21958

%I Public Disclosure Authorized

INSlTUTOF TOURISM OFHONDURAS TheWorli BankResident Mission in Honduras Public Disclosure Authorized

Socio-EthnographicEvaluation SustainableTourist Project on theNorth Coast offHonduras Public Disclosure Authorized

TegucigalpaM.D.C. October,2000 Public Disclosure Authorized

iL u. CONTENT

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 4-19

CHAPTER 1. SHORT OUTLINE OF THE NORTH COAST OF HONDURAS

A. Outline of the Influence Area of the North Coast A.l Climate 20 A.2 Geomorphology 20 A.3 Main Ecosystems 21 A.4 Natural Resourcesand Environment 22-24 A.5 DemographicInformation 25

CHAPTER II. TOURISM IN HONDURAS

A. Tourist Activity at National Level A. .Importancein NationalEconomy 26 A.2 Tourist Demand 26 A.3 Trends 27 A.4 Land Ownershipand PropertyRights 27

B. Outline of Tourism on North Coast B.I Historv 28 B.2.TouristAreas 28 B.3Toun'st trends in the area 28 BA4.CurrentTourist Activity 29-30

CHAPTER llI. SOCIO-ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY

A. Objective 31 B. Description of Area of Study 31 C. Results 31

C. I General Description of the Sample 31 -32 C.2 Schooling 32-35 C.3 Ethnic Origin 35-36 CA Languages 36-38 C.5 Community Languages 38-39 C.6 Regional Languages 39-40 C.7 Organization 40-43 C.8 Community Organization 43 C.9 Information Supply and Decision Making 43 C.10 Health Situation 43-46 C. I Land Use 47-48 C. 13 Labor situation 48 C. 14 Existence and Use of Forest 49-50 C. 15 Natural and Cultural Resources 50 C.16 Available Tourist Infrastructure 50 C. 17 Tourist Activities and Related Activities 51-53 C 18 Antiquity of Tourist Enterprises 53-54 C. 19 Investment Needs for Sustainable Tourism 54-56 C.20 Training with Environmental Approach 56-58 C.21 Training needed for Sustainable Tourism 58 C.22 Infrastructure Needed for Tourist Enterprises 59-61

BIBLIOGRAPHY 62

ANEXES No. I Plan for Participation No.2 Indigenous Development Plan No.3 Maps

APPENDIX No. Description and general analysis of the sample. socio-ethnographic survey 4

EXECUTRIE SUMMARY'

Introduction

1. The purpose of the social-ethnographic assessment of the North Coast is to evaluate the different activities related to the development and management of sustainable tourism at municipal and community level, land use, land management and land ownership, from a gender perspective; to identify the main direct beneficiaries of the project that participate in the preparation and execution of the project, as well as other stakeholders, to identifv the possible negative impact of the proposed activities and to propose methods for their mitigation; to identify the most proper opportunities for technical and institutional strengthening to initiate activities of sustainable management of tourism at municipal and community level, including the improvement of the balance between the participation of men and women in the community organizations and local authorities in the municipal sphere to achieve a better planning and execution of the project, to identify mechanisms preferred by the beneficiaries to participate in each of the project's components; to identify the main links between the natural and cultural heritage, including the following aspects: (i) traditional religious rituals, Garifuna dances, etc. (ii) strong ties between the cultural survival, local control of natural resources, specificallyits link with the protected areas; and to explore the possibilities of co-financing and sinenergy with other programs in the influence area.

Description of the Area

2. The study is carried out in the area defined as the North Coast of Honduras, from Omoa to the municipal boundary of the Iriona Municipalitv with the Gracias a Dios department and the island group the Bay Islands. This area includes 4 departments: the municipalities Omoa and Puerto Cortes in the Cortes Department; the Atlantida Department, with emphasis on the municipalitiesof Tela and La Ceiba.and the Garifuna villages around them, and secondly the municipalitiesEl Porvenir, La Masica and Jutiapa. The Department Col6n, with emphasis on the municipalities Trujillo and Santa Fe and including the Ganrfunavillages around them, and secondly the municipalities Iriona, Limon Balfate, Saba, Tocoa and Sonaguera. The Bay Islands, with emphasis on the context of the municipalities Utila and Roatan and secondly the municipalitiesSantos Guardiola and Guanaja and their communities.

Results

3. The four teams of surveyors (one per department, consisting of three technical staff per team), carried out 427 surveys under community leaders, small entrepreneurs, local authorities and non-governmental organizations, as well as 12 focal group exercises with the same actors.

- In the sample there is a clear predominance of men, almost 2/3 of the sample. The age range best represented in the sample of both men and women is between 31-50 years of age. In all age categories mestizo men and women form the majority, with the exception of the people of 61 and older. In that age g,roup there are twice as much Garifuna men as mestizo men. while the difference among women is not significant.

Schooling level

4. Summary about the schooling level in the influence area The prevailing categories of the sample that are also similar in absolute terms are those with more than 12 years of schooling and those between 4-6 years of education. This means those with complete secondary education (a third of the sample) and those with at least 4 years of primary school (another third of the sample). The other schooling ranges (1-3, 7-9 and 1-1 I years of schooling make up the last third of the sample).

The data reveal the trend that men and women have an equal chance to access first cycle of primary education (1-3 years). This trend not only continues for women, but their opportunities to finish the second cycle, or primary school increase (3-6 years). This trend remains stable and favors women even more in the third cycle (7-9 years) of basic education, traditionally known as the basic education plan. However, when entering the diversified cycle that concludes secondary school (11-12 years), the curve abruptly drops for women and a proportional inverse growth is observed for men, in such a way that only a very small percentage of women finish secondary school. This means that for a large percentage of women primary school is the end station. However, once women have managed to pass the threshold of 11 years of schooling, finishing secondary school, the likelihood for them to continue their education improves remarkably, although the gap with men is not closed

The mestizo men and women have a preferential access to primary and secondary school compared to the Garifuna and island population. The differences between mestizos and Garifunas are significanttowards the end of secondary school and after finishing secondary school. The differences between Garifunas and islanders are important in the first cycle of primary school, and they increase again after the third cycle until after secondary school. For the majority of the male islanders the access to the first cycle of primary school is limited, and once surpassed that level the third cycle is the end station for the majority.

The differences between mestizo and Garifuna women gain importance after the third educational level or basic education plan. However, the Garifuna women recover and are at the same level as mestizo women when finishing secondary school. However, after having finished the secondary school, the gap is extremely big and only a minority continues. The differences between Gafifuna women and island women are significant from the first cycle and throughout the second cycle of primary school, but in the third cycle the participation increases considerably to disappear completely from the registration towards the end of secondary school. This means that as for island men, the third cycle is the end station. Afier finishing secondary school, a very small proportion continues. Summarized, the trend among mestizo men and women is to finish secondary school and they will likely continue their studies, above all the women that finish secondary school. Among the Gafifuna men and women the trend is weaker, with a critical moment for men at the end of the third cycle, and for women at the end of 6

primary school. For the island population the critical point is during the first cycle, and once this threshold is passed it is repeated at the end of the third cycle, which for women is definitely the end station.

Ethnic representation

5. The most ethnic representation foundings - Half of the sample (51.76 %) consists of mestizo men and women; the Garifuna men and women form around one third of the sample (3 5. 13 %), while the island men and women make up 11 % of the sample. The foreign residents represent 1.64 % of the sample, Among the women, the mestizo group is better represented while on the contrary among men the Garifuna population is better represented.

Apart from the Garifuna and island population no other indigenous group is represented in the sample. The Miskito speakers mentioned in the sample are mestizo, Garifuna, and island people. The sample in general can be considered representative in terms of the proportion between the majority ethnic group (mestizo) in the country and the North Coast, especially regarding the culturally different population (Garifuna and island populations), the ethnic groups of this region.

Prevailing Languages

6. Prevailing languages among the north cost population As was to be expected, the prevailing maternal language of the people surveyed is Spanish, followed by Garifuna and Island English. The incidence of foreign languages (standard English, Italian, French and German) as mother tongue is completely irrelevant in the survey. Spanish is not only the first language of the mestizo population, but also of around 10 % of those who declared to be not mestizo, meaning that Spanish is the first language of a certain number of Garifunas, among which more men than women.

Garifuna has a significant percentage as the second language in importance, apparently adopted as such by mestizo people and in a lesser degree by the island population as a second language in areas of convergence. Island English as a second language is slightly used as second or third language by mestizo and Garifuna people. There is rather a trend to use standard English as a bridge by the mestizo population (9.37 %) and even by the Garifunas in the convergence areas. The significant percentage and third place of standard English entails that it is the language the mestizo population learns after Garifuna and the one the Garifunas learn after Spanish. However, it is obvious that at community level English is not general among the mestizo, garifuna or island population.

- Summarized, the typical mestizo person on the North Coast of Honduras is more likely to speak Garifuna as second language, standard English as third language and if he/she is between 21-30 years of age this person has a schooling level of nine years or more, and will speak Miskito as fourth language. The typical Garifuna person on the North Coast of Honduras is more likely to speak Spanish as a second language, standard 7

English as a third language and if he/she is between 21-30 vears of age and has a schooling level of 9 years or more he/she will most likely speak Miskito as fourth language. The typical island person on the North Coast of Honduras, is more likely to speak Spanish as a second language, standard English as a third language. Garifuna as a fourth language and if he/she is between 2 1-30 years of age and has nine years or more of schooling, it is possible that he/she speaks Miskito as the fifth language.

Level of Organization

7. The level of organization - A large majority of the people surveyed (67.51%) belong to some organization, mostly local community or regional organizations; in second place religious organizations (33.45%), in third place ethnic organizations and in fourth place environmental organizations.

The community organizations are neighborhood organizations, parent's associations, fishermen's associations, associations of retired teachers, savings and loan cooperatives, community banks, rural banks, or the association of tourist guides. The regional community orsanizations are the associations or transporters, the associations of sport divers, the association of agricultural producers, the association of traditional and non- traditional exporters and teacher's or professional associations.

In second place are the religious organizations (33 45 %): the catholic and evangelical churches. It is noted that there is still a trend for the catholic church to be the biggest one, but the evangelical church is only slightly below the catholic church regarding participation. Third place is taken by the ethnic organizations, OFRANEH and NABILPA. However, they are not equally important in the whole region. OFRANEH has its main centers in Tela, Santa Fe, Trujillo, La Ceiba, Limon and Iriona. of minor importance are El Porvenir, La Masica, Jutiapa. Balfate and Bonito Oriental, Saba, Sonaguera, Tocoa, Puerto Corte and very marginally Omoa. NABILPA has its center in Roatan, no presence is registered in Guanaja and Utila.

The fourth place (10.21 %) is taken by environmental organizations (close season. production of fire wood trees, control of pesticides and herbicides,traditional fishing methods, protection of the reef, counting turtles, training materials). These environmental organizations consist of all or at least part of the non-governmental organizations. Finally, a small percentage (3.5%) are members of the chambers of commerce of Tela, Tocoa and La Masica) and the chambers of tourism Tela and Omoa.

The relatively high percentage of organized participation of the people surveyed in different types of initiativesreflects a great potential for concerted efforts, and some kind of experience in management and execution for the common good; however, a third part of the sample said not to belong to any organization. Generally, the active organized people are members of two to three different organizations, and sometimes even three or four. The vast majority (71.83%) of those that belong to some organization have had some official post, which indicates a strong involvement of many people at one time or another regarding the planning and execution of the organization's activities.

Health Situation

8. Health situation The main health problems are in order of importance: respiratory infections, parasitic infections and HIV/AIDS. Less common are mental disorders, occupational accidents, malaria and dengue. Malnutrition is considered to be a minor problem and even less so alcoholism (0.94 %) or drug addiction (0.940%O).Venereal diseases are practically absent according to the people surveyed. The main source of information is the Ministry of Health, followed at some distance by the television, the radio and newspapers. It is observed that the people surveyed seem to have a good access to the mass media by television and radio.

The knowledge resulting from personal experiences and from person to person, are less important (together 14.76 %). In the campaigns on HIV/AIDS only half participated. As a consequence the other half has remained at the margin of one of the most critical health problems on the North Coast. The massive campaigns consist of talks in primary and secondary schools and the health centers. The talks with the parents and informative leaflets are second, third the churches and fourth the NGO's.

The influence of radio, television and newspaper campaign (4.3 1) is completely secondary. Separately or jointly, they do they not have the impact that is attributed to them as main sources of information on HIV/AIDS in the perception of the people. The majority of the funds to finance the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns, come from the Central Government, more specificallythe Ministry of Health with a small participation from the Ministry of Education. The municipalities'input is minimal, but even lower are the contributions from the NGOs.

The contributions from the church are also marginal, but it should be mentioned that the evangelical churches contribute more than the catholic church. The ethnic organizations contribute in the same degree as the churches. The occupational accidents are not well represented in the sample, but the wounds from work instruments are the most common, possibly cutting instruments such as machetes. Paralysis as a consequence of diving without the proper equipment is becoming more important. While the loss of limbs, or intoxication because of herbicides and burns are less frequent.

In the Department of Cortes (Puerto Cortes and Omoa), the sample is almost entirely among the mestizo population and HIV/AIDS as health problem comes first according to the men, while the women think it has increased in absolute terms, but still comes in third place. The average person who recognizes VIH/AIDS as the main health problem has more than 12 years of schooling. In the Department of Col6n (Lim6n, Iriona, Trujillo, Balfate, Bonito Oriental, Saba, Sonaguera and Tocoa) the sample has a fair Garifuna representation. In the sample, the mestizo population thinks HIV/AIDS comes second as health problem, on the other hand the women think it comes third and that its 9

relative importance also has not increased. However, for Garifuna men and women equally, it is problem number 1. The average schooling of all the people surveyed is 4-6 years. In the Department of Atlantida (La Ceiba, Tela, El Porvenir, La Masica and Jutiapa) the sample has a fair Garifuna representation. In the sample the mestizo men are the ones who put HIV/AIDS first as health problem, while according to the women it not only comes third, but also has decreased in relative importance. On the other hand, the Garifuna men consider the problem to be third, opposite to the Garifuna women who not only consider it to be health problem no. 1, but also attribute a higher absolute importance than any of the other groups mentioned. Also in this department the average schooling level of the people surveyed is a minimum of 10-11 and more likely more than 12 years.

In the Department of the Bay Islands (Roatan, Jose Santos Guardiola, Guanaja and Utila), mestizo men and women as well as Garifuna men and women put HIV/AIDS in first place as health problem. On the other hand, for the island men and women it doesn't only come third, but also its absolute importance is.much less. In this department the schooling level of the people surveyed is a minimum of 7-9 years and more likely more than 12 years of schooling. Apparently, more schooling helps to recognize the rate of the disease, at least among the mestizo men and women but it is not the key point, as Garifuna men and women in Colon have the highest schooling level of the sample. It rather seems that there are other mechanisms involved.

Land ownership and related matters

9. Land ownership and related matters - Around half of the sample thought that the neighbors have land, but also a third part without land was registered. The majority of the landowners have full land titles and around a third own has the usufruct of the land. Regarding the location of the lands, the large majority of the owners have land on the beach (or mountain) in combination with any of the following locations: valley, hillside or urban plots.

* Small landowners are the norm, so there are few medium owners, and the presence of large owners is minimum (2.43 %). However, this could be misleading given that the few big landowners together could have more than the others. Therefore it is necessary to have an approximation of the size of each of these categories. The vast majority of the land on beaches, forest, riverbanks and urban plots are private, in the forest for example, the municipalities have not more than 2.25 %. The buffer zones are the onlv category of which half is still owned by the municipalities.

- A minimal part of the lands is found in the core of the protected areas, above all in Atlantida and Colon; this figure practically doesn't exist in Cortes and the Bay Islands. The male owners are the majority both regarding full ownership as usufruct of the land. Among women full ownership is a little better represented. Among the mestizo owners, as well as among the Garifunas, usufruct is slighly higher. The Garifunas have more usufruct than the mestizo population. Among the island population full ownership is more common. ]()

Land use

]10 Land use - The vast majority of the land is used for agriculture, combined with some other activity that could be a smallbusiness, rent, houses, fishing and cattle farming. A minority declared to have land in protected areas or natural reserves, also a smaller percentage registered to have land invaded by illegal residents. More than half of the land is cultivated by the owner and their families; around a third hires salaried workers and a minority involves family members. More than half of the producers cultivate year- round and less than a third cultivate in certain seasons.

- Tow thirds of the agricultural producers cultivate mainly yam, followed in importance by basic grains (corn, beans and rice). All producers combine the cultivation of yam and basic grains with some paprika/pepper and tomatoes and even less with carrots, cucumber and squash. The majority of the producers cultivate bananas, plantain, mangos, citrus fruits and pineapple, combined with lichees, coconut, cacao and watermelon. Additionallythey plant avocados, nances, papaya, sugarcane, apples, guanabanas, cashew, zapote, pashion fruit and rambutan. At a small scale are cultivated cacao, African palm and coffee. The variety of crops is large and covers almost every spectrum of agricultural products mostly consumed in the country.

- More than half of the producers plant for own consumption and sale, while the rest says to only plant for own consumption. Those who do market their products supply the local markets (80,51%), and less the regional market (22.88 %). Only a few export a portion of their production, and a very small percentage (0.85%) exports their whole production. Among those who sell to regional and local markets, a minority (3.39 %) supplies to hotels and restaurants. This means that the large part of the agricultural products the hotels and restaurants use do not come directly from the producers, but possibly through intermediaries in the local and regional markets. The agricultural producers of the North coast mainly satisfy their own needs of agricultural products, but produce sufficient surplus to supply local and regional markets.

Labor

I. Labor More than the majority of the landowners cultivates with familymembers, a third hires salaried workers, while a very small part cultivates with extended family. In the region the payment is generally higher than or equal to the minimumwage. However, it is still significant that a fifth of the informants said the pay is less than minimum wage. The most common payment is weekly payment, the rest receives two-weekly payments or monthly payments (25.33). Daily wage is used very little. Regarding the equity of the salary the opinions differ; while more than half of the sample thinks payment is equal for men and women, the other half thinks men are paid better. Also the opinions regarding the duration of contracts are divided, around half thinks they are the same for men and women, while the other half thinks the contracts for men are longer. The last two observations reflect that regarding payment and contracts the traditional gender differences still prevail in the region. Eu

Existence and use of forest

129. Existence and use of forest - Less than half of the sample said to have forest in the community or on their land and the opinion prevails that there is 'little' forest. This subjective categorv could not be translated in absolute terms (km or ha) by the surveyors. The majority of the group that answered positively regarding the existence of forest, used the forest and although this exploitation involves more than one activity, the most important activity is related to the exploitation of wood.

- The extraction of firewood is high (45.25%) but most important is the production of wood for local consumption (54.74%). External sale is not important, not more than 12.00 % of the wood, in other words the other 88 % is used locally. This means that the cutting and processing is most likely traditional and is used for building houses, small boats and furniture. The group that said to use the forest, uses the forest as a place for recreation and small-scale hunting, which was independent from recreational activities. This could indicate that in the influence area, 'hunting' at best is not considered a sport but a contribution to the family diet. However, a light tendency is noticed in using 'hunting' and 'recreation' as synonyms.

- The characterization of the forest as the generator of water seems to be little understood and was only mentioned by the mestizo population. The forest is used to extract wood above all by Garifunas, and only very little by mestizo population. Both use the forest equally for recreation and for wood for local consumption. Only the Garifunas use it for small-scale hunting. Only the mestizo population uses the forest for export wood, also on a small scale.

Available Tourist Infrastructure

13. Available tourist infrastructures - The main services in the regions are eateries and hostels, as well as hotels and restaurants. There is a clear differentiation between an eatery and a restaurant and between a hostel and hotel, which without any doubt has to do with the kind of facilities and prices. The little availabilityof boats and bus terminals make clear that there are not enough.

- The position of the airports in the sample reveal that the air transportation does not have impact regarding tourism. However, there are three international airports in the region, as well as three regional or local airports. This also indicates that they are not considered to be decisive for the influx of tourists, maybe because of the kind of tourists, generally using land transportation. The tourist information centers also seem to be concentrated in very few places and probably without coverage outside of the more urbanized areas. The other services that make up the quality of the tourist product are scarcely represented or are not mentioned. This all reflects the prevalence of a low impact tourist development on the North Coast and little investment in this sector. 12

The green areas, the parking areas and tourist information centers seem to be packages according to the people for which as a whole they do have some importance. The sanitary services and public showers on the beach are preferred above those of the central square or park, but its usefulness for tourists is still not acknowledged sufficiently.

Camping facilities are associated with the visitor's center in protected areas, but this tourist service is very little developed. Stables for horse-riding are rare and the service that is offered by the decompression room is not considered to be instrumental for tourism. Shortly, the tourist offer comes down to basic services (eateries and hostels and restaurants and hotels). On the beaches, the main resource of the region, there are generally no basic installations for the tourist to use them. The tourist information centers are scarce and the prevailing means of transportation is over land. The visitor's centers in the protected areas are or non-existent or are not considered to be instrumental to attract tourists. In other words, the tourist development of the region is of very low impact and doesn't offer alternatives, nor is it prepared to satisfy a visitor with certain demands.

Tourist Activities or related activities

14. Tourist Activities or related activities - The majority of the region's inhabitants work directly in a tourist activity or tourist related activity. The vast majority of these people work in this sector year-round and the rest only part of the year. The main activity is hotels and restaurants followed by maritime transportation and urban and interurban transportation. A third of those that work in the industry provide guide services.

* Around a third of the activities are related to sport diving. Non-traditional services as renting bikes and renting horses seem to be expanding. The participation of entrepreneurs as service providers of repairs, food and materials in hotels and restaurants is of little impact. Apparently the hotels and restaurants are provided by other resources, not necessarily local.

- The social centers or discotheques practically have no impact in the sector. This indicates that the potential offered by nighttime entertainment is being little exploited for tourist purposes, or that the tourists that visit the area have other interests. The guides mainly divide their activities between visits to the city followed by visits to archaeological sites and museums. However, there is not one archaeological site in the region prepared for visits, for which these activities should have devastating effects on the sites. There are three museums: San Pedro, Omoa and Roatan, which apparently receive quite some visitors.

- The tours that we would call ecological or adventure tours (bird watching, marine flora and fauna and rafting) absorb together a third part of these activities. Summarized the guide activities reflect three already traditional directions in tourism: the city as tourist business center; archaeological sites and museums as center of cultural tourism and activities related with nature or ecological tourism. 13

It is important to analyze more in detail the potential cultural tourism proves to have, at this moment even more than ecological tourism in the region. Interesting is one element completely absent in the demand for guide services and that is cultural tourism of living cultures (artistic shows, culinary art, musical instruments and traditional uses) in the region. The norm regarding the production of crafts is to combine two or more different kinds of raw material. The most common materials are wood and bamboo, palm, corral, and turtle-shell followed by materials derived from other shells and conch. The processing of clay is much less important, as well as the products made of rattan. It should be pointed out that a representative percentage (26.83%) of the crafts production uses raw materials that mean a deterioration of marine life (corral and turtle-shells), as turtles are in danger of extinction.

Amount of years of Tourist Enterprises

15. Amount of years of Tourist Enterprises - Almost two thirds of the enterprises are small, for which it is believed they are family businesses with a reduced employment capacity. The expansion of these businesses is gradual and there is not much variation observed over the last decade. In other words, there are no drastic changes which reveals the limited growth of the sector. The origin of the investment for these enterprises is basically completely local individual capital with a third foreign individual capital. Only a fifth of the enterprises use bank loans. This indicates that the banks do not form a feasible alternative as investment source.

