DOCSLIB.ORG

Feature Specifications for Consonants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feature Specifications for Consonants Feature Specifications for Consonants Obstruents P t t c k q b d <l J g G is dZ c j 41 f 9 s I g ~ x X p v Oz 3 Z i Y B cons ++++++++++++ + + ++++++++++++++++++++ syll voice -++++++-+ + +++++++++ w obs ++++++++++++ + + ++++++++++++++++++++ 5i cont - --++++++++++++++++++ del rei + + + + asp lat nas ant ++----++---- + + --++++-----++++----- cor - + + - - - - + + - - - + + + + - - + + + + - - - + + + + - high + + + + + + + - - - - + + + - low back --++----++ -- --- + + - - - + + round stri - + + ++-+-+++--+-+-+++--+ Sonorants m n Q P g N § w v ~ l j A r R r Y " I 1 1: cons + + + + + + + + + + syll voice +++++++++++++++++++++ VJ obs ~ cont + + + + + + + + + + + + + del rei asp lat + + + nas + + + + + + ant + + + + + + + + + + cor + + + + + + + + + high + + + + + + low back + + + + + round + + Sample Answers to Exercises Chapter 1 c. Polish The devoiced allophone occurs between voi~less sounds, and between a voiceless sound and a word boundary. G. Tamil (a) #_; m_; V_V. Pb] 1m} (b) Ipl - [{3] I V V (c) PeJ] I 0- } /kI _ {[g] I g_ } It! - [ts] I V_V [V] I V_V (d) Yes: #_; l'I....- (e) [£1; voiced retroflex fricative: [~]. (f) Yes. [s] is the intervocalic allophone of IC!. 3. Tamil The [w] allophone occurs word-finally when the preceding vowel is unrounded. Chapter 2 C. English Irl _ {0 -. {~} } [~] I vOlceless segment _ E. Japanese Verbs (a) [eba]; [ta] and [da]. (b) [mats] and [mat]; Imat!. (c) [tswkwc] and [tswkwt]; Itwkwcl and Itwkwt!. For Itwkwt!: It! _ [c] I V_V For Itwkwc/: Icl_ [t] I_t (or: a voiceless segment) Both involve assimilation: intervocalic voicing and devoicing before a voiceless segment. 307 308 Sample Answers to Exercises The stem and the provisional form of 'wait' show that Itl does not become [1"] between vowels. (d) 'read': [jom] and [jon]; 'call': [job] and [jon]. For 'read' as Ijom!: 1m! ~ [n] I_d (or t; or both t and d: more data needed) For 'read' as Ijon!: In! ~ [m] I V_V For 'call' as Ijob/: fbI ~ [n] I_d For 'call' as Ijon!: In! ~ (b) I V_V The 'read' morpheme is Ijom! and the 'call' morpheme is Ijob/. The rule In! ~ [b] I V_Vis phonetically unmotivated and falsified by the data (e.g. the stem of 'die'); this rules out Ijon! for 'call'. The rule In! ~ [m] I V_V suffers the same fate and this rules out Ijon! for 'read'. The analysis appealing to these rules is also incoherent: it asserts both that In! becomes [m] between vowels and that it becomes [b] between vowels. In the unfalsified analysis the rule 1m! ~ [n] I _d is well-motivated phonetically. The rule fbI ~ [n] I _d is phonetically motivated in that it involves assimilation of place of articulation but is unmotivated as far as nasality is concerned. Chapter 4 2. Standard English (i) lrengarl (ii) Singer is Ismg + ar/; it is morphologically complex, i.e. has a morpheme boundary, which anger does not. (iii) It will delete the 1'/1 where it is preceded by an g. (iv) It will apply, as in sing and singer, when there is a morpheme or word boundary following the 1'/1, thus: 1'/1 ~ '" I g _{ : } (v) Nasal Assimilation applies first. (vi) The non-occurrence of [IJ] word-initially follows from the restriction on #NC sequences; in this case, #ng: all occurrences of [IJ] come fromlng! sequences. (vii) They are comparative forms of adjectives; that is, the -er in these cases is a different morpheme (the comparative morpheme) from the -er in singer, which is a nominalising morpheme, used to derive nouns from verbs. (viii) It means that the morpheme boundary in singer differs from that in stronger. (See Section 5.2 on the '+', '#' and '##' boundaries: the -er in singer is a 'Class 2' affix, whereas the -er in stronger is a 'Class l' affix.) (ix) The accents with the [g] simply lack the Voiced Velar Stop Deletion rule. (x) It lends support to it: it is the postulated In! in Ispnng! which is transposed from the position following the stressed vowel in Springtime to the position following the stressed vowel in Hitler, leaving