DOCSLIB.ORG

Floating Quantifiers in Burmese and Thai Andrew Simpson 115

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Floating Quantifiers in Burmese and Thai Andrew Simpson 115 JSEALS Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Managing Editor: Paul Sidwell (Pacific Linguistics, Canberra) Editorial Advisory Board: Mark Alves (USA) George Bedell (Thailand) Marc Brunelle (Canada) Gerard Diffloth (Cambodia) Marlys Macken (USA) Brian Migliazza (USA) Keralapura Nagaraja (India) Peter Norquest (USA) Amara Prasithrathsint (Thailand) Martha Ratliff (USA) Sophana Srichampa (Thailand) Justin Watkins (UK) JSEALS is the peer-reviewed journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, and is devoted to publishing research on the languages of mainland and insular Southeast Asia. It is an electronic journal, distributed freely by Pacific Linguistics (www.pacling.com) and the JSEALS website (jseals.org). JSEALS was formally established by decision of the SEALS 17 meeting, held at the University of Maryland in September 2007. It supersedes the Conference Proceedings, previously published by Arizona State University and later by Pacific Linguistics. JSEALS welcomes articles that are topical, focused on linguistic (as opposed to cultural or anthropological) issues, and which further the lively debate that characterizes the annual SEALS conferences. Although we expect in practice that most JSEALS articles will have been presented and discussed at the SEALS conference, submission is open to all regardless of their participation in SEALS meetings. Papers are expected to be written in English. Each paper is reviewed by at least two scholars, usually a member of the Advisory Board and one or more independent readers. Reviewers are volunteers, and we are grateful for their assistance in ensuring the quality of this publication. As an additional service we also admit data papers, reports and notes, subject to an internal review process. JSEALS is published twice a year. Papers can be submitted to the Managing Editor, electronically ([email protected] or [email protected]) at any time. ii Contents Editorial iv Papers A Cognitive Linguistics Storyline Analysis of Iu-Mien Narrative Discourse T. Daniel Arisawa 1 Fixed Autosegmentism in Thai Emphatic Reduplication. Leslie Lee 41 Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh 64 Floating Quantifiers in Burmese and Thai Andrew Simpson 115 The Evolution of Polyfunctionality of dây Construction in Thai: Split Patterns of Possibility-Related Modal Concepts Kiyoko Takahashi 147 iii Editorial Welcome to JSEALS Volume 4.1. We are now into our forth year and I can only report that our journal is hummiung along nicely; the quality of papers is excellent, and I am pleased to relate that there is quite a queue of papers shaping up for 4.2. This volume also sees abstracts and keywords for all papers, reflecting the ongoing process of improving standards and, importantly, accessibility. And in this regard, I urge you please to check the updated Guide for Authors on the last page - things run so much smoother when authors strictly follow the submission guidelines. As issue 4.1 is being released, the 20ll SEALS meeting is about to get underway. The host institution - Kasetsart University in Bangkok - is offering beautiful modern meeting rooms in a great campus setting. Acharn Kitima Indrambarya, Chair of the Organizing Committee, is doing a superb job, and we look forward to a very memorable meeting. Finally, I would like to pay homage to Uri Tadmor, who recently stepped down from the SEALS International Committee and the JSEALS Editorial Advisory Board. Uri, now working as an Editorial Director for De Gruyter Mouton, has been a supporter of SEALS over many years, and we especially acknowledge the great job he did taking on and running the 16th SEALS meeting at Atma Jaya University, Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2006. Thank you Uri. Paul Sidwell (Managing Editor) May 2011 iv A COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS STORYLINE ANALYSIS OF IU-MIEN NARRATIVE DISCOURSE 1 T. Daniel Arisawa Chiangrai Rajabhat University, Thailand <[email protected]> Abstract A storyline is a foregrounded mainline of development in narrative discourse. Taking the narrative as a mental picture viewed by a hearer/reader (i.e. conceptualizer), the Cognitive Linguistics posits two groups of constructions which make storyline emerge to the foreground: progression and sequential structures. The storyline progression in Iu-Mien narrative is encoded with the unmarked action/motion verbs, the development adverb aengx ‘furthermore’, Serial Verb Construction, topic chains, and the multiclausal constructions. The sequential structures include the prospective conjunction ziouc ‘and then (soon)’, the retrospective conjunction cingx_daaih ‘therefore’, the topic marker aeqv ‘as for’, and the ad-clause containing V-liuz ‘after V-ing’. Keywords: discourse, cognitive linguistics, text