The Life and Legacy of Ioane Kaneiakama Papa ʻīʻī
FACING THE SPEARS OF CHANGE: THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF IOANE KANEIAKAMA PAPA ʻĪʻĪ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH DECEMBER 2014 By Marie Alohalani Brown Dissertation Committee: Craig Howes, Chairperson Cristina Bacchilega Kuʻualoha Hoʻomanawanui Jeffrey Kapali Lyon M. Puakea Nogelmeier DEDICATION In memory of Alton R. Brown and Steven Y. Kimura. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This journey, which has ended with a doctoral degree after eleven years and three months of being a student, began long before I decided, at forty-two, to enroll as a freshman in the University of Hawaiʻi System. Looking back, I can now clearly see the path that led me to this point. Along the way I was guided, protected, assisted, and inspired by ka poʻe akua, poʻe ʻaumākua, ka poʻe kūpuna, my ʻohana, my children, my friends, my kumu, and my students. As a Kanaka Maoli, I am deeply motivated by aloha and mahalo for the ʻāina, my kūpuna, and my fellow Kānaka Maoli—past and present. They have been at the forefront of my mind in any intellectual efforts I have produced, and will continue to inspire my future research. To all the intellectuals whose efforts have paved the way for my own, and whose works have influenced me, I am beholden. A special thanks to my dissertation chair Craig Howes whose tireless efforts have made me a better scholar. Three of my committee members are long-time mentors, Puakea Nogelmeier, kuʻualoha hoʻomanawanui, and Cristina Bacchilega, and I am eternally indebted to them.
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