behind the postulated underly­ ing Ig!. (xi) These cases are exceptions to the rule: the words must have an underlyinglng!, since, according to our analysis, all [1J]s derive from underlying Ing! sequences. But the Ig! Deletion rule should not operate on morphologically simple forms; hangar and dinghy should behave like anger. They are, however, loanwords. Sample Answers to Exercises 309 Those speakers who delete the 1'1/ have nativised the words; those who do not have not done so. See Chapter 8 on exceptions to 'Level l' rules in Lexical Phonology. It might be argued that the small number of adjectives (three) which fail to undergo 1'1/ Deletion in the comparative form constitute scant justification for making the rule sensitive to a particular sort of morpheme boundary. We may reply (a) that many rules in English are sensitive to such distinctions (see again Chapter 8) and (b) that it is mere coincidence that there happen to be only three adjectives ending in [g] which take the comparative suffix: the three morphemes constitute a natural class in English which just happens to be small. To this reply, the critic might respond that it would be interesting to try to elicit the comparative form wronger from native speakers and see whether it had the predicted non-application of 1'1/ Deletion. Chapter 5 2. Akan vowel harmony (i) 1 e e u U 0 ~ 0 high + + + + low + ATR + + + + back + + + + + round + + + + (ii) Prefixes: [0] - [~]: [e] - [e]. Suffixes: [i] - [I]; [0] - [~]. (iii) 101 high low ATR back + round + (iv) [+ syll] ~ [aATR] I -- (+) t~llaATR ] (v) [+ syll] ~ [aATR] I (+) t~llaATR ] ([~y~]c __ I (vi) The rule says that prefix vowels agree with the first vowel of the root, and suffix vowels with the last. But there seems to be only one generalisation, not two: since roots themselves must contain all [+ATR] or all [-ATR] vowels, it is 310 Sample Answers to Exercises not a particular vowel in the root which induces the harmony; rather, the root itself is either a [+ ATR] or a [-ATR] root, and harmony affects any affixes, irrespective of whether they be prefixes or suffixes (it operates from left to right and from right to left simultaneously). We wiU return to this matter in the interlude and in Chapter 10. Chapter 6 2. French (i) They have an initial consonant (possibly /hi; cruciaUy a consonant which does not otherwise occur in the French consonant system). This induces Truncation and blocks Elision. (ii) A context-free rule which deletes the /hi: /hi -+ 0 (iii) It must be ordered after those rules. (iv) It contracts a counter-bleeding relation with Truncation: if the AN rule applied before Truncation, it would bleed it. It contracts a counter-feeding relation with Elision: if ordered before Elision, it would feed it. (v) The explanation does not work: the presence of a written <h> does not induce speakers to assume that the word begins with an /hi. It would also be interest­ ing to find out whether French children acquire the appropriate rules and representations before learning to read: if so, it is difficult to see what relevance written forms could have. The 'influence of writing' explanation also predicts that illiterates pronounce words such as 'hibou' and 'hache' with Elision of the vowel in the definite article and non-truncation of the 171 in les mes, etc. It would be interesting to learn whether this is the case. If it is not, the critic might faU back on arguments about the influence of literate on illiterate speakers. Chapter 8 1. Ondarroan Basque (i) The rule applies in derived environment only. Because of this, these cases cannot undergo the rule, even where they have an Ia! at a word formation bracket, preceded by a high vowel, e.g. [pinta] and [cimista] (where,], = word formation bracket). (ii) The rule is a lexical rule and thus does not apply in cases like 'seven Sundays'. (iii) It applies postlexically. Chapter 9 1. London English (i) boredlboard. (ii) I:J:/ is [:>::1] in open syUable, and [ou] elsewhere. Sampk Answers to Exercises 311 (iii) Initial syllabification: CJ CJ ~ ~ 0 R 0 R I ~ N N Co ~ ~ I C V V C C V V C I ~ I I ~ I b :) r b :) d Rule: b :la (r) b o u d Word formation [[b:la]d] Final syllabification: CJ CJ ~ ~ 0 R 0 R ~ ~ N Co N Co A I A I C V V C C V V C I I I I I I I I b :) a d b 0 u d References Allwood, J., Anderson, L.