analysis 0. Introduction A storyline is a foregrounded mainline of development in narrative discourse. This study seeks to investigate a storyline in Iu-Mien narrative discourse. The purpose is to show what it means that the storyline is foregrounded. The approach taken here is Cognitive Linguistics (CL), particularly Cognitive Grammar (CG) theorized by Ronald W. Langacker (e.g. 1987, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 2000), rather than a traditional and popular textlinguistics developed by Robert E. Longacre (e.g. 1981, 1983, 2003a, 2003b). Though Longacre’s theory was much influenced by Hopper and Thompson’s correlation between high/low transitivity and the foreground/background in discourse, he has never elaborated the relation. Longacre emphasizes (to simplify various the arguments) that a discovery the particular verb which has a morphosyntactic marking for the past tense or perfective aspect inevitably leads a researcher to identify the storyline. Iu-Mien, however, totally lacks such a marking in the verb; hence requires an alternative method. Following Somsonge’s non- verb-morphology dependent storyline identification method (i.e. temporal movement approach) in Thai (1990, 1992) and Hlai (2002), it turns out that the storyline in Iu-Mien can be analyzed in terms of two major factors: the chronological forward movement of action/event (e.g. topic chains and serial verb constructions, etc), and a bundle of the 1 I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their remarks, and also to thank Paul Sidwell the managing editor for his invaluable comments for improvement of my paper, editorial advice and his patience and kindness. I take full responsibility for any flaws found in this paper. T. Daniel Arisawa. 2011. A Cognitive Linguistics Storyline Analysis of Iu-Mien Narrative Discourse . Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 4.1:1-43 Copyright vested in the author Received 5/2/2010, revised text accepted 16/3/2011 1 2 Daniel Arisawa linguistic expressions indicating sequentiality (e.g. a developmental adverb and an inchoative conjunction, etc.) in the narrative. In this study, the former is referred to as “progression”, and the latter “sequential structure”, 2 owing Talmy (2000). The method in terms of progression and sequential structure explains cognitive linguistically why the storyline is foregrounded. From the CL perspective, a narrative is taken as a mental picture unfolded in front of the hearer/reader’s eyes. The narrative’s storyline is viewed as a thick, noticeable line that stands out (i.e. foregrounding) to the visual perception in the hearer/reader’s mental space as a result of combining two major factors: progression and sequential structure of the story. Though seven story texts of Iu-Mien (over 700 sentences) were analyzed in search of storyline, among other discourse features, only one sample story is appended in this paper. Some examples are drawn from other sources. 1. Departure from Longacre’s theory Longacre’s storyline theory within the general framework of textlinguistics is based on the discourse analyses of some eighty languages of the world. It is significantly influenced by his over fifty year study of Biblical Hebrew and Hopper and Thompson’s (1980) research on the correlation between high/low transitivity parameters and the foreground /background. 1.1. Longacre’s Premise Longacre’s strong emphasis is on the virtual equation between the preterite verb which furthers the story and the foregrounded events or the storyline (e.g. 1981:337-47). For him, discovery of the preterite tense or completive aspect almost automatically eliminates the off-the-line materials as the background, i.e. non-storyline, then arrives at identification of the storyline. 1.2 Beyond Longacre: Temporal Movement Gradually in the course of development of Longacre’s theory, some questions regarding the rigid connection between the morphosyntactic marking (e.g. preterite verb) and the foregrounded events or the storyline began to be raised even from among his colleagues and former students. One example is Somsonge 3 who states: 2 I appreciate the reviewers’ comments for improvement, particulary their recomendation that the term ‘sequentiality’ should be more general, non-particularized and straightforward. Upon consideration, however, I kept it in some places as in my original draft following Givon (1993, 1984), whose influence can be seen in Endo (1996, 2003). It is their notion of ‘topic-continuity’, ‘sequential-action’, ‘theme continuity’ (Givon 1984:296-97) and the materials which ‘control the flow of the story’ (Endo 1996:232, 244-97) that my ‘sequentiality’ means. Talmy’s ‘sequential structure’ is also comprehensive enough to signify the sense by Givon and Endo; it refers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2011 Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Khalid, Zainab, "Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman" (2011). