DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Environmentally Sustainable AFTESWORKING PAPER DevelopmentDivision v- EnvironmentalAssessment Working Paper No.4 Public Disclosure Authorized CULTURAL PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN Public Disclosure Authorized SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A Handbook Public Disclosure Authorized by June Taboroff and Cynthia C. Cook September 1993 Public Disclosure Authorized Environmentally Sustainable Development Division Africa Technical Department The World Bank EnvironmentalAssessment Working Paper No. 4 Cultural Property and Environmental Assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Handbook by June Taboroff and Cynthia C. Cook September1993 EnvironmentallySustainable Development Division SocialPolicy and Resettlement Division TechnicalDepartment EnvironmentDepartment AfricaRegion TheWorld Bank Thispaper has been prepared for internal use. The views and interpretabonsarethose of the authors and should not be attri- butedto the World Bank, to itsaffiliated organizations, orto any individualacting on their behalf. PREFACE The use of environmentalassessment (EA) to identifythe environmentalconsequences of developmentprojects and to take these consequencesinto account in project design is one of the World Bank's most important tools for ensuring that developmentstrategies are environmentally sound and sustainable. The protectionof cultural heritage - sites, structures, artifacts, and remains of archaeological,historical, religious, cultural, or aesthetic value - is one importantobjective of the EA process. The Bank's EA procedures require its Borrowersto undertakecultural heritage assessments in projects that are likely to have diverse and significantimpacts on cultural resources. For nearly two decades, the Bank has includedcultural heritage conservationcomponents in Bank-supportedprojects. More recently, the Bank has encouragedBorrowers to take a proactive approach to cultural heritage conservation,rather than simply avoidingsites that occur within a project area. The principle of Bank support for cultural heritage conservationis now well established. But opportunitiesto improvesite security and sustainabilitymay still be missed for lack of informationand institutionalcoordination. The purpose of includingcultural heritage in the EA process is to ensure that locally, nationally, and internationallysignificant cultural resources are protected from the potential negative impactsof developmentprojects and to promote more effective use of these cultural assets through increasedaccess and better public understandingof their value to society. These guidelinesare intendedto assist regional staff, consultants,and borrower staff in planning for cultural heritage conservationin project environmentalassessments. They are intended to complementthe instructionsgiven in OperationalDirective 4.10, EnvironmentalAssessment, and in the forthcomingOperational Directive 4.25, Cultural Property, as well as the more general guidance given in the Bank's EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook, Volume I, Chapter 3. This report was prepared by June Taboroff of the SocialPolicy and ResettlementDivision of the EnvironmentDeparunent (formerly EnvironmentalAssessments and Programs Division), under the direction of Cynthia Cook, Africa TechnicalDepartment Environment Division, and with the cooperationof Maritta Koch-Weser, Chief, Asia TechnicalDepartment Environment Division (formerly Chief, ENVAP). Mr. Philip Ravenhill, Chief Curator of the National Museumof African Art, Janet Stanley, Librarian, and Christa Clarke, Intern, made major contributionsto the study. Among the many other experts who shared informationand experienceare Alexandre Marc, Mary Dyson, Gael de Guichen, Mark Horton, Brigitte Senut, Pierre de Maret, Susan Maclntosh, and Ann Stahl. I would like to express my appreciationto all of them for their generous collaborationon this study. Francois Falloux EnvironmentalAdvisor EnvironmentDivision Africa Region CULTURALPROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTS IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Methodology 3 Cultural Property Issues in Africa 3 Cultural Heritage and Cultural Identity 3 GeographicalDistribution 4 ChronologicalRange 4 Human Origins and Archaeologyin Africa 5 Architecture 6 Cultural Landscapes 6 Material Culture 6 The Legacy of Colonialism 7 Legal Framework for Cultural Property Assessment 7 FrancophoneAfrica 7 AnglophoneAfrica 8 Areas for Action 8 Participationin InternationalConventions and Agreements 8 InstitutionalFramework for CulturalProperty Assessment 9 RegionalFramework 9 National Framework 10 Coverage and Coordination 10 InformationSystems 10 Research Institutionsand Training Programs 11 Private Sector Capacity 11 Conservationof Sites 12 Designing a Cultural Property Assessment 12 Identification 