-G. and Dahl, O. (1977). Logic in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, J. M. (1969), 'Syllabic or non-syllabic phonology?'. Journal of Linguistics 5: 136-42. Anderson, J. M. (1986). 'Structural analogy in case grammar'. Lingua 70: 79-129. Anderson, J. M. (1991). 'Contrastivity and non-specification in dependency phono­ logy'. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia XXIV. Anderson, J. M. and Durand, J. (eds) (1987). Explorations in Dependency Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. Anderson, J. M. and Durand, J. (1988). 'Vowel harmony and non-specification in Nez Perce'. In van der Hulst and Smith (eds), Part II: 1-17. Anderson, J. M. and Ewen, C. J. (1987). Principles of Dependency Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, J. M. and Jones, C. (1974) 'Three theses concerning phonological representations'. Journal of Linguistics 10: 1-26. Anderson, S. R. (1974). The Organisation of Phonology. New York: Academic Press. Anderson, S. R. (1976). 'Nasal consonants and the internal structure of segments'. Language 52: 326-44. Anderson, S. R. (1980). 'Problems and perspectives in the description of vowel harmony'. In Vago (ed.): 1-48.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1. the Theory of Government in Phonology
    VOCALIC ELEMENTS IN PHONOLOGY A STUDY IN MUNSTER IRISH Eugeniusz Cyran (1995) Department of Celtic Catholic University of Lublin Supervisor: Prof. Edmund Gussmann Appeared as: Resonance Elements in Phonology. A Study in Munster Irish (1997), Folium: Lublin 2 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Abbreviations and phonetic symbols..................................................................................... 0 Preface 0 1. ISSUES IN GOVERNMENT PHONOLOGY 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 0 1.2. Conditions on phonological government............................................................................... 0 1.2.1 Formal conditions...................................................................................................... 0 1.2.2. Substantive conditions.............................................................................................. 0 1.3. Proper Government................................................................................................................ 0 1.4. Phonological licensing........................................................................................................... 0 1.4.1. Prosodic licensing..................................................................................................... 0 1.4.2. Autosegmental licensing........................................................................................... 0 1.5. Phonological elements ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Using 'North Wind and the Sun' Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories
    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Phonological Grammar and Frequency Sloos
    University of Groningen Phonological grammar and frequency Sloos, Marjoleine IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Sloos, M. (2013). Phonological grammar and frequency: an integrated approach. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 28-09-2021 Summary Phonological grammar and frequency: an integrated approach Language consists of two internal components: the mental lexicon, all memorized morphemes, and the grammar, a set of language rules. In phonology, these two parts are almost always studied independently, viz. usage-based phonology typically investigates the lexicon and generative phonology usually focuses on the grammar. During the last decades, the call for a combined model has gradually become stronger (Ernestus & Baayen (2011), Pierrehumbert (2002), Smolensky & Legendre (2006), van de Weijer (2012)).