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1074. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1074 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rise of the Veil: Islamic Modernity and the Hui Woman Zainab Khalid SIT FALL 2011 5/1/2011 1 Introduction: Assimilation/Dissimilation The Hui are a familiar sight in most cities in China; famed for their qingzhen restaurants and their business acumen. Known usually as the “Chinese speaking Muslims,” they are separated from the nine other Muslim xiaoshu minzu by a reputation for assimilation and adaptability that is a matter of pride for Hui in urban areas. A conversation with Hui women at Nancheng Mosque in Kunming revealed that they believed Hui to be at an advantage compared to other xiaoshu minzu because of their abilities to adapt and assimilate, “we are intelligent; we know what to do in order to survive in any environment.” Yet, the Hui of Yunnan also have a history of dissimilation- the Panthay Rebellion of 1856 took the shape of a Sultanate in Dali as Hui forces led a province-wide revolt against the Qing Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asian Tone in Areal Perspective
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Southeast Asian tone in areal perspective Citation for published version: Kirby, J & Brunelle, M 2017, Southeast Asian tone in areal perspective. in R Hickey (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 703-731. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.027 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1017/9781107279872.027 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics Publisher Rights Statement: This material has been published in The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics edited by Raymond Hickey. This version is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 To appear in R. Hickey (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics. Please do not cite without permission. Southeast Asian tone in areal perspective James Kirby and Marc Brunelle 1 Introduction Tone is often presented as one of the quintessential features identifying mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA)1 as a linguistic area (Henderson 1965; Matisoff 2001; Enfield 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese, a Grammar of (Soe).Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A GRAMMAR OF BURMESE by MYINTSOE A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Asho Daniel Tignor
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2018 A Phonology Of Hill (kone-Tu) Asho Daniel Tignor Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Tignor, Daniel, "A Phonology Of Hill (kone-Tu) Asho" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2364. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2364 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONOLOGY OF HILL (KONE-TU) ASHO by Daniel Tignor Bachelor of Science, Harding University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2018 i PERMISSION Title A Phonology of Hill (Kone-Tu) Asho Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 Chapter 2. Cyclic and Noncyclic Phonological Effects a Proper
    Chapter 2. Cyclic and noncyclic phonological effects A proper theory of the phonology-morphology interface must account for apparent cyclic phonological effects as well as noncyclic phonological effects. Cyclic phonological effects are those in which a morphological subconstituent of a word seems to be an exclusive domain for some phonological rule or constraint. In this chapter, I show how Sign-Based Morphology can handle noncyclic as well as cyclic phonological effects. Furthermore, Sign-Based Morphology, unlike other theories of the phonology-morphology interface, relates the cyclic-noncyclic contrast to independently motivatable morphological structures. 2.1 Turkish prosodic minimality The example in this section is a disyllabic minimal size condition that some speakers of Standard Istanbul Turkish impose on affixed forms (Itô and Hankamer 1989, Inkelas and Orgun 1995). The examples in (28b) show that affixed monosyllabic forms are ungrammatical for these speakers (unaffixed monosyllabic forms are accepted (28a), as are semantically similar polysyllabic affixed forms (29b). (28) a) GRÛ ‘musical note C’ b) *GRÛ-P ‘C-1sg.poss’ MH ‘eat’ *MH-Q ‘eat-pass’ (29) a) VRO- ‘musical note G’ b) VRO--\P ‘G-1sg.poss’ N$]$Û ‘accident’ N$]$Û-P ‘accident-1sg.poss’ MXW ‘swallow’ MXW-XO ‘swallow-pass’ WHN-PHO-H ‘kick’ WHN-PHO-H-Q ‘kick-pass’ What happens when more suffixes are added to the forms in (28b) to bring the total size to two syllables? It turns out that nominal forms with additional affixes are still ungrammatical regardless of the total size, as shown by the data in (30). (30) *GRÛ-P ‘C-1sg.poss’ *GRÛ-P-X ‘C-1sg.poss’ *UHÛ-Q ‘D-2sg.poss’ *UHÛ-Q-GHQ ‘D-2sg.poss-abl’ *I$Û-P ‘F-1sg.poss’ *I$Û-P-V$ ‘F-1sg.poss-cond’ These forms suggest that the disyllabic minimal size condition is enforced cyclically.