T he contribution of seed capital for these enterprises by the local or central government or NGOs is not important. This reflects the lack of funds for investment of the local governments, given that they recognize the potential or tourism. The NGOs on the other hand have a certain fear to become part of the sector.

- Summarized it is very interesting to see the prevalence of small enterprises together with an almost absolute local private participation in financing, which could be one of the reasons for the slow growth of the sector. That despite these conditions one fourth of the enterprises are more than 10 years in business and that another fourth is in business for 5-10 years indicates the sector is profitable, but the conservative growth also reflects that there is little space for taking risks. Also, these small entrepreneurs seem to have alternative income sources, probably agriculture is one of the most important ones.

Needs of Investment in Sustainable Tourism

16. Needs of Investment in Sustainable Tourism - The urgent need for a basic infrastructure is shown here overwhelmingly. In the perception of the people it is a prerequisite to get into business. Despite the emphasis on basic services, there is also a rather precise notion that training of staff and promotion are key to the success of tourism. At the same time there is more and more recognition of the importance of the production of crafts, however no relation has been made between the raw material and the sustainabilityand protection of the environment. 14

It is significant that there is little notion of the importance of cultural tourism, despite the fact that museum are instrumental for tourist guides. Only very marginally there is a recognition of the importance of museums for the tourist potential. Indeed, the preparation of archaeological sites for visitors is not mentioned. Training as such is in absolute terms the most felt need. This underlines the little professionalism regarding tourism in large areas of the North Coast and reveals the still existent need in regions where there is already an advanced tourist development such as the Bay Islands.

Training with Environmental Approach

17. Training with Environmental Approach - There is a big vacuum of training with an environmental approach which means that to find a balance between the use of the natural resources for tourism and its conservation, a lot of work is to be done. The majority of the training activities are related to the conservation of the natural resources and sustainable small-scale production, but it is clear that the management and conservation of water sources comes first. The training activities directed at tourism are few (tourist guide, sport diver, management national monuments, archaeological site/area, museums) and has low coverage. Thus it is to be expected that there is a widespread lack of knowledge regarding conservation and the management of the cultural patrimony for tourist use.

- The management of a protected area does not necessarily have to be for tourist purposes, which also applies to the first aid training for divers. Therefore these two categories are intermediate categories, with a certain relevance for tourism. Clean water (not pollution) is important for the general health of the population, but also for wild life in general with subsequent purposes of exploitation. However, the not pollution of water is a contribution to a better quality of life, and is therefore important for tourism.

Training needed for sustainable Tourism

18. Training needed for sustainable Tourism - When asked about training the majority of people surveyed responded - tourism in general - which is very ambiguous. It reveals a general lack of knowledge about the sector that makes it hard to exactly define the need. The most felt need regarding training is related to the relation with the tourist (client service, human relations, learning a foreign language, guide services and awareness).

- The management of hotels and restaurants seem to be more important in this context, and without any doubt it is the area where most experience is concentrated as these services prevail in the sector. Little thought is given to the diversification of the tourist supply related to nature (ecotourism, adventure, diving). In the case of diving, the question rises if the little importance given to diving means that the need is more or less covered or that on the main land no importance is given to this activity. Likewise, little thought is given to the diversification of the tourist supply regarding cultural tourism. 15

This means that although there is an assumption that cultural, material and other expressions have tourist potential. it is not clear how to prepare it and market it.

Infrastructure necessarv for a Tourist business

19. Infrastructure necessary for a Tourist business The comparison between the prioritv that small entrepreneurs give to the tourist infrastructure and the availability of services reveals a gap in certain categories. Despite the fact that there is a certain offer of hotels available, the small entrepreneurs still consider the existence of hotels to be a first necessity. This could indicate that they assume that with more hotels they could attract more tourists. On the other hand, the second priority (public bathrooms and showers on the beaches) of the entrepreneurs means their discontent with the reality. In a lesser degree, the same could be said of the third priority (tourist information centers).

Regarding hostels (fourth priority), there is quite some offer, as also is the case with the restaurants. There is a large offer of eateries, although mentioned as the sixth priority by the entrepreneurs. The priorities and availability of parking areas, bus terminals and green areas is pretty much balanced. The availability of visitor's centers in protected areas is not equivalent to the priority given, but is not very much below it. The availabilityof boats is practically twice as much as the priority given. Thus, according to the entrepreneurs, there are more than enough boats available.

It is remarkable that the priority given to camp sites equals the priority given to this activity which seem to indicate that the entrepreneurs still do not consider camp sites to have a lot of potential. The availability of public bathrooms in the central park is only a little bit less than the demand the entrepreneurs indicate, for which it can be concluded that there are not more of these facilities because there has been no request for them. On the contrary, the availability of facilities for maintenance of diving equipment seems higher than the demand, but maybe it is because these services are in certain areas.

Regarding stables for horse riding there is a balanced relation between the demand and the offer, another resource that is not considered to have big potential. Another balanced relation between the availability and the demand is those of decompression chambers. Here one would think that the majority of the small entrepreneurs on the North Coast are not offering diving services and given that this activity is focussed on the Bay Islands it seems that the availability of decompression chambers ate the moment is sufficient.

As priority 17 to 21 are mentioned basic infrastructure services (electricity, drinking water, sewerage, roads and streets and latrines) that although it is true that the availability provides a comparative advantage for the communities, they can not be considered tourist infrastructure. The mentioning of basic infrastructure in the opinion of a few is an indication that in certain communities of the sample the main difficulty is the lack of more basic services for the local inhabitants. Finally, as priority 17 and 18 are mentioned the availability of airports and squares respectively, but none of them 16

was mentioned by the small entrepreneurs. It is interesting to see that airports are not considered to be instrumental for tourism, maybe due to that the majority of the destinations on the North Coast can be reached bv land, and in the case of the Bay Islands transportation by boat is an alternative. This would indicate on its turn, that tourism on the North Coast is above all national, or international with little economic impact.

Participation Plan

Participation Strategy:

20. identification of Early Risks an7dr esistanice An Executive Unit and other organisms promoted by the Project should have the relevant information regarding the demand, perceptions and beliefs of the population on the actions undertaken. This includes managing expectations, improving the communication channels, constant feedback between the different actors involved, especially groups in a disadvantaged position such as the ethnic groups.

21. 7he Processes of SharinigIniformationi an7d Decision7 making It is proposed to create an organism within the flowchart of the Project that allows for the participation of the organizations that represent the benefiting population. This organism takes on the form of a Stockholder's Group, similar to a consultation council where policies, norms are discussed and consensus is reached regarding the strategic planning and operational instruments to be executed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU).

212. 1 ImelligenilApproach of the Diversi4! of Participation In dealing with the population and their participation, there should be different forms and mechanisms depending on their level of representation, both in the local sphere as in the sphere of professional or ethnic associations.

23. Participation and Organizational Development Within the operational plans of the project, an activity on the development of the organization is proposed, directed at local and regional organizations. Possibly some attention should be given to the demands of those regional organizations that have a strong. influence on the project's matters. It is recommended that the resources of the components "National Strategy and Institutional Support for the SCT" and "Institutional Strengthening at Municipal Level" meet criteria such as: to strengthen the role of key organizations such as NGOs. and environmental organizations, associations of micro-small tourist entrepreneurs; to balance the support to partners that deliver services to vulnerable populations with the support to partners that want to solve the causes of poverty on the long term and in a sustainable way; to support formation and development processes of local organizations, especially municipal organizations; and to strengthen complementary organization networks.

24. General Association Model * National level: lobbying, promoting a dialogue on policies, laws and practices that form the basis for a shared strategy on sustainable tourist development in the project area; 17

Municipal level: the Project establishes the strengthening of municipal institutions to increase the management capacity regarding tourist development. For example: the municipalitiesshould get the technical and administrative capacity to apply the principle established in the law that "those who pollute, pay". * Local level: through pilot experiences to innovate practices and businesses, apply reforms for transparent policies and regulations through dialogues and consultation with the stakeholders and the provision of incentives for private participation of any size.

General Participation Model ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... r - NIUNICIPALITIES Stockholders Group: Municipalities. Honduran lnsitute for t Tounisni- NGOs. Community Girassroo Oraiton Fonn Stockholders Group and ChambersChamen, fOf torknitousnv Uniersities.Uni CooperationC Agoicies. provides command for formal Prixate Sector. Ethnic Organizations. Professioial Associations planning * CGroupswith ittle Representation ("omen groups. migrants. etc) . Forms a intental * Establishes dialogue on policies and management ol : interdeparnamental Committee . tourist developmentprocess

* Helpsto establishinter- : Establishes and supervisestopical WA'orkGroups institutionalcoordination insttutonacoord naDevelops Vision of Tourist Industry

* Has convening capacity . Consultswith rest of public and lobbys

. Appliesmunicipal legislation and v . Provides legitimation. public profile and public ensures that laws are obserned in accesssnblitv termtor * Negotiatespositions to readc consensus. and recommendationsfor action

V)

Project Implementation Unit 4 o* Works as liason bex%een municipalities and the * Sockholders Giroup ...... S o k ld r G ou * Provides information. ssorks as tedinical secraarx

* Provides Stockholders Group xiith support staff

* Administersthe paticipatorn plannmg activities

* Provides tedmical and research support

* Monitorsand evaluates results

25. Lobbying anidPublic Influence

In line with what has been stated, this Participation Plan will be a key element to achieve the Project's objectives, as well as the lobbying, defined as dissemination of persuasive information, the influence on those with an position of influence, action or decision making for the public good, in name of the participating population or in association with representative organizations. 18

26. -Action Progfram per Strategic component Strategic Component 1Actiities 2U01 Activities 2002 _ Activities 20(33 Strengthening of * Selection of technical staff * Training of technical staff * Dissemination of Organizational in cooperation with (trainers of trainers) knowledge on Capacities commurnityorganization * Fomiulation. management community level * Training of technical staff and administration of tourist (multiplying effect) (train the trainers) projects * Taking measures. agreed * Building of capacities * Development of tourist bv all. for conser%ation according to cultures of products compatible X ith of natural environment people involved culture of people involved that provides the raw * Exchangc of experiences * Incorporating quality cointrol material for production between groups of for craft production of crafts producers. promoters and * Proposal for land use for * Pilot programs for service suppliers with tourism on North Coast diversification of tourist tourist purposes * Consultation and agreement offer * Inter-institutional with NGOs for follow-up on * Incorporation of a coordination (National a) sanitation and b) land use certification 'seal' of Agricultural Institute. (external audit) crafts made by Registration of property. Garifunas. islanders and Municipalities and Miskitos. Ministnr of Tourism) with * Regional Forum for the object of sanitation in presentation of areas with tourist potential. initiatives. and goals reached Promotion for * Training for sustainable * Assessment of patterns of use * Rescue and conservation and use of natural resources of traditional rau materials diversification of adoption of * Establishing mechanisms and extractions of thcsc with traditional craft sustainable tourist for coordination with criteria of sustainabilitv production activities regional representatives * Exchange of experiences in * Organization of regional from SINAP (among management of reservations craft and gastronomy othcrs). local in general. through fairs. b\ techniical staff environmental NGOs and sponsorship of short time * Production of municipalities. to use their assistantships for technical informative and installed capacity for staff in training formative leaflets as instruction purposes. * Programto rescue cultural didactic material for * Training for the sustainable values (archaeological, historn, projection in training use of cultural resources oral tradition,music and dance, centers of communiities * Establishing mechanisms gastronomynatural medicine with pilot projects. for coordintionwith Fomiulationofinmtiatves 10 impro e t for coordination uAith the urbaniimage by tedmical stafTfn * Campaign to regional representatives training Nith advice from privateand disseminate pilots in from IHAH (among irnstitutionalexpicts process to spread first- others). local . Follow-up on environmental and hand knou ledge. and environmental NGOs and cuhura1coordination reproduction of municipalities.to use their * Feasibilitvstudies of adding value to experienceso municipalities,to ~selecteuhural and natural eprecs installed capacity for resourofs instruction purposes. 19

FStrategic a Activities 2001 Activities 2002 Activities 2003 Component I E To secure a 1. To guarantee the '. Preparation of work plans . Execution of work plans better access to incorporation of with participation of actors * Proposal for systemization programs community in all stages of process of environmental and organizations in the * Monitoring of the first cultural management on technical advice team stage of training in tourist North Coast for tourist development and * Developmentof a network development and environmental for commercialization of environmental management and sustainable tourist management of incorporating necessary products of the North municipalities adjustments Coast. * To generate * Feasibility studies of appropriate spaces for adding value to selected equal participation of natural and cultural men and women and resources also of young people * Formulation of financing * Training of technical plans of micro and small advice team in tourist enterprise development and environmental management * To identify proposals from individuals and collectivesthat could contribute to sustainable tourism * Management training for micro and small _ enterprise l To secure * Dissemination of * Workshops for local and * Monitoring and evaluation participation in components of project regional induction workshops monitoring among target * Monitoring and evaluation * Obtain new resources to and evaluation population workshops extend pilot. * Technical training of advisor's team of project taking into account the particular characteristics of Ganrfuna, island and Miskito cultures * Identification of micro and small enterprises | Building capacity among members of communities to constructively coach the different stages of | ______| the project l l 20

CHAPTER 1. SHORT OtVTLINE OF THE NORTH COAST OF HONDURAS.

A. Outline of the influence area of the North Coast.

1. 1. The influence area of the North Coast is located between the latitude 150 15' and 16° 50' north and longitude 830 15' and 880 15' east, between the Cape of Gracias a Dios at the east side and the border between the Republic of Honduras and Guatemala at the west side.

A 1. Climate.

1.2. The North Coast or Atlantic Coast has a humid tropical forest climate, with an average temperature of 26.2 C, and a relative humidity of 75 %.

Chart 1. Characteristics of the North Coast climate Location Climate 1Average vearlv HOR Temperature (accordingto precipitation (%) Koppel) | average MaximumMinimum Gracias a Dios. Humidtropical 2.639 (in 167rain 82 80.6 86.7 692 Col6n.Atlantida and forest days) north of Cortes I Source; National Meteorological Service

A.2. Geomorphology

1.3. Morphologically, the naticsnalterritory is divided in three natural areas: the lowlands of the Caribbean Sea, the h, .ilands of the interior, and the lowlands of the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, the country has important island groups in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The North Coast has all three climates: the lowlands of the Caribbean Sea, part of the highlands of the interior, and the island group in the Caribbean.

Chart 2. Morphological characteristics of the North Coast Region Location General Climate Precipitation Temperature Vegetation I characteristics l Lowlands of Coast (671 km) to 16.45%oofnational Tropical 2.000 mm 75 Tropical Carribeaw 600 meters above saa territory: lowlands hot and Sea level rainv Island Bay Islands. 65 kevs, Territorial sea: 12 Verv 2.000 mm 78.8 Tropical territories from 0 to 80 meters nautic miles humid, above sea level sub- l ______tropical I Source: "Environmental Profile ofthe Countrv"

The lowlands of the Caribbean are characterized by a high precipitation level, high temperatures and a wide biological diversity. It has mainly fertile alluvial soil which makes it the area with the most agro-industrial and industrial activity. 21

Island Territory of the Caribbean Sea'. here is located the biggest archipelago of the Central-American region, the Bay Islands, with a total coast line of 215 Km2. formed by three main islands: Roatan, Utila and Guanaja, with 155 Km2, 49.3 Km2, and 55.4 Km2 respectively, other small islands and around 65 keys.

A.3. Main Ecosystems

1.4 The ecological contrasts, product of the geo-morphological and climatological characteristics of the influence area, determine the presence of a broad diversity of ecosystems which vary from oceans, lakes, lagoons, rivers, reefs, and even cloud forests, tropical and sub-tropical dryland

Chart 1 Main Vegetation Zones on the North Coast

Biological Area Location - Humid Tropical Forest - The coastal plains of the Atlantic coast - Dry Tropical Forest - Upriver from the rivers Ulua. Chamelec6n y Agunii - Ven Humid Sub- - The strip of land of the Departments Yoro and Colon bordering with Tropical Forest the interior - Humid Low-mountain - In the higher mountains. peaks and ranges of West Honduras forest - Very humid low%- - North and East up the mountains mountain forest - Vern Dr- Sub-tropical - Lowllandssuch as the Aguan Valley forest

Source: "Enviroiniental Profile of Honduras"

There are 7 main different eco-systems identified: Very Dry Tropical Forest, transition to sub-tropical (vdTF, Humid Subtropical Forest (hSF), Very Humid Subtropical Forest (vhSF), Humid Subtropical Low-mountain Forest (hSLMF), Very Humid Subtropical Low- mountain Forest (vhSLF).

Located here is the second largest coral-reef in the vorld that is home to a large diversity of vegetal and animal life forms. giving this region international recognition. translated into an important influx of tourists. 22

Table 2. Agricultural Unitsand Preferential tlse of Lands

AgriculturalUnit/Preferential Use Miles of hectares Life Zones

1. Alluvial soil. planes. high productivit-. HTF Seasonand perennial crops wNithor withoutirrigation. 380 DTF intensive cattle-farming. (11%) HSF IL- Alluvialsoil. planes. high productivitv. Extensivecattle-farming. 117 Forest for woodproduction. African palm. cashewand (3%) HTF other pereinial crops. DTF III. Alluvialsoil very slight slope < 5%. 181 DSTF Seasonaland perenniialcrops. intensivecattle-farming (5%) 1HTF tropical woods DTF HSTF DSTF IV. Soil on volcanicmaterial. deep. slopes <10,. All kinds of crops and intensivecattle-farmning 227 HSTF (7%) VHSTF V. Shallowsoil on volcanicmaterial. strong slope LMSTF > 30%. 921 MSTF Onhl forestuse. (27%) DSTF VI. Soil on sedimentor metamorphic.slope LMSTF > 25%. 1530 MSTF Perennial crops such as coffee.sugarcane. citric fruits. (46%) DSTF forest. HSTF VHSTF

Total 3356 source: prepared in consultation with different sources

DF-Dry Forest HF - Humid Forest VHF. Ver Hlumid Forest M:F Mountain Forest LMF: Low-Mountain Forest T: Tropical ST: Sub-tropical

A.4 Natural Resources and Environment

1.5. Hydric Resources: the North coast has the main water source of the country. However. over the last decade this resource has been less available in some cases, due to climatological alterations result of the Niino phenomenon, and the hydric cycle because of the loss of forest.

1.6. Soil: more than 65 % of the soil in the area are exclusively forestland, and of the six identified agro-ecological units in the national sphere, four of them are found in the area. These lands are suitable for crops and intensive cattle-farming, a potential that in the case of the influence area is well exploited compared to other areas of the country.

1.7 Forest: the country has the largest forest area in the Central-American region, according to estimates by AFE-COHDEFOR in 1996, based on the forest map prepared at that time. The current forest coverage is 5.7 million hectare which is 50.7 % of the current use of land in the country. AFE-COHDEFOR has established a yearly loss of 108,000 hectares, mostly broad-leaf forest on the North Coast or Atlantic region. 23

Chart 3. Coverage and deforestation per type of forest on the North Coast 1962 -1990 (hectares) Zone 1962 oh of area 1991 % of area IBalance Pine forest 97.700 3.6 146.500 5.3 148.80(( Broadleaf forest 945.200 23.2 258.00() 9.1 -687.200 Mangrove forest 47.40(0 15.9 15.9 9.7 -42.400 Source:AFE-COHDEFOR

1.8. Marine Resources and Continental Waters: The marine ecosystems on the North Coast are defined by five types of resources: corral reef, mangrove, beaches, coastal lagoons and continental platform. The biological diversity on the continental platform indicates the existence of feeding grounds, with underground vegetation, that provides shelter and food to more than 1800 species of fish, 4 species of turtles in danger of extinction, 40 species of corral that form part of the second largest barrier reef in the world, 5 species of marine pastures, and more than 100 kinds of algae. On the coast there is an profuse network of river mouths, channels and coastal lagoons whose boarders are formed by wetlands with mangrove, palms and mixed vegetation, the habitat of a wide variety of birds, reptiles, fish, mammals and invertebrates. The area consists of some reserves among which the Guaymoreta lagoon (Trujillo), the Cuero and Salado Wildlife Refuge (close to La Ceiba) and the coastal part of the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve. Also, there are the lagoons Ibans and Caratasca (65.000 hectares) and the National Parks Jeanette Kawas in Tela, Pico Bonito in La Ceiba, and Capiro y Calentura in Trujillo.

1.9. Fauna and Flora of land, coast and sea: The main ecosystems that form the habitat and refuge for land species, are located in the woods that still exist on the slopes of El Merend6n and Nombre de Dios, and in the tropical forest of the watersheds of the rivers Paulaya, Tinto, Platano and Patuca, and almost the whole territory of La Mosquitia. The fauna is very diverse, with only among the vertebrates more than 1000 species, among them 700 species of birds, 200 mammals and 200 reptiles, and a large amount of yet unidentified species, as well as numerous invertebrates. Among the fauna are 41 species in danger of extinction.

A.4.1. Main Problems of the Natural Resources and Environment

1. 10. Hydric Resources and Watersheds. The seasonal shortages, floods caused by deforestation and degradation of the forest, and the pollution of the water resources because of household and industrial discharges and erosion, represent the main problems regarding the environmental security of the resources. The superficial waters mainly run into the Atlantic ocean, where 11 of the 17 main watersheds flow over a longitude of 680 kilometers. In fact of the 112,492 Km2 of national territory, the water source that affects the North Coast represents 92,720 Km2, which reflects the importance of the topic in the area. 24

Table 3. Main environmental problems with some watersheds of the North Coast. Watershed Problems Chamelecon ' Flooding ofthe Sula valleN l ligh domandfor %%ater from urban centers. especially SaniPedro Sulb o Higli denand for water from industries,pollution because of industrial discharges I lua . Flooding ofthe Sula Vallex P Filling up of riverbedbecause of sediment ofthe watershedof rivers Jicatuvo andOtoro t High demand for %saterfrom industries.pollution because of industrial discharges Aguan - Flooding I -eIn Flooding Cangrejal Flooding

I .1 l Forest: the continuous deforestation causes the loss and deterioration of the quality of the forest in the influence area of the North Coast. This is observed in a reduction of the availability of areas with wood potential, fauna and flora because of loss and deterioration of their habitat. In case of the broad-leaf forest, more present in the region than pine forest, its reduction takes on dramatic proportions, estimated at 50 % of its original coverage, between 1964-1986. However, according to the estimates of AFE-COHDEFOR, based on a comparison of the forest inventory of 1962 and the preliminary data of the forest map in 1990, a loss of 30 % is estimated. In the Atlantic region the biggest loss is registered with 76 % of the original coverage.

1.12. Marine and Coastal resources: the degradation of the estuaries and mangrove in the area due to overexploitation and pollution of the resource is the main expression of the environmental problems that without any doubt has an impact on the safety of the population. Among the main factors are the following: * Lack of knowledge of the current situation and potential of marine coastal resources, aggravated by the industrial fishing fleet that is excessively large. * Lack of regulation of the use of the marine coastal resources. * Inadequate management of watersheds. 3 Pollution. l .13 Biodiversity and Protected Areas: The loss of wildlife areas and wildlife, has social and ecological effects that affect the harmony in the country and that in the case of the influence area of RENOR, is very marked. Among the main causes for the loss of the biodiversity are mentioned: the loss of forest coverage, contradictory policies, and degradation of biologic resources: overexploitation, lack of vigilance and control.

