Los Dos Rostros Indigenas De Nicaragua Y Centroamerical
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Burmese, a Grammar of (Soe).Pdf
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A GRAMMAR OF BURMESE by MYINTSOE A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Notes on Paha Buyang*
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 29.1 — April 2006 NOTES ON PAHA BUYANG* Li Jinfang1 Central University for Nationalities and University of Melbourne Luo Yongxian2 University of Melbourne This paper is an outline of some of the major features of the phonology and grammar of a dialect of the Buyang language, a Tai-Kadai language with roughly 2000 speakers spread over the border area of Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces in China, and northern Vietnam and Laos. The particular variety described is the Paha variety spoken in Yanglian village, Guangnan County in Yunnan Province, China. The genetic position of Buyang within Tai-Kadai, and the influence of Zhuang and Chinese on the language are also discussed. Keywords: Tai-Kadai, Buyang, language description, Yunnan, endangered languages 1. INTRODUCTION Buyang is a small ethnic group in Southwest China, with approximately 2,000 speakers. They are distributed in the following locations (see Map 1). 1) Southeast of Gula Township of Funing County Yunnan Province on the Sino-Vietnamese border. There are eight villages: Ecun, Dugan, Zhelong, Nada, Longna, Maguan, Langjia, and Nianlang. These form the largest concentration of Buyang, with about 1,000 speakers. These villages, which are in close geographical proximity, are referred to by the local Han and Zhuang people as 布央八寨 ‘the eight Buyang villages’; 2) North of Guangnan County in southeastern Yunnan. About five hundred speakers live in Yanglian Village of Dixu Township, and about a hundred in Anshe Village of Bada Township; 3) Central Bohe Township of Napo County, western Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on the Sino-Vietnamese border. -
Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke
Pidgin and Creole Languages JOHN E. REINECKE 1904–1982 Pidgin and Creole Languages Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke Edited by Glenn G. Gilbert Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824882150 (PDF) 9780824882143 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1987 University of Hawaii Press All Rights Reserved CONTENTS Preface viii Acknowledgments xii Introduction 1 John E. Reinecke: His Life and Work Charlene J. Sato and Aiko T. Reinecke 3 William Greenfield, A Neglected Pioneer Creolist John E. Reinecke 28 Theoretical Perspectives 39 Some Possible African Creoles: A Pilot Study M. Lionel Bender 41 Pidgin Hawaiian Derek Bickerton and William H. Wilson 65 The Substance of Creole Studies: A Reappraisal Lawrence D. Carrington 83 Verb Fronting in Creole: Transmission or Bioprogram? Chris Corne 102 The Need for a Multidimensional Model Robert B. Le Page 125 Decreolization Paths for Guyanese Singular Pronouns John R. -
Proto-Ong-Be (PDF)
PROTO-ONG-BE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2018 By Yen-ling Chen Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Weera Ostapirat Rory Turnbull Bradley McDonnell Shana Brown Keywords: Ong-Be, Reconstruction, Lingao, Hainan, Kra-Dai Copyright © 2018 by Yen-ling Chen ii 知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也。 “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.” iii Acknowlegements First of all, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lyle Campbell, the chair of my dissertation and the historical linguist and typologist in my department for his substantive comments. I am always amazed by his ability to ask mind-stimulating questions, and I thank him for allowing me to be part of the Endangered Languages Catalogue (ELCat) team. I feel thankful to Dr. Shana Brown for bringing historical studies on minorities in China to my attention, and for her support as the university representative on my committee. Special thanks go to Dr. Rory Turnbull for his constructive comments and for encouraging a diversity of point of views in his class, and to Dr. Bradley McDonnell for his helpful suggestions. I sincerely thank Dr. Weera Ostapirat for his time and patience in dealing with me and responding to all my questions, and for pointing me to the directions that I should be looking at. My reconstruction would not be as readable as it is today without his insightful feedback. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Alexis Michaud. -
