Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06460-7 — The Yoruba from Prehistory to the Present Aribidesi Usman , Toyin Falola Index More Information 491

Index

abà 45 Apa I 38 Abdulsalam Abubakar 390 Apala 315 àbíkú 278 Ara War 75 Abinu 17 archaeological evidence 4 , 19 , 41 , 51 , abolition laws 214 52 , 59 , 61 , 74, 266 aboriginal 108 Ilare 96 abulé 46, see also village Olle 112 aceramic phase 32 Owu 92 Action Group 362 Oyo- Ile 81 activism, women 341 , 356 Archaic Period 43 Adegoke Adelabu 353 architecture, slaves 233 , 238 Ade Obayemi 38 , 103 ar ẹ mọ 121 Adósùu Sango 304 Are-Ona- Kakanfo 120 , 151 , 153 , 221 Afonja 151, 161 , 221, 431, 432 àtíbàbà 46 Africanism 229 Atlantic trade 141 , 150 , 205, 206, agannigan 157 208, 215 àgbà egungun 281 disrupted 144 Agbekoya Rebellion 372 authority 121 Agbonmiregun 1 extension 217 Agonnigon 111 autochthonous 4 , 103, 109 agriculture 40, 243 – 247 , 417 Awole 151 , 161 Aguda 238 ahéré 47 Babalawo 219 , 231 , 275 , 291 , 294 , Ahmed Baba 4 299, 300 Ajaka 93 Badagry 38 Aja kingdom 14 Bariba 14 , 16 ajele 123 , 130 , 153, 200 Basorun Gaha 151 , 221, 431 Ajasepo 104 Bayarabe 4 Ajibodẹ 33 beads 75 , 124, 266 , 310 , see also Ajibosin 88 glass beads Aku 5, 235 Benin 1 , 53 , 74 , 141 , 143 , 295, 298 Akure 25, 224 Ilorin 266 Alaai n Ajagbo 118 Biafra 369 Aladura churches 425, 426 Bight of Benin 4, 75 , 141, 146 , Alale (ruler of Idasin) 3 207, 211 All Progressive Congress (APC) 399 boundary markers 46 Al-Salih 221 brass and bronze sculptures 63 , 67 , 298 ancestors 280 Brazil 207 – 210 , 224 , 232 , 434 Anglo-French boundaries 6 Bukola Saraki 445 Apa 41 burials 412

491

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492 Index

camwood 310 divination 292 Candomblé 229 divorce 22 Carthage 42 dyeing 257 carvings 256 census 364 , 373 early political structure 48 , 52 centralized political system 50, 55 Echu Elegua 276 ceramic 32, 67, 78, 81, 96 , 108, ecological zones 7 113 , 134 economic activities 243 ceramic production 138 – 140 economic prosperity 52 decoration 134 economy, colonial 329 , 332 , 416, 436 chieftaincy 3 , 56 , 169 , 413 Eba 16 Christian denominations 425 Ebasaci 17 Christianity 222 , 239 , 335 , 424, 437 Ebira (Igbira) 17, 109 Church Missionary Society (CMS) Edo 3 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 394 , 441 223, 226 Egba 96 civil war 369 – 371 , 439 ẹ gbẹ 425 classical 1, 56 – 57, 58 , 62, 71, 96 Egbe Omo Oduduwa 349 cloth manufacturing 125 Egun 42 cocoa 417 Egungun 281 colonialism 323 , 325 , 327 , 328 , egungun ọ l ọ d ẹ 286 434 , 435 Ekiti 108 cultural organizations 349 migration 108 ethnic politics 349 Ekitiparapo 182 – 186 , 433 resistance 339 èkú 17 confederacy 31, 44 elections, post-independence 365, 376 , constitutional changes 347 , 351 , 437 382 , 392 , 393 , 394 , 395 , 441 copper alloy 44, 51 zoning system 378 copper and bronze 42 election violence 363 , 365, 366 , 379 , corn 333 384 , 395 corruption 364 Elegba 276 council of chiefs 25, 26, 121 , see also Elesun (ruler of) 3 Oyo Mesi Ẹ lẹ w ẹ 287 courts 25 Ẹ mi 279 cowries 270 collapse 167 crafts 248 , 318 , 419 Ere Esie 72, 296 crops 332 Ere Ibeji 301 Cuba 206 , 208 , 210 – 213, 433, 434 Esu 276 cultural interactions 16 , 18, 19 esusu 22 culture, dei ned 229 ethnic unions 340 , 449 evening market 267 depose 128 explorations 31 Dadakuada 316 Europeans 216 Dahomey 14, 119 – 121 , 141 – 146 , 207 , Ẹ y ọ 285 213 , 215, 217, 227 Exu 276 Dahomey’s expansion 148 Delta 7 facial marks 306 dialects 17 farm labor 246 diaspora 448 farm, types of 244 diseases 292 i rearms 163 disk tiles 63 i shing 248

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Index 493

French administration 327 , 436 Ijesa 92 – 96 frictions 16 Oyo’s invasion 119 forest resources 333 Ila 95 Fuji 316 Ila- Iyara 106 Fulani 124 , 136 , 155 – 156 , Ila- Orangun 105 165 – 168 , 432 ilé 47 Ile-Ife 1 – 4 , 26 , 49 , 66 , 75 – 76 , 430 Gani Adams 387 Ilesa 92 , 95 Gbagede 104 , 157 Ilesun 3 Gbedegi 16 Ilorin 12 , 69 , 124 , 139 , 220, Gelede 285 221 – 227 , 257 glass bead production 60 , 66, 74, 141 Ilorin pavements 69 glass workshop 61 Ilu 48 God 271 independence elections 361 gods 16, 24 Indirect Rule 325, 435 Goodluck Ebele Jonathan 394 , Industrial Revolution 332 396, 397 inheritance 21 introduced crops 54 hairstyling 302 , 318 Ipo (Po) 95, 104 Haiti 213 , 276 iron 44, 150 Hausa 165 , 221 goods 265, 419 healthcare 293 Iron Age 44, 429 herbalists 292 iron production 44 , 52 hometown associations 449 ironworking 42 , 262 hunting 247 isihun 22 hypogamy 127 Islam 154 , 219 – 222 , 421, 422 music 313 Ibadan, history 167 Itaakpa 38, 41 Ibadan– Ijaye war 180 , 432 Itagunmodi 68 Ibadan–Ilorin War 190 Iwo 7 Ibrahim Babangida 380 Iwo Eleru 3 – 23, 32, 53 , 78 , 429 Ida Ajase 93 Iyara or Yara 106 , 133 Idasin 3 Ideta complex 49 Jalumi 184 Ifa 16, 21, 93, 231 , 274 , 291 , 421 Jonathan Aleru 104 Ifa divination 231 judicial 25 Ife artworks 62, 295 juju 314 Ife– Benin relations 53 Jukun 18 Ife- Olukotun 49 June 12 elections 382 Iffe-Ijumu 3, 44, 429 Ifetedo 38 Kakanda 18 Ifewara 56 Ketu 1 , 12 , 48 , 49 , 74 , 83 , 119 Igala 17 , 18 kingship 55 igbó igbàl ẹ 282 imposed 74 Igbomina 4 , 12 , 16, 67 – 73, 101 , Okun 109 103, 118 kinship 19 Igu 18 kin terms 19 Igunnu 16, 17 Kiriji 185, 433 Ijebu 10, 13, 97, 98, 146 kola nut 53 Ijebu Ode 49, 53 Koton Karii 18

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494 Index

Krio 235 Muslim 219 – 222 Kwa subgroup 12 Muslim rebellion 155 , 165

Ladoke Akintola 363, 365, 439 Nago 207 , 230 Ladoke Akintola University 421 National Democratic Coalition Lagos 329 (NADECO) 384 Late Stone Age 32 nationalism 344 linguistic 3 , 12, 17, 74 nationalists 344 livestock 246 Native Authorities 325 local chieftaincies 136 – 137, 199 Native- Airs 427 Lucumi 211 , 230 Nigerian Youth Movement 345 Luwo Gbagada, Ooni 64, 75, 430 Niger River 7 , 16 , 53 , 81 , 85 , 106 , 119, 125 Majiya I 103 Nok culture 43 manufacturing 124 non- Yoruba 5 , 14 , 27 , 53 , 70 , 77 , 120 marriage 21, 412 North America 206 masquerade 281 – 290 northern frontier 14 Mecca 3 Northern Yorubaland 3 , 16 medicine, traditional 291 northeast Yoruba 4 , 17 Mediterranean World 42 Northerners 7 Mejiro Cave 39 Nsukka 43 Mejiro ceramics 78 Nupe 119 , 132, 136 , 186 Meroe 42 Nupe intrusions 16 , 85 , 111 – 114 , Merrick Posnansky 40 118, 157 microliths 31, 32 migration 3 , 5 , 54 – 57, 132 , 429 , 450 ọ ba 24, 25 , see also kings Ijebu 97 rituals 26 Olle 111 oba (town) 104 Oranmiyan 75 , 83 – 84 Obafemi Awolowo 347 , 364 , 368 , 439 Owu 90 war efforts 371 military aggression 174 Oba Ile 3 military campaign 119, 157 , 167 , Oba-Isin 46 , 48 , 68 , 95 175 , 217 Obatala 49, 51 military coup 366 – 368, 374, 379, 380 Obawirin 55 fabrication 385 Odo Oya 7 military invasion 144, 156, 172, 178, ododo 17 181 , 204 , 218 Oduduwa 1, 93 military rule 373 children 73 protests 381 Odumegwu Ojukwu 369 , 371 military tribunals 379 Offa 118 missionaries 5 , 27 , 207 , 222 , 223 – 227 , Ogho spirit 3 270 , 335 Ogidi Alliance War 185 – 187 moat 98 Ogun 231 , 275 money 270 Ohiuga 17 monoliths 51, see also stone sculptures oil palm tree 41 Moshood Abiola 382 – 390, 440 Oko town 17 movie industry 427 Okun 4 , 10 , 17 , 109 , 111 , 118 Muhammadu Buhari 379 , 395 Olodumare 1, 271 music 311 Olokun grove 61 social roles 311 Olota Rock 3

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Index 495

Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti 341 political administration 25, 128, 156, Olumo Rock 171 166 , 171 , 200 Olupefon 104 monarchical 121 Olupo 157 political functionaries 24 , 199 Olupo Dalla II 157 polities 1, 56 , 74 , 76 Olusegun Obasanjo 371 , 374 , 390 , polity 76 392, 440, 444 population 7 , 12 , 18 Oluwaju rock shelter 38, 44, 429 Portuguese 141 Ondo area 49 potsherd pavement 64 , 67 – 70 onidìrí 304 pottery 249 – 256 onisegun 291 power 24, 64 , 198 , 398 Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) praise singing 312 386 – 389 prehistory 31 dissension 387 provinces 126 – 131 Ooni of Ife 449 provincial administration 124 , 127 Opa Oranmiyan 295 oral traditions 31, 44, 48, 106 Quranic schools 423 Oranmiyan staff 51 Oramfe cult/deity 51 railway 330 organization 58 ramparts 46, 50 , 92 , 133 Óri 279 refugee 167, 170 , 171 , 176 , 195 orichas 231 relics 96 oriki 4 religions 271 , 421 Orile Owu 88 art 300 Orisa-nla 274 music 313 orisha 273 religious rulers 274 orixas 229 repatriates 236 – 238 Oro Ago 16 Republic of Benin 7 , 213 Oro potsherd pavement 68 revenue 126 Orunmila 274 roads 330 Osogbo 7 rock hollows 33 Otele 281 rock shelters 33 Owo 19 Roman Catholic 229 , 239 Owo territory 18 royal marriage alliances 127 Owu 87 – 92 Ọ yá 276 Saint- Domingue 213 Oyo, foundation 75, 83 salt 141 Oyo 84, 117 , 129 , 132, 161, 413, 430 Samuel Ajayi Crowther 223 , 226 Oyo Mesi 121 , see also council Samuel Johnson 5 of chiefs Samun Dukiya 43 Oyo-Ile 77, 81, 121, 151 , 154 , 430 Sango 128 , 275 , 313 conl ict 84 Sango cult 128 defeat 152 , 167 Sani Abacha 384 Oyo-Nupe relations 16 Santería 230 Oyotunji village 448 scarii cation 308 schools 227 , 420 palace ofi cials 123 sculptors 295 palm oil 215, 244, 332 self-rule 351 paraphernalia 50 settlement 3, 14 , 26 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 66 , 90 , peace treaty 189 91 , 93 , 191, 224 – 226 , 429 playwrights 427 seven kingdoms 74

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496 Index

shelter 46 Transatlantic trade 75, 141 , 431 shotgun house 233 transportation 329 , 331 Sierra Leone 214 , 234 tribute payment 126 – 131 , 174, 200 slave resistance 209 , 213 Trinidad 206 , 276 slaves 120, 124, 202 – 205, 433 tsetse l y 124 domestic 141 – 143 twins 301 preferred 150 raids 148, 156 , 165 , 186 University of Ibadan 33 Apomu 146, 152, 161, 163 upo 18 slave trade 143 – 149, 161 , 165, 206 associations 212 village 46 , see also abulé smelting 264 village confederacies 50 social organization 19, 20, 21, 50, 410 village complex 49 associations 3 – 23, 268 Vodoun 276 rank 20, 23 woman’s position 20 waka 315 social stratii cation 142 walls 59 , 70 , 78 , 89 , 90 , 106 , 164 , 196 socio- political changes 50, 51, 52 war Soko 16 British involvement 187 – 190 , 413 Songhai 4 Fulani 178 South America 206 Ijesa 182 spirits 277 Owu 161 states’ creation 368 , 375 weaving, clothes 258 stone i gures 71 – 73 aѠ ọ ipò 261 stone sculptures 51, see also monoliths wéré 316 Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) West African nationalists 339 381, 427 Western education 226 , 336 , 435 subgroup 10, 17 community involvement 420 succession 26 , 121 , 128 , 414 resistance 227 Sungbo Eredo 98 – 101 Western Region elections 353 syncretism 230 – 233 West Indies 206 Trinidad 234 witchcraft 279 women 125 , 215 , 438 Tafawa Balewa 352 àѠ ẹ 285 Taruga 42 attire 260 taxation 372 clothes weaving 258 terracotta sculptures 63, 297 hairstyles 304 Terranova 5 masquerade 282 territorial expansion 86 , 118 , 178 , 183 trade 418 territory 6 , 7 – 10 waka 315 cultural 14 wood carving 299 Tiv 5 Olowe of Ise 300 town unions 23 trade 19, 52 – 53, 267 , 417 yam 40, 52 , 243 network 269 Yarabawa 4 Oyo revenue 125 Yariba 4 trade unions 341 Yoruba– Fulani wars 157 traders 269, 418 Yoruba identity 4 , 413 traditional rulers 372, 414 Yoruba protectorate 324

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