    [Show full text]
  • Relating Application Frequency to Morphological Structure: the Case of Tommo So Vowel Harmony*
    Relating application frequency to morphological structure: the case of Tommo So vowel harmony* Laura McPherson (Dartmouth College) and Bruce Hayes (UCLA) Abstract We describe three vowel harmony processes of Tommo So (Dogon, Mali) and their interaction with morphological structure. The verbal suffixes of Tommo So occur in a strict linear order, establishing a Kiparskian hierarchy of distance from the root. This distance is respected by all three harmony processes; they “peter out”, applying with lower frequency as distance from the root increases. The function relating application rate to distance is well fitted by families of sigmoid curves, declining in frequency from one to zero. We show that, assuming appropriate constraints, such functions are a direct consequence of Harmonic Grammar. The crucially conflicting constraints are IDENT (violated just once by harmonized candidates) and a scalar version of AGREE (violated 1- 7 times, based on closeness of the target to the root). We show that our model achieves a close fit to the data while a variety of alternative models fail to do so. * We would like to thank Robert Daland, Abby Hantgan, Jeffrey Heath, Kie Zuraw, audiences at the Linguistic Society of America, the Manchester Phonology Meeting, Academia Sinica, Dartmouth College and UCLA, and the anonymous reviewers and editors for Phonology for their help with this article; all remaining defects are the authors’ responsibility. We are also indebted to the Tommo So language consultants who provided all of the data. This research was supported by a grant from the Fulbright Foundation and by grants BCS-0537435 and BCS-0853364 from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Paha Buyang*
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 29.1 — April 2006 NOTES ON PAHA BUYANG* Li Jinfang1 Central University for Nationalities and University of Melbourne Luo Yongxian2 University of Melbourne This paper is an outline of some of the major features of the phonology and grammar of a dialect of the Buyang language, a Tai-Kadai language with roughly 2000 speakers spread over the border area of Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces in China, and northern Vietnam and Laos. The particular variety described is the Paha variety spoken in Yanglian village, Guangnan County in Yunnan Province, China. The genetic position of Buyang within Tai-Kadai, and the influence of Zhuang and Chinese on the language are also discussed. Keywords: Tai-Kadai, Buyang, language description, Yunnan, endangered languages 1. INTRODUCTION Buyang is a small ethnic group in Southwest China, with approximately 2,000 speakers. They are distributed in the following locations (see Map 1). 1) Southeast of Gula Township of Funing County Yunnan Province on the Sino-Vietnamese border. There are eight villages: Ecun, Dugan, Zhelong, Nada, Longna, Maguan, Langjia, and Nianlang. These form the largest concentration of Buyang, with about 1,000 speakers. These villages, which are in close geographical proximity, are referred to by the local Han and Zhuang people as 布央八寨 ‘the eight Buyang villages’; 2) North of Guangnan County in southeastern Yunnan. About five hundred speakers live in Yanglian Village of Dixu Township, and about a hundred in Anshe Village of Bada Township; 3) Central Bohe Township of Napo County, western Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on the Sino-Vietnamese border.
    [Show full text]
  • Ltba Article Template
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 36.2 — October 2013 A FIRST ACCOUNT OF TONE IN MYEBON SUMTU CHIN* Justin Watkins SOAS, University of London Abstract: Sumtu Chin is spoken by some 20–30,000 people in four townships southeast of Sittwe in Arakan State, western Burma. Close analysis of tone systems in other southern Chin languages has proved difficult because the tones vary greatly between dialect; the data in this paper is from a single dialect of Sumtu, spoken in Myebon. Sumtu monosyllables may have lexical high or low tone. Grammaticalised morphemes may lose their underlying lexical tone and are assigned the polar opposite tone to the tone of the morpheme on the left. Functional morphemes may be lexically toneless, assigned a surface tone in a similar way. Restricted minor syllables preceding major syllables surface with the polar opposite tone to the major syllable to their right; verb-subject prefixes take the form of such minor syllables. The formation of the dual seems to flip the tone sequence of verbs. Keywords: Chin languages, tonal phonology, polarity, agglutinative verbal morphology 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background to the present study: Ritual Sumtu Initially, a project was devised to document Ritual Sumtu, a critically endangered speech form used in recitations and ritual performances, known now by only three spirit mediums all aged in their seventies or eighties, living in Minbya and Myebon townships. When they die, Ritual Sumtu will live on only partially in fragments known by others in the community.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis
    The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis Jie Zhang For my family Table of Contents Acknowledgments xi 1 Background 3 1.1 Two Examples of Contour Tone Distribution 3 1.1.1 Contour Tones on Long Vowels Only 3 1.1.2 Contour Tones on Stressed Syllables Only 8 1.2 Questions Raised by the Examples 9 1.3 How This Work Evaluates The Different Predictions 11 1.3.1 A Survey of Contour Tone Distribution 11 1.3.2 Instrumental Case Studies 11 1.4 Putting Contour Tone Distribution in a Bigger Picture 13 1.4.1 Phonetically-Driven Phonology 13 1.4.2 Positional Prominence 14 1.4.3 Competing Approaches to Positional Prominence 16 1.5 Outline 20 2 The Phonetics of Contour Tones 23 2.1 Overview 23 2.2 The Importance of Sonority for Contour Tone Bearing 23 2.3 The Importance of Duration for Contour Tone Bearing 24 2.4 The Irrelevance of Onsets to Contour Tone Bearing 26 2.5 Local Conclusion 27 3 Empirical Predictions of Different Approaches 29 3.1 Overview 29 3.2 Defining CCONTOUR and Tonal Complexity 29 3.3 Phonological Factors That Influence Duration and Sonority of the Rime 32 3.4 Predictions of Contour Tone Distribution by Different Approaches 34 3.4.1 The Direct Approach 34 3.4.2 Contrast-Specific Positional Markedness 38 3.4.3 General-Purpose Positional Markedness 41 vii viii Table of Contents 3.4.4 The Moraic Approach 42 3.5 Local Conclusion 43 4 The Role of Contrast-Specific Phonetics in Contour Tone Distribution: A Survey 45 4.1 Overview of the Survey 45 4.2 Segmental Composition 48
    [Show full text]
  • Los Dos Rostros Indigenas De Nicaragua Y Centroamerical
    WANI Participantes en elprimer Congreso de la Asociacion Centroamericana de Lingiiistica (ACALING) del 22 al 24 de agosto, Universidad Rafael Landivar, Guatemala, Guatemala. Los dos rostros indigenas de Nicaragua y Centroamerical Danilo Salamanca BICU-CIDCA ([email protected]), ex presidente de la Asociaci6n Centroamericana de Linguistica (ACALING www.acaling.una.ac.cr) "I am looking for the face I had before the world was made". De "Before The World Was Made" por W. B. Yeats J EI presente ensayo es una version ampliada de la exposicion "Los dos rostros indigenas de Nicaragua y Centroamerica: algunas de sus consecuencias historicas y presentes" presentada el martes 23 de agosto del 2011 a la ocasi6n del primer congreso de la Asociacion Centroamericana de Lingtiistica (ACALING) que tuvo lugar del 22 al24 de agosto del 2011 en la Universidad Rafael Landivar de la ciudad de Guatemala. 6 WANI Introducci6n razones por las cuales varios de los temas mas urgentes de investigaci6n lingiiistica, incluyendo las que estan Elpresente articulo plantea la necesidad y la urgencia, para destinadas a fines practicos como la educaci6n bilingiie, los paises centroamericanos, de establecer un programa pueden ser abordados mas natural y ventajosamente en el regional de estudios lingiiisticos. Tanto la implantaci6n marco de un programa de investigaciones que incluya a de los idiomas y grupos de idiomas, como las limitaciones toda la regi6n centroamericana. en recursos humanos y materiales en cada naci6n hacen indispensable la colaboraci6n. Unidos tendriamos mayor Nuestra conclusi6n de todo 10 anterior (expuesta en la capacidad para responder alaurgente necesidad de proteger secci6n 3) es que la creaci6n de un espacio de discusi6n y nuestro patrimonio lingiiistico, todavia existente, de los un programa de estudios lingilisticos centroamericanos, tarea diferentes factores que amenazan su supervivencia.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Types of Portmanteau Agreement: Syntactic and Morphological1
    January 2014 manuscript To apppear in Advances in OT Syntax and Semantics, edited by Geraldine Legendre, Michael Putnam, and Erin Zaroukian. Oxford University Press. (Paper presented at the Optimality Theory Workshop, Johns Hopkins University, Nov 2012) Two Types of Portmanteau Agreement: Syntactic and Morphological1 Ellen Woolford University of Massachusetts A portmanteau agreement morpheme is one that encodes features from more than one argument. An example can be seen in (1) from Guarani where the portmanteau agreement morpheme roi spells out the first person feature from the subject and the second person feature from the object. (1) Roi-su’ú-ta. [Guarani] 1-2sg-bite-future ‘I will bite you.’ (Tonhauser 2006:133 (8a)) This portmanteau morpheme is distinct from the agreement morpheme that cross-references the first person subject, in (2), and from the morpheme that cross-references the second person object in (3). (2) A-ha-ta. [Guarani] 1sg-go-future ‘I will go.’ (Tonhuaser 2006:133 (9a)) (3) Petei jagua nde-su’u. one dog 2sg-bite ‘A dog bit you.’ (Velázquez Castillo 1996:17 (14)) The goal of this paper is to answer the question of where and how portmanteau agreement is formed in the grammar. This is a matter of considerable debate in the current literature. Georgi 2011 argues that all portmanteau agreement is created in syntax, with Infl/T probing two arguments. Williams 2003 argues that what is crucial for portmanteau morphemes of any kind is 1 I would like to thank the participants in the November 2012 Advances in Optimality Theoretic-Syntax and Semantics Workshop at Johns Hopkins University and the anonymous reviewer for this volume for valuable comments on this paper.
    [Show full text]