Diccionario Etnolingüístico Y Guía Bibliográfica De Los Pueblos Indígenas Sudamericanos
Alain Fabre 2005- Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. 1 MISUMALPA [Última modificación: 23/03/16] MISUMALPA N.B. Agradezco a José T. Mejía por su gentileza en haberme enviado valiosos datos y materiales sobre pueblos indígenas de Nicaragua, y señalado variosos errores. Sobra decir que soy yo único responsable de cualquier inexactitud o falla que aparezca en el texto. Cinco grupos étnicos pertenecen actualmente a esta familia, que consta de tres lenguas vivas y dos extintas. Los matagalpa y cacaopera hoy hablan solamente español. El cuadro siguiente presenta la familia misumalpa de acuerdo con Benedicto & Hale (2000) y Margolin (2003, s.f.): MISUMALPA SUMALPA MATAGALPA SUMU SUMU DEL NORTE SUMU DEL miskitu matagalpa cacaopera (MAYANGNA) SUR (ULWA) (extinto) (extinto) tawahka panamahka tuahka ulwa Durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX, quedaban hablantes de matagalpa (departamentos de Jinotega y Matagalpa en el centro de Nicaragua) y cacaopera (zona este de El Salvador). Para 1981, entre 18.000 y 21.000 personas, hispanohablantes en su totalidad, pertenecían al grupo étnico matagalpa (Ethnologue 1992). Varios autores como Lehmann (1920) y Loukotka (1968) suponen una filiación (macro-)chibcha para la familia misumalpa , o por lo menos dejan abierta la posibilidad de una relación entre las lengua de las familias misumalpa y chibcha (Rivet, Stresser-Péan & Loukotka [1952], y últimamente tanto Kaufman [1990] como Constenla [1993]), pero no se han publicado estudios recientes que confortaran esta hipótesis, por lo cual las lenguas del grupo misumalpa deben, hasta más saber, ser consideradas como pertenecientes a un tronco (o familia) separado. Tal ha sido la postura de investigadores como Campbell (1979), Migliazza & Campbell (1988) y Tovar & Larrucea de Tovar (1984). -
Language Distinctiveness*
RAI – data on language distinctiveness RAI data Language distinctiveness* Country profiles *This document provides data production information for the RAI-Rokkan dataset. Last edited on October 7, 2020 Compiled by Gary Marks with research assistance by Noah Dasanaike Citation: Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks (2016). Community, Scale and Regional Governance: A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance, Vol. II. Oxford: OUP. Sarah Shair-Rosenfield, Arjan H. Schakel, Sara Niedzwiecki, Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, Sandra Chapman-Osterkatz (2021). “Language difference and Regional Authority.” Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 31. DOI: 10.1080/13597566.2020.1831476 Introduction ....................................................................................................................6 Albania ............................................................................................................................7 Argentina ...................................................................................................................... 10 Australia ....................................................................................................................... 12 Austria .......................................................................................................................... 14 Bahamas ....................................................................................................................... 16 Bangladesh .................................................................................................................. -
World Bank Document
Document of Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Report No: 21851 PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 32.3 MILLION EQUIVALENT Public Disclosure Authorized (US$41.5 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS FOR A HN/COMMUNITY-BASED EDUCATION PROJECT April 10, 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Human and Social Development Group Central America Country Management Unit Latin America and Caribbean Region Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 15, 2001) Currency Unit = Lempiras (L) 15.130 Lempiras = USS1.00 US$1.30 = XDR 1.0 FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONTYMS ADELs Local