A.5 Demography

1.14 The population of the influence area of the study is 1,457,755 inhabitants that represent a little bit over 25 % of the total population of the country, which was estimated at 5,642,208 inhabitants in 1996. Chart 4. Population of the influence area, per department Indicador | Atlantida Colon Cortes Bay Islands Population Urban: 158,767 Urban: 56.107 Urban: 578,510 l 1999 Rural: 171.019 Rural: Rural: 307,570 Total: 329,786 159,082 Total: 886,080 Total 1997: Total: 215,189 (Omoa and Puerto 26,700 Cortes= 105,360) Income, 1999 Urban: 0.355 Urban: 0.302 Urban: 0.396 Rural: 0.303 Rural: 0.255 Rural: 0.358 Difference: Difference: Difference: 9. 7/l 14.7% 15.6% l Global fertility Urban: 3.53 Urban: 4.60 Urban: 2.79 per area of Rural: 5.96 Rural: 6.27 Rural: 5.17 residence, 1999 Average age More than 18 Less than 17 More than 20 1998 _ 1 l l Life Women, 71.19 Women: Women: 71.94 Global 1997: Expectancy Men: 62.53 68.25 Men: 63.95 65.0 1999 Men: 59.82 ISchooling 3_95 2.70 1 4.55 (years), 1997 _ Expenditure in $ 64.0 $69.1 IS 68.4 education in $ per capita 1998lll Malnutrition 34.2 33. 5 29.8 ratell Expenditure in $ 20.5 $ 7.9 $ 15.2 health in $ per capita. 1998 Human Urban 1999: Urban 1999: Urban 1999: 0.617 Development 0.597 0.580 Rural 1999: Index Rural 1999: Rural 1999: 0.568 0.519 0.440 Human 0.718 0.683 0.778 Development Index per Gender, 1999 Total affected 1131 336 246 l3 population per |1,000 (Mitch) | l l l Source. Repon on Human Development. Honduras 1999:19.21.24.47and 50(no similar data available for the Ba\ lslancds.those mentioned are taken from page 69) 26

CHAPTER Il. TOUTRISMIN HONDURAS.

A. Tourist Activity Nation-wide

A.I. Importance for National Economy

2.1. In 1997 tourism brought in US $145 million, in 1998 US$ 164 million, despite the tragedy caused by Hurricane Mitch. In 1999 tourism brought in US$ 185 million. Although there has been an increase in tourism, the consequences of Mitch have put tourism third in the national economy, also the agricultural sector has been seriously damaged, mainly the banana, coffee plantations and others.

2.2. One of the main benefits of tourism is considered to be the generation of employment. In order to measure its contribution it is important to mention that according to Article 36 of the Law on Tourism tourist services are all people or legal entities active in one of the following activities: guides, drivers, specialized guides, diving guides and water sport guides; travel agencies and tour operators, car rental agencies, boats and other real estate and equipment destined for tourism; land, water and air transportation exclusively for tourist use; hotels, motels, hostels, timeshare rooms, or hotel rooms and other lodging facilities; restaurants, cafeterias and other directly connected to tourism, night clubs, discotheques and casinos, except for those that are according to and qualified by the National Institute of Tourism as not directed related to tourism, diving facilities, etc.

2.3. At present, it is calculated that tourism generates around 21,000 direct jobs and 36,000 indirect jobs. The direct jobs are basically those related to the around 560 installed lodging facilities (hotels, bed & breakfast, motels, etc), with around 13,800 rooms, 18,00 restaurants and bars, 200 travel agencies and tour operators, and 80 car rental agencies.

A.2. Tourist demand

2.4. As of 1987 the patterns of the tourist demand in Honduras change, as up to that date tourists came mainly from,the Central-American region (around 60.5 %). The tourist demand indicates that the most visited destinations are the following, in order of importance: Tegucigalpa, Bay Islands, San Pedro Sula, Copan and La Ceiba, associated with the main tourist attractions such as archaeology, beaches and reefs, nature and adventure, colonial towns, living cultures, modem cities and conventions.

A.3. Trends

2.5. Since 1950, when international tourism started to become accessible to the general public, the tourist activity has increased each year with an average rate of 7.1 %. The participation of Honduras regarding the total influx of tourism in Central-America was in 1996 9.9 % of the arrivals, and 7.3 % of income of hard currency, occupying sixth and 27 fourth place in the region, respectively. This means Honduras is one of the least dynamic countries of the regions regarding increase of the influx of visitors2

2.6. In 1999 Honduras registered 428,000 visitors, and 185 million dollars in income through currency, which means an increase of more than 2 digits in income and a fourth place in the productive sector. However the investments are growing significantly compared to the growth of the market, which is a concern because it could mean a crisis in the hotel occupation. However this should not discourage investment or promotion activities. Moreover, the efforts to increase the demand through promotion and diversification of attractions should intensify.The trend is growth, and the basic strategies to follow are:

- Attract the segment of North-American tourism, especially those that travel for relatively short periods of time (4 days, weekends) - To continue the exploitation of medium and long term tourism, trying to increase their stay and spending. This should be applied both to the North-American and European market. - To attract the segments of affinitygroups, particularlyof the North-Americanmarket. - Combination with beach for those visitors that look for a mixture of rest and knowledge, and stay for a week. - To attract the market of North-American and European divers, especially those that will stay for a week or more and have a high spending level.

A.4. Land ownership and property rights

Recently the reformnof Article 107 of the Constitution of the Republic of Honduras was promoted. This Article forbids foreigners to buy land within 40 kilometers of the coast and borders, thus being the main constraint for foreign investment. However, this initiative has been abandoned due to the conflicts it caused. Parallel to the proposal for reform of this Article by the National Congress, a communal land titling process has been carried out in favor of the 45 Garifuna communities that live in the main development zone of the Atlantic Coast, to comply with the objective to promote the participation of local communitiesin the development of the tourist economy. Regarding the land use, it is important to define the protection of historic and natural areas in terms of the expansion of the physical facilities and of the population for which it is necessary to measure the density, and develop a vision on traffic, road signs, and above all the cultural impact of the population in tourist development zones.

2 Due probablyto the fact that this informationcauses confusionand probablvattributed to that the passenger's terminal was moved to San Pedro Sula. which could have caused incoherence in the numbers. 28

B. Outline of Tourism on the North Coast

B.1. Historv

2.8. The area does not have important vestiges of Spanish occupations of the colonial era, probably because of the absence of exploitable mines for the early colonizers, as well as the absence of indigenous people that would serve as a subsistence support for the Spanish settlements. By the end of the XVII century, the indigenous presence in the north zone had disappeared as a result of the forced relocation policy to the main land of the indigenous groups of the north zone and the Bay Islands. By the end of the XVIII century, after the arrival of the ethnic African-Caribbean group to the islands known as the Garifunas, and their later movement to the continental coastal area, those that have settled in the area.

2.9. The difficult environmental conditions in the area, as well as the lack of roads, were the main natural causes for the isolation of the area until the beginning of this century in which, as a result from the awakening of the industrial consumption and the introduction of new forms of economic exploitation, the establishment of large plantations with one single crop was stimulated, managed by cooperatives. What is specificallyrelated to the tourist sector, the convergence of the air, land, and see transportation and the presence of valuable natural and cultural elements in the area, present a ideal scenario for the establishment of an adequate tourist offer.

B.2. Tourist areas

2. 10. A tlantitc coast: consists of the coastal area of the Caribbean Sea from the Omoa Bay to the Trujillo Bay, with a large potential for the market of sun and beach and nature lovers, as it has more than 400 km of beach and 7 protected areas varying from wetlands to cloud forests and include the second largest botanical garden of the continent. Islands: include the Bay Islands and the archipelago of the Cayos Cochinos (Hog Islands), the latter being a reserve for scientific marine research. In this areas can be found one of the main national riches consisting of the Marine Parks of Utila, Guanaja and Roatan, with unique coastal reef systems.

B.3. Tourist evolution in the area.

2.11 According to statistics of 1999, the north coast has not managed to increase the growth or dynamism of the tourist demand and offer. This process is demonstrated in the national statistics where for 1999 the general influx of tourists reached 135,576 international visitors3 of which 129,373 came by air and 6,203 by sea. Therefore, 96 % of the tourist influx is by air. The origin of tourists by air to the North Coast is as follows: 67 % North- American origin, 16 % Central-American origin and 10 % of European origin and 1-3 % of South America, Asia, the Caribbean and Oceania. The visitors that come over land represent only 4 % of the tourist influx to the area, with the following origin: 50 % North- American, 23 % European, and 27 % coming from Central-America, South America, Asia

3 Does not include the influx of tourists tw land as the statistics only summarize the influx through customs. 29 and Oceania. It is important to point out that the North Coast represents 37 °%0of the total tourist activity in the country, including arrival by different means of transportation.

B.4. Current Tourist Activitv

B.4.1. Potential of Eco-tourism on the North Coast

2.12. The North Coast and the Bay Islands possess the majority of natural attractions of the Honduran coast. The archipelago of the Bay Islands has one of the biggest corral reefs of the planet, with a rich marine flora and fauna, accessible for expert and amateur divers. The three biggest islands also have attractive forests and beaches. Next to the island formations, the Honduran Caribbean is rich in biological reserves located on the coastal lagoons, both sweet water as salt water, mangrove, rivers and other coastal enclaves with Garifuna communities who live in the coastal towns. The Trujillo bay stands out because of its tranquil waters and peculiar attraction of its natural surroundings crowned by the mountains Capiro and Calentura, at only 5 miles from the coast, rising up to 3600 feet above sea level, with wonderful views of the coast, including the Bay Islands. At a little more than 3 miles of the city, the Guaimoreto lagoon is found with its mangrove forest.

2.13 Right behind La Ceiba rises Pico Bonito, an impressive mountain of almost 7500 feet high, above the plantations that surround La Ceiba. The river Cangrejal is used for river rafting through a beautiful scenery. Towards the west, between La Ceiba and Tela is the Reserve Cuero and Salado, between the mouth of these two rivers, accessible by a wagon over an old railroad. In Tela are two natural reserves, apart from the bay: Punto Izopo, at the east, and the national park Punta Sal. to the west, both with a wide biodiversity and coastal ecosystems.

B. 4.2. Available Tourist Products

2.14. The availabilityof the following tourist products is concentrated on areas that are easily accessible: archaeology and anthropology, reefs and beaches, nature and adventure. colonial and modern cities, living ethnic groups and conventional groups.

* Archaeologyatnd history: In the Bay Islands the precolombian and colonial archaeology is concentrated in the museum of the Sandy Bay Marine Research Center in Roatan. In San Pedro Sula the Museum of History of this city is found, in Omoa the fortress of San Fernando de Omoa, and in Trujillo the fortress of Santa Barbara, with in Roatan the fortress of Port Royal.

* Reefs anidbeaches: The Atlantic Coast's main attraction are the white-sand beaches and an exuberant tropical vegetation, frequently interrupted by crystal blue rivers that come down from the steep slopes of the mountains. The Bay Islands is destination no. I for diving because of the corral reef that is in good shape. There are also magnificent refuges and other protected areas that protect the habitat of species in danger of extinction. 30

* Coloniacla}dndOde'-7C cilie.s. Omoa is one of the villages whose colonial past offers the visitor excellent examples of religious, civil and military art dating from the XVII to the XIX century. La Ceiba and San Pedro Sula offer with their modernism a wide variety of tourist facilities and an attractive cultural ambiance.

* Living elihnic clultures: The Pech. Garifuna, Island population and, in minor degree, the Miskitos. are the ethnic groups that form part of the cultural heritage of the north coast.

* Grioup.sanid conventions: San Pedro Sula has an important number of hotels and other tourist services designed especially for attending groups and conventions. Its proximity to other centers of the North Coast makes it a departure point for any type of exploration.

B.4.3. Strengths regarding Tourism

2.15. The tourist potential of the North Coast is enhanced by several strengths that reflect the uniqueness and authenticity of the tourist products such as the cultural heritage, the versatility to complement other destinations in the country, good roads and maritime transportation, the receptiveness of entrepreneurs to new initiatives, the growth and improvement of the tourist facilities and the convenient geographic location for a redistribution of tourist movement in the area. It is important to point out that the tourist products to be commercialized on the international market are: first Sun and Beach, an opportunity to form a triangle of complementary products between the department Atlantida, Bay Islands, Cayos Cochinos (Hog Islands) and the Tela Bay. In second place eco-tourism and adventure supported by the eco-tourist movement, the concentration of tourist agencies, and the biological-cultural corridor between Omoa-Trujillo. Thirdly fishing and water sports, opening a wide range of opportunities for investment in small businesses and the generation of sources of employment at different levels. Fourth is highlighted the market of cruises, the historic potential being the exploitation of commercial ports for embarking and disembarking of passengers. 31

CHAPTER 111.ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEYt

A. Objective

3.1. To evaluate the different activities related to the development and management of sustainable tourism at municipal and community level, land use, management of land and land ownership from a gender perspective; to identify the main direct beneficiaries (men and women) of the project that participate in the preparation and execution of the project, making sure that their recommendations are taken into account in the design of the project, as well as other stakeholders, to identify the possible negative impact of the proposed activities and to propose methods for their mitigation or how to avoid them, to identify the most proper opportunities for technical and institutional strengthening to initiate activities for the management of sustainable tourism at municipal and community level, including the improvement of the balance between the men and women's participation in the community organizations and local authorities in the municipal sphere to achieve a better planning and execution of the project; to identify mechanisms (local forms of organization) preferred by the beneficiaries to participate in each of the project's components in the municipal and community context; to identify the main links between the natural and cultural heritage. including the following aspects: (i) traditional religious rituals, Garifuna dances, etc. (ii) strong ties between the cultural survival, local control of natural resources, specificallyits link with protected areas; and to explore the possibilities of co-financing and sinenergy with other programs of the World Bank, such as the PAAR Project, PROBAB of the Meso- American Biological Corridor, with FHIS (for ex. Infrastructure, improve access to services, long-term tourism, legal training on aspects such as land ownership, etc.).

B. Description of the Area

3.2. The study is carried out in the area defined as the North Coast of Honduras, from Omoa to the municipalboundary of the Iriona Municipalitywith the Gracias a Dios department and the island group the Bay Islands. The influence area includes 4 departments: the municipalitiesOmoa and Puerto Cortes in the Cortes Department, the Atlantida Department, with emphasis on the municipalitiesof Tela and La Ceiba and the Garifuna villages around them, and secondly the municipalities El Porvenir, La Masica and Jutiapa. The Department Col6n, with emphasis on the municipalities Trujillo and Santa Fe and including the Garifuna villages around them, and secondly the municipalitiesIriona, Lim6n Balfate, Saba, Tocoa and Sonaguera. The Bay Islands, with emphasis on the context of the municipalitiesUtila and Roatan and secondly the municipalities Santos Guardiola and Guanaja and their communities.

C. Results

C.1. General Description of the Sample

3.3. The four teams of surveyors (one per department, consisting of three technical staff per team), carried out 427 surveys under community leaders, small entrepreneurs, local authorities and non-governmental organizations, between June 5 and July 2 in the area described before. 261 men were surveyed (61.12 % of the sample) between 20 to more than 32

61 years of age, the largest age group being the age group between 3 1-50 (57.85%), followed by the group between 51-more than 61 (28.35%). Also 166 women were surveyed (39% of the sample) between 20 to more than 61 years of age; also here the largest group is between 31-50 years (59.63%), followed by the category of 20-30 years (22.28%) and then the age group 51-61 or more (18.07%).

Chart 5. Number of Samples per Department Department Total % Cortes 72 16.86% Bay Islands 107 25.06% Atlantida 109 25.53% Col6n 139 32.55% Total 427_100%

I Fiocre 1Tlcc de Actor Entrev.iado E SMALLENTREPRENEURS

* COMMUNITYLEADERS

______!'38______GOVERNMENTAL I TOTAL 42 ORGANIZATIONS ; .C10 MUNICIPALAUTHORITIES

t ~ ~1 ~ ~ ~~§0 lCd 150, C'O) '50

Conclusions:

* In the sample there is a clear predominance of men, almost 2/3 of the sample * The age range best represented in the sample of both men and women is between 31-50 years of age * In all age categories mestizo4 men and women form the majority, with the exception of the people of 61 and older. In that age group there are twice as much Garifuna men as mestizo men, while the difference among women is not significant. * There are no Garifuna men and women under 20 years of age in the sample. * There are no island women under 20 years of age in the sample, nor of 61 or more. * The majority of the surveyed men and women are between 31-50 years of age, the economically active adults par excellence.

C. 2. Schooling level

3 .4.The prevailing category of the sample is the group with more than 12 years of schooling (32.78%), the second largest group being the group with 4-6 years of education (31.85%), meaning with a certain likeliness to have finished primary school, also because 13.11 % of the sample is formed by people with 7-9 years of schooling. On the other hand, the group that has almost finished secondary school is relatively small (8.19%), however, this could

4 Mestizos are persons of mixed European and Central American Indian ancestry. be interpreted as a tendency to finish secondary school. Finally, the group with little schooling (1-3 years) represents 10.54 % of the sample. A small group of people does not have any schooling at all (3 .51%). The percentage of those with no schooling is minimal among men (2.68%), and slightly higher among women (4.82%).

3.5. The breakdown of the schooling categories per sex, shows that there are more men than women in the sample with more than 12 years of schooling, with a significant difference (6.33 %). The same happens in the next category (10-11 years of schooling) where men are better represented than women by an even bigger difference (8.30 %). In the category 7-9 years of schooling the balance is in favor of women (6.09 %), which is similar in the category of 3-6 years of schooling (6.04 %). While in the group with 1-3 years of schooling the percentage of men and women is similar. Illiteracy is slightlymore frequent among women (2.14%) compared to men.

3.6. Among men the mestizos are better represented in the schooling category of 12 years or more (59.09%), followed by the Garifunas (28.410%)or the islanders (12.50%). The difference between mestizo women (72.92%No)and Garifuna women is much bigger (20.83%) as well as with the island women (4.17%). The schooling category of 10-11 years is also better represented among mestizo men (64.29%) than Garifuna men (21.14%) or islanders (3.570/%).There is no difference in this category for mestizo women (50.0%) and Garifuna women (50.0%) but the island women are completely absent in this category (0.0%). The schooling category of 7-9 years is less represented among the mestizo men (32.14%) than the Garifuna men (46.43%), with a lower percentage among islanders (21.43 %). The difference between mestizo women 57.14%) and Garifuna women is again much bigger (25.0 1%), also compared to island women (17.85%). The schooling category 4-6 years is better represented among mestizo men (41.56 %). than Garifuna men (29.87 %), but between the latter and the island men (28.57 %). there is practically no difference. The difference between mestizo women (50.0%) is small compared to Garifuna women (42.59%) but considerable compared with island women (7.4%). The schooling category 0- 3 years is better represented among mestizo men (50.0 %) than Garifuna men (38.24 %). and island men (11.76%). The difference between mestizo women (52.0%) is also less compared to Garifuna women (44.0%) but rather big compared to island women (4.0%).

3.7.1n all schooling categories mestizo men and women are better represented than Garifuna or island men or women. The only exception is the third cvcle of the basic education plan (7-9 years), where the Garifunas are better represented (14.29%). The only exception among women is towards the end of secondary school (10-1 1 years) where the mestizo and Garifuna are equally represented. The big differences between mestizo men and Garifuna men regarding schooling is in the last two categories, towards the end of secondary school and after secondary school. Among women the difference between mestizo and Garifuna women is rather significant in the third cycle of the basic education (7-9 years), completely leveled towards the end of secondary school, but than the difference increases enormously in favor of the mestizo women.

3.8. In case of the island men, compared to the Garifuna, the differences are significant from the beginning of the first cycle of primary school, practically disappearing in the second cycle, to sharpen again in the third cycle, and even more towards the conclusion of 34 secondary school to moderately reduce when finishing secondary school. This means that mestizo men have more access to the first cycle of primary school, remaining the same during the second cycle, to become even with Garifuna men in the third cycle after which the difference increases again towards finishing secondary school, and after finishing secondary school. During the primary and secondary school Garifuna men experiment two fall backs, first in the second cycle towards the conclusion of primary school, and the other towards the conclusion of secondary school, which remains stable after finishing secondary school. During their schooling island men start the first cycle with a disadvantage, after which they increase and maintain their participation throughout second and third cycle, and then fall back abruptly, almost to the point of disappearing from the sample, to then again moderately increase their participation after finishing secondary school. Conclusions

* The prevailing categories of the sample that are also similar in absolute terms are those with more than 12 years of schooling and those between 4-6 years of education. This means those with complete secondary education (a third of the sample) and those with at least 4 years of primary school (another third of the sample). The other schooling ranges ( 1-3, 7-9 and 1-11 years of schooling make up the last third of the sample). - The intermediate level of schooling (7-9 years of schooling) is found among 21.3 1 % of the sample, in other words, those that probably finished at least basic education (9 years) and possibly more than that. - The people with a minimum level of schooling (1-3 years) represent only 10.54 % of the sample. D 3.51 % of the sample is illiterate (15 people). A low level of schooling or no schooling at all, however, is related to age, as we will see afterwards. * Taking into account that the age group of less than 20 is represented in the sample by four (0.94%), the rest of the people of the sample are beyond the age of attending primary or secondary school for which the school categories represented in the sample are final. * The data reveal the trend that men and women have an equal chance to access first cycle of primary education (1-3 years). This trend not only continues for women, but their opportunities to finish the second cycle, or primary school, increase (3-6 years). This trend remains stable and favors women even more in the third cycle (7-9 years) of basic education, traditionally known as the basic education plan. However, when entering the diversified cycle that concludes secondary school (1 1-12 years). the curve abruptly drops for women and a proportional inverse growth is observed for men, in such a way that only a very small percentage of women finishes secondary school. This means that for a large percentage of women primary school is the end station. However, once women have managed to pass the threshold of 11 years of schooling, finishing secondary school, the likelihood for them to continue their education improves remarkably, although the gap with men is not closed * Mestizo men and women have a preferential access to primary and secondary school compared to the Garifuna and island population. The differences between mestizos and Garifunas are significant towards the end of secondary school and after finishing secondary school. The differences between Garifunas and islanders are important in the first cycle of primary school, and they increase again after the third cycle until after secondary school For the majority of the male islanders the access to the first cycle of primary school is limited, and once surpassed that level the third cycle is the end station for the majority. * The differences between mestizo and Garifuna women become more significant after the third educational level or basic education plan. However, the Garifuna women recover and are at the same level as mestizo women when finishing secondary school. Bu then, after having finished the secondary school, the gap is extremely big and only a minority continues. The differences between Garifuna women and island women are significant from the first cycle and throughout the second cycle of primary school, but in the third cycle the participation increases considerably to disappear completely from the registration towards the end of secondary school. This means that as for island men, the third cycle is the end station. After finishing secondary school, a very small proportion continues. Summarized, the trend among mestizo men and women is to finish secondary school and they will likely continue their studies, above all the women that finish secondary school. Among the Garifuna men and women the trend is weaker, with a critical moment for men at the end of the third cycle, and for women at the end of primary school. For the island population the critical point is during the first cycle, and once this threshold is passed it is repeated at the end of the third cycle, which for women is definitely the end station.

C.3. Ethnic origin

3.9. Regarding the ethnic origin of the surveyed 51.76 % said to be mestizo, 35.13 % Garifuna, 9.84 % islanders, and 1.41 said to be 'black' (6 persons), and 0.23 °%indigenous (I person) without specifying to which indigenous population he belongs. In the sample is also a low percentage of foreigners (1,64% - 7 persons), characterized as 'white', 'Anglo- Saxon', or 'European'. The classification 'islanders' refers to both men and women and black and white. However, six persons identified themselves specifically as 'black'. To establish their ethnic origin, the place of birth was identified which lead to the result that five of them are probably (3 women and 2 men) from Roatan and one Garifuna woman from Masca, Omoa. Thus we can conclude that 11 % of the sample are islanders from both sexes, and black and white.