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Minimal Reduplication
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MINIMAL REDUPLICATION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Jesse Saba Kirchner June 2010 The Dissertation of Jesse Saba Kirchner is approved: Professor Armin Mester, Chair Professor Jaye Padgett Professor Junko Ito Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Jesse Saba Kirchner 2010 Some rights reserved: see Appendix E. Contents Abstract vi Dedication viii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structureofthethesis ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ 2 1.2 Overviewofthetheory...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 2 1.2.1 GoalsofMR ..................................... 3 1.2.2 Assumptionsandpredictions. ....... 7 1.3 MorphologicalReduplication . .......... 10 1.3.1 Fixedsize..................................... ... 11 1.3.2 Phonologicalopacity. ...... 17 1.3.3 Prominentmaterialpreferentiallycopied . ............ 22 1.3.4 Localityofreduplication. ........ 24 1.3.5 Iconicity ..................................... ... 24 1.4 Syntacticreduplication. .......... 26 2 Morphological reduplication 30 2.1 Casestudy:Kwak’wala ...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 31 2.2 Data............................................ ... 33 2.2.1 Phonology ..................................... .. 33 2.2.2 Morphophonology ............................... ... 40 2.2.3 -mut’ .......................................... 40 2.3 Analysis........................................ ..... 48 2.3.1 Lengtheningandreduplication.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology
    University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 16 Issue 1 Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Penn Article 10 Linguistics Colloquium 2010 Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology Thomas Graf University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl Recommended Citation Graf, Thomas (2010) "Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 16 : Iss. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss1/10 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss1/10 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparing Incomparable Frameworks: A Model Theoretic Approach to Phonology Abstract In previous work, we used techniques from mathematical logic and model theory to study and compare two phonological theories, SPE and Government Phonology. The surprising result was that Government Phonology corresponds to a very weak fragment of SPE, yet it can attain the full expressivity of the latter through more powerful mechanisms of feature spreading. An issue that we didn't elaborate on, however, is the question of what this increase in expressivity buys us in terms of empirical coverage, which we pick up in this paper. Again making good use of our model theoretic techniques, we investigate two phonological phenomena --- Sanskrit n-retroflexion and primary stress assignment in Creek and Cairene Arabic --- and show how much power feature spreading has to be granted in any descriptively adequate account which does not invoke additional technical machinery. These technical results are accompanied by reflections on the elationr between empirically minded theory comparisons and the model theoretic approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Grapheme-To-Phoneme Transcription in Hungarian
    International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Applications vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 161–173 Received 08/02/2016, accepted 07/03/2016, final 20/06/2016 ISSN 0976-0962, http://ijcla.bahripublications.com Grapheme-to-Phoneme Transcription in Hungarian ATTILA NOVÁK1 AND BORBÁLA SIKLÓSI2 1 MTA-PPKE Hungarian Language Technology Research Group, Hungary 2 Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary ABSTRACT A crucial component of text-to-speech systems is the one respon- sible for the transcription of the written text to its phonemic rep- resentation. although the complexity of the relation between the written and spoken form of languages varies, most languages have their regular and irregular phonological set of rules. In this paper, we present a system for the phonemic transcription of Hungarian. Beside the implementation of rules describing default letter-to-phoneme correspondences and morphophonological al- ternations, the tool incorporates the knowledge of a Hungarian morphological analyzer in order to be able to detect compound and other morpheme boundaries, and it contains a rich lexicon of entries with irregular pronunciation. It is shown that the system performs well even on texts containing a high number of foreign names. 1 INTRODUCTION In the research reported about in this study, our goal was to imple- ment a system that can automatically transform written Hungarian to its phonemic representation. The original intent of the system This is a pre-print version of the paper, before proper formatting and copyediting by the editorial staff. 162 ATTILA NOVÁK AND BORBÁLA SIKLÓSI was to transcribe a database of Hungarian geographic terms. How- ever, due to certain design decisions, our system proved to perform well also on texts containing a high ratio of foreign names and suf- fixed forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Voicing Assimilation, Final Devoicing, and the Problem of [V] (Or, the Mouse That Squeaked)*
    Russian voicing assimilation, final devoicing, and the problem of [v] (or, The mouse that squeaked)* Jaye Padgett - University of California, Santa Cruz "...the Standard Russian V...occupies an obviously intermediate position between the obstruents and the sonorants." Jakobson (1978) 1. Introduction Like the mouse that roared, the Russian consonant [v] has a status in phonology out of proportion to its size. Besides leaving a trail of special descriptive comments, this segment has played a key role in discussions about abstractness in phonology, about the manner in which long-distance spreading occurs, and about the the larger organization of phonology. This is largely because of the odd behavior of [v] with respect to final devoicing and voicing assimilation in Russian. Russian obstruents devoice word-finally, as in kniga 'book (nom. sg.) vs. knik (gen. pl.), and assimilate to the voicing of a following obstruent, gorodok 'town (nom. sg.)' vs. gorotka (gen. sg.). The role of [v] in this scenario is puzzling: like an obstruent, it devoices word-finally, krovi 'blood (gen. sg.)' vs. krofj (nom. sg.), and undergoes voicing assimilation, lavok 'bench (gen. pl.)' vs. lafka (nom. sg.). But like a sonorant, it does not trigger voicing assimilation: compare dverj 'door' and tverj 'Tver' (a town). As we will see, [v] behaves unusually in other ways as well. Why is Russian [v] special in this way? The best-known answer to this question posits that [v] is underlyingly /w/ and therefore behaves as a sonorant with respect to voicing assimilation (Lightner 1965, Daniels 1972, Coats and Harshenin 1971, Hayes 1984, Kiparsky 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • [Paper on the Alignment of Low Postnuclear F0 Valleys in Dutch
