Soziale Sicherung Im Spannungsfeld Gesellschaftlicher Transformation Gesellschaftlicher Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung Im Spannungsfeld

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Soziale Sicherung Im Spannungsfeld Gesellschaftlicher Transformation Gesellschaftlicher Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung Im Spannungsfeld Pazifi kstaaten wie die Fidschi-Inseln sind wie kaum eine andere Region der Welt gekennzeichnet von gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen und dem globalen Umweltwandel. Auf Basis eines partizipativen Forschungsdesigns, durchgeführt in ausgewählten Küstendörfern, untersucht dieser Band die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung und Michael Fink des Klimawandels auf die Lebensqualität ihrer Bewohner. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass die Dorfbewohner keine passiven Opfer externer Prozesse sind, sondern aktiv ihr Leben gestalten. Mittels neo-traditioneller Bewegungen gelingt es den Bewohnern Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld weitestgehend, ein festes Wertefundament als Grundlage ihrer kulturellen Identität zu bewahren. Eine intakte Gemeinschaft steht dabei im Zentrum spiritueller, ökonomischer gesellschaftlicher Transformation und sozialer Werte. Eine partizipative Studie in Küstendörfern der Fidschi-Inseln Im Zuge der gesellschaftlichen Transformation agieren die Gemeinschaften nicht mehr ortsgebunden, sondern bilden mithilfe moderner Transport- und Kommuni- kationstechnologien globalisierte Netzwerke – ohne dabei die Bezüge zu ihrer kulturellen Herkunft zu verlieren. Auswärts lebende Familienangehörige tragen so Wissen und materiellen Wohlstand in die Dorfgemeinschaften und erweitern die Handlungspotentiale und Lebensstandards der Küstendorfbewohner. Im Zuge der Wissensvermittlung erfolgt jedoch insbesondere die Darstellung des Klimawandels und seiner Gefahren verkürzt und nicht auf lokale Werte zurechtgeschnitten, sodass es auch zu Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen und Fehlanpassungen kommt. Im Kontext von Entwicklungszusammenarbeit rät diese Untersuchung daher zu kultureller Sensibilität und einer kritischen Refl ektion ethnozentrischer Weltanschauungen, um die Lebensqualität in fi dschianischen Dorfgemeinschaften nicht zu gefährden. In diesem Band werden ethnographische Ideale für eine kultur- und sozialgeographische Forschung im globalen Süden aufbereitet. Konzeptionell ist die Untersuchung in die kritische geographische Verwundbarkeits- und Transformationsforschung eingerahmt. In einem kulturräumlichen Überblick wird zunächst aus historisch-politischer Perspektive die Bedeutung postkolonialer Belastungen auf gegenwärtige Transformationsprozesse aufgezeigt. Das Herzstück bildet anschließend die ausführliche Analyse gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse auf die Lebensqualität in drei Küstendörfern der Fidschi- Inseln. Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Transformation gesellschaftlicher Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld ISBN: 978-3-86395-261-7 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Transformation Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International Lizenz. erschienen im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Transformation Eine partizipative Studie in Küstendörfern der Fidschi-Inseln Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2016 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.dnb.de> abrufbar. Anschrift des Autors Michael Fink E-Mail: [email protected] Dieses Buch ist auch als freie Onlineversion über die Homepage des Verlags sowie über den Göttinger Universitätskatalog (GUK) bei der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de) erreichbar. Es gelten die Lizenzbestimmungen der Onlineversion. Titelabbildung: Traditionelle Fischtreibjagd auf Gau Island, Fidschi. © Eberhard Weber 2009 Satz und Layout: Michael Fink © 2016 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-261-7 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pazifische Studien Michael Fink Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Transformation. Eine partizipative Studie in Küstendörfern der Fidschi-Inseln Hrsg.: Christoph Dittrich Heiko Faust Michael Waibel Band 17 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Leben fidschianischer Küstendorf- bewohner1 und deren Wünschen, Hoffnungen, Ängsten und Sorgen. Da ich mich dafür in eine mir zuvor kulturell und naturräumlich fremde Umgebung begeben habe, bis dahin in Städten und deren Vororten in Deutschland lebte, wollte ich mir nicht anmaßen, diese im Voraus zu kennen. In ihrer Diversität bleibt sie mir sicherlich bis heute verborgen. Für die vorliegende Untersuchung ging ich daher explorativ und induktiv vor, versuchte einen möglichst offenen Forschungspro- zess zu gestalten und keine vorschnellen