3.10O.f the total men surveyed, 49.04 % are mestizo, 38.31 % are Garifuna, 11.11 % are islanders (includes 'black' people), and 1.53 % are European. Of the total surveyed women 56.02 % are mestizo, 10.84 % are islanders (includes 'black' women), 1.20 % are European and 0.60 % are indigenous (I woman). In the sub-sample of women the mestizo origin is better represented than in the sub-sample men, while on the other hand, in the sub-sample men, the Garifuna origin is better represented than among women. The representation of European men is slightly higher than of European women. The indigenous population is virtually not represented in the sample, given the fact that the woman who declared to be indigenous' was born in Utila. There is no Miskito man or woman in the sample, nor are there Pech. In the sample there is no Garifuna man or woman under 20 years of age. All the people in that age group are mestizo, with the exception of one island man. In the age category 21-30 the majority are mestizo men and women, which is also the case in the categories 31-50 years and 51-60 years. The only category in which Garifuna men and women are in the majority is in the category 61- 74 years. In all other categories, from 21 36 years and up, all ethnic categories are represented, except for island women, absent in the category 61 years or more.

Figure 3. EHHNICORIGIN 0.23%S

_ Mestizo - Ladino O Garifuna O Isleofo(a) o Europeo E Negra 35.13% _ Indigena

51 .76%

Conclusions:

* Half of the sample (51.76 %) consists of mestizo men and women; the Garifuna men and women form around one third of the sample (35.13 %), while the island men and women make up 11 % of the sample. The foreign residents represent 1.64 % of the sample. * Among women there are more mestizos, while on the other hand among men the Garifuna population is better represented. * Apart from the Garifuna and island population no other indigenous group is represented in the sample. The Miskito speakers mentioned in the sample are mestizo, Garifuna, and island people. * In the age groups from 21-60 years are represented all ethnic groups of the sample with two exceptions: there are no Garifuna men or women in the age group under 20, and there are no island women in the age group above 61. * In all age groups mestizo men and women form the majority with the exception of the age group 61 and older, where Garifuna men and women are the majority. * The sample in general can be considered representative in terms of the proportion of the majority ethnic group (mestizo) in the country and the North Coast, especially regarding the culturally different population (Garifuna and island populations), the ethnic groups of this region.

C.4. Prevailing Languages

3.11I.As was to be expected, the prevailing native language of the people surveyed is Spanish (56.67%), followed by Garifuna (31.85%) and Island English (10.07 %). The rest (1.41 %) corresponds to Standard English, Italian, French and German. Spanish is the first language of the majority of the people surveyed (68.85%) which is a higher percentage than that of people that declared to be of mestizo origin (12.18%). Garifuna is the first language of 19.67%, a smaller percentage (12.18%) than those who declared to be of Garifuna origin. This would mean that Spanish is the first language of this group of Garifunas. Island 37

English is the first language of 9.60%oof the surveyed. and the second langua_teof 3.04 °. Spanish is the second language (28.34%) of practically all the Garifunas and islanders surveyed, given that the sum of them is almost the same as the sum of speakers using Garifuna and island English as their first language (29.27%). Or to put it differently, given that the sum of the people that use Spanish as their first language (294), second language (121), third language (2) is 417 and that the total sample consists of 427 people, this means that only 10 people consider their command of Spanish not to be sufficient. This group could be represented by the people from European or Anglo-Saxon origin in the sample.

3.12.1sland English is the second (3.04 %) or third (2.11 %) language, for a total of 5.15 % of the total sample, possibly mestizo and Garifuna. On the other hand, Standard English, although the first language of only 1.41 % of the surveyed, together with the people who said it was their second language (8.90%), their third language (9.13 %) or even fifth language (0.23%), makes up for a total of 19.67% of the sample. This is a number comparable to the usage of Garifuna as a seond language (17.56%), third language (0.47%) or fourth language (0.23%/O)a total of 18.50%. Another interesting point worth mentioning here is the marginal use of Miskito as a second (0.23%), third (0.70%), fourth (0.23%), or fifth (0.23%) language, for a total of I.39% of the sample which reflects the presence of Miskitos on the Bay Islands. It is remarkable that no one said to have Miskito as a first language, but the use of Miskito by people from different ethnic background would mean that the number of Miskito population is important enough for other people to learn their language. The other languages qualified as first, second, third or fourth language were Italian, German, Portuguese, French and Cantonese.

3. 13.Summarized, Spanish is the prevailing first and second language on the North Coast and apparently has become the first language of some speakers of ethnic languages. The use of Standard English as second, third and even fourth language indicates that both mestizo, islanders and Garifunas are interested in learnin, it and that learning English is considered to be of more use than learning one of the ethnic languages as second or third language. The six people that learned Miskito as a second, third and fourth language indicates the presence of Miskitos in the influence area of the project. Of those six people, five live in Roatan (2 women, 3 men) and Guanaja and one in Iriona (man), they are between 25-35 years of age. Three of these six (2 women, one man) have more than 12 years of schooling, and the other three (men) have 7-9 years of schooling. Although the following statement would need corroboration, it could mean that learning Miskito by people from different ethnic backgrounds on the North Coast is a relatively recent phenomenon and that the interest in learning the language is apparent in people with basic education or more.

3.14.Regarding the usage of Spanish, it is the first language of men (67.82%), and of slightly more women (69.88%), in the case of Spanish as a second language, there is a slight dominance by men. Garifuna is the first language of men (20.31 %) more than of women (17.47%). The usage of Garifuna as second, third or fourth language by men (19.92%) is also slightly higher than women (14.46%). The percentage of Standard English as a second language by men (9.96%) is higher than women (7.23%), related to the fact that the use of Standard English as third language by men (12.26%) is much higher than for women (3.61%), which makes there is a significant difference. 38

3.15.The most likely interpretation is that a larger number of men on the North Coast learn Standard English: for the mestizo men it is mostly their second language, for the Garifuna and island population mostly their third language, while as was already pointed out the second language of these ethnic groups is Spanish. The more generalized usage of Standard English by men might be related to their work in contexts where Standard English is necessary. The use of island English by men (9.20%) and women (10.24%) is similar,while the usage of island English as second or third language is slightly higher among women (9.04% compared to men 6.13%). Finally, the use of Miskito as second, third, fourth or fifth language is slightly higher among men (1.53%) than among women (1.20%).

C.5. Community Language

3. 16.The prevailing language in the communities surveyed is also Spanish, given that 414 (96.95%) of the people use it as their first (60.42%), second (36.07%) or third language (0.47%). Garifuna is spoken by 226 people (52.93%), as first language (22.48%/o),second (21.78%) third (4.45%) or fourth language (4.22%). Island English is spoken by 80 people (18.74%) as their first language (12.41%), second (4.22%), third language (1.64%) or fourth language (0.47%). Standard English is spoken by 116 people (27.17%), second (9.3 a7%),third (17.56%) or fourth language (0.23%). Finally, Miskito is spoken by 19 people (4.45 %) as third (0.94%), fourth (1.64%), or fifth language (1.87%).

Community First % [ Second % 'Third % Fourth % Fifth languages l%

Spanish 60.42 36.07 0.47 4.22 Garifuna 22.48 21.78 4.45 0.47 Island English 12.41 4.22 1.64 0.23 Standard English 9.37 17.56 1.64 Miskito 0.94 1.87

3.17.1t seems clear that Spanish is still the prevailing language at community level, not necessarily all community members use Spanish as their first language, but the communities in which Spanish is spoken form the majority, and obviously Spanish is the second language for Garifunas and islanders. Garifuna is the second language of importance spoken at community level, which raises the question if it is adopted by the mestizo population and in a lesser degree by the islanders as their second language in the area of convergence. This does not seem to be the case for island English, as those who adopt it as second language are in the minority. There is rather a trend to use Standard English as a second language by the mestizo population (9.37 %) and as third language by the Garifunas and island population (17.56 %); as the second language of the majority of Garifunas is Spanish. The significant percentage and third place of Standard English entails that it is the language the Garifuna population learns after Spanish. However, it is obvious that at community 39 level English is not general among the mestizo, Garifuna or island population. Miskito. although only marginally important on the North Coast (4.45%), is spoken due to the presence of some individuals or families of this indigenous group in certain places of the influence area of the project, the Bay Islands. C.6. Regional language

3.1 8.As was to be expected, Spanish is also the prevailing language on regional level as the first language (64.64%/o)of the mestizo population and the second language (32.55%/o)of the Garifuna and island population. All together, Garifuna (51.10%) is the second language of importance at regional level, but as first language (16.63%) it is slightly overruled by island English (18.50%), without any doubt because of the extreme geographic focus of the latter on the Bay Islands. The usage of island English as a second language is of little importance, and even less so as third language. It is not surprising on the other hand, that Garifuna as a second language is relatively important compared to island English which could reflects its potential as the language of communication in the region. Standard English is learned by the mestizo population as their second language (7.96%). and as third language by the Garifuna and island population. Anyway, the command of Standard English is not general in the region as language of communication, there are relatively few mestizos that talk it and they form only a fifth of the sample.

Languages in the First Second % Third % Fourth % Fifth% Region %

Spanish 64.64 32.55 Garifuna 16.63 25.53 5.15 4.92 Island English 18.50 3.51 0.47 0.70 0.23 Standard English 0.47 7.96 19.44 1.87 0.47 Miskito 0.94 1.41 2.81

Conclusions: * As was to be expected, the prevailing mother tongue of the interviewed is Spanish, followed by Garifuna and island English. The occurrence of foreign languages (Standard English, Italian, French and German) as native language is completely irrelevant in the survey. * Spanish is not only the first language of the mestizo population, but also of around 10 % of those who declared to be not mestizo, meaning that Spanish is the first language of a certain number of Garifunas, among which more men than women. * Spanish is the second language of all Garifunas and islanders interviewed. * Garifuna has a significant percentage as the second language in importance, apparently adopted as such by mestizo people and in a lesser degree by the island population as their second language in areas of convergence. * Island English is little used as second or third language by mestizo and Garifuna people. There is rather a trend to use Standard English by the mestizo population (9.37 %) and even by the Garifunas in the areas of convergence. 40

* Standard English as a second language is slightly more used by men than by women. Likewise, Standard English as a third language is used by men in a much higher degree than women. * The second language of the mestizo population is Standard English, while it is the third language for the Garifuna and island population. This more generalized usage of Standard English among men could be related to the fact that they need Standard English for their work. * The use of Miskito is completely marginal as second, third or fourth language. However, those who learn it are more likely mestizos or Garifunas, and only seldom islanders. * None of the people of the sample has Miskito as their first language. Those who speak it are mainly mestizos and they live, with one exception, on the Bay Islands. Given that the ages of the Miskito speakers is between 25-31 years and that they have at least basic education (9 years), it is an indication that learning Miskito by people from different ethnic backgrounds on the North Coast is a relatively recent phenomenon and that the interest in learning the language is apparent in people with basic education or more. * The significant percentage and third place of Standard English entails that it is the language the mestizo population learns after Garifuna and the one the Garifunas learn after Spanish. However, it is obvious that at community level English is not general among the mestizo, Garifuna or island population. * The command of Standard English is not generalized in the region, there are relatively few mestizos, Garifunas or even islanders who speak it. * Summarized, the typical mestizo person on the North Coast of Honduras is more likely to speak Garifuna as second language, standard English as third language and if he/she is between 21-30 years of age this person and has a schooling level of nine years or more, will speak Miskito as fourth language. * The typical Garifuna person on the North Coast of Honduras is more likely to speak Spanish as a second language, Standard English as a third language and if he/she is between 21-30 years of age and has a schooling level of 9 years or more he/she will most likely speak Miskito as fourth language. * The typical island person on the North Coast of Honduras, is more likely to speak Spanish as a second language, standard English as a third language. Garifuna as a fourth language and if he/she is between 21-30 years of age and has nine years or more of schooling, it is possible that he/she speaks Miskito as the fifth language.

C.7. Level of Organization

3. 19.A large majority of the people surveyed (67.5 1%) belong to some organization, mostly community organizations (neighborhood organizations, parent's associations, fishermen's associations, associations of retired teachers, savings and loan cooperatives, community banks, rural banks) and regional organizations (association of transporters, association of sport divers, association of tour guides, association of agricultural producers, association of traditional and non-traditional exporters); in second place (33.45%) religious organizations (catholic and evangelical organizations) third place (15.49%) ethnic organizations (OFRANEH and NABILPA) and in fourth place (11.21%) environmental organizations (reforestation, control of forest fires, no pollution of water sources, rational use of forest, 41 production of trees for fire wood, control of pesticides and herbicides, traditional fishing methods, protection of the reef, counting turtles, training materials). The non-governmental organizations with different social missions form 4.90 % of the sample; 3.50% are members of the chambers of commerce (in Tela, Tocoa and La Masica); 3.50 % are members of cooperatives or professional associations (fishermen, craftsmen, tourism, agriculture and savings and loans); 1.75 % belong to sports or cultural associations.

Figure 5. Organizations

200§ 175

150 . |aCommunity I 95 ss3 Religious 100 oD Other 61.60 65 0 Ethnic I 50 -345 28929 .0 Environmentalist 15.49 102

TOTAL

3.20.The relative high percentage of organized participation of the interviewed in different kinds of initiatives reflects a large potential for concerted efforts and a certain experience in management and execution for the common good; however, 33.26% said currently not to belong to any organization and although this percentage most likely consists largely of those under 20 or above 61 years of age, it is still a significant percentage. On the other hand, when specifying the type of organization to which they belong or cooperate with, it becomes clear that a fair amount of active people belong to more than one organization.

3.21.It is also interesting that of the 66.51 % (284) of the people that belong to some organization, 71.83% (204) has some official post, which means a strong involvement of many at one moment or another, in the planning and execution of the activities of the organization. The average age of men that have had posts is 49 years, of women 51 years, the schooling level in both cases is more than 12 years. The rest of the sample has not had some official post and has a schooling level of 4-6 years. This situation is exactly the same for the mestizo population while for the Garifuna population the average age of men is 42 years and of women 45; the average schooling is for men 7-9 years and for women 10-1 1 years. The schooling of men that haven't had any post is the same as for the population in general, the schooling of women, however, is 0-3 years. In case of the island population, the average age of men and women is 56 years, the schooling of men is 4-6 years and for women 7-9 years. 42

Conclusions: * A large majority of the people surveyed (67.5 1%) belong to some organization, mostly local community or regional organizations; in second place religious organizations (33.45%); in third place (15.49%) ethnic organizations and in fourth place environmental organizations. * The community organizations are neighborhood organizations, parent's associations, fishermen's associations, associations of retired teachers, savings and loan cooperatives, community banks, rural banks, or the association of tourist guides. The regional organizations are association of transporters, the association of sport divers, the association of agricultural producers, the association of traditional and non-traditional exporters and teacher's or professional associations. * In second place are the religious organizations (33.45 %): the catholic and evangelical churches. It is noted that there is still a trend for the catholic church to be the biggest one, but the evangelical church is only slightlybelow the catholic church regarding participation. * Third place (15.49%) is taken by the ethnic organizations: OFRANEH and NABILPA. However, they are not equally important in the whole region. OFRANEH has its main centers in Tela, Santa Fe, Trujillo, La Ceiba, Limon and Iriona, of minor importance are El Porvenir, La Masica, Jutiapa, Balfate and Bonito Oriental, Saba, Sonaguera, Tocoa, Puerto Corte and very marginally Omoa. NABILPA has its center in Roatan, no presence is registered in Guanaja and Utila. * The fourth place (10.21 %) is taken by environmental organizations (close season, production of fire wood trees, control of pesticides and herbicides, traditional fishing methods, protection of the reef, counting turtles, training materials). These environmental organizations make up all or at least part of the non-governmental organizations. * Finally, a small percentage (3.5%) are members of the chambers of commerce of Tela, Tocoa and La Masica) and the chambers of tourism Tela and Omoa. * The relatively high percentage of organized participation of the people surveyed reflects a great potential for concerted efforts, and some kind of experience in management and execution for the common good; however, a third part of the sample said not to belong to any organization. * Generally, the active organized people are members of two to three different organizations, and sometimes even three or four. * The vast majority (71.83%) of those that belong to some organization have had some official post, which indicates a strong involvement of many people at one time or another regarding the planning and execution of the organization's activities. * The average of men that have had posts is 49 years of age, for women 51 years of age, The schooling level in both cases is more than 12 years, meaning that the higher the schooling level the more likely to have a post. * The rest of the sample that has not had some official post has a schooling level of 4-6 years, which means that the less schooling, the less chance to have a post. * This situation is exactly the same for the mestizo population while for the Garifuna population the average age of men is 42 years and of women 45. In case of the islanders the average age of men and women is 56 years, meaning that the Garifuna leaders tend to be the youngest compared to the rest of the sample and the islanders the oldest. 43

* The averaue schooling for mestizo men and women that have a post is more than 12 years. The average schooling of the Garifunas is 7-9 years for men and for women 10- 11 years. The schooling of island men is 4-6 years and women 7-9 years. This means that the schooling level of the mestizo population is the highest of the sample, followed by the Garifunas and the islanders. * The age of mestizo and Garifuna women that have a post tends to be three years more than men, or is similar in the case of the islanders. The schooling level also tends to be the same in case of the mestizo men or significantly higher (3 years or >) in case of the Garifuna and island population. This means that women are likely to have posts when they are older and they need to have more schooling than men.

C.8. Community Organization

See Appendix, description per municipality

C.9. Information Supply and Decision making

See Appendix, description per municipality

C.10. Health Situation

3.22.The 427 people surveyed had an opinion on this matter, although a small minority said not to have a problem, or not to know anything about it. It is interesting that the majority of thing that the main health problems are respiratory infections (60.89%), parasitic infections (581/31%) and HIV/AIDS (40.28%), followed at a long distance by mental disorders (8.67 %/O),work related accidents (7.26%), malaria (5.85%) and dengue (4.68%). Malnutrition is considered to be a minor problem on the North Coast (2.11 %) and even less so alcoholism (0.94%/O)or drug addiction (0.94%). Venereal diseases are practically absent according to the people surveyed (0.23%).

3.23.1n the chart on the origin of knowledge on HIV/AIDS it is shown that the people surveyed have received information from at least four sources, being the most important one the Ministry of Health (66.28%), followed by television (45.20%), radio (44.03%), and newspapers (3 3.26%). It is remarkable that the 427 people interviewed all have an equal or sometimes even better access to television than radio. The knowledge as a result of personal experiences is of little importance (12.18%), some have participated in research on the matter (6.79%), while experiences told through other people only registered 2.58%.

3.24.The chart on participation in HIV/AIDS information campaigns shows that the majority (50.28%) of the 427 people have participated in these campaigns. However, it is remarkable that the other half of the sample would not have participated in one of the most covered health problems on the North Coast. The chart 'types of HIV/AIDS information campaigns' was answered by at least half of the sample and the surveyed mentioned in average at least two types of campaigns. The primary and secondary schools come first (50.72%), followed by health centers (46.89%), talks to parents (27.755) and information leaflets (27.75%). The churches are next (17.22 %) with at a distance the NGOs (9.57%). The radio campaigns (7.18%), newspapers (5.36 %) and television (4.32%) are of 44 secondary importance here, which is in contrast with the chart on the source of information. The donation of condoms is associated here with a campaign against HIV/AIDS by a minority (2.87%) and even smaller is the percentage of those who consider that the requirement of HIV/AIDS tests by businesses is some kind of prevention (0.96%). It is remarkable the little impact NGOs have regarding the prevention of HIV/AIDS on the North Coast.

3.25.Regarding the sources of financing for the Campaigns on HIV/AIDS, the majority (62.68%) are funds from the central government and municipalities(I 7.70%). The finds from the central government come mainly from the Ministry of Health (94.66%) with some contribution from the Ministry of Education (9.16%). The participation of NGOs is little (9.57%), according to the interviewed. The churches however seem to be making an effort in this sense, and more so the evangelical church (6.70%) than the catholic church (2.87%). The ethnic organizations also contribute little (6.70%). The presence of international organisms is hardly noticeable (1.91%). The chart 'accidents at work' indicates that wounds with work implements are most common (48.39%), possibly cutting instruments such as machetes, followed by fractures (45.16%), paralysis as a result of diving without the appropriate gear (35.48%), while the loss of limbs (19.53%), poisoning with herbicides (16.13%) and burns (12.90%) are less frequent. These results however, are not very reliable as very few people answered this question.

Conclusions:

* The main health problems are in order of importance: respiratory infections, parasitic infections and HIV/AIDS. 3 Less common are mental disorders, occupational accidents, malaria and dengue. Malnutrition is considered to be a minor problem and even less so alcoholism (0.94 %) or drug addiction (0.94%). Venereal diseases are practically absent according to the people surveyed. * The main source of information is the Ministry of Health, followed at some distance by the television, the radio and newspapers. It is observed that the people surveyed seem to have broad access to television and radio. * The knowledge resulting from personal experiences and from person to person, are less important (together 14.76 %). * In the campaigns on HIV/AIDS only half of the people participated. As a consequence the other half has remained at the margin of one of the most critical health problems on the North Coast. * The massive campaigns consist of talks in primary and secondary schools and health centers. The talks with the parents and informative leaflets are second, third the churches and fourth the NGO's. * The influence of radio, television and newspaper campaign (4.31%) is completely secondary. Separately or jointly, they do they not have the impact that is attributed to them as main sources of information on HIV/AIDS in the perception of the people. * The donation of condoms is associated with a HIV/AIDS campaign by a minority. * The ethnic organizations are not registered as participants in the campaigns against HIV/AIDS. 45

* The majority of the finds to finance the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns come from the Central Government, more specificallythe Ministry of Health with a small participation from the Ministrv of Education. * The municipalities' input is minimal,but even less is the contribution from NGOs. * The contribution from the church is also marginal, but it should be mentioned that the evangelical churches contribute more than the catholic church. * The ethnic organizations contribute in the same degree as the churches. * Accidents at work are not well represented in the sample, but among them wounds from work tools are the most common, possibly cutting instruments such as machetes. Paralysis as a consequence of diving without the proper equipment is becoming more important, while the loss of limbs, or intoxication because of herbicides and burns are less frequent. * According to Garifuna men and women HIV/AIDS is the main health problem. * According to mestizo men and women it is not only the third health problem in importance, but also women attribute less importance to HIV/AIDS than men. * According to island men and women, HIV/AIDS is the third health problem. * In the Department of Cortes (Puerto Cortes and Omoa), the sample is almost entirely among the mestizo population and according to the men HIV/AIDS is the main health problem, while the women think it has increased in absolute terms, but still comes in third place. The average person who recognizes HIV/AIDS as the main health problem has more than 12 years of schooling. * In the Department of Colon (Limon, Iriona, Trujillo, Balfate, Bonito Oriental, Saba, Sonaguera and Tocoa) the sample has a fair Garifuna representation. In the sample, the mestizo men think HIV/AIDS is the second most important health problem, while the women think it comes third and that its relative importance also has not increased. However, for Gafifuna men and women equally, it is problem number I . The average schooling of all the people surveyed is 4-6 years. * In the Department of Atlantida (La Ceiba, Tela. El Porvenir, La Masica and Jutiapa) the sample has a fair Garifuna representation. In the sample the mestizo men are the ones who consider HIV/AIDS to be the first health problem, while according to the women it not only comes third, but is also decreasing in relative importance. On the other hand, the Garifuna men consider the problem to be third, opposite to the Garifuna women who not only consider it to be health problem no. 1, but also attribute a higher absolute importance than any of the other groups mentioned. Also in this department the average schooling level of the people surveyed is a minimum of 10-11 and more likely more than 12 vears. * In the Department of the Bay Islands (Roatan, Jose Santos Guardiola, Guanaja and Utila). mestizo men and women as well as Garifuna men and women put HIV/AIDS in first place as health problem. On the other hand, for the island men and women it doesn't only come third, but also its absolute importance is much less. In this department the schooling level of the people surveyed is a minimum of 7-9 years and more likely more than 12 years of schooling. * Apparently, more schooling helps to recognize the rate of the disease, at least among mestizo men and women but it is not the key factor for raising awareness that will have impact on the problem, as Garifuna men and women in Colon have the lowest schooling level of the sample. It rather seems that there are other mechanisms involved. 46

* Also the origin of information on HI V/AIDS is differentiated: the mestizo men consider the Ministry of Health equally important as the television, mestizo women give more importance to the newspaper, and secondly the radio. The Garifuna men as well as women regard the Ministry of Health as first source of information, followed by television in the case of men and radio in the case of women. The island men regard the television as the most important source followed by newspapers, while women consider television first, followed by radio.

