A Lateral Theory of Phonology by Tobias Scheer
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1. the Theory of Government in Phonology
VOCALIC ELEMENTS IN PHONOLOGY A STUDY IN MUNSTER IRISH Eugeniusz Cyran (1995) Department of Celtic Catholic University of Lublin Supervisor: Prof. Edmund Gussmann Appeared as: Resonance Elements in Phonology. A Study in Munster Irish (1997), Folium: Lublin 2 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Abbreviations and phonetic symbols..................................................................................... 0 Preface 0 1. ISSUES IN GOVERNMENT PHONOLOGY 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 0 1.2. Conditions on phonological government............................................................................... 0 1.2.1 Formal conditions...................................................................................................... 0 1.2.2. Substantive conditions.............................................................................................. 0 1.3. Proper Government................................................................................................................ 0 1.4. Phonological licensing........................................................................................................... 0 1.4.1. Prosodic licensing..................................................................................................... 0 1.4.2. Autosegmental licensing........................................................................................... 0 1.5. Phonological elements .......................................................................................................... -
A PARTNER for CHANGE the Asia Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 a PARTNER Characterizing 60 Years of Continuous Operations of Any Organization Is an Ambitious Task
SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION IN KOREA SIX DECADES OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION A PARTNER FOR CHANGE A PARTNER The AsiA Foundation in Korea 1954-2017 A PARTNER Characterizing 60 years of continuous operations of any organization is an ambitious task. Attempting to do so in a nation that has witnessed fundamental and dynamic change is even more challenging. The Asia Foundation is unique among FOR foreign private organizations in Korea in that it has maintained a presence here for more than 60 years, and, throughout, has responded to the tumultuous and vibrant times by adapting to Korea’s own transformation. The achievement of this balance, CHANGE adapting to changing needs and assisting in the preservation of Korean identity while simultaneously responding to regional and global trends, has made The Asia Foundation’s work in SIX DECADES of Korea singular. The AsiA Foundation David Steinberg, Korea Representative 1963-68, 1994-98 in Korea www.asiafoundation.org 서적-표지.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:42 서적152X225-2.indd 4 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 A PARTNER FOR CHANGE Six Decades of The Asia Foundation in Korea 1954–2017 Written by Cho Tong-jae Park Tae-jin Edward Reed Edited by Meredith Sumpter John Rieger © 2017 by The Asia Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission by The Asia Foundation. 서적152X225-2.indd 1 17. 6. 8. 오전 10:37 서적152X225-2.indd 2 17. -
A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 16 Issue 1 Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Penn Article 10 Linguistics Colloquium 2010 Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology Thomas Graf University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl Recommended Citation Graf, Thomas (2010) "Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 16 : Iss. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss1/10 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss1/10 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology Abstract In previous work, we used techniques from mathematical logic and model theory to study and compare two phonological theories, SPE and Government Phonology. The surprising result was that Government Phonology corresponds to a very weak fragment of SPE, yet it can attain the full expressivity of the latter through more powerful mechanisms of feature spreading. An issue that we didn't elaborate on, however, is the question of what this increase in expressivity buys us in terms of empirical coverage, which we pick up in this paper. Again making good use of our model theoretic techniques, we investigate two phonological phenomena --- Sanskrit n-retroflexion and primary stress assignment in Creek and Cairene Arabic --- and show how much power feature spreading has to be granted in any descriptively adequate account which does not invoke additional technical machinery. These technical results are accompanied by reflections on the elationr between empirically minded theory comparisons and the model theoretic approach. -