Education Development Association (Asociaciones de Desarrollo Educativo Local) AECOs Parent School Associations (Asociaciones Educativas Comunitarias) AIF IDA- International Development Association (Asociaci6n Internacional de Fomento) APSO Agency for Personal Service Overseas CCPREB Community Based Preschool Services CEPENF Original Non-Formal/Community-Based Preschool Centers (Centros de Educacion Preescolar No Formal) CCIE Community-Based Pre-Primary Experience Program (Centros Comunitarios de Educaci6n Inicial) DCA Development Credit Agreement ECCE Early Childhood Care Education EIB Intercultural and Bilingual Education Program (Programa de Educaci6n Interculturaly Bilingiie) FHIS Honduras Social Investment Fund (Fondo Hondurefio de Inversi6n Social) FONAC National Convergence Forum (Foro Nacional de Convergencia) GOH Government of Honduras (Gobierno de -
Gezamenlijke Catalogus Joint Catalogue
2020 Joint Catalogue Catalogus Gezamenlijke Antiquaren van Nederlandsche Vereeniging t V N d J z g N g r V g C A l C l v d J z g N i e e e o a i e u e e u a n a a i a e o a i e q r d r i m n d s n r e t t n t j n r i m n d e u e e l n e g e a i d a k l n e g e e a e r a t n r J G l q s l e a t n r A n r n l n l l o e 2 o u c o n l l v n v i i e a d Ci a i z 0 g a h g d C i a a t a n g n g s aj n n a 2 u r e u s a j n n C i n i d i c tk d t m 0 s e e c t k d q n s n a G h ae s e n V h a e s g e c e A g t u A l c nC e e l c J a a n z h n o h la N r o h o 2 l r a e v t v t g e it e G e g e a i 0 o e i m u i a e V V ja d e u n 2 g n e n q n q V ee kl e z n e e t 0 u u n e u C r C eo r a i r A s a l r a A a V n e 2 a V g l m g G e 2 i r e r n t e t e 0 t eu C a C e i e e 0 j e e e t r i n 2 a re a n a n n N z n 2 a k n n n q i 0 l e t i d t l g e J a i 0 l e e i u g o e 2 a q s a i d o m g o e g a i gN Gn 0 l u c l j v e i e i N g G n C i r n ue ei 2 o a h o k a r n n n e u e i a n e g s - - - 0 -e - - e n - t - g - s - - t g n a C l a G t o van Antiquare Gezamnlijk Catlogus Joint Catlogue 20 Nedrlansch a e il ol g j g u zamenlijk Catlogus Joint Catlogue 20 Nedrlansch Vernig van An - vek eu s na d C 2 Joint Catlogue 20 Nedrlansch Vernig van Antiquare Gezamnlijk e nA a 0 lr t at 02 oJa qi l idn u go N z tns ra su e a hc Ce ed gem e a n r in at G oJ - Ngnil l eV ze i de kj go er a tn re e av u e em oJl n e in n ina A g 02 - tnd n ni 2 cs it aCg 0 z eh C uq at eN ma ta ra ol - ne la ne Vg l o resu g ji ug e eG ni ek e ne - g i - N av 02 de n -
Oxford-Dictionary-Of-English.Pdf
The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar SECOND EDITION BAS AARTS SYLVIA CHALKER EDMUND WEINER Bas Aarts is Professor of English Linguistics at University College London. He has published many books and articles on English grammar, most recently the Oxford Modern English Grammar. The late Sylvia Chalker was the author of several grammar books, including Current English Grammar and the Little Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. She was also a contributor to the Oxford Companion to the English Language. Edmund Weiner is Deputy Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary and co-author (with Andrew Delahunty) of the Oxford Guide to English Usage. A This is a web-linked dictionary. There is a list of recommended web links in the Appendix, on page 454. To access the websites, go to the dictionary’s web page at www.oup.com/uk/reference/ resources/englishgrammar, click on Web links in the Resources section, and click straight through to the relevant websites. www.ebook3000.com 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Original material: # Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner 1994 New and revised material: # Oxford University Press 2014 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First edition published 1994 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 1994 Reissued, with corrections, in new covers 1998 Second edition published 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. -
Aspects of the Grammar of Thulung Raian Endangered Himalayan Language Aimée Lahaussois