C.11. Landownership and related matters

3.26.Of the sample, 70.12% think the neighbors have land of which the majority think they have full land titles (72.05%), while 26.64% have titles for the usufruct of the land. Regarding the location of the lands, the vast majority of owners have land on the beach (60.06%), or in the mountains (58.70%) combined with any of the following locations: valley (15.36%), hillside (15.02%), urban plots (3.60%). Small landowners are the norm and make up 75.35% of the sample, followed by medium sized lands (18.40%), while the representation of big landowners is minimal (2.43%No).

Conclusions:

* Around half of the sample thought that the neighbors have land, although also a third without land was registered. * The majority of the landowners have full land titles and around a third has the usufruct of the land. * Regarding the location of the lands, the large majority of the owners have land on the beach (or mountain) in combination with any of the following locations: valley, hillside or urban plots. * Small landowners are the norm, so there are few medium owners, and the presence of large owners is minimum (2.43 %). However, this could be misleading given that the few big landowners together could have more than the others. Therefore it is necessary to have an approximation of the size of each of these categories. * The vast majority of the land on beaches, forest, riverbanks and urban plots are private; in the forest for example, the municipalitieshave not more than 2.25 %. The buffer zones are the only category of which half is still owned by the municipalities. * A minimal part of the lands is found in the core of the protected areas, above all in Atlantida and Colon; this figure practically doesn't exist in Cortes and the Bay Islands. * The male owners are the majority both regarding full ownership as usufruct of the land * Among women full ownership is a little better represented. * Among the mestizo owners, as well as among the Garifunas, usufruct is slightly higher. The Garifunas have more usufruct than the mestizo population. Among the island population full ownership is more common. 47

C.12. Land use

3.27.Of those with land 17.71%/ois not using it, the rest is using it mainly for agriculture (66.67%/o),combined with some other kind of activityvbusiness (9.72%). rent for business (7.99%). own house (7.29%), used for fishing (sic!) (0.69%), and cattle-farming (0.69%). It is remarkable that 15.27% said to have land in protected areas or natural reserves, and 2.43 % said to have land that is invaded by others. Those who use land for agriculture said 69.03% are cultivated by the owner and his/her family, of those around a third hires salaried workers (39.13%), while 13.04% cultivates with extended family members.

3.28.0f the people who mentioned the kind of crop, 68.73% said to cultivate throughout the year and 28.06 %only cultivates part of the year. Based on the sub-sample it can be concluded that the average producer cultivates mainly two, sometimes more crops and although basic grains such as corn (58.16%), beans (27.04%), and rice (1.480%) are well represented as a whole, the cultivation of yam (73.47%) is very important. Among the vegetables, paprika (18.37%, tomatoes (13.27%NO)are the most common together with some cabbage (3.06%), carrots (1.530%),squash (0.5 1%), and cucumber (1.020%).The majority also cultivates banana (53.06%), plantain (33.16%), mango (28.57%), and citric fruits (24.49%). Pineapple (11.22 %), lichees (7.65%), coconut (5.10%), cacao (4.59%). and watermelon (4.08%) are less important. Avocado (3.57%), nance (1.02%), mamones (1.02 %), sugarcane (1.02%), banana (1.02 %), apples (0.51%), soursop (0.51%), cashew (0.5 1%), zapote (0.5 1%), passion fruit (0,51%) and rambutan (0.5 1%), indicate a wide diversification but are short season crops and therefore their impact is little. Also is cultivated African palm (3.06%), and coffee (2.55%).

Conclusions:

- The vast majority of the land is used for agriculture, combined with some other activity that could be a small business, rent, houses, fishing and cattle farming. - A minority declared to have land in protected areas or natural reserves, also a smaller percentage registered to have land invaded by illegal residents. * More than half of the land is cultivated by the owner and their families; around a third hires salaried workers and a minority involves extended familv members. * More than half of the producers cultivates year-round and less than a third cultivates in certain seasons. * Two thirds of the agricultural producers cultivate mainly yam, followed in importance by basic grains (corn, beans and rice). * All producers combine the cultivation of yam and basic grains with some paprika/pepper and tomatoes and less with carrots, cucumber and squash. * The majority of the producers cultivate bananas, plantain, mangos, citrus fruits and pineapple, combined with lichees, coconut, cacao and watermelon. Additionally they plant avocados, nances, papaya, sugarcane, apples, soursot, cashew, zapote, passion fruit and rambutan. * At a small scale are cultivated cacao, African palm and coffee. * The variety of crops is large and covers almost every spectrum of agricultural products mostly consumed in the country. 48

* More than half of the producers plant for own consumption and sale. while the rest says to only plant for own consumption. Those who do market their products supply the local markets (80,5 1/%).and less the regional market (22.88 %). * Only a few export a portion of their production, and a very small percentage (0.85%) exports their whole production. * Among those who sell to regional and local markets, a minority (3.39 %) supplies to hotels and restaurants. This means that a large part of the agricultural products the hotels and restaurants use do not come directly from the producers, but possibly through intermediaries in the local and regional markets. * The agricultural producers of the North coast mainly satisfy their own need of agricultural products, but produce sufficient surplus to supply local and regional markets.

C.13. Labor trends

3.29.Among the landowners that use land for agriculture 69.03% cultivate with his/her family; of them around a third hires salaried workers (39.13%0),while 13.04 %Oworks with extended family members. The information on salaries, frequency of payments, equity regarding the employment of men and women and contract periods are the result of the participation of 52.69% of the total sample (427) and needs to be worked out more in detail, but certain trends are observed. One of these trends is that the salaries are higher (4 1.33%) than or equal to (36.00%) the minimum wage. However, still 20 % of the informants said the salary is less than minimum. Weekly payments are the most common (32.89%), followed by the two-weekly payments (25.33 %) and monthly payments (25.33%). Regarding the salary of men and women, the percentage that think they receive the same salary (51 .20%) while 40.36% thinks men are better paid. Also a majority thinks the contract period for men and women is equal (4 6 .3 9 %). while 40.98% thinks the contracts for men are for a longer period (40.96%).

Conclusions:

* More than the majority of the landowners cultivates with family members, a third hires salaried workers, while a very small part cultivates with extended family. * In the region the payment is generally higher than or equal to the minimum wage. However, it is still significant that a fifth of the informants said the pay is less than minimum wage. * The most common payment is weekly payment, the rest receives two-weekly payments or monthly payments (25.33). Daily wage is used very little. * Regarding the equity of the salary the opinions are divided. more than half of the sample thinks payment is equal for men and women, the other half thinks men are paid better. * Also the opinions regarding the duration of contracts are divided, around half thinks they are the same for men and women, while the other half thinks the contracts for men are longer. * The last two observations reflect that regarding payment and contracts the traditional gender differences still prevail in the region. 49

C.14. Existence and use of forest

3 .3O.Regardingthe existence of forest in the municipality/community/landthe majority (57.38%) responds negatively. Among the 40.98% that responded positively, again half (47.43%) thinks there is 'little' forest while 30.29% thinks there is a moderate amount of forest, in other words 'enough' and only 20.00% thinks there is still a 'lot of forest. These subjective categories can not be translated into absolute measures (km or ha) by the interviewed. It is interesting that from the group that answered positively to the existence of forest, 74.86 % said to use it and although its usage is more than one activity, the main activity (78.28%) is the exploitation of the forest for wood. Firewood is also well represented (45.25%), but the most important activity is the production of wood for local consumption and external sale (54.74%). Moreover, external sale is not important, only 12.00 % of the wood, which means that the rest (88%/'D)is used locally. This means that the exploitation and preliminary processing is probably done in a traditional manner and used for the construction of houses, small boats and furniture.

3.31 It is also interesting that the group that said to use the forest, 35. ]11/% also mentioned the forest as a place for recreation; even more interesting is the group that said to use the forest for hunting (12.21%) as independent from recreation. This could mean that in the influence area hunting is not so much a sport as well as contribution to the familydiet. The forest as a water source was not mentioned by more than 6.1 1 % of the group. The breakdown of the use of the forest by ethnic group shows that the forest is used for firewood above all by the Garifunas (55.56%), and only for 12.5 % by the mestizo population. Also for recreation, the forest is mainly used by Garifunas (33.33%) compared to 25.00% by mestizos. As wood for local consumption both mestizos (25%) and Garifunas (22.22 %) use it ir equal proportion. 25 % of the mestizo use it as a water source, while this use was not mentioned at all by Garifunas. For hunting the forest is used by I .1 1%°zof the Garifunas and not at all by the mestizos, while on the other hand only mestizos exploit the forest for wood for exportation.

Conclusions:

* Less than half of the sample said to have forest in the community or on their land and the opinion prevails that there is 'little' forest. This subjective category could not be translated in absolute terms (km or ha) by the surveyors. * The majority of the group that answered positively regarding the existence of forest actually uses the forest, and although this exploitation involves more than one activity, the most important activity is related to the exploitation of wood. * The extraction of firewood is important (45.25%) but most important is the production of wood for local consumption (54.740%o).External sale is not important, not more than 12.00 % of the wood, in other words the other 88 % is used locally. This means that the cutting and processing is most likely traditional and is used for building houses, small boats and furniture. * The group that said to use the forest, mentioned the forest as a place for recreation and small-scale hunting, which was independent from recreational activities. This could indicate that in the influence area, 'hunting' at best is not considered a sport but a contribution to the family diet. However, there is a slight tendency to use 'hunting' and 'recreation' as svnonyms. * The characterization of the forest as a water source seems to be little understood and was only mentioned by the mestizo population. * The forest is used to extract wood above all by Garifunas, and only very little by mestizo population. Both use the forest equally for recreation and wood for local consumption. Only the Garifunas use it for small-scale hunting. Only the mestizo population uses the forest for export wood, also on a small scale.

C.15. Natural and Cultural Resources

See Appendix with description per municipality

C.16. Available Tourist Infrastructure

3.32.The tourist infrastructure consists of mainly eateries and hostels, which represent 69.87% and 65.50% respectively, followed by restaurants (51.97%), and hotels (50.66 %). The importance attributed to boats (23.58%) and a bus terminal (23.14%) is much less. Green areas (19.21%), parking zones (17.47%), and the tourist information centers are next in importance. Onlv 11.79 % of the communitiesregistered bathrooms and public showers on the beaches, and not more than 2.62% on the main square of plaza. The camping facilities (10.045) are as important as visitor's centers in the protected areas (9.61%). Horseback riding and stables (3.93%) and the service the decompression chamber offers to divers (3 .49%) are of little importance as part of the tourist service. Surprisingly,the airport (0.4 4 %) is not considered to be of importance. Of the opinions registered, 57 .76 % of the infrastructure is beach infrastructure, 54.31%/oregular, and 8.62% mountain infrastructure, of course these categories overlap each other slightly.

Conclusions:

* The main services in the regions are eateries and hostels, as well as hotels and restaurants. * There is a clear differentiation between an eatery and a restaurant and between a hostel and hotel, which without any doubt has to do with the kind of facilities and prices. * The little availabilityof piers and bus terminals makes clear that there are not enough. * The position of the airports in the sample reveals that the air transportation does not have impact on tourism. However, there are three international airports in the region, as well as three regional or local airports. This also indicates that they are not considered to be decisive for the influx of tourists, maybe because of the type of tourist that generally uses land transportation. * The tourist information centers also seem to be concentrated in very few places and probably without coverage outside of the more urbanized areas. The other services that make up the quality of the tourist product are scarcely represented or are not mentioned. This all reflects a low impact tourist development on the North Coast and little investment in this sector. 51

* The green areas, the parking areas and tourist information centers seem to be packages according to the people for which as a whole they do have some importance. * The sanitary services and public showers on the beach are preferred above those of the central square or park, but its usefulness for tourists is still not acknowledged sufficiently. * Camping facilities are associated with the visitor's center in protected areas, but this tourist service is very little developed. * Stables for horseback riding are rare and the service that is offered by the decompression room is not considered to be instrumental for tourism. * Summarized, the tourist offer comes down to basic services (eateries and hostels and restaurants and hotels). On the beaches, the main resource of the region, there are generally no basic installations for tourists. The tourist information centers are scarce and the prevailing means of transportation is over land. The visitor's centers in the protected areas are or non-existent or are not considered to be instrumental for attracting tourists. In other words, the tourist development of the region is of very low impact and doesn't offer alternatives, nor is it prepared to satisfy a visitor with certain demands.

C. 17. Tourist Activities or Related Activities

3.33.Of the 427 people interviewed, 49.41% consider that the inhabitants of the community work directly in a tourist activity or tourist-related activity. Of them 78.20% works in the tourist business year round, the rest only part of the year. The main activities are hotels (65.88%) and restaurants (65.40%), followed by transportation over water (31.28%), and urban and inter-urban transportation services (30.33%). The guide services are relatively well represented in the sample (30.33%) coming fourth in the order of importance. Sport diving is considered to be slightly less important (26.54%). The travel agencies come seven (20.38%), followed by the handicraft production (19.43%). Bicycle renting places are more common (17.54%) than horse renting places (13.74%). The supply of different services as reparation, food and material to hotels and restaurants is more or less equal (12.32%, 1].85% and 10.90% respectively). The participation of food stands is minimal(3.79%). but is still higher than social centers or discotheques (0.47%). 52

Figure 9. Tourist activities: Income generating activities in influence area Asec de la Ciudad S Glorietas : A Proveedorde matemalesa hoteleslrestaurantes 23 C Proveedorde alimentos a hoteleslrestaurantes 25 T Serviciosde reparaci6nen hoteles/restaurtantes 26 1 Alquiler de caballos en establo 29 v Alquilerde bicicletas 37 1 Producci6nde Artesanlas 41 T Agencia de viajes 43 1 Buceo Deportivo 56 E Servicios de Gula _I 64 S Transporteurbanol interurbano _ 64 Alquiler de lanchas/cayucosconlsin motor 66 Restaurante/Bar i138 Hotel = _ 139

3.34.Of the 64 people that said to offer guide services, some combine different kinds of guide services. City visits offer the best possibilities(33.33%), followed by visits to archaeological sites and museums (34.37%), while the ecological or adventure tours take up 11.46%, bird watching s 9.38%, marine life 1.56 %, and rafting 8.33 %. However, taken as a whole, the activities that qualify as ecotourism or adventure tourism represent 30.73% of the possibilities. Last comes the use of internet (1.04%). Regarding the production of crafts, 41 people said to be in crafts of which more than 2/3 combines the use of two different kind of materials. The most common raw material is wood and bamboo (60.98%), followed by palm (31.71%) corral and turtle-shell (26.83%), and the products derived from shells and conch (19.51%). The processing of clay is much less important (9.76%), as is metal production (7.32%). Embroidery and an indefinite category registered as 'manual work' (maybe paper flowers, fabric objects, decorations with leaves, fibers, seeds or coconut shells) contribute 4.88%. Rattan is even less represented (2.44%).

Conclusions:

* The majority of the region's inhabitants works directly in a tourist activity or tourist related activity. * The vast majority of these people work in this sector year-round and the rest only part of the year. * The main activity is hotels and restaurants followed by maritime transportation and urban and interurban transportation * A third of those that work in the industry provide guide services. * Around a third of the activities are related to sport diving. * Non-traditional services as bicycle rental and horse rental, seem to be expanding. * The participation of entrepreneurs as suppliers of repairs, food and materials to hotels and restaurants is of little impact. Apparently the hotels and restaurants are being supplied by other resources. not necessarily local. * The social centers or discotheques practically have no impact in the sector. This indicates that the potential offered by nighttime entertainment is being little exploited for tourist purposes, or the tourists that visit the area have other interests. * The guides mainly divide their activities between visits to the city followed by visits to archaeological sites and museums. However, there is not one archaeological site in the region prepared for visits, for which these activities probably have a devastating effect on the sites. There are three museums: San Pedro, Omoa and Roatan, which apparently receive quite some visitors. * The tours that we would call ecological or adventure tours (bird watching, marine flora and fauna and rafting) absorb together a third part of these activities. * Summarized the guide activities reflect three already traditional directions in tourism: the city as tourist business center, archaeological sites and museums under cultural tourism and activities related with nature or ecological tourism. * It is important to analyze more in detail the potential cultural tourism seems to have, at this moment even more than ecological tourism in the region. * Interesting is that there is no demand for guide services regarding cultural tourism focussed on living cultures (artistic shows, culinary art, musical instruments and traditional uses) in the region. * The norm regarding the production of crafts is to combine two or more different kinds of raw materials. * The most common materials are wood and bamboo, palm, corral, and turtle-shell followed by materials derived from other shells and conch. The processing of clay is much less important, as well as the products made of rattan. * It should be pointed out that a representative percentage (2 6 .8 3 %) of the crafts production uses raw materials that mean a deterioration of marine life (corral and turtle- shells), turtles being in danger of extinction.

C.18. Antiquity of Tourist Enterprises

3.35.The prevailing form of enterprises is the small enterprise (71.03%). The existence of medium size of big enterprises was registered at 13.35%, and 3.51% respectively. Below a table of the antiquity of the tourist enterprises:

More than 10 years 66 26.19% 5-10 years 55 21.57% 2-5 years 68 26.66 % Last two years 66 26.19%

3.36.The investment in tourist enterprises comes from more than one source, most common is local individual capital (99.53%), while foreign individual capital is used in only a little bit more than a third of these enterprises (37.44%). The third important source of capital is bank loans to local people (20.34%). Enterprises with several local partners (8.53%), or local and foreign partners (7.58%) or.local and regional partners (6.64%) make '4 up for 22.755. The contribution of seed capital by NGOs is minimumi(2.84%o) as well as the government (1.90%).

Conclusions:

* Almost two thirds of the enterprises are small, for which it is believed they are family businesses with a reduced employment capacity. * The expansion of these businesses is gradual and there is not much variation observed over the last decade. In other words, there are no drastic changes which reveals the limited growth of the sector. * The origin of the investment for these enterprises is basically completely local individual capital with a third foreign individual capital. * Only a fifth of the enterprises use bank loans. This indicates that the banks do not form a feasible alternative as investment source. * The contribution of seed capital for these enterprises by the local or central government or NGOs is not important. This reflects the lack of funds for investment of the local governments, given that they recognize the tourist potential. The NGOs on the other hand have a certain fear to become part of the sector. * Summarized, it is very interesting to see the prevalence of small enterprises together with an almost absolute local private participation in financing, which could be one of the reasons for the slow growth of the sector. - That despite these conditions one fourth of the enterprises are more than 10 years in business and that another fourth is in business for 5-10 years indicates the sector is profitable, but the conservative growth also reflects that there is little space for taking risks. Also, these small entrepreneurs seem to have alternative income sources, probably agriculture is one of the most important ones.

C.19. Investment Needs for Sustainable Tourism

3.37.The interviewed mentioned sewage treatment as most important (47.54%), followed by training of staff (41.69%), and promotion (36.53%). A more or less similar important is attributed to the installation of latrines (3 5.60%), construction of a new water installation (33 .72%), improvement of access roads (32.79%), construction of road/bridge (32.08%), a new electrical plant (30.91%), construction of septic wells (29.5 1%). Also a third part of the sample (31.38%) recognized the importance of investing in craft production. The installation of bathrooms and showers on the beach was also recognized partially (22.01%), by the interviewed, in fact it is considered to be more important than the construction of new hotels, bars/restaurants, including the improving of the existing facilities (19.67%). 5 5

Figure11. Investment needsfor sustainabledevelopment

7I24% 6.30% 4.04% 0.71% 0 Basicservices 724% 6.30%l46.87% 0 Roadinfrastructure 17.33%~ ~ ~~~~~~~~Iand~ related 0 Trainingof staff O Promotion O Touristfacilities

a CGraftsproduction

i ACity/community 8.37% facilities 19.09% 03Not established

3.38.However, taken as a whole the basic services, including the treatment of sewage, the installation of bathrooms and showers on the beach, improvement to water systems and to the electric plant, make up 46.73% of the basic needs. The improvement of roads, construction of roads/bridges, construction of piers, airports, the availability of transportation at irregular times and the construction of containing walls can be put into one group, which forms 19.09 % of the needs. The training of staff and promotion speak for themselves. The tourist facilities, including the construction of hotels and restaurants, visitor's centers, improvement of already existing hotels and restaurants, maintenance of beaches and construction of museums, makes up 7.24 % of the needs. The production of crafts now only represents 6.30% of the needs. In the investment category related to the facilities of the city/community are included the installation and/or improvement of green areas, telephone service and the construction or improvement of the central plaza, making up for 4.04 % of the needs. Finally, a very small number of interviewed did not answer or thought there was no need for investment.

Basic services (supply and disposal of water and electricity) 46.87% Road infrastructure and similar 19.09% Training of staff 8 .37% Promotion 7.33% Tourist facilities 7.24% Crafts production 6.30% City/community facilities 4.04% Not defined 0.71% Total 99.95% 56

Conclusions

* The urgent need for a basic infrastructure is shown here over-helmingly. In the perception of the people it is a prerequisite to get into business. * Despite the emphasis on basic services, there is also a rather precise notion that training of staff and promotion are key to the success of tourism. * At the same time there is more and more recognition of the importance of crafts, however no relation has been made between the raw material and the sustainabilityand protection of the environment. * It is significant that there is little notion of the importance of cultural~tourism, despite the fact that museum are instrumental for tourist guides. Only very marginally the importance of museums for the tourist potential is recognized. Indeed, the preparation of archaeological sites for visitors is not mentioned. * Training as such is in absolute terms the most felt need. This underlines the little professionalism regarding tourism in a large part of the North Coast and reveals the still existent need in regions where there is already an advanced tourist development such as the Bay Islands.