Schlüsse zu ziehen, um die Lebensrealität der Menschen bestmöglich zu fassen. Oberste Prämisse dieser Arbeit ist es, über ein Thema von hoher Relevanz für die Menschen vor Ort zu schreiben, um etwas Sinnvolles für die dortigen Menschen zu erbringen. Über ein Studium mit der Schwerpunktsetzung Geographischer Entwicklungsforschung und einer Ausbil- dung in partizipativen Methoden wurde einerseits eine Basis geschaffen, dieses Ziel erreichen zu können, andererseits wird diese Rahmung meinen Blick auf das Wesentliche auch eingegrenzt haben. Meine zentralen Anfangsfragen waren zunächst, was die Menschen bewegt und warum es sie bewegt. Um dies nachvollziehen zu können, wollte ich insbesondere den kulturellen Wertehorizont verstehen. Daher zielte ein Großteil der Forschung darauf ab, mich in den Dorfkontext einzuleben. Von rund 14 Monaten auf den Fidschi-Inseln verbrachte ich über die Hälfte der Zeit in vorwiegend drei Dorf- gemeinschaften. Über eine Kurzdarstellung meines Zugangs zu den Dorfgemein- schaften möchte ich erste Einblicke in die örtliche Lebenswelt und erfahrene Wer- te geben und die Grundmotivation hinter dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen. Aus dieser wird auch ersichtlich, warum anschließend eine Danksagung folgt. Exkurs 1: Zugang zu fidschianischen Dorfgemeinschaften Fidschianische Dörfer sollte man nach Möglichkeit nicht ohne Einladung betreten, da dies einen kulturellen Affront darstellt. In einem nicht näher bestimmbaren „Früher“ wurden Ungebetene häufig verjagt, ggfs. sogar getötet. Dörfer betritt man – dies ist bewusst ideali- sierend formuliert – mit einem Gastgeschenk und einem Fürsprecher. Daraufhin wird eine Willkommenszeremonie (sevusevu) veranstaltet, bei der man vom Fürsprecher dem Häupt- ling als pars pro toto der Gemeinschaft vorgestellt wird. Zudem wird das Gastgeschenk vom Fürsprecher überreicht. Der Sprecher des Häuptlings wiederum nimmt dieses im Namen des Häuptlings und damit stellvertretend für die Dorfgemeinschaft an und heißt einen in deren Namen willkommen. Gefestigt wird die Praxis durch das gemeinsame Trinken von 1 Sofern Informationen über das Geschlecht einer Person keinen Mehrwehrt für die Forschungser- gebnisse zu beinhalten scheinen, wird in dieser Arbeit auf die Kenntlichmachung verzichtet und das generische Maskulinum verwendet. Pazifik Forum Bd. 17 VIII Soziale Sicherung im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Transformation yaqona, einem Getränk mit spirituellem Beiklang, damit auch die Ahnen dem Aufenthalt ihren Segen geben. Anschließend informiert der Sprecher die nicht-anwesenden Haushalte über den Gast im Dorf, dessen Hintergrund und Anliegen. Die Wahl meiner Untersuchungsdörfer hing nicht nur an erkenntnistheoretischen Erwar- tungen und monetären wie zeitlichen Machbarkeiten, sondern wurde auch von der Auf- findbarkeit geeigneter Fürsprecher in der Hauptstadt Suva beeinflusst. In allen Fällen fand ich hervorragende Fürsprecher, was ich über die Ankunft in mein erstes Untersuchungs- dorf, Malawai auf Gau Island, verdeutlichen will. Dies ist das Heimatdorf von Joeli Veitayaki, Professor für Marine Studies an der University of the South Pacific (USP) und ich bin mit ihm als Fürsprecher gemeinsam angereist. Im Rahmen eines sevusevu in der Gemeindehalle stellte er mich, meine Herkunft, mein familiäres Umfeld und mein For- schungsanliegen dem Häuptling, seinem Sprecher und weiteren Anwesenden vor und überreichte ein Bündel yaqona-Wurzeln als Gastgeschenk. Der Sprecher des Häuptlings nahm das Geschenk an und hieß mich in der Gemeinde willkommen. Er erklärte mir, dass der Häuptling sich geehrt fühle und mir große Freiheiten im Dorf gewähre, dass ich bei- spielsweise wahllos von jedem Baum die Früchte pflücken dürfe, mich an den Feldern bedienen dürfe, mich frei auf dem des Dorfes zugehörigen Land und Wasser bewegen dürfe und mir jedes Haus zu jeder Tages- und Nachtzeit offen stünde. Nach der Zeremo- nie verkündete er meine Anwesenheit den anderen Dorfbewohnern. Da nun jeder von mir wusste und allem Anschein nach ein sehr positives Bild von mir hatte, war eine ideale Basis für meine partizipative Forschung geschaffen, ohne dass ich bisher ein einziges Wort hätte sagen müssen. Gespräche mit meinen Forschungsassistenten ergaben, dass man mir den gleichen Respekt und das gleiche Vertrauen entgegenbringt wie meinem Fürsprecher. Man vertraut darauf, dass ich meine Freiheiten nicht überstrapaziere und auf Kosten anderer ausnutze. Sollte ich Schaden anrichten, so würde dieser in erster Linie nicht mir angelastet, sondern mei- nem Fürsprecher, weil er mich ins Dorf geholt hat, und dem Häuptling, der mich mit den Freiheiten und Möglichkeiten ausgestattet hat, die Dorfgemeinschaft zu belasten. Emotio- nal fühle ich mich seitdem beiden Menschen sehr verbunden, bin sehr dankbar für den Vertrauensvorschuss,
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