19 Chapter 2. Cyclic and Noncyclic Phonological Effects a Proper
Chapter 2. Cyclic and noncyclic phonological effects A proper theory of the phonology-morphology interface must account for apparent cyclic phonological effects as well as noncyclic phonological effects. Cyclic phonological effects are those in which a morphological subconstituent of a word seems to be an exclusive domain for some phonological rule or constraint. In this chapter, I show how Sign-Based Morphology can handle noncyclic as well as cyclic phonological effects. Furthermore, Sign-Based Morphology, unlike other theories of the phonology-morphology interface, relates the cyclic-noncyclic contrast to independently motivatable morphological structures. 2.1 Turkish prosodic minimality The example in this section is a disyllabic minimal size condition that some speakers of Standard Istanbul Turkish impose on affixed forms (Itô and Hankamer 1989, Inkelas and Orgun 1995). The examples in (28b) show that affixed monosyllabic forms are ungrammatical for these speakers (unaffixed monosyllabic forms are accepted (28a), as are semantically similar polysyllabic affixed forms (29b). (28) a) GRÛ ‘musical note C’ b) *GRÛ-P ‘C-1sg.poss’ MH ‘eat’ *MH-Q ‘eat-pass’ (29) a) VRO- ‘musical note G’ b) VRO--\P ‘G-1sg.poss’ N$]$Û ‘accident’ N$]$Û-P ‘accident-1sg.poss’ MXW ‘swallow’ MXW-XO ‘swallow-pass’ WHN-PHO-H ‘kick’ WHN-PHO-H-Q ‘kick-pass’ What happens when more suffixes are added to the forms in (28b) to bring the total size to two syllables? It turns out that nominal forms with additional affixes are still ungrammatical regardless of the total size, as shown by the data in (30). (30) *GRÛ-P ‘C-1sg.poss’ *GRÛ-P-X ‘C-1sg.poss’ *UHÛ-Q ‘D-2sg.poss’ *UHÛ-Q-GHQ ‘D-2sg.poss-abl’ *I$Û-P ‘F-1sg.poss’ *I$Û-P-V$ ‘F-1sg.poss-cond’ These forms suggest that the disyllabic minimal size condition is enforced cyclically. -
Re-Imagining “Annam”: a New Analysis of Sino–Viet– Muong Linguistic Contact
Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume 4, 2010 南方華裔研究雑志第四卷, 2010 Re-Imagining “Annam”: A New Analysis of Sino–Viet– Muong Linguistic Contact John D. Phan©2010 Abstract: This article examines the linguistic boundaries that separated (or united) Medieval China’s southern territories and the river plains of northern Vietnam at the end of the first millennium C.E. New evidence from Sino–Vietnamese vocabulary demonstrates the existence of a regional dialect of Middle Chinese, spoken in the Ma, Ca, and Red River plains. Preliminary analysis suggests that a “language shift” away from this “Annamese Middle Chinese” in favor of the local, non-Chinese language, was largely responsible for the highly sinicized lexicon of modern Vietnamese. This theory, which challenges the tradition of an essentially literary source for Sino–Vietnamese, may help to explain some of the sinicized features of Vietnamese phonology and syntax as well. The last section of the article presents a tentative hypothesis for the formal emergence of Vietnamese contra its closest relative, Muong. These hypotheses require further testing, and are presented here as a first look at the history of the languages of “Annam”. Key Words: Ancient Vietnam; Sino–Vietnamese; Muong; historical phonology; language contact Introduction This article revisits the notions of “Chinese” and “Vietnamese” in a linguistic context, and as they pertain to the transitional period linking the first and second millennia C.E. New evidence from Sino–Vietnamese (Chinese words borrowed into Vietnamese), and the Vietnamese language’s closest living relative, Muong, demonstrate that traditional notions of the “survival” of the Vietnamese language under centuries of Chinese domination create a false imagining of its history and evolution—one that has been tailored to a political agenda of national identity. -
Conditions on Nuclear Expressions in Phonology
CONDITIONS ON NUCLEAR EXPRESSIONS IN PHONOLOGY by MARGARET COBB Submitted to the Department of Linguistics in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON March 1997 ProQuest Number: 10752726 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10752726 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to provide a principled account of the distribution of ‘tense’/Tax’, and ‘high’/Tow’ vowels in vowel harmony systems. It is based on the principles and parameters of Government Phonology in which variation is accounted for by possible combinations of parameter settings. To explain variation in ‘tense’/lax’ and TiighV’low’ distribution, I exploit the interaction of the parametric aspects of three universal mechanisms: Licensing Constraints, Head-licensing (both Kaye (1993b)), and the Complexity Condition (Harris (1990a)). The type of language data this thesis seeks to account for has received some attention in the phonological literature, in terms of other frameworks as well as Government Phonology. -
Relating Application Frequency to Morphological Structure: the Case of Tommo So Vowel Harmony*