C.20 Training with Environmental Approach

3,.39.Hereis illustrated the potential of knowledge and practices already available in the influence area that can directly or indirectly contribute to a sustainable management of the resources, and therefore to tourism. Of the total amount of people (368) that answered, 51.36%, or half have not received any kind of training with environmental approach. The other half (179) however had received two or three training sessions. The majority of the training (40.22%) was related to the no pollution of waters, followed by fishing with traditional methods with environmental approach (26.82%), planting trees for firewood (22.34%), management of protected area (20.67%), agriculture on hillsides (18.99%), care of forest or mangrove (17.31%), preparation and use of biological fertilizer (14.53%); first aid for divers (11.73%), tourist guides (10.61%), season for turtle and lobster fishing (9.50%), cultivation on terraces (9.50%), sport diving (6.70%), breeding of poultry (6.15%), and pigs (4.47%), obtaining resin from forest (1.68%), management of national monuments (2.23%), management of an archaeological site/zone (1.68%). management of museum (0. 56%). Of the 18 categories (17.3 1% did not specify the type of training), more than half (61. 11 %) is related to the sustainable use of resources for agricultural, fish and forest production. The other 7 categories are directly relevant for tourism. 57

Demand for training in sustainable tourism and production

No pollution of water (40.22%) Traditional fishing methods with environmental approach (26.82%/0) Planting trees for firewood (22.34%) Management of protected area (20.67%) Agriculture on hillsides (18.99%) Care of forest or mangrove ( 17.31%) Preparation and use of biological fertilizer (14.53%) First aid for divers (11.73%) Tourist guide (10.61%/o) Turtle and lobster season (9 .50%) Terracing (9.50%); Sport diving (6.70%) Breeding of poultry (6.15%) Breeding pigs (4.47%). Obtaining resin from forest (2.79%) Management national monuments (2.23%) Management archaeological site/zone (1.68%) Museum management (0.56%).

Conclusions

* There is lack of training with environmental approach which means that to find a balance between the use of the natural resources for tourism and its conservation. a lot of work is to be done. * The majority of the training activities are related to the conservation of the natural resources and sustainable small-scale production, but it is clear that the management and conservation of water sources comes first. * The training activities directed at tourism are few (tourist guide, sport diver, management national monuments, archaeological site/area, museum) and has low coverage. Thus it is to be expected that there is a widespread lack of knowledge regarding conservation and the management of the cultural patrimony for tourist use. * The management of a protected area does not necessarily have to be for tourist purposes, which also applies to the first aid training for divers. Therefore these two are intermediate categories, with a certain relevance for tourism. * Clean water (not pollution) is important for the general health of the population, but also for wild life in general with subsequent purposes of exploitation. However, clean water is a contribution to a better quality of life, and is therefore important for tourism. 5X

C.21. Training Needed for Sustainable Tourism

3.40.Below a breakdown of the training needed per category is given, so that the main weaknesses and vacuums become clear:

Tourism in general (29.73%)

Contacts with tourists Client service (19.10%,O) Human relations (10. 11 %) Languages (Standard English) (8.43%) Tourist guides (2.82%/o) Awareness (1. 12 %)

Mlanagement of Hotels Culinary arts (7.78%) And Bars/Restaurants Hotel trade and tourism (6. 18%) Hotel management (3.93%) Management of restaurants/bars (0.56%)

Tourism and Nature Ecotourism and environment (3.37%) Diving (1. 12%)

Cultural Tourism Dance and entertainment (0.56%)

Infrastructure Management of solid waste (0.56%) Salubrity (1.69%) Hygiene (0.56%)

Conclusions:

* When asked about training the majority of people responded 'tourism in general', which is very ambiguous. It reveals a general lack of knowledge about the sector that makes it hard to exactly define the need. * The most felt need regarding training is related to the relation with the tourist (client service, human relations, learning a foreign language, guide services and awareness). * The management of hotels and restaurants seem to be more important in this context, and without any doubt it is the area where most experience is concentrated as these services prevail in the sector. * Little thought is given to the diversification of the tourist offer related to nature (ecotourism, adventure, diving), In the case of diving, the question arises if the little importance given to diving means that the need is more or less covered or that on the main land no importance is given to this activity. * Likewise, little thought is given to the diversification of the tourist offer regarding cultural tourism. This means that although there is an assumption that cultural, material and other expressions have tourist potential, it is not clear how to prepare it and market it. '9

C.22. Infrastructure Necessarn for a Tourist business

3.41.Next is established the relationship between the already existing tourist structure and the needs expressed in the sample. In the column on the left the needs are enlisted in order of importance (I being the most important), while in the column on the right the availability of the services is indicated ( 18 being the less present).

Infrastructure necessary according Existing Tourist Infrastructure to small tourist entrepreneurs in Communities

Priority Availability I Hotels 40 2 Public bathrooms and showers on the beach 10 3 Tourist information center 90. 4 Hostels 2°. 5 Restaurants 30 6 Eateries 10. 7 Parking area 80. 8 Bus terminals 60. 9 Green areas 70. 10 visitor's center in protected areas 130. 11 Pier 50. 12 Camping facilities 120. 13 Public bathrooms on central plaza 160. 14 Maintenance diving equipment 110. 15 Stable for horse riding 140. 16 Decompression chamber 150. 9 Electricity I 0 Drinking water I I Sewerage 12 Roads and streets 1'3 Latrines 14 Marketing 15 Central park 16 Amusement park 17°. (food stands) 180. (airport) 6()

Conclusions:

* The comparison between the priority that small entrepreneurs give to the tourist infrastructure and the availabilityof services reveals a gap in certain categories. * Despite the fact that there is a certain offer of hotels available, the small entrepreneurs still consider the existence of hotels to be a first necessity. This could indicate that they assume that with more hotels they could attract more tourists. * On the other hand, the second priority (public bathrooms and showers on the beaches) of the entrepreneurs means their discontent with the reality. In a lesser degree, the same could be said of the third priority (tourist information centers). * Regarding hostels (fourth priority), there is quite some offer, as also is the case with the restaurants. * There is a large offer of eateries, although mentioned as the sixth priority by the entrepreneurs. * The priority and availabilityof parking areas, bus terminals and green areas is pretty much balanced. D The availabilityof visitor's centers in protected areas is not equivalent to the priority given, but is not very much below it. * The availability of piers is practically twice as much as the priority given. Thus, according to the entrepreneurs, there are more than enough available. * It is remarkable that the priority given to camp sites equals the priority given to this activity which seem to indicate that the entrepreneurs still do not consider camp sites to have a lot of potential. * The availabilityof public bathrooms in the central plaza is only a little bit less than the demand the entrepreneurs indicate, for which it can be concluded that there are not more of these facilities because there has been no request for them. * On the contrary, the availabilityof facilities for maintenance of diving equipment seems higher than the demand, but maybe it is because these services are in certain areas. * Regardi'ng stables for horse riding there is a balanced relation between the demand and the offer; another resource that is not considered to have big potential. * Another balanced relation between the availabilityand the demand is those of decompression chambers. Here one would think that the majority of the small entrepreneurs on the North Coast are not offering diving services and given that this activity is focussed on the Bay Islands it seems that the availability of decompression chambers at the moment is sufficient. * As priority 17 to 21 are mentioned basic infrastructure services (electricity, drinking water, sewerage, roads and streets and latrines) that although it is true that the availability provides a comparative advantage for the communities, they can not be considered tourist infrastructure. * The mentioning of basic infrastructure in the opinion of a few is an indication that in certain communities of the sample the main difficulty is the lack of more basic services for the local inhabitants. Finally, as priority 17 and 18 are mentioned the availability of airports and squares respectively, but none of them was mentioned by the small entrepreneurs. It is interesting to see that airports are not considered to be instrumental for tourism, maybe due to that the majority of the destinations on the North Coast can be reached by land, 61 and in the case of the Bay Islands transportation by boat is an alternative. This would indicate on its turn, that tourism on the North Coast is above all national, or international with little economic impact. 62

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Leyenda de figuras ANEXOS Annex 1

Participation Plan

1. Background

The present participation plan is one of the expected results of the socio-ethnographic survey, prepared in the context of the Sustainable Coastal Development Project. It is based on an intensive consultation process through three mechanisms: a) on-site consultation with local leaders, municipal officials,directors of NGOs and local entrepreneurs; b) validation of the information, through the organization of 12 focal groups and c) follow-up meetings for the presentation of the project, the results of the socio-ethnographic survey, validation of these results, and preparation of the Participation Plan with representatives of ethnic organizations, local non-governmental organizations and municipalauthorities

Other specific objectives of the socio-ethnographic survey related with this Plan are the identification and mitigation of possible negative impacts of the proposed activities such as the unequal participation of men and women and the social exclusion of vulnerable groups. As well as the identification of more appropriate opportunities to strengthen the technical and institutional capacity to start sustainabletourist management activities at community and municipallevel. including the creation of better conditionsto reach a balance in the participation of men and women

2. Summary of the Project

The objective of the project is to develop and manage more effectivelythe sustainable tourist destination along the North Coast and the Bay Islands of Honduras. Concretely, the Project proposes to address a variety of problems, among which are highlighted: - Little capacity to manage natural resources in general, including the management of the marine and coastal resources * Insufficientbudgets of the Public Sector and the financingprograms to support their improvement * Insufficient infrastructure to support the tourist investment. * Fragmented management of the sectors influencedby tourism * Little application of planningtools.

Among the mechanisms proposed by the Project to address the aforementioned problems are: * The introduction of better tourist practices with criteria of sustainability * The identification of the necessary reforms of policies and regulations. * The introduction of incentives for private investment and the collection of taxes at the local level. * Training in management of the tourist destinations and related services and * The promotion of innovating experiences through associations between different sectors, especially the public sector and the civil society. Especially relevant for the Project is the application of participation mechanisms through the promotion of associations between the public and the private sector, which bv involvin, a wide rang:eof participants. can stimulate the investment and the economic growth in this sector, with significant potential benefits for the coastal communities.

However, it is recog:nizedthat obtaining these benefits will require the integration of values regarding sustainable economic development (economic, environmental and social), in a tourist development strategy for the North Coast. to guarantee that the investments in the sector are financiallyand environmentally sound and generate benefits for a wide range of target groups.

The successful sustainable tourist initiatives require the active and concerted participation from the public sector as well as from the private sector. This participation can and will have to occur at several levels. The strategy will include the participation of the indigenous populations that live on the coast, as is described in the Participation Plan.

To attain the aforementioned objectives the Project has the following components:

Budget US$ %

1. National Strategy and Institutional Support, 904,000 18 Administration of project 2. Institutional Strengthening at Municipal Level 2,124,000 42 3. Pilot Programs for Sustainable Tourist Businesses 1,712,000 33

4. Implementation Unit of the Project 366,000 7

Total Project Cost 5,105.000 100

The Implementation Unit of the Project will coordinate the execution, monitoring and evaluation of the Project. As a result of the association between the public and the private sector that will be tested and improved through the Loan for Learning and Innovation, it is expected that the subsequent emulation of the Project will help the coastal municipalitiesto develop and manage more effectively the susiainable tourism, while benefiting the local communities. The Project will also serve as a model for the development of sustainable tourism in other coastal communities that will participate in the MesoAmerican Barrier Reef System Project.

3. The Participating Population

The population that lives in the influence area of the Project is estimated at 634,743 inhabitants, representing 11 % of the total population of the country, estimated in 1996 at 5.642,208 inhabitants. 3

Chart 1. Population of the influence area, per department lndicador j Atlantida Colon Cortes Bay Islands Population 1999 LUrbani: I5S.767 Urhan 5 .10- Urban: 578.510 Rural: 171-019 Rural: 159.082 Rural: 307.570 T'otal: 329.786 Total: 215.189 Total: 886.080 Tltal 1997: 26.700 (Omoaand Pueno Corts = 105.360) X Income.1999 L'rban:0.355 U'rban:0.302 Lrban: 0.396 Rural: 0.303 Rural: 0.255 Rural 0.358 Difference: 14.70o Differaece: 15.60o Difference: 9.70o Globalfertility per area L'rban: 3.53 Urban:4.60 LUrban: 2.79 otfresidence.1999 Rural: 5.96 Rural: 6.27 Rural: 5.17

Averageage 1998 More than 18 Leassthan17 Morethan 20 Life ExpeeancN1999 oiomen.71.19 Women: 68.25 Womrn: 71.94 Global 1997: 65.0 Men: 62.53 Men: 59.82 Men: 63.95 Schooling(ears). 3.95 2.70 4. 5 1997 Expenditure in S 64.0 S69.1 S 68.4 education in S per capita1998 Malnutrition rate 34.2 33.5 29.8 I Expendiure in healh S 20.5 _ S 7.9 S 15.2__ in Spercapita. 98 2 1 Human Development LUrban1999: 0.597 trbani 1999: 0.580 Urbani1999: 0.617 Index Rural 1999: 0.519 Rural 1999: 0.440 Rural 1999: 0.568 l Human Development 0.718 | 0.683 0.778 l Index per Gender. 1999 l l Total afficted 131 336 246 3 populationper 1.000 (Mfitnd) I lIl_l Source: Report on Human Development. Honduras 1999:19.21.24.47and 50(no similar data axailable tbr the Ba! Islands. those mentionedarc taken trom page69)

Within the area there is migration of the population. The departments Colon and Cortes attract population groups from other departments, probably the western departments which are the poorest of the country, while in Atlantida there is a flow of population towards Colon, the Bay Islands, and other countries.

The North Coast is the traditional living area of several ethnic populations of the country. Chart 2 shows the distribution of these people. According to the available documentation, there are more than 50 communities formed mainly by ethnic groups which in general live in deficient social conditions. The Garifunas are found all along the coast and have important settlements in the Bay Islands. The island population lives in the Bay Islands with a small proportion located in the main coastal urban centers. The Miskitos, outside their traditional living area, have moved to small nucleus in some of the main urban centers (La Ceiba and Roatan). A very small enclave of Pech population that had lived until recently close to Trujillo, has moved to other areas for which they could not be included in the survey. Although it is true that these people have had reciprocal contact in ancient and recent history, their cultural characteristics are different, and their internal organization is independent. All of them have modem organizational structures that organizes and represents them with the rest of the Honduran population. However, their self-management capacity is not consolidated, and differs from one group to the next, for which it is necessary to promote different support mechanisms to respond to the interests of each of them. The population numbers are estimates and sometimes there is disagreement on their 4

exactness. Also, in the case of the Miskitos there are no data on their migration to Atlantida, the Bay Islands, and possibly Colon.

Chart 2. Po pulation, G ographic Location, Language and Ethnic Organization Population Inhabitant Communitie Traditional Own Organization and Year of s s Location Langua Establishment (Departments) ge used I'ech 2,000-3.00()0 14 Graciasa Dios. Olancho. Yes Federatloonof hndigenousPech Tribes Colon Honduras.FETRIPH. 1985 (jarifunas 100.0(( 46 Cortes. Atlantida. Colon Yes Organizationof BlackPeople Bav Islands and Gracias a Honduras.OFRANEH 1977

D ios______Islefios 25.000 n.d. Bav Islands Yes Organizationof Workers on the Bay Islands.BICA Miskitos 30.000 84 Gracias a Dios Yes Moskitia Asia Takanka1 ______M A SQTA Sources: Rivas 1993, Herranz, 1996, Lara Pinto 1997 and CONPAHI, 1999.

The ethnic organizations consider their main problem to be the insecurity of landownership, despite the agreements signed with the government for land titling. Their difficult situation is also characterized by the lack of concerted development plans. There are several initiatives of national and international organizations, private and public that execute without the appropriate coordination. Most projects are conceived from the institutional perspective not taking into account the wishes and capacity of the beneficiaries and their organizations.

In view of this situation, the Participation Plan proposes interventions directed specifically at improving the incorporation of the local inhabitants in the sustainable tourist activities, especially those related directly to the management of the protected areas and the traditional habitat.

3.2. The Relative Poverty Level in the Project Area.

The data in Chart 3 show that the Colon department has the lowest Human Development Index rate, while the Bay Islands have the highest Human Development Index rate of the North Coast. The data suggests that the mechanisms for the participation of the population are adapted to the specific characteristics of each department or municipality within the project area. However, in the case of the Bay Islands, certain marginal sectors of the population can be hidden in these data.

Chart 3. Human Development Index by Department Departament Index 1. Atlantida 0.635 2. Colon 0.598 3. Cortes 0.658 4. BayIslands 0.787 Source:Human Development Report. Honduras1998 5

The situation related to VIH-AIDS deserves special attention, as the North Coast has the highest rate of positive cases of the country and one of the highest of Central-America. In absolute terms, the number of AIDS cases in the country, registered per health region in May 1999 totals 10,547, of which 5,043 are in the health region 3. which includes San Pedro Sula as well as the municipalities Omoa and Puerto Cortes. followed by the Metropolitan Region with 2,013 cases and health region 6 with 1,349 cases which includes Atlantida. Colon and the Bay Islands, the latter representing 13 %/Oof all the cases registered in the country.

Some of the more affected communities by sexually transmitted diseases, and by the consumption and increasing trafficking of drugs, are located on the coast of the departments Cortes, Atlantida, Colon, the Bay Islands and part of Gracias a Dios. This suggests the need for incorporating actions directed at addressing the problems in an appropriate manner which in essence are not limited to the health area and are becoming a serious human and economic problem as they negatively affect the economically active population, target population for participation in this Project.

4. Participation Strategy

Next are presented the strategies result of the discussions organized with different representative groups of the population that will participate in the Sustainable Coastal Tourist Development Project.

4.1. Early Identification of Risks and Resistance

The Executive Unit in the first place, followed by other organisms promoted by the Project, should possess the relevant information regarding the demands, perceptions and believes of the population about the actions undertaken. This includes the management of expectations, improving the communication channels, a constant feedback between the different actors involved, especially with the disadvantaged groups such as the ethnic populations. In short, it wil be necessary to develop the skills of what could be called "institutionalintelligence", for which formal participation channels should be created, as will be explained later.

4.2. The Processes of Sharing Information and Decision Making

It is proposed to create an entity within the Flowchart of the Project (see page 14 of the Concept Project document) that enables the participation of the representative organizations of the beneficiary population. This entity will take on the form of a Stakeholders Group, similar to a Consultative Group where the policies and norms will be discussed, reaching consensus on the instruments of strategic and operational planning to be executed by the Project Implementation Unit. In the flowchart the relationship between this entity with the municipal governments and the other actors is outlined. 6

4.3. Creative Approach of the Diversit) of the Participation

Of crucial importance in the relationship with and participation of the target population is the capacity to establish different forms and mechanisms according to their representativity, both in the local sphere (for example at the level of a rural community), and at the level of professional or ethnic organizations, concentrated in the capital and other big cities. Another effort should be undertaken with regard to the so-called cultural frontiers between the different ethnic populations. Each population deserves that their priorities, that respond to particular unsatisfied demands, are taking into consideration. When this heterogeneity is evident, workshops and seminars will be organized to address specific topics of each stakeholder, without ignoring the general events or mechanisms for all actors involved in the sustainable tourist development.

4.4. Participation and Organizational Development

An important lesson learned in the last few years in Honduras is related to the need to accompany the participation discourse with the substantial improvement of the local organization. In that sense the organizational development of local and regional organization is part of the operational plans of the Project. Eventually, attention should also be given to the demands from the organizations at national level with a strong influence in the matters of the project.

However, the model proposed for institutional strengthening does not mean the simple supply with financial or material goods, but rather explicit agreements of strategic alliance, where both parties offer mutual support and share responsibilities for a previous agreed cause. Thus, it is recommended that the components 'National Strategy and Institutional Support for the SCT" and "Institutional Strengthening at Municipal Level" fulfil the following criteria:

3 To strengthen the role of key organizations such as NGOs and environmentalist foundations, associations of small and micro tourist enterprises. * To balance the support to partners that deliver services to vulnerable populations with the support to partners that strive to fight the causes of poverty on the long term and in a sustainable manner. * To support processes of training and development of local organizations, especially the municipal ones (according to the goals of component 2. Institutional strengthening at Municipal Level). * To strengthen networks of complementary organizations. 7

4.5. A General Model for Association

Next is presented a GenieralModel of Association, the institutional vehicle for a broad participation from a perspective of sustainable tourist development planning and decision making in the following three intervention spheres of the project:

* National level: lobby, promote a dialogue on policies, laws and practices that are the basis for a shared strategy on sustainable tourist development in the project area. One example is the opinion expressed by the focal group of the mayors, who all agree that the new Zolt law is detrimental to the municipal revenue collection. * Municipal level: the Project establishes the strengthening of municipal institutions to increase the government capacity in tourist development matters. For example the municipalitieswill have the technical and administrative capacity to apply the principle established in the law 'the contaminator pays". The so-called Union of Garifuna Municipalities could be instrumental in this aspect. * Local level: through pilot experiences to innovate practices and businesses, apply the reform of policies and regulations, through dialogue and consultation with the stakeholders and offer incentives for private participation, with special attention for the micro and small enterprise. 8

General Participation Model

NIt NICIPALITIES Stakeiolders (Group: Mlunicipalties. Honduran Institute of 'Iourism. * Form Stakeholders Group N,s. Communit (irassroot Otrganizations * Chambers of tourisns Universities. Foreip Aid Agencies. Private Sector. Ethnic Organizations. and provide command for Professional Associations * Groups with littie Representation (\%omen formal planning groups. migrants. etc)

* Establishes dialogue on policies and management oftourist * Form an internal developmentprocess interdepartamental . Establishes and sUpervisestopical W\orkGroups Committee * Develops Vision of Tourist lndustrs

* Help to establish inter- . Consults wnh rest of public and lobhvs institutional coordination * Provides legitimation. public profile alid public accessibilitN

. Havecapacityconvening -r * Negotiatespositions to readc conseisus,and recommendationstbr * Have convening capacity action

. Apply mlegislation unicipal * . Apply municipal legislationo Reviesisactions pians and integratesplans of differaitactors and ensure that laws are observed in territory X

Project Implementation Unit * Aorks as liason biz%eenmunicipalities and Stakeholders Group

* Provides miformation.works as tedimical secrtarv

* Provides StakeholdersGroup with suppontstaff

* Administersthe participators planning activities

* Providestedchical and researdc support

* Monitors and evaluates results

4.6.Lobbying and Public Influence

In line with what has been stated, this Participation Plan will be a key element to achieve the Project's objectives, as well as the lobbying, defined as dissemination of persuasive information, the influence on those with an position of influence. action or decision making for the public good, in name of the participating population or in association with representative organizations. Lobbying can be a powerful tool that will facilitate the direcct 9 task of the Project. given that sustainable tourism requires integration with all elements of the 'tourism cluster" and intersectorial coordination

4.6. The Gender Approach for a more Appropriate Participation

The concept document of the Project on a Proposed Loan for Learning and Innovation recognizes as a key element of a sustainable tourist strategy for the North Coast of Honduras, the identification of means to increase the participation of disadvantaged groups in the benefits that result from tourism. In that sense, the Participation Plan proposes the explicit inclusion of the gender approach in the three operational components of the Project, but especially in the "Pilot Project of Sustainable Tourist Businesses". The promotion of the participation of women, especially women with more economic disadvantages in the new micro and small tourist enterprises and related services, is a clearly justified objective.

However, the gender focus should transcend from the mere count of men and women involved and go beyond that, considering the social and cultural values of the ethnic populations and existing socioeconomic strata, according to the results of the socioethnographic survey. One of the elements is to consider the family as the basic social and economical unit to take into account in the design of training, the innovating pilot projects that strive to stimulate the productive capacity and create business opportunities that are adapted to the social, economic and environmental context of the participants, either at family level (working for themselves), or a entrepreneurial levels where employment of other people is involved.

4.7.The Participation through Management Learning

The entrepreneurial spirit implies the capacity of the beneficiary to contribute with counterpart resources in the business project. Thus the participation is more responsible. given that the participants in the businesses will be part of the risk management process and a medium to long term future of positive financial returns. The development of best practices, during the execution of the Project will be directed at facing the challenge of conciliating the short term needs with the almost inescapable long maturity of sound environmental projects.

Another challenge for the development of innovations is found in the design of community business forms, mainly linked to the strong cultural values of the population on the North Coast of Honduras. Also, these community businesses are adding attraction to the offer of the growing market of trends specializing in ecotourism and adventure tourism, require a broader diversification and authenticity of the activities for public use in the natural and cultural areas.