    ALIGNMENT OF “PHRASE ACCENT” LOWS IN DUTCH FALLING-RISING QUESTIONS: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Robin J. Lickley*, Astrid Schepman** and D. Robert Ladd*** *Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh **University of Abertay, Dundee *** Edinburgh University, Edinburgh Running Head: Dutch phrase accent lows Acknowledgements The research reported here was funded by the UK Economic and Research Council (ESRC) under grant no. R000-23-7447 to Edinburgh University, Principal Investigator D. R. Ladd. We are grateful to: Ellen Gurman Bard, for useful discussions about how to use the Map Task; Ineke Mennen for her help in devising sentences for the woon je in task; Andrew Ladd, for preparing new drawings for the Dutch maps; Carlos Gussenhoven, for providing access to the Nijmegen phonetics lab and its helpful staff, and for helping us to recruit speakers; Angela Vonk, for transcribing the Map Task corpus; Michael Bennett, Eddie Dubourg, Cedric Macmartin, and Stewart Smith, for much technical assistance in Edinburgh; the audience at the Colloquium of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians in Newcastle in March 2002, who made comments on a preliminary version of this paper; Francis Nolan and Vincent van Heuven, who read the paper as referees for Language and Speech and made many important suggestions for improvement; and above all our speakers, without whom there would have been nothing to study. Address for correspondence: Dr Robin J. Lickley, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh, EH12 8TS, Scotland, UK. Email: [email protected]. 2 Abstract In the first part of this study, we measured the alignment (relative to segmental landmarks) of the low F0 turning points between the accentual fall and the final boundary rise in short Dutch falling-rising questions of the form Do you live in [place name]? produced as read speech in a laboratory setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Kelantan and Sarawak Malay Dialects: Parallel Dialect Text Collection and Alignment Using Hybrid Distance-Statistical-Based Phrase Alignment Algorithm
    Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.3 (2021), 2163-2171 Research Article Kelantan and Sarawak Malay Dialects: Parallel Dialect Text Collection and Alignment Using Hybrid Distance-Statistical-Based Phrase Alignment Algorithm Khaw, Jasmina Yen Min1, Tan, Tien-Ping2, Ranaivo-Malancon, Bali3 1Faculty of Information Communication and Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia 2School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia 3Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia [email protected] Article History: Received: 10 November 2020; Revised: 12 January 2021; Accepted: 27 January 2021; Published online: 05 April 2021 Abstract: Parallel texts corpora are essential resources especially in translation and multilingual information retrieval. However, the publicly available parallel text corpora are limited to certain types and domains. Besides, Malay dialects are not standardized in term of writing. The existing alignment algorithms that is used to analayze the writing will require a large training data to obtain a good result. The paper describes our methodology in acquiring a parallel text corpus of Standard Malay and Malay dialects, particularly Kelantan Malay and Sarawak Malay. Second, we propose a hybrid of distance-based and statistical-based alignment algorithm to align words and phrases of the parallel text. The proposed approach has a better precision and recall than the state-of-the-art GIZA++. In the paper, the alignment
    [Show full text]
  • The Syntax of Phonology a Radically Substance-Free Approach Sylvia Blaho
    The syntax of phonology A radically substance-free approach Sylvia Blaho A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiæ Doctor University of Tromsø Faculty of Humanities Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics January 2008 Contents Acknowledgements v Abstract ix 1 Substance-free phonology 1 1.1 Initialassumptions ........................ 1 1.2 Variations on substance-free phonology . 8 1.2.1 TheConcordiaschool. 9 1.2.2 TheTorontoschool . 11 1.2.3 ElementTheory. .. .. 16 1.2.4 The Parallel Structures Model . 17 1.2.5 Radically substance-free phonology . 22 1.3 Formal issues in substance-free phonology . 24 1.3.1 Phoneticvariation . 24 1.3.2 PrivativityinOT . 26 1.3.3 Substance-freegeometry . 30 1.3.4 Geometryvs. binarity . 34 1.4 The architecture of substance-free phonology . .. 40 2 Substance-free OT 45 2.1 Ident[F] ............................. 45 2.2 *[F]................................. 52 2.3 Max[F] and Dep[F] ....................... 56 2.3.1 Esimbi........................... 61 2.4 Feature‘spreading’inOT . 63 2.5 Paradigmatic positional faithfulness . 71 2.5.1 The typological predictions of paradigmatic faithfulness 73 ii Contents 2.5.2 The role of paradigmatic faithfulness in shaping inven- tories............................ 84 3 Slovak voicing assimilation and sandhi voicing 117 3.1 Dataandgeneralisations . .117 3.2 Representations . .118 3.3 Analysis ..............................120 3.3.1 Voicing assimilation between obstruents . 120 3.3.2 Pre-pausedevoicing. .130 3.3.3 Pre-sonorantvoicing . .137 3.4 Summary .............................147 4 Hungarian voicing assimilation 149 4.1 Dataandgeneralisations . .150 4.2 Representations . .153 4.3 Analysis ..............................156 4.3.1 Theregularpattern. .156 4.3.2 /j/ .............................167 4.3.3 /h/ .............................182 4.4 Summary .............................192 Appendix A: tableaux including all constraints .