Aspects of the grammar of Thulung Raian endangered Himalayan language Aimée Lahaussois To cite this version: Aimée Lahaussois. Aspects of the grammar of Thulung Raian endangered Himalayan language. Lin- guistics. University of California, Berkeley, 2002. English. halshs-00004761 HAL Id: halshs-00004761 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00004761 Submitted on 29 Sep 2005 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Aspects of the grammar of Thulung Rai: an endangered Himalayan language by Aimée Lahaussois B.A. (Princeton University) 1993 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 1998 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor James A.Matisoff, Chair Professor John McWhorter Professor William F. Hanks Spring 2002 Abstract Aspects of the grammar of Thulung Rai: an endangered Himalayan language by Aimée Lahaussois Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor James A. Matisoff, Chair Thulung Rai is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of eastern Nepal, currently spoken by approximately one thousand people. It is a member of the Kiranti group in the Himalayish branch of Tibeto-Burman, along with languages characterized principally by their complex pronominalizing verbal inflectional systems. -
Race and Class in Revolutionary Nicaragua: Autonomy and the Atlantic Coast
Hazel Smith With little international recognition, and despite early replaced the Miskitos as the dominant ethnic group in difficulties, the Nicaraguan Revolution since the early the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, what 1980s has been engaged in a unique and successful remained was a social structure based on a racially experiment to maintain and extend intranational oriented system of stratification which divided the ethnic diversity while at the same time, within the same Atlantic Coast population against itself. In addition, process, involving itself in a project to redefine the English encouraged a separation and distrust of all national identity.' things Spanish, that is emanating from the Pacific The FSLN's2 early 'economistic' approach to the Coast region, to the extent that in the Miskito Atlantic Coast has been replaced by a structural language the word for 'enemy' is the same as that analysis which reflects the complexities of class power meaning 'Spanish'. relations which are mediated through and influenced Nineteenth century US government and business by a colonially induced racially based system of social interests focused on the often discussed lucrative stratification. potential of a trans Nicaragua Canal. However, after 1894 when the Atlantic Coast was 'reincorporated' Historical Separation into the Republic of Nicaragua, US capital flooded into the area, in the form of investment in the banana, It was not surprising that, after 1979 and the victory lumber and mining industries. US marines occupied over Somoza, FSLN leaders had for the most part only parts of the Atlantic Coast in 1912 to protect these a limited understanding of the people and region of the investments, and again from 1926 to 1931. -
The Mesoamerican Indian Languages Cambridge Language Surveys
THE MESOAMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS General Editors: W. Sidney Allen, B. Comrie, C. J. Fillmore, E. J. A. Henderson, F. W. Householder, R. Lass, J. Lyons, R. B. Le Page, P. H. Matthews, F. R. Palmer, R. Posner, J. L. M. Trim This series offers general accounts of all the major language families of the world. Some volumes are organized on a purely genetic basis, others on a geographical basis, whichever yields the most convenient and intelligible grouping in each case. Sometimes, as with the Australian volume, the two in any case coincide. Each volume compares and contrasts the typological features of the languages it deals with. It also treats the relevant genetic relationships, historical development, and sociolinguistic issues arising from their role and use in the world today. The intended readership is the student of linguistics or general linguist, but no special knowledge of the languages under consideration is assumed. Some volumes also have a wider appeal, like those on Australia and North America, where the future of the languages and their speakers raises important social and political issues. Already published: The languages of Australia R. M. W. Dixon The languages of the Soviet Union Bernard Comrie Forthcoming titles include: Japanese/Korean M. Shibatani and Ho-min Sohn Chinese J. Norman and Mei Tsu-lin S. E. Asia J. A. Matisoff Dravidian R. E. Asher Austronesian R. Blust Afro-Asiatic R. Hetzron North American Indian W. Chafe Slavonic R. Sussex Germanic R. Lass Celtic D. MacAulay et al. Indo-Aryan C. P. Masica Balkans 7. Ellis Creole languages J.