Concept of competitivestrategy used by INCAE. which involves the group of related services and industries that. by strengthening through improvingthe quality standards.can become competitive world-wide. 10

4.10. Participation through Employment Generation

Employment generation is expected at local level through the family businesses financed by the Pilot Program for Sustainable Tourist Businesses on the Coast. however a prepared effort is needed to increase the competence of the economically active population, and therefore their absorption by the bigger businesses or in better qualified jobs. Also, actions are needed in the policy sphere to avoid the replacement of the local labor force by massive spontaneous migration movements from the interior, which would have a negative social and environmental impact such as youth delinquency, a pattern observed in the industrial parks in the Sula Valley.

4.11. Gradual Participation

As a process it would be expected that the learning curve would have an increasing rate of innovations and efficiency. The Project's logic should be based on the gradual increase of social participation. On the one hand the Stakeholders Group should reach consensus on the execution speed of the Project, especially the pilot experiences where the uncertainty of the results is higher and rests on the people; on the other hand the three parts mentioned in the general participation model will have to negotiate or integrate other governmental or private learning efforts, for example literacy programs that should be a prerequisite for the development of different phases of the Project.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Participation Process

It is necessary to design a monitoring and evaluation system adapted to the concept of participation as a process, where the actors partners of the Project have influence and share control of the tourist development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect them. As monitoring mechanisms, indicators will be used that can measure the maturity of the project through the decision making, administration and implementation levels of the Project, and the level of satisfaction of the stakeholders or local partners.

Regarding the decision making level, it will be analyzed what type of direction has been established in the local governments, who has influence in the main decisions or what is the most operational type of authority for the Project.

The implementation of the Project will lead to the monitoring of the participation, and analyzes whether it is linked to participation in the decision making process and/or in management, which are the main motivational basis of the local organizations and all actors (the dynamics of leadership, the acceptation of the Project, the level of financial and other support).

The satisfaction of the local partners can be monitored relating the degree of response given by the Project to the needs and perspectives, what services or tourist production initiatives are taking place, what indicators measure the satisfaction of the actors (high level of participation in the organizations, apart from the project, high level of repayment in micro- entrepreneurial activities, others). 1]

The evaluation of the participation of the local partners and the responsibility of institutional leadership of the Project is an important criterion to take into consideration. The evaluation will have to include the participation as a process, an input and at the same time a result. As a process regarding the mobilization of the resources, organizational decisions, implementation of initiatives, assumption of responsibilities. As a result regarding the measurement of improvement of the local capacities to exercise influence on the decision making level in a systematic and regular manner.

When executing the following complementary components: the formulation of a national sustainable coastal tourism strategy, institutional strengthening and technical assistance for the municipalities,and a pilot program for micro-enterprises, the evaluation manual will set forth guidelines that measure the level of operational support to the beneficiaries, how active and broad is the participation of local groups in the decision making that affect their wellbeing, is the local participation maintained in a sustained manner especially when contributing as a counterpart, has the Project achieved the strengthening of the organization and management capacity of the grass-root organizations or has it helped them to create new representative groups for collective actions.

6. Participation in the Training and Technical Assistance process

The participatory mechanisms will be used throughout training and technical assistance in the sub-components of municipal strengthening, technical assistance in planning, strengthening of the environmental units and training for micro-entrepreneurs. It is relevant to point out that the purpose of promoting participation in the whole training is not that the local organizations or beneficiaries learn to do everything, but for them to obtain the management capacity and confidence in their own skills to select and execute feasible initiatives that respond to their needs.

The base for participation in training will be defined by an efficient process of identifying the demand both in the sphere of municipal strengthening as micro-entrepreneurial strengthening, using mechanisms for promotion at institutional level and grass-root organization at all levels, leadership and convening power of the municipality, inter- institutional collaboration, among others.

7. Activities and Estimated Costs

Based on what is stated before, next are identified the activities to develop in the context of the participation of the target population of the Project. To secure its satisfactory execution the costs of the Participation Plan are estimated.

In chart 6, the budget per line of activities is based on assistance to approximately 64,000 participants, representing 10 % of the total population of the four departments involved in the project. 12

Chart 6. Budget of Participation Plan

Strategies / activities Total year I year2 year 3 Creaion of Participation Structures 59.188 19 73 19.73 19 73 Organizational Strengthening 114.954 38 298 38.298 38.298 Secure Access to Project Planning 154.738 51.580 51.580 51.58 Secure Access to Project Execution 276.596 92.198 92.198 92.198 Partcipation in Monitoring, Evaluation and Reports 38.684 12.894 12.894 12.89 TOTAL GENERAL 644.10 214.70 214.70 214.70 13

Action Programper Strategiccomponent

Strategic Activities 20001 Activities 2002 Activities 2003 Component Strengthening* Selectionof techniicalstaff in * 1'rainingof techniicalstaff (trainersof * Disseminationof knowledge of cooperationwith community trainers) on communitylevel Organization organization * Formulation,management and (multiplying effect) al Capacities * Traiiiing of technicalstaff (train the administrationof tourist projects * Taking measures,agreed by trainers) * Developmentof tourist products all, for conservationof natural * Building of capacitiesaccording to compatiblewith cultureof people environmentthat providesthe culturesof peopleinvolved involved raw materialfor productionof * Exchangeof experiencesbetween * Incorporatingquality control for craft crafts groupsof producers,promoters and production * Pilot programsfor servicesuppliers with tourist * Land useproposal for tourism on diversificationof tourist offer purposes North Coast * Incorporationof a * Inter-institutionalcoordination * Consultationand agreement with certification'guarantee' of (NationalAgricultural Itistitute, NGOsfor follow-up on a) sanitation crafts madeby Garifunas, Registrationof property, andb) land use(external audit) islandersand Miskitos. Municipalitiesand Ministry of * RegionalForum for Tourism)with the objectof presentationof initiatives,and sanitationin areaswith tourist goals reached Potential Promotionof * T rainingin sustainableuse of * Assessmentof patternsof useof * Rescueand diversification of conservation naturalresources traditionalraw materialsarid traditional craft production andadoption * Establishingmechanisms of extractionsof thesewith criteria of * Organizationof regionalcraft of sustainable coordinationwith regional sustainability and gastronomyfairs, by tourist representativesfrom SINAP * Exchangeof experiencesin technicalstaff activities (amongothers), local managementof reservationsin * Productionof informativeand environmentalNGOs and general,through sponsorshipof short formative leafletsas didactic municipalities,to usetheir installed time assistantshipsfor technicalstaff materialfor projection in capacity for instruction purposes. in training training centers of 14

* Training in the sustainableuse of * Programto rescuecultural values communitieswith pilot cultural resources (archaeological,history, oral tradition, projects. . Establishingmechanisms for music anddance, gastronomy, natural * Campaignto disseminate coordinationwith regional medicine pilots in processto spread representativesfrom IHAH (among * Formulationof initiativesto improve first-hand knowledge, and others),local environmentalNGOs the urbanimage by technicalstaff in reproductionof experiences. andmunicipalities, to usetheir trainingwith advicefrom privateand installedcapacity for instruction institutionalexperts purposes. * Follow-up on environmentaland cultural coordination . Feasibilitystudies of addingvalue to

selectedcultural and natural resources _- 15

T o securea * To guaranteethe incorporationof * Preparationof work planswith * Executionof work plans better access communityorganizationis in the participationof actorsin all stagesof * Proposalfor systemizationof to programs technicaladvice team for tourist process environmentaland cultural developmentand environmental * Monitoringof the first phaseof managementon North Coast managementof municipalities training in tourist developmentand * Developmentof a network for * To generateappropriate spaces for environmentalmanagement and commercializationof equalparticipation of menand incorporatingnecessary adjustments sustainabletourist productsof womenand also of youngpeople * Feasibilitystudies of addingvalue to the NortlhCoast. * Trainingof technicaladvice team selectednatural and cultural resources in tourist developmentand * Formulationof financingplans of environmentalmanagement micro and smallenterprise * To identifyproposals from individualsand collectives that could contributeto sustainable tourism * Managementtraining for micro and

smallenterprise __ ___ To secure * Disseminationof componentsof * Workshopsfor local andregional * Monitoring andevaluation participation projectamong target population inductioni workshops in monitoring * Technicaltraining of advisor'steam * Monitoringand evaluation workshops * Obtain new resourcesto and of projecttaking into accountthe extendpilot. evaluation specificcharacteristics of Garifuna, islandand Miskito cultures * Identificationof micro andsmall enterprises * Building capacityamong members of communitiesto constructively coachthe differentstages of the ______project __ Annex 2

Indigenous participation plan

1. Poverty level among indigenous people and Development

In Latin-America a relatively high percentage of the indigenous populations live in extreme poverty and they live mainly in the rural area. However, nowadays large indigenous groups live in the main urban centers of the subcontinent, for example, in Bolivia, in Mexico, in Guatemala. In Honduras, the indigenous people still live in the traditional indigenous regions with some isolated presence in the urban centers. The exception to this pattern are the Garifunas, whose presence stands out in the two main urban centers of the country.

Poverty is not exclusively limited to the indigenous people, but they do belong to the poorest of the poorest, As a consequence, the proposals to fight poverty also apply to them. A recent study (Sirn 1997: v-vi and 1) proposes the following general strategies to fight poverty specifically in Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua (where the total number of poor is estimated at 18 million people, of whom almost two thirds live in the rural regions, and more than a fourth are indigenous) (quoted literally): i) J1Meaasuresto enhance a solid economic growth with more equity: removal of the distortions that hinder the development of small and micro enterprises, public investment programs that benefit the small producers and generate employment (for example rural roads). and consolidation of the agrarian reform processes the countries are carrying out. ii) Regarding social expenditure, to give priority to primary education and basic health services (emphasizing the need to broaden access of the rural population), and children s and maternal nutrition. Important are also the projects of vocational training directed at supplying the specific demand for labor force, drinking water, sewerage and environmental sanitation projects, and the social investment funds directed at supporting productive projects. iii) Regarding the production, the following fields of action offer opportunities to generate a significant increase of income and employment of the poor sectors: - Broadening credil and lechnical advisory to the urban and rural micro enterprise. - Development of the small agricultural property - Using the remittancefor productive purposes - Tourist programs that generate employment and demandfor handicrafts - Development of the apparel industry 2

2. Sustainable Development: Environment and Culture

Of the aforementioned fields of action, the only one that is innovating is the tourist modality focussed on environment and culture and organized around small and micro family enterprises.

The cultural and environmental heritage of each country forms the raw material for sustainable development, and one of the most important expressions can be tourism. Regarding the participation of the indigenous population in Honduras, it would be translated in cultural and eco-tourism. All sustainable development should attain the following objectives:

* Economic: production of goods and services in an effective -manner * Environmental and cultural: the use of the natural and cultural resources, promoting conservation and an adequate management of those resources, to maintain the biodiversity and ecological integrity, as well as the authenticity of the tangible and not tangible cultural expressions, * Social: the search for a better quality of life for the local population, tak-ingequity as the main guideline (compare Moulin, 1993: 218).

The objective that requires more explanation is the set of cultural and environmental objectives, biodiversity and the different cultural patterns of the populations that consider the tropical forest as their natural habitat and ancestral land as well as the cloud forest; the mangrove forest; the wetlands; the salt water lagoons and beaches of the Atlantic coast; the Caribbean islands with their corral reefs, the north-eastern planes; the semiarid plateaus covered with pine trees and the valleys between the mountains of the south-west, just to mention a few of the more common Honduran ecosystems. Nature, in permanent interaction with the culture of different people have promoted simultaneously the usage, modification, alteration or degradation of these environments, therefore they are inseparable.

3. Anthropological and LinguisticProfile of the Honduran North Coast

In anthropological and linguistic terms the Central-American geographic region is understood as a point of convergence between two cultural areas: Mesoamerica and the Intermediate Area. It is precisely on Honduran territory where this division between indigenous people belonging formerly to those Mesoamerican cultures towards the north and west and those belonging formerly to the cultures of Lower Central-America where the chibchas traditions dominate (for more information on this dichotomy see Hasemann 1991), could be made.

The proposed division that separates the aforementioned cultural areas runs along the so- called Honduran Depression, following the course of the Ullua and Comayagua rivers and extend beyond the Gulf of Fonseca to the coastal plains of Nicaragua to end in the Nicoya peninsula of Costa Rica. The extensive region towards the east of Nicaragua and Honduras is dominated by lower mountains that sometimes more gradually, sometimes more abruptly give way to the Atlantic coast. The prevailing ethnic languages on the Honduran North Coast are from east to west Miskito (Gracias a Dios department) and Garifuna (Colon, Atlantida, Cortes and Bay Islands), with two Pech enclaves (Gracias a Dios and Colon). The prevailing indigenous language in Gracias a Dios is Miskito, and in the other departments on the coast Garifuna. All of them, including Pech, are written languages in some degree. Of the ethnic languages spoken at the North Coast, Pech is without any doubt the most endangered language due to the division of the original territory in isolated centers, separated by relatively big distances.

The traditional habitat of the Garifunas extends along the North Coast over five departments: Colon, Atlantida, Colon, the Bay Islands and in a lesser degree, Gracias a Dios. The center of this ethnic population however is found in Colon and Atlantida, with enclaves in the other three departments, as well as in the two main urban centers of the country, Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula. The departments Atlantida and Cortes are development centers with an urban tendency. The Bay Islands, on the other hand, is the environment of the Island population with one of the highest socio-economic rates and strong tourist development. However, regarding the Garifuna communities this could be deceiving as many of them do not have those benefits, and it can be stated that they live in pockets of poverty.

4. Notes on Demography

The national census of 1945 was the last one in the first half of the XX century, which included details on the indigenous populations. In the next fifty years, onlv in the national census of 1988 - also the last one of the century - a not very successful attempt was made to include the indigenous population of the country, but the under- registration is significant. There are estimates that at least seem to agree on that the Miskito and Garifuna populations form the majority. The studies estimate the Garifuna population at around 100,000 members, the Miskito population at 30,000-35,000 and a maximum of 3,000 Pech. The island population is estimated at 25,000 inhabitants. Both the Garifunas and the Miskitos have expanded to the main urban centers outside of their traditional territory, and both cross national borders, the first towards Guatemala and Belice, and the second to Nicaragua. Also there are no precise data on the emigration to the U.S.A., more than a decade ago it was estimated that there were more than 75,000 to 100,000 Garifunas from Honduras, Belice and Guatemala in the U.S.A. (Gonzalez, 1988: 177 and 180). However, it is clear that the indigenous population of Honduras is a minority compared to the mestizo population in the country, including the North Coast.

5. Legal situation of the indigenous population

The Constitution of the Republic of Honduras (1982) adopts the conservation of the anthropological riches (article 172), the preservation of the native cultures (article 173) and the protection of the rights and interest of the indigenous population (article 346). The Law on Education (1982) guarantees explicitly the preparation of special study plans for the ethnic populations, that allow for the knowledge and usage of their native languages and bilingual education, as well as the education of bilingual teachers and the production of textbooks, dictionaries and technical instruments in their original languages (article 25). 4

Decree 84-85, Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the nation (1985), establishes as cultural heritage, the toponymic wealth and the traditional culture of the indigenous communities (article 5e), provides for the need to design and coordinate programs for the cultural defense of the nation (article 31), and sanctions the traditional reduction of the indigenous communities (article 38). Although Decree 220-97 overrules Decree 84-85 and has become the new Law in this field (1997), it maintained the former guidelines and included two numerals in Chapter ITon living cultures as part of the cultural heritage, as follows:

9) " the cultural expressions of the living indigenous cultures, their languages, historic traditions, knowledge and techniques, ways of organization, value systems, religious practices and places associated with them, and

10) the cultural expressions of vernacular origin of anthropological and historic interest, organizations and religious celebrations, music and dance, the prototypes of craft production and culinary art, oral tradition"

Another law that contributes indirectly to the cause of the ethnic people is the General Environmental Law, that in Title IV, Chapter III refers to the special support by the state to the ethnic population to enjoy "in relation with their traditional systems of integral usage of renewable natural resources, which should be studied in order to establish the feasibility as a model of sustainable development " (Article 71).

Without any doubt the international norm with most impact and national validity is the Covenant 169 on Indigenous People and Tribes in Independent Countries, issued by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1989 and ratified by Honduras in 1995.

The following sections of Covenant 169 are relevant in this context: * Part II: Land * Part IV: vocational training, crafts and rural industries * Education and media * Part VII: contacts and cooperation across the borders (relevant in the case of the bipartite or tripartite management of the biological corridors)

Article 23 is also relevant in this context:

1. Craftsmanship, rural and communal industries and traditional activities related with the subsistence economy of the populations concerned, as hunting, fishing, hunting with traps and gathering, should be recogni-ed as importantfactors to maintain the cultures and their self-sufficiency and economic development. With the participation of these populations, and when appropriate, the governments should ensure the strengthening and enhancement of these activities.

2. At request of the populations concerned, appropriate financial and technical assistance should be facilitated whenever possible taking into consideration the traditional 5

techniques and cultural characteristics of these people, and the importance ofsustained and equal development.

Article 32 recognizes the fact that certain people were divided by the borders of modem states, as is the case with the Miskitos and Tawahkas (Honduras-Nicaraga), the Chortis (Honduras-Guatemala), and the Lencas (Honduras-El Salvador). In other cases, for example the Garifunas (Honduras-Guatemala) the expansion of the population occurs after the demarcation of the colonial borders and of the new Republic.

The governments should take measures, including through international agreements, to fa2cilitate contacts and cooperation between the indigenous and tribal groups across the borders, including activities in the economic, social, cultural, spiritual and environmental sphere.

The efforts from ethnic organizations, associated in the National Confederation of Autochthonous People of Honduras (CONPAH) culminated in 1993 with the signing of a cooperation covenant with the Ministry of Education for the development of the bilingual intercultural education. This lead little later, in August 1994, to the approval of the Executive Agreement No. 0719-EP-94 that created the National Education Program for the Autochthonous Ethnic People of Honduras (PRONEEAH), which later was ratified by Decree 93-1997. This decree introduces an official change in the designation of this entity as the National Education Program for the Autochthonous Ethnic and Afro-Caribbean People of Honduras (PRONEEAAAH).

In the juridical rules aforementioned the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Honduran societv is recognized. The challenge, therefore, lies in overcoming the ambivalence shown by the dominating mestizo population and Spanish speakers regarding the ethnic population.

6. Educational situation

The isolation of Gracias a Dios was not lifted until the arrival of the first official school with Spanish-speaking teachers in 1950, the so-called "Cultural Mission for Honduran Mosquitia". Information about the following decades is scarce, and what is known since 1980 to the middle of the 90s is that there was a high desertion and repetition rate and the highest failing rate of the country. Practically all Miskito communities have a school and the majority of the teachers are Miskitos (Lara Pinto: 79-80).

As of 1993 the Committee of Intercultural Bilingual Education of the Honduran Mosquitia is established (CEBIMH) and a pilot program was started. This program has had permanent linguistic advisory, has introduced textbooks in Miskito for First and Second Grade and has trained Miskito teachers in using materials, with external financing and support from the Ministry of Education through the Project of Quality Improvement of Basic Education (PROMEB)(1996-2000). This support has made possible the approval of a widely consulted proposal for the standardization of the Miskito writing, the training of a selected group of teachers, the organization of a Bi-National Symposium (Honduras-Nicaragua), to 6

establish unified criteria and the preparation a Miskito grammar and dictionary, already finished.

In their traditional area of residence, the Garifuna communities have extensively enjoyed the benefits of the educational development of the North Coast, even though Spanish has been the norm at school by Garifuna teachers. The process of incorporation into the bilingual intercultural education has been slower than in the case of the Miskitos, but at present, with technical and financial support from the PROMEB-Ministry of Education, a consensus is reached on the standardization of the writing of this language, a selected group of teachers has been trained, and a textbook for first Grade is finished in Garifuna, and efforts have been undertaken to start the preparation of a dictionary.

The socio-ethnographic survey carried out for the purpose of this project made clear that the critical moment of schooling for Garifuna men is at the end of the third cycle, or basic plan. For women the critical moment is towards the end of primary school, in other words, primary school is the end station for many Garifuna women. For the minority that manages to stay in the system, secondary school tends to be the end station.

In 1994 there were fourteen school in traditional Pech territory, with seven trained Pech teachers. The reigning rule, however, is still teachings in Spanish. Also the Pech population has received support from the Ministry of Education through PROMEB to standardize the writing of their language, prepare and print a first textbook for First Grade in Pech and to start the process of preparing a dictionary.

The island population has received education in schools wvithSpanish speaking teachers from the main land. In the context of PROMEB, the Ministry of Education carried out a sociolinguistic diagnosis in 1997-1998, training of island teachers on the topic, the writing of the vernacular was documented, and the culinary tradition was rescued.

In the socio-ethnographic survey, both island men and women proved to have a limited access to the first two levels of basic education. The critical point for both was towards the end of the first cycle (1-3 grades), and those than managed to continue face another critical point towards the end of the third cycle (7-9 grades) which becomes the end station for women.

7. Health Situation

Apart from the hospitals in the main urban centers of the North Coast, there are health centers in Corozal, Sambo Creek, Nueva Armenia, Santa Fe, Rio Esteban. Castilla, Santa Rosa de Aguon, and Limon and Sangrelaya.

According to the socio-ethnographic survey, the population in general, including the mestizo population and island populations, consider the main health problems to be respiratory infections and parasitic infections, followed immediately by HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, both Garifuna men and women consider HIV/AIDS to be the main health problem, without regard of their schooling level. In fact the Garifuna population has a high rate of infection due to their migration patterns and sexual practices. Some information is 7 extremely alarming such as what is known of the village of Corozal, close to La Ceiba, where it is said that 25 % of the population is affected (Sanchez 1995:20). Malnutrition is considered to be a minor problem on the North Coast.

The socio-ethnographic evaluation shows that the population has received information from at least four sources, the main information source being the Ministry of Health through talks in schools and health centers; followed at some distance by television, radio and newspapers. However, only half of the sample said to have participated in these caunpaigns. The participation of churches, ethnic organizations, NGOs and municipalities regarding the prevention of the disease is not significant. The municipalities contribute little, but the contributions of the NGOs is even less.

Apparently, a higher or lower schooling level is not the key factor for Garifuna men and women regarding the awareness, as in the Colon department they have the lowest schooling level of the sample. It seems there are other mechanisms involved.

8. Operational use of the Cultural and Natural Diversity: the Sustainable Use of the Biodiversity for the Production of Crafts.

The Garifuna, island, Miskito and Pech populations have diverse potential opportunities that can be used:

* marketable performances (song, dance, theatre, legends and myths) • guided tours of local fauna and flora, using observatories with groups; the better trained guides could for example produce manuals, guidebooks, culinary books and books on the use of medicinal plants) * production of crafts using articles of daily life: kitchen utensils, canoes, traps for fishing, pottery, weaving, etc. - production of articles for daily usage (belts, wallets, leather bags, dishes of clay and wood, bags of natural fibers) * artistic expressions in clay, fibers, wood, cloth, metal.

9. The Authenticity and Quality of Crafts Production

Without quality it is not possible to develop a permanent competition and sale of the product to national visitors, much less international visitors. The authenticity is a critical factor of crafts' production, therefore it is necessary to establish a balance between the innovations and the cultural tradition, and not search and find inspiration in other cultures. A trial and error process is necessary, of course, for which the authenticity should be declared the criterion for all crafts' production.