    [Show full text]
  • Fre 231 Course Title: Introduction to French
    FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: FRE 231 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY 60 FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY COURSE GUIDE FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY Course Team Dr. Paulin Dipe Alo (Course Developer/Writer) – University of Lagos Dr. Christine Ofulue (Programme Leader) – NOUN Ms. Lucy Jibrin (Course Coordinator) – NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 61 FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island, Lagos Abuja Office 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.noun.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2013 Reprinted 2014 ISBN: 978-058-342-4 All Rights Reserved 62 FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………… iv What you will Learn in this Course …………………….. iv Course Aims …………………………………………….. iv Course Objectives ………………………………………. iv Working through this Course …………………………… v Course Materials ………………………………………… v Study Units ………………………………………………. v Set Textbooks ……………………………………………. vi Assignment File …………………………………………. vii Assessment ……………………………………………… vii Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) …………………… vii Final Examinations and Grading ……………………….. viii Course Marking Scheme ……………………………….. viii Course Overview ……………………………………….. viii How to Get the Most from this Course ………………… viii Summary ………………………………………………… ix 63 FRE 231 INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH PHONOLOGY INTRODUCTION This is a one-semester course in the third year of B.A. (Hons.) in French studies. It is a two-credit unit course which introduces you to the essentials of phonology in French. This course is important and necessary for you because it enables you to better understand the functioning of the French language sound system, so as for them to put into practice the phonological rules they acquire in the course of this programme.
    [Show full text]
  • An Optimality-Theoretic Approach to French H Aspiré Words1
    To appear in: Féry, Caroline / Kügler, Frank / van de Vijver, Ruben (eds.): Variation and Gradience in Pho- netics and Phonology. - Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Christoph Gabriel & Trudel Meisenburg (Osnabrück) Silent onsets? An optimality-theoretic approach to French h aspiré words1 This paper reexamines one of the classical problems of French phonology: the phenomenon of h aspiré words (Fouché 1959, Klein 1963, Rothe 1978, Encrevé 1988). These vowel initial items display a special behavior with respect to typical phonological processes of French, such as enchaînement, liaison, and élision. Based on the analysis of experimental data we investigate the phonetic realizations of these items and propose an optimality- theoretic (OT) approach in order to account for this phenomenon as well as for the variation encountered in our data. The paper is organized as follows: We start with an overview of the relevant facts from a rather descriptive point of view (section 1) before presenting the data analyzed for the pre- sent study (section 2). While section 3 reviews selected non OT approaches to French h aspiré words, section 4 goes into the problem of variation from an optimality-theoretic perspective: We give an overview of the proposals under discussion before putting forward our own account that largely relies on the model of Stochastic OT developed by Boersma/Hayes (2001). Section 5, finally, offers some concluding remarks. 1 The phenomenon One of the characteristics of French phonology lies within the strong tendency to create regular CV sequences and to avoid hiatus (V.V) through the application of phonological processes such as enchaînement (syllabification of a fixed final consonant into the empty onset position of the following word, 1.a), liaison (surfacing of a latent final consonant into the onset position of the following word, 2.a) and élision (deletion of certain vowels in pre- vocalic position, 3.a).
    [Show full text]