12 Preparation 13 Appraisal 15 Supervision 15 Summary 15 Country Annexes (in alphabeticalorder) AFRICAREGION CULTURALPROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTS IN SUB-SAHIARANAFRICA Introduction Africa's cultural heritage' is rich and varied. This heritage finds expressionin a wide variety of art forms and artistic and artisanalproducts. Culturalproperty is protected and preserved in paleontological,archaeological, historical, and sacred sites, as well as in museumsand other structures and in the daily life of the people. Despite insufficientresearch and data and a high degree of country variability, cultural property in sub-SaharanAfrica is substantialand widely distributed. Africa's cultural heritage is of worldwideimportance. This is especially true of African archaeology, which can inform all of us of the history of human evolution,humanity's impact on the environment, its use of natural resources, and its creativityin the arts and in the creation of societies. Every stage of human evolutiontook place in Africa. Africa's cultural achievements- development and use of tools, independentinvention of agriculture, long distance trade, African art (including ancient rock art which is some of the oldest in the world), urbanism, and metallurgy- are of a high order. Throughout sub-SaharanAfrica, often clustered along coastal areas, riverbasins, or major transportationaxes, are many thousandcultural heritage sites.2 In 15 countries in western Africa for which a detailed listing was assembled(Huysecom 1987), some 5,000 sites (excavations,middens, grave mounds, shrines, towns, ancient villages) have been enumerated. In Mali alone, 874 sites have been noted in the literature. These figures should be seen as indicativeonly: many sites have been found but not recorded and whole geographicareas have not yet been surveyed archaeologically. The World Bank's OperationalDirective 4.01 on EnvironmentalAssessment requires borrowers to prepare EnvironmentalAssessments (EAs) for all proposed projects or project componentsthat may have diverse and significantenvironmental impacts, includingimpacts on cultural heritage sites. Cultural assessmentsconducted as part of project Eas are essentialto ascertain expected impacts on culturalproperty and to prevent its destructionor damage. An importantpart of this process is the screening of projects for potential impacts on cultural property, and if necessary the design of detailed studies needed to specify those impactsand to prepare mitigationplans. Culturalheritage refers to sites, structures, and remains of archaeological,historical, religious, cultural or aestheticvalue. This discussionfocuses on tangibleand immovablecultural property comprisingarchaeological sites, building complexes, architecture, monumentalsculpture, painting, inscriptions,and other paleontological and physical remains left by human inhabitantsand consideredpart of a country's cultural heritage. See Unesco, ReconmnendationConcerning the Preservation of CulturalPropertv Endangeredby Public or Private Works, Paris, 1968, and ConventionConcemine the Protectionof the World Culture and Natural Heritage, Paris, 1972. The terms ancient monuments,antiquities, relics, historic landmarks, historical sites, cultural patrimony, and cultural resources also describe forms of cultural heritage. 2 Known site distributionoften reflects a samplingbias rather than true distribution. Intensive survey work in areas previously consideredto be archaeologicallybarren has often revealednumerous sites. -2 - The informationassembled for the purpose of making cultural heritage impact assessmentscan be extremely useful in deepeningand extendingour knowledgeof Africa's past. Development projects that have included archaeologicalsurveys, such as the Volta Basin Project in the mid-1970s, the Kafue Dam in Zambia, and the Lesotho HighlandsWater Project, have contributedgreatly to African archaeology. To make full use of Eas, the findings must become part of the informationbase on cultural heritage. Of equal importance, it must be made accessible to project and government planners, thus requiring a suitable informationretrieval system. Further, project environmentalassessments can provide a tool for incorporatingcultural heritage concerns into economicdevelopment. These assessments, however, will have a significant effect only if they are carried out in the context of a national policy that brings cultural heritage into national environmentaland economicplanning. This policy should be based on the importanceof surveying, inventorying,conserving, studying, and interpretingarchaeological sites, architecture (traditional and colonial), the arts (both urban and rural), and crafts (traditional and modern). Such a policy should also reinforce the institutionsdevoted to these tasks. Operational
Load more

Recommended publications
  • At Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, Kenya