The crafts' production for consumption and marketing, as well as the artistic production in traditional materials, can contribute to the conservation of autochthonous flora that in the modern context has no use cultivating, or protecting its spontaneous growth, as they are being substituted by plastic or metal, or synthetic pharmaceuticals or mass production (all plants to make tea for example). 8

The production chain can also diversify between those that a) produce or gather traditional raw material and market them and b) those that produce them and market them too. Marketing is a problem because if it is not the producers, craftsmen or artists that market the products or participate equally in marketing, then they are not the main beneficiaries, and a vicious circle of intermediaries is started. In the worst case the final prices for the consumer are set by local chiefs or national or foreign sellers with economic power, in other words the producers, craftsmen or artists do not participate in the benefits generated by their efforts, time and creativity. Of course, some artists and craftsmen will build the capacity to represent themselves on a large scale, or include intermediaries for the benefit of both parties.

The diversity of the production by local craftsmen is critical, as otherwise there is the danger of mass production to the detriment of the quality and individual creativity. The result is that the national tourist or foreigner only buys one object from the hands of the craftsman with the lowest price, as there are no differences in production, presentation or quality of the product.

10. Tourism and its Implications for Culturally Different Populations

Two decades ago it was internationally proclaimed (Manila Declaration of the ILO in 1980) that tourism has social and cultural consequences, apart from the economic consequences and its educational and spiritual role (Moulin, 1993: 214), in other words tourism is a complex, global phenomenon that involves people and their cultures. The statement made by the ILO in 1985 already established the spirit of the more recent definitions: cultural tourism, in its strict sense includes movement of people for educational reasons, attending festivals, observing dances and other folkloric expressions, pilgrimages, visits to archaeological sites, monuments and historic centers, in its broadest sense tourism includes all types of mobilization with the purpose of broadening the education of people, allowing them new knowledge, experiences and meetings.

The cultures represented by the autochthonous people of Honduras are fragile. This fragility is due to the fact that they are a minority compared to the rest of the population of the country, the diminished usage of their languages, the fast reduction of their traditional habitats and the gap between their traditional techniques and the new economic structures. Adding the high growth rate of the majority population and their extreme mobility towards the production centers and the areas commonly considered 'empty' and which are precisely the last bastions of the indigenous territories. The lack of knowledge of the majority population regarding the traditional autochthonous cultural patterns and the simplification of these patterns as childish folklore, hinder the recognition of the value of different ways of thinking and of living.

It is not unknown that the local policies and control mechanisms, administration and management in countries in development still present problems. The concept that the development of tourism will resolve all or part of the problems, ignores the fact that tourist development also means profound changes above all in biologically and culturally fragile spheres, as we already explained. Some of the more immediate and concrete modifications 9 are the increase of prices for the local population, and the establishment (semi-permanent during the season, or permanent) of many people with new and sometimes incompatible lifestyles in terms of the local population. Depending on the case, a deficient management and timid participation by the local population could lead to one of the most discouraging panoramas: the majority of the investmnentescapes the places with the cultural and natural attractions; over-exploitation of the area or region; multiplication of the deficiencies in infrastructure; pollution and degradation of the environment, and the distortion, simplification or parody of the cultural practices to satisfy the mass market.

In the specific case of the Garifunas, however there are at least two initiatives that are worthwhile analyzing during the search for appropriate models: the artistic performances of theatre, dance and music of the group organized by a professional in drama (Louvabagu or the Other Far End and Dancing with the Souls) and the INCORPORE proposal (1998) for the rescue and transmission of the ancients knowledge to the young generation.

On the contrary, tourism can fulfil its already accepted role as an instrument for education, creating environmental awareness and as an instrument that can support the financing of conservation and promotion of sustainable local development (Celecia 1993: 158). But without loosing out of sight that sustainable development will have to be tied to the specific characteristics of the ecosystems and the cultural identity of the people, as well as the equal distribution of the benefits (Arenas Bianchi 1993: 203).

It is well known that badly planned environmental impacts have caused the shortage of basic services, the destruction of natural habitats (beaches, lagoons and mangrove areas, the extinction of species, the pollution of sees and rivers, the loss of the image and characteristics of the place (Bacci 1993: 207). As a consequence the respect for the diversity should apply not only to the biological surroundings but also to the culture of the inhabitants of these surroundings.

11. Criteria for a Link between Tourism and Sustainable Development

There is a general agreement that in an equal relationship between tourism and sustainable development the following criteria should apply: involvement of all actors, especially the local population; to provide basic services on a regular basis, the lack of those affects more heavily the small and medium sized hotels and the complementary services where the majority of the investment possibilities for the local population are found; to establish a normative framework to avoid and counterattack the real estate activities and land speculation, the economic benefits should contribute to improve the basic services such as water, electricity, health, education, building of roads and airports - if necessary - the disposal of solid waste and sewage; to know and recognize the mistakes made in the past regarding the traditional normative planning of tourism; establishing the maximum potential and effective management of the target areas of the projects (Bacci 1993: 207- 208).

Cultural tourism can work when the culture belongs genuinely to the receiving community, the latter should not offer their culture as a tourist product at the expense of their dignity and authenticity. On the other hand, it should be taken into account that investment in local 10 human capital is good business, and instead of generating more traditional employment it is necessary to create others based on the craft and artistic potential, for example of the local population. Therefore incentives should be created for the local population as an alternative for the indiscriminate use of the resources (Bacci 1993: 209).

12. Co-participation and Management by the Indigenous People in the Context of the North Coast and the Bay Islands.

In the socio-ethnographic survey it is clear that the local population, as well as the indigenous population with whom they share the environment, are well informed on the existing natural and cultural resources. The co-participation of the Garifunas, island population, Miskitos and Pech in the management and administration of cultural and natural tourism, seems above all appropriate for the wild life refuge Cuero y Salado, the National Park Punta Sal, the National Marine Park of the Bay Islands, the National Park Capiro y Calentura and the Wild Life Refuge of the Guaymoretto Lagoon.

In chart 2 are shown the categories used by the informants in the socio-ethnographic survey, separating natural riches from constructed heritage. The latter refers to archaeological sites, historic monuments and centers, that form the vestiges of cultures that have disappeared, or that have preserved a connection with the present.

13. From Theory to Practice: the Garifunas

There is a series of studies on the living conditions of the different indigenous population, but none of them addresses the topic as systematically as the one on the poverty conditions and marginalization of the Garifuna communities (Sanchez 1995). This study will be used as a point of reference for the problems related to any future tourist development. The indicators used in this study measure the percentage of families with unsatisfied basic needs. These needs are related to available rooms (crowded housing with 3 or more people per room, excluding the bathroom and the kitchen), water sources and the access to them (without pipes and distance to source); sewerage system; access to education and subsistence capacity (Sanchez 1995: 33).

The departments with the highest number of rural Garifuna communities are Colon and Atlantida, which are also the departments that are home to the majority of the Garifuna population. The more serious cases of crowded housing conditions are found in the rural communities of Atlantida and the access to drinking water is critical in Atlantida, Colon and Gracias a Dios; the most severe situation regarding drinking water has been reported in Iriona and Balfate, in the Colon department, as well as in Brus Laguna, in the Gracias a Dios department. The disposal of sewage is deficient in Gracias a Dios and Colon, with the Bay Islands not far behind. The most urgent need for a sewerage system was detected in Iriona, Santa Rosa de Aguan and Brus Laguna. In general, all rural Garifuna communities need sewerage systems, above all in Colon, and Gracias a Dios, and in the municipality Jose Santos Guardiola in RoatAn.The access to education is a big problem in the rural communities, especially in Colon and Atlantida. Finally, the subsistence capacity refers to households with unsatisfied basic needs, based on an economic responsibility for three people per person employed, and a head of family with 0-3 years of schooling; or based on 11

0-1 person employed with more than 3 people at home, and a head of famly without employment or unable to work. In general, the Bay Islands have the lowest UBN in the country, in relative terms, however the community Jose Santos Guardiola where the Garifuna communities live, are in the worst position compared to the rest of the Roatan island. The evaluation of the situation by the municipality of Iriona, Colon, confirmed the fact that the families in each home are large; that the water comes from wells, except for those communities where the AID/SANAA project has already arrived; that there is no sewerage, and that there are only a few latrines. Regarding the subsistence capacity, the rural Garifuna communities use fishing, planting and migrant work for payment in cash. Education is considered to be important, and the majoritv of the children in these communities attend school.

The Garifuna population, especially the rural population, live in poverty conditions that are getting worse due to the loss of land and the lack of services. What has prevented them from falling back to a level of destitution is their subsistence capacity such as fishing, and planting yam, rice, corn and beans, as well as their tradition of loyalty to the family that is translated in the financial transfer by migrant workers to the local population. The financial transfer consists of remittance send periodically for subsistence, improvement and construction of housing, educational expenses. Also, Gracias a Dios and Colon are among the three departments with the lowest investment levels of the country (Sanchez 1995).

The situation of the Garifunas makes clear that to create tourist programs that generate employment and demand for craftsmanship, the communities should be provided with drink-ingwater and sewerage systems on the short terrn. The Honduran Social Investment Fund (FHIS) has established programs for the benefit of indigenous populations through the execution of small projects of social infrastructure in health and education. These projects could be expanded to environmental sanitation, among others, to address the problematic of inefficient or non-existence of infrastructure.

On the other hand, it is necessary to establish programs for credit and technical assistance to the tourist enterprise. Simultaneously and at the medium term the legalization of indigenous land should continue as wvellas land use planning, while for the medium and long term health and education should improve to guarantee the sustainability for the next generation.

In Central-America around half of the forest that existed in 1950 has been destroyed (Sin' 1997: 25). Although the farmers have not been the main cause of destruction, they do use firewood as their main source of fuel and slashes ecologically fragile lands for short term cultivation (Siri 1997: 24). Paradoxically, the farmer contributes to the environmental deterioration and is at the same time the main victim. The deforestation, over-exploitation and inadequate cultivation techniques on the hillsides with as a result the erosion of the soil, changes in the water cycle, and water pollution which are a serious constraint for the development in general, and the tourist development in particular. In the context of the North Coast, the most important use of the forest according to the socio-ethnographic survey is the production of wood for local consumption. However, the extraction of firewood comes second, mainly by the Garifuna population. 12

14. Sustainable Development with Gender Approach

In first place it is necessary to point out " the fact that women are the indispensable vehicle for the transmission of development to other generations because of the fundamental role they play in the education of the human capital (as mothers, in education and health of their children) and of course also regarding the process of accumulating physical capital (given her tendency for saving and her capacity to organize and run small businesses)" (Siri 1997: v).

Also women have proven to have more capacity to handle loans (and take advantage of income received through family remittance), organize and run small businesses, which is the reason that many micro-credit programs are focussed on women. However, the increase of credit to the micro-entrepreneur should be accompanied with technical assistance and training in aspects related to the production and management of the enterprise (bookkeeping, marketing, among others). In this area, the contribution of non-governmental organizations has been decisive (Sin' 1997: 31).

Women form the majority in the Garifuna communities for a large part of the year, due to seasonal fishing, salaried migrant work, or more recently, the semi-permanent emigration to the U.S.A. Historically, because of this migrant pattern of adult men, women have been responsible for the household and they have had the responsibility for making decisions. This state of affairs has also generated the cooperation between women in works for the common good.

15. Project for Cultural Rescue UNDP/IAIAH/COHDEFOR(1994-1996)

In the last decade new and well intentioned initiatives arose that were not able to attain the objectives, but can serve as an example regarding the difficulties met. One of these initiatives is the Project of Cultural Rescue, that because of its size deserves a separate chapter.

The main goal of this project that lasted for three years and with a total cost of US $ 1.5 million, was to protect ecologically fragile zones through the establishment of new reserves in the regions inhabited by indigenous populations (Miskitos, Tawahkas and Pech) and Garifunas in the departments Gracias a Dios, Olancho and Colon. Therefore feasible economic altematives were identified that involved the appropriate management and rational use of the natural resources based on their own culture. The project was divided in three modules:

I. Consolidation of Traditional Settlements in Ecologically Fragile Zones

II. Strengthening of the Self-Management Capacity of the Community

III. Generation of Social-Productive Projects

In the II Module, a training plan was included according to the needs of the participating communities, among others, in management of eco-tourism and principles of commercial 13 bargaining. Also, in Module IIII the preparation of a diagnosis wvasforeseen as well as proposals for the promotion of ecotourism that included feasibility studies and ecotourist pre-investment studies, taking into consideration the natural, cultural, handicrafts and archaeological attractions. In that context it was hoped that the successful experiences with ecotourism and cultural tourism managed by indigenous groups in other countries of the area could be shared, and to create an exchange. It was also planned to excavate archaeological sites selected for restoration and possible tourist exploitation. Of course, in the plan was included the production of crafts, dance, music, gastronomy and oral tradition; identification of craftsmen and documentation of the crafts production processes and cultural expression. Finally, it was proposed to carry out a marketing study in the national and international tourist centers (UNDP/lH.AHIWork Plan. Project Document. (Without date).

The goals and expected results of ecotourism and cultural tourism were really ambitious, as they combined research, documentation, rescue, installation, preparation of sites for visitors, promotion and marketing of products in three years. The obstacles were big and the results were small. One of the most important lessons was, without any doubt, to deal with the multiple and diverse interests of each population in a shared territory, but with a different approach from different perspectives of subsistence and different aspirations. Therefore it is vital for the success of future programs and projects to take into account the need to find a common denominator that allows for certain joint actions, at the same time recognizing the specific characteristics of each population and diversifying their participation in the cultural and ecological tourist enterprise, according to their idiosyncrasies and potential. Another important lesson was that the research, documentation and rescue should have been done with certain established scientific parameters whose objectives are justified and not in termnsof whether or not they can become tourist products. The possible selective preparation of finds as a product of cultural or ecological tourism whose development is complementary and feasible or even desirable in cooperation with local population and entities specialized in the field, but can not become the main goal of the research.

16. Education of the Public and Raising Awareness.

Finally, it is necessary to mention that the search for solutions implies a collective awareness raising regarding the real existence of indigenous people as differentiated groups with specific rights sanctioned by the national and international law ratified by Honduras. This awareness requires the education of the citizens regarding their origin, the need to protect the constructed heritage of all ages, the right of the living indigenous populations and the recognition of the richness and potential of the cultural diversity for sustainable development, as well as the biological diversity. Next are presented the actions proposed by Moulin ( 1993 :221) in that sense:

* Educational programs at different levels (community, region, nation) stressing the ties between the natural and cultural environment.

* Communication strategy with the tourist industry to promote the knowledge on the constructed and cultural heritage. 14

* A more precise comprehension of the tourist phenomenon, which includes tourist experience, cultural integrity and authenticity, the preservation of resources, and the relationship nature-culture.

* An ethical code and practices that include social and ethical responsibilities for the local population, the tourists and the tourist industry.

The result will be the creation of an image of a multicultural country with a vast biodiversity and a tourist product based on sustainability and co-participation. 15

Chart 1. Population of the influence area, per department Indicador I Atiintida Colon Cortes Bay Islands Population lUrban: 158,767 lUrban: 56,107 lUrban: 578,510 I 1999 Rural: 171,019 Rural: Rural: 307,570 | Total: 329,786 159,082 Total: 886,080 Total 1997: Total: 215,189 (Omoa and Puerto 26,700 Cortes = 105,360) Income, 1999 Urban: 0.355 Urban: 0.302 Urban: 0.396 Rural: 0.303 Rural: 0.255 Rural: 0.358 I Difference: Difference: Difference: 9.7% n14.7% 15.6% 4 Global fertility Urban: 3.53 Urban: 4.60 Urban: 2.79 per area of Rural: 5.96 Rural: 6.27 Rural: 5.17 residence, 1999 jAverage age More than 18 Less than 17 More than 20 1998 Life Women: 71.19 Women: Women: 71.94 Global 1997: Expectancy Men: 62.53 168.25 Men: 63.95 165.0 [1999 _ Men: 59.82 _. Schooling 3..95 2.70 4. 55 (years), 1997 L l Expenditure in $ 64.0 $69.1 $ 68.4 |education in $ lper capita 1998 I _ _ Malnutrition 134.2 33.5 129.8 Irate l l l i _l Expenditure in $ 20.5 1$ 7.9 $ 15.2 health in $ per |capita, 1998 1 1 l _ l I Human IUrban 1999: 1Urban 1999: 1Urban 1999: 0.617 1 Development 10.597 0.580 Rural 1999: Index IRural 1999: Rural 1999: 0.568 10.519 10.440 _ _ _ _ Human 10.718 0.683 0.778 Development I1ndexper Gender, 1999 ______l Total affected 1131 336 246 3 population per 1,000 (Mitch) | _ ! _ I Source:Report on HumanDevelopment. Honduras 1999:19.21.24,47and 50no similardata availablefor the Bay Islands.those mentionedare taken from page 69) 16

Cuadro 2. Natural and Cultural Reso rces per Municipality (Socio-ethnog aphic evalu tion) Colon Micro- watersheds Mountain/Forest i Protected Beaches Cultural Departme /rivers Areas Resources nt National ______P ark______Balfate, Las Golondrinas (MC) Cauca Quinsina Rio Esteban Bonito Las Barrancas (MC) Los Mangos Quebrada Oriental, Palos de Agua (MC) Grande Saba, Tocoa Sonaguera AguanI and Tocoa Iriona and Inguy Limon Cusuna National Lim6n Sangrelava Zacatal Ciribova I Monument: Negro Guay Iriona ISan Fernando de Sico Nacional del Omoa Creek del Frijol Caribe Trujillo Capiro y Trujillo National Calentura Castilla Monuments: Guavmoreto Santa Barbara Lagoon Fortress Discovery Cross (Cruzdel Descubrimiento)

Archaeological site: Rivera del 4 ~~~Pedregal jAtlantida T I Department| LaCeiba | Cangrejal I El Peru PicoBonito Sambo Archaeological Juana Leandra Mountain range Cuero v Salado Creek sites: Vera Danto's House Nombre de Dios Corozal La Colorada Trail El Zacate El PeTui Toncontin Tombs | La Cciba Cruz dcl Pcrd6n

Tela Negro Punta Izopo Ensenada Archaeological Quebrada Grande Jeannette Tela sites Platano Kawas Tornabe El Diamante Los Micos Punta Sal | San Juan | Lagoon Lancetilla Laguna de Los El Triunfo Micos El Diamante Lancetilla Lagoon j Laguna Negra I ______| Punta _ __ _ El Porvenir, Papaloteca Tierra Amarilla Pico Bonito Porvenir Archaeological La Masica Cuero Cuero y Salado Nueva site: and Jutiapa Barra Salado Armenia French Cemetery, Bonito Boca 1800-1825 Perla I cerrada San Juan Thompson | ______IZacate _ | _ _ _i | SantaFe |Aguan Nacional - Archaeological Buey Santa Fe site: Guadalupe El Diamante I______I______San I______Antonio ILagoon 17

ICortes Rivers [Mountain/Forest |Protected IBeaches Cultural Department I Areas Resources National Park _ Omoa Chamelec6n Rio Coto Archaeological Chachaguala Tulian site: Omoa San Fernando de Chivana Omoa Masca Pueblo Nuevo Archaeologicial Muchilena site: I Piedra de la Concha

Puerto Cortes Chamelec6n Bella Vista Cortes National Encinal Saraguayna Monument: Sierra de Omoa Coca Cola San Fernando de Bajamar Omoa Travesia I Archaeological Site: ______M onticulos [ BayIslands Roatan y El Bight Cayos Shalow Bay National J.S.Guardiola Ensenada Cochinos Flowers Bay Monument: Janes Ville French Harbor Watering Punta Gorta I Coral Ref Place Satuye Half Moon Archaeological Bay sites:. Oak Ridge Jerico West End Paya cemetery Sprint French Harbor Roatan Cayos Pandy Town Sandy Bay I ______I ______I ______I ______|C oxen Hole Guanaja Arrecife j Mangrove Archaeological Coralino Bight Isites: Playa Soldado Guanaja Marble Hill Banaca Caves Savannah West Treake Bight (sic) Point East End IPiedra Colon | j l | | Paya Cemetery ______j ______j ______Plan G ran de Utila Key's Coral Cayos Archaeological Reef Utila sites: Bamb6~ Caves ______de I ______I Camino i i I I . | | Je~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1ricoj 18

HONDURAS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PROJECT

Indigenous Development Plan People | Basic Land ownership Education Health information on population Garifuna Including Inter-institutional Continuing the 1Coordination of culturally commission for institutionalization Ministry of appropriate cleaning property process of Health with questions on the titles and I intercultural ethnic ethnic origin in controlling land bilingual organizations, the National speculation in education. Follow- NGOs, and 2001 Census. tourist up on provision municipalities for Agreed development with technical and HIVJAIDS participation of areas (INA, financial support prevention trained garifuna Property by the Secretary of campaigns. surveyors Register, Education to Investigation on Municipalities prepare and migration l and validate the basic patterns and I Neighborhood didactic materials l sexual behavior organizations). in Garifuna according to own Organization of language, training cultural independent teachers and parameters. I corps of advisors raising awareness Design of agreed lon land among parents. upon and ownership and culturally I cleaning land different titles providing I campaign by I services to i Ministry of individuals and Health with collectives I ethnic (through NGO) organizations, NGOs and ,______I_____.municipalities. Island population Including Inter-institutional Continuing the Coordination of i culturally commission for institutionalization Ministry of appropriate cleaning property process of Health with questions on the titles and intercultural ethnic I ethnic origin in controlling land bilingual organizations, the National speculation in education. Follow- NGOs, and 12001 Census. tourist up on provision municipalities for I Agreed development with technical and HIV/AIDS participation of areas (INA, financial support prevention trained Property by the Secretary of campaigns.

______^islanders Register, Education to research on 19

People Basic Land ownership {Education Health information on population | surveyors Municipalities rescue traditional migration I and uses as part of the patterns and Neighborhood instruction sexual behavior organizations). material. according to own Organization of cultural independent parameters. corps of advisors Design of agreed on land upon and ownership and culturally cleaning land different titles providing campaign with services to gender approach I individuals and by Ministry of collectives Health with (through NGO) ethnic organizations, NGOs and

______mm uunicipalities. iciD a ities I~~~~~I 20

HONDURAS SUSTAINABLE TOU-RISMPROJECT

Indigenous Devlopment Plan People I Basic Land ownership Education Health information on population Miskitos Including Outline of the Motivation and Coordination of (Population culturally housing situation support to Ministry of groups in appropriate in urban contexts community Health with NGO urban centers) questions on the to solve possible initiatives for for HTV/AIDS ethnic origin in inmigrant maintaining prevention the National I situation. Miskito in contexts campaigns. 12001 Census Organization of outside school. Investigation on Iindependent I Training of young migration corps of advisors promoters by adult patterns in urban on land I speakers for I centers and ownership and teaching and sexual behavior cleaning land I maintaining according to own titles providing Miskito language. cultural I services to parameters. individuals and collectives a L 6~~~~~(through NGO)|l Pech (villageMth Including Outline of land Motivation and Coordination of enclave eharactensticsin tculturally ownership support to Ministryof proximity of appropriate situation to community Health with NGO I Trujillo) Iquestions on the propose solutions initiatives for for HIV/ATDS ethnic origin in to possible maintaining Pech prevention the National conflicts. in contexts outside campaigns. 2001 Census Organization of school. Training of Investigatioon on independent young promoters sexual behavior I corps of advisors by adult speakers according to own on land for teaching and I cultural ownership and maintaining Pech parameters. cleaning land language. titles providing services to individuals and collectives l______l______(through NGO) | _l_l 21

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La Creaci6n de una Imagen de Pais Multicultural y de Gran Biodiversidad Comentar Articulo National Geographic Anexo 3

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