Relating application frequency to morphological structure: the case of Tommo So vowel harmony* Laura McPherson (Dartmouth College) and Bruce Hayes (UCLA) Abstract We describe three vowel harmony processes of Tommo So (Dogon, Mali) and their interaction with morphological structure. The verbal suffixes of Tommo So occur in a strict linear order, establishing a Kiparskian hierarchy of distance from the root. This distance is respected by all three harmony processes; they “peter out”, applying with lower frequency as distance from the root increases. The function relating application rate to distance is well fitted by families of sigmoid curves, declining in frequency from one to zero. We show that, assuming appropriate constraints, such functions are a direct consequence of Harmonic Grammar. The crucially conflicting constraints are IDENT (violated just once by harmonized candidates) and a scalar version of AGREE (violated 1- 7 times, based on closeness of the target to the root). We show that our model achieves a close fit to the data while a variety of alternative models fail to do so. * We would like to thank Robert Daland, Abby Hantgan, Jeffrey Heath, Kie Zuraw, audiences at the Linguistic Society of America, the Manchester Phonology Meeting, Academia Sinica, Dartmouth College and UCLA, and the anonymous reviewers and editors for Phonology for their help with this article; all remaining defects are the authors’ responsibility. We are also indebted to the Tommo So language consultants who provided all of the data. This research was supported by a grant from the Fulbright Foundation and by grants BCS-0537435 and BCS-0853364 from the U.S. -
The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis
The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution— Typological Survey and Formal Analysis Jie Zhang For my family Table of Contents Acknowledgments xi 1 Background 3 1.1 Two Examples of Contour Tone Distribution 3 1.1.1 Contour Tones on Long Vowels Only 3 1.1.2 Contour Tones on Stressed Syllables Only 8 1.2 Questions Raised by the Examples 9 1.3 How This Work Evaluates The Different Predictions 11 1.3.1 A Survey of Contour Tone Distribution 11 1.3.2 Instrumental Case Studies 11 1.4 Putting Contour Tone Distribution in a Bigger Picture 13 1.4.1 Phonetically-Driven Phonology 13 1.4.2 Positional Prominence 14 1.4.3 Competing Approaches to Positional Prominence 16 1.5 Outline 20 2 The Phonetics of Contour Tones 23 2.1 Overview 23 2.2 The Importance of Sonority for Contour Tone Bearing 23 2.3 The Importance of Duration for Contour Tone Bearing 24 2.4 The Irrelevance of Onsets to Contour Tone Bearing 26 2.5 Local Conclusion 27 3 Empirical Predictions of Different Approaches 29 3.1 Overview 29 3.2 Defining CCONTOUR and Tonal Complexity 29 3.3 Phonological Factors That Influence Duration and Sonority of the Rime 32 3.4 Predictions of Contour Tone Distribution by Different Approaches 34 3.4.1 The Direct Approach 34 3.4.2 Contrast-Specific Positional Markedness 38 3.4.3 General-Purpose Positional Markedness 41 vii viii Table of Contents 3.4.4 The Moraic Approach 42 3.5 Local Conclusion 43 4 The Role of Contrast-Specific Phonetics in Contour Tone Distribution: A Survey 45 4.1 Overview of the Survey 45 4.2 Segmental Composition 48 -
The SPE-Heritage of Optimality Theory
The SPE-heritage of Optimality Theory HARRY VAN DER HÜLST AND NANCY A. RITTER Abstract In this article, we start out discussing the issue of how many phonological levels one might like to distinguish. In addition, we discuss how each level is charac- terized and how the mapping between levels is handled. Then, against the back- ground of a more general discussion of constraint-based approaches to phonol- ogy, we assess phonological Optimality Theory (OT), arguing that this theory is formulated within the conceptual framework of Standard Generative Phonology (SGP) and thus has not freed itself from its SPE-heritage. By implicitly adopting many aspects ofSPE (such as an intra-lavel input/output distinction and one holis- tic mechanism), OT compares unfavorably with other available constraint-based models in needing the notion of extrinsic ordering and failing to characterize the notion of what a possible language is. 1. Introduction The purpose of this article is to assess phonological Optimality Theory (OT) in the context of a broad discussion of both other constraint-based phonological theories as well as the preceding derivational theories that stem from the tradition of The Sound Pattern of English (SPE; Chomsky and Halle 1968). Our main conclusion will be that OT is closer in its basic design to SPE than to the other constraint-based models that are its contemporaries. In section 2 of this article, we first discuss different views of phonological lev- els of representation, converging on a view that acknowledges more than one level, while lacking the notion of an intra-level input/output distinction. -
Two Types of Portmanteau Agreement: Syntactic and Morphological1
