’ vs. tos.sa ‘in an instant’ More importantly, ‘sokuon’ is an important characteristic of Japanese speech rhythm known as mora-timing. It is one of the four elements that can form a mora 1 The other type of geminate consonant is geminate nasals, which phonologically consist of a coda nasal and the nasal onset of the following syllable, e.g., /am.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Principles of Cryptographic Security
    . > :Non - Re sponsi ve DOCID· 38~8697 TOP SEEAET !l&tiilU Ji Some Principles of Cryptographic Security BY BJUGADIER JOHN H. TlLTMAN rpaµ Beer et b'iabrs The author derives .<tome general principles of cryptographic security as seen from the two opposite points of view of the de.iig~r of a cipher s_ystem and of the cryptanalyst. He illustrates the principles by exam­ ples frorn his own experience, emphasizing the weaknesses of design and usage which have led to tlu! so/utiun of a number of $)'1Jtems. I have attempted in the following paper to derive soirie general prin­ ciples of cryptographic security, looking at it from the two opposite points of view of the designer of a cipher system and the cryptanalyst. I have found it impossible to arrange these principles in any logical order and have decided t.o express them in the form of disconnected aphorisms and to illustrate them from my own experience. Much of what I have to say wi11 seem rather obvious, and I do not imagine that any of it will be or value to the designer of a cipher system today, but I hope that some of it may serve to stimulate the imagination of crypt­ anelysts facing complex but potentially vulnerable systems (such as are stiJI used in many countries). tn any case, the principles should not be taken loo seriously. They should be regarded as a loose frame­ work for the classification of weaknesses of design and usage which have led t.o the solution of a number of systems in the anelysiR of which I have ta.ken part.
    [Show full text]
  • Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera U Osijeku Filozofski Fakultet U Osijeku Odsjek Za Engleski Jezik I Književnost Uroš Ba
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Croatian Digital Thesis Repository Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Uroš Barjaktarević Japanese-English Language Contact / Japansko-engleski jezični kontakt Diplomski rad Kolegij: Engleski jezik u kontaktu Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić Osijek, 2015. 1 Summary JAPANESE-ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONTACT The paper examines the language contact between Japanese and English. The first section of the paper defines language contact and the most common contact-induced language phenomena with an emphasis on linguistic borrowing as the dominant contact-induced phenomenon. The classification of linguistic borrowing thereby follows Haugen's distinction between morphemic importation and substitution. The second section of the paper presents the features of the Japanese language in terms of origin, phonology, syntax, morphology, and writing. The third section looks at the history of language contact of the Japanese with the Europeans, starting with the Portuguese and Spaniards, followed by the Dutch, and finally the English. The same section examines three different borrowing routes from English, and contact-induced language phenomena other than linguistic borrowing – bilingualism , code alternation, code-switching, negotiation, and language shift – present in Japanese-English language contact to varying degrees. This section also includes a survey of the motivation and reasons for borrowing from English, as well as the attitudes of native Japanese speakers to these borrowings. The fourth and the central section of the paper looks at the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, its scope and the various adaptations that occur upon morphemic importation on the phonological, morphological, orthographic, semantic and syntactic levels.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prosodic Account of Consonant Gemination in Japanese Loanwords
    to appear in: Kobozono, Haruo. ed. 2017. The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants. Oxford: OUP. A prosodic account of consonant gemination in Japanese loanwords Junko Ito**, Haruo Kubozono*, and Armin Mester** *NINJAL, **UC Santa Cruz 1 Introduction The distribution of geminate consonants in Japanese loanwords is notoriously complex. On the one hand, there are intrinsic factors. Some consonants, in particular obstruents (called sokuon when geminated), are more prone to gemination than sonorants. Segmental features lead to further distinctions: Voiceless obstruents geminate more easily than voiced obstruents (1a), and some types of fricatives geminate more easily than others (1b) (dots indicate syllable boundaries, with initial and final syllable boundaries usually not marked, and an accent mark after a vowel indicates that it is accented). (1) Segmental factors a. Voicing type: voiceless vs. voiced obstruents Gemination No Gemination cap kya'p.pu cab kya'.bu lock ro'k.ku log ro'.gu b. Fricative type: [ʃ] vs. [s], [x] vs. [f] Gemination No Gemination bush bu'ʃ.ʃu bus ba'.su Bach ba'h.ha puff pa'.fu On the other hand, one and the same consonant is more likely to geminate in some phonological contexts than in others (2). (2) Positional factors Gemination No Gemination p cap kya'p.pu captain kya'.pu.ten p apple a'p.pu.ru chapel ͡tʃa'.pe.ru p happy ha'p.pii happiness ha'.pi.ne.su t market ma'a.ket.to marketing ma'a.ke.tin.gu k pack pa'k.ku park pa'a.ku k tax ta'k.ku.su tact ta'.ku.to g frog fu.ro'g.gu log ro'.gu s listen ri's.sun listener ri'.su.naa s message me's.see.d͡ ʒi mess me'.su This paper discusses how the distribution of geminates as opposed to singletons (e.g., /pp/, /dd/, /mm/ vs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai Oku No Yamamichi
    国立国語研究所学術情報リポジトリ A discovery in the history of research on Japanese kana orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro's Kanazukai oku no yamamichi 著者(英) Shinkichi HASHIMOTO 翻訳者(英) Timothy J. Vance 校正者(英) Wayne Lawrence journal or Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan publication title page range 1-24 year 2019-09 URL http://doi.org/10.15084/00002233 HASHIMOTO Pioneering Linguistic Works in Japan A Discovery in the History of Research on Japanese Kana Orthography: Ishizuka Tatsumaro’s Kanazukai oku no yamamichi HASHIMOTO Shinkichi 1 Two Aspects of Kana Orthography Research Kana orthography refers to the way of using kana [i.e., Chinese characters used to write Japanese syllables phonographically, including both the unabbreviated characters (man’yōgana), used mostly in the Nara period (710–794) and early in the Heian Period (794–1185), and the abbreviated forms (hiragana and katakana) that first appeared around 900]. When it comes to using あ to represent the sound “a” or か to represent the sound “ka,” things are clear and simple, and no doubts arise. It is only when two or more different letters correspond to the same sound, as in the case of い [i] and ゐ [wi] [both pronounced i today] or お [o] and を [wo] [both pronounced o today], that doubts arise as to which letter to use. Thus, we can say that problems of kana orthography are actually just problems of choosing which letter to use. Kana orthography problems have two aspects. On the one hand, there is the question of whether or not letters that represent the same sound (い [i] and ゐ [wi] [for i], お [o] and を [wo] [for o], etc.) should be distinguished, and if so, which letter should be used when.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Writing 書き方 一 + 人 = 一人 あ い う え お ア イ ウ エ オ a I U E
    書き方 THE JAPANESE HOUSE Japanese Writing ACTIVITIES Learn about Japanese writing and give it a try yourself! TIME: 25 minutes MATERIALS: • Video: Many­Homes­ in Kyoto, Japan—Ran •­Kanji and Hiragana activity worksheets 1. Learn about Japanese Writing In Japanese, there are three writing systems called Hiragana, PRONUNCIATION Katakana, and Kanji. Hiragana and Katakana are both made up of 46 GUIDE: basic letters. Each of these letters represents one syllable. Hiragana Kanji: Kah-n-gee is used to write Japanese words, and Katakana is often used to write words from foreign languages. Japanese children start learning to Hiragana: Hee-rah-gah- write with Hiragana and Katakana in first grade. nah Kanji, originally from China, is the writing system made of thou- Katakana: Kah-tah-kah- sands of characters. Each character represents specific meaning. By nah putting characters together, you get new words with new meanings. Once first grade students have mastered Hiragana and Katakana, they start learning Kanji, but that takes a lot longer. By sixth grade, students will have learned 1,000 characters; to read newspapers, it’s said you need to know 2,000 Kanji characters. Besides these three writing systems, Rō­­maji, the romanization of Japanese, is also commonly used. Hiragana あ い う え お Katakana ア イ ウ エ オ Romaji a i u e o Kanji 一 + 人 = 一人 ichi (one) hito (person) hitori (one person or alone) 1 © 2013 Boston Children’s Museum KYO NO MACHIYA ACTIVITIES 2. Practice Writing in Japanese 1. Watch the chapter “Ran” in the video “Many Homes in Kyoto, Japan” and find her calligraphy done in brush and ink.
    [Show full text]