    NYAME AKUMA No. 36, December 1991 Acknowledgements dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. The author wishes to thank Mr. Steven Rusina Mathai for the many technical hours Sutton, J. E. G. that he put in chemical preparation of the samples, extraction and mounting of pollen 1987 Hyrax Hill and the Sirikwa. hnia22: slides, and microscopic examination and identification of specimens. Invaluable discussions with Dr. Joseph M. Maitima (Head, Museum Palynology Department) and Dr. John E. G. Sutton (Director, British Institute) are highly appreciated. Access to Harpoon Evolution on the comparative pollen collections, laboratory Spit (GaJil2) at Koobi Fora, space and equipment at the National Lake Turkana, Kenya Museums Palynology Department was permitted by the Associate Director for Biological Resources, Prof. Steven Njuguna. Charles M. Nelson I heartily thank Dr. Chris P. Koch for Licensing Product Times commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. Stoneham, MA, U.S.A. References Several small archaeological mences Hamilton, A. C have been eroding from the beach on the 1982 Environmental History of East Africn: A south side of Koobi Fora Spit, revealing a Study of the Quaternary. London: stratigraphic succession of occupations Academic Press. during periods when Lake Turkana fell to about its present level. These occurrences Kyule, D. M. demonstrate that harpoons were used 1991a 1990 Excavations at the site of Hyrax extensively during periods of low water and Hill, Nakuru, Kenya. Kenya Past and that there is continuous use and stylistic Plsnrt 23: -53. development of harpoon technology well into Iron Age times. 1991b Economy and Subsistence of Iron Age Sirikwa Culture at Hyrax Hill, Na)ruru.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaya Hip-Hop in Coastal Kenya: the Urban Poetry of UKOO FLANI
    Page 1 of 46 Kaya Hip-Hop in Coastal Kenya: The Urban Poetry of UKOO FLANI By: Divinity LaShelle Barkley [email protected] Academic Director: Athman Lali Omar I.S.P. Advisor: Professor Mohamed Abdulaziz S.I.T. Kenya, Fall 2007 Coastal Cultures & Swahili Studies Kaya Hip Hop in Coastal Kenya Fall 2007 ISP, SIT Kenya By: Divinity L. Barkley Page 2 of 46 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………..………………….page 3 Abstract……………………………………………..…………………………page 4 Introduction…………………………………..……………………………pages 5-8 Hip-Hop & Kenyan Youth Culture Research Problem Status of Hip-Hop in Kenya Hypotheses The Setting……………………………….………………………………pages 9-10 Methodology: Data Collection……………………………………..…pages 10-12 Biases and Assumptions………………………..………...…………...pages 13-14 Discussion & Analysis…………………………………………………pages 14-38 Ukoo Flani ni nani? Kaya Hip-Hop Traditional Role of Music in African Culture Genesis of Rap/Hip-hop in American Ghettoes The Ties That Bind Kenyan Radio The Maskani Ghetto Life Will the real Ukoo Flani please stand up? Urban Poetry: Analyzing Ukoo Flani’s Lyrics Conclusion…………………………..……………………….…………pages 38-42 Conclusion Part I: The Future of Ukoo Flani Conclusion Part II: Hypotheses Results Conclusion Part III: Recommendations for Future SIT Students Bibliography………………………………………………..…………..pages 43-44 Interview/Meeting Schedule………………………………………………page 45 ISP Review Sheet…………….……………………………………….……page 46 Kaya Hip Hop in Coastal Kenya Fall 2007 ISP, SIT Kenya By: Divinity L. Barkley Page 3 of 46 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the entire Ukoo Flani crew for their contributions to my project. I am fascinated by your amazing talent and dedication to making positive music to inspire future generations. I am amazed at what you have been able to accomplish despite limited access to resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracker June/July 2014
    KENYA MUSEUM SOCIETY Tracker June/July 2014 Joy Adamson Exhibition Photo by Ebrahim Mwangi, NMK AV Dept Kenya Museum Society P.O. Box 40658 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] www.kenyamuseumsociety.org Tel: 3743808/2339158 (Direct) kenyamuseumsociety Tel: 8164134/5/6 ext 2311 Cell: 0724255299 @museumsociety DRY ASSOCIATES LTD Investment Group Offering you a rainbow of opportunities ... Wealth Management Since 1994 Dry Associates House Brookside Grove, Westlands, Nairobi Tel: +254 (20) 445-0520/1 +254 (20) 234-9651 Mobile(s): 0705799971/0705849429/ 0738253811 June/July 2014 Tracker www.dryassociates.com2 NEWS FROM NMK Joy Adamson Exhibition New at Nairobi National Museum he historic collections of Joy Adamson’s portraits of the peoples of Kenya as well as her botanical and wildlife paintings are once again on view at the TNairobi National Museum. This exhibi- tion includes 50 of Joy’s intriguing portraits and her beautiful botanicals and wildlifeThe exhibition,illustrations funded that are by complementedKMS was officially by related opened objects on May from 19. the muse- um’sVisit ethnographic the KMS shop and where scientific cards collections. featuring some of the portraits are available as is the book, Peoples of Kenya; KMS members are entitled to a 5 per cent dis- count on books. The museum is open seven days a week from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm. Joy Adamson Exhibition Photo by Ebrahim Mwangi, NMK AV Dept June/July 2014 Tracker 3 KMS EASTER SAFARI 18Tsavo - 21 APRIL West 2014 National Park By James Reynolds he Kenya Museum Society's Easter trip saw organiser Narinder Heyer Ta simple but tasty snack in Makindu's Sikh temple, the group entered lead a group of 21 people in 7 vehicles to Tsavo West National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • The Poetics of Gĩkũyũ Mwomboko Poetry: a Case Study of Selected Performing Artistes Mwangi Mũhoro
    The poetics of Gĩkũyũ Mwomboko poetry: a case study of selected performing artistes Mwangi Mũhoro To cite this version: Mwangi Mũhoro. The poetics of Gĩkũyũ Mwomboko poetry: a case study of selected performing artistes. Education. 2002. dumas-01313710 HAL Id: dumas-01313710 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01313710 Submitted on 10 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE POETICS OF GIKUYIJ MWOMBOKO POETRY: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED PERFORMING ARTISTES BY MWANGI P. MUHORO [B.Ed. (English/Literature), Dip. Ed. (English/Music)] IFRA 111111111111111 I F RA003294 oii o / ktuo 39F, A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2002 ii Declaration This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in another university. M ANGI P. MOHORO This thesis has been submitted with our approval as University supervisors. A •:(- DR. MOIGAI WA GACHANJA PROF. KITULA KING'EI ill Acknowledgements I am immensely grateful to several persons who enabled me to carry out the research and write down this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisors: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Family History Mauritius Twocol
    Our Ancestors from Mauritius Paul Francis, 2010 This is the story of our ancestors who came from Mauritius. 1 Early Days Mauritius had been uninhabited prior to The story of our Mauritian ancestors the arrival of the first European settlers. th starts on the 9 of April 1729. After a Its dense forests had been roamed by five month journey from St Malo in dodos, their close relation the solitaire, France, the wooden sailing ship “Royal and by tortoises so large that eight Philip” was at last about to arrive in people could stand on the back of one. Mauritius (then known as the Ile de All these had, however, been wiped out France). On board were the first 30 by the Dutch, who had established a volunteer French settlers, on their way number of abortive colonies on the to new lives in the new colony. And island during the seventeenth century, amongst them was Jean Toussaint Jocet before abandoning the island in 1710. de la Porte, his wife Jeanne Thérèse They had left behind feral monkeys and Thomas, and their two young children, rats. Without natural predators, the rats aged three and five. had overrun the island and grown to the size of rabbits. The colony on Ile de France was only Native Forests of Mauritius. eight years old. It was a private sector colony – established by the French East In 1729, when Jean and Jeanne arrived, India Company to act as a base for their the colony had about 100 French settlers trading ships in the Indian Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • 1843 KMS Kenya Past and Present Issue 43
    Kenya Past and Present Issue 43 Kenya Past and Present Editor Peta Meyer Editorial Board Marla Stone Patricia Jentz Kathy Vaughan Kenya Past and Present is a publication of the Kenya Museum Society, a not-for-profit organisation founded in 1971 to support and raise funds for the National Museums of Kenya. Correspondence should be addressed to: Kenya Museum Society, PO Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Email: [email protected] Website: www.KenyaMuseumSociety.org Statements of fact and opinion appearing in Kenya Past and Present are made on the responsibility of the author alone and do not imply the endorsement of the editor or publishers. Reproduction of the contents is permitted with acknowledgement given to its source. We encourage the contribution of articles, which may be sent to the editor at [email protected]. No category exists for subscription to Kenya Past and Present; it is a benefit of membership in the Kenya Museum Society. Available back issues are for sale at the Society’s offices in the Nairobi National Museum. Any organisation wishing to exchange journals should write to the Resource Centre Manager, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, or send an email to [email protected] Designed by Tara Consultants Ltd ©Kenya Museum Society Nairobi, April 2016 Kenya Past and Present Issue 43, 2016 Contents