January 2014 manuscript To apppear in Advances in OT Syntax and Semantics, edited by Geraldine Legendre, Michael Putnam, and Erin Zaroukian. Oxford University Press. (Paper presented at the Optimality Theory Workshop, Johns Hopkins University, Nov 2012) Two Types of Portmanteau Agreement: Syntactic and Morphological1 Ellen Woolford University of Massachusetts A portmanteau agreement morpheme is one that encodes features from more than one argument. An example can be seen in (1) from Guarani where the portmanteau agreement morpheme roi spells out the first person feature from the subject and the second person feature from the object. (1) Roi-su’ú-ta. [Guarani] 1-2sg-bite-future ‘I will bite you.’ (Tonhauser 2006:133 (8a)) This portmanteau morpheme is distinct from the agreement morpheme that cross-references the first person subject, in (2), and from the morpheme that cross-references the second person object in (3). (2) A-ha-ta. [Guarani] 1sg-go-future ‘I will go.’ (Tonhuaser 2006:133 (9a)) (3) Petei jagua nde-su’u. one dog 2sg-bite ‘A dog bit you.’ (Velázquez Castillo 1996:17 (14)) The goal of this paper is to answer the question of where and how portmanteau agreement is formed in the grammar. This is a matter of considerable debate in the current literature. Georgi 2011 argues that all portmanteau agreement is created in syntax, with Infl/T probing two arguments. Williams 2003 argues that what is crucial for portmanteau morphemes of any kind is 1 I would like to thank the participants in the November 2012 Advances in Optimality Theoretic-Syntax and Semantics Workshop at Johns Hopkins University and the anonymous reviewer for this volume for valuable comments on this paper. -
Sounds Difficult? Why Phonological Theory Needs 'Ease of Articulation'
SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 14 (2006): 207-226 Sounds difficult? Why phonological theory needs ‘ease of articulation’ David Shariatmadari [email protected] Introduction In this paper I will try to show that theories of phonological structure must incorporate some measure of phonetic naturalness, specifically the idea that there exists a tendency to conserve energy in the use of the articulatory organs, with ‘easy’ sounds being those that require less physical effort to produce on the part of the speaker. I will call this the Ease of Articulation Hypothesis (EoA) 1. A strong form of EoA would state that articulatory phonetics is the sole motivating factor for sound patterns including the structure of phonemic inventories, phonotactics and morphophonemic variation. This is clearly false. If it were the case, phonology would be indistinguishable from phonetics. There would be no reason for a given phonological process not to apply in all languages, since all human beings have the same vocal apparatus and what is phonetically natural for a speaker of Turkish must also be phonetically natural for a speaker of Japanese. And yet, there are clearly many phonological differences between these two, and among all other languages. In contrast, a weak version of EoA might hold that articulation is one of a number of pressures competing for influence over the shape of the speech string. Some of the time it will win out. Whether or not it does depends, crucially, on the structure of the language concerned. Since every language has a different structure, the way in which phonetic influence is felt will be different for every language. -
Summary of New Testament Greek Structure
New Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners Rick Aschmann 1. Introduction I originally wrote up all of these charts for my own use, to help me learn Greek grammar, pronunciation, and general structure, and I still use them frequently. I am a global learner (also called a holistic or “big picture” learner), so I like to know the details, but only in the context of the big picture of the entire structure of a lan- guage. Most learners of a language don’t learn this way, but for those of you who do, I hope this information will be helpful. However, I should clarify that these charts alone will not be enough for a beginning student of Greek, but are only intended as an additional resource for the global learner. For the beginner I suggest a tradi- tional Greek text such as New Testament Greek for Beginners by J. Gresham Machen, which I refer to often in this work. This is the text that I studied when I taught myself Greek more than 30 years ago. (To see available editions of this book, including free online versions, see the Bibliography entry on page 55.) The only part of this work that I suggest the beginner should follow instead of Machen is my pronunciation guide (non-technical), in §2.2. Greek Pronunciation Guide for Dummies on page 14, since this will make the Greek easier to pronounce for a native English speaker. However, other parts of this work can be consulted as well, even fairly early in the learning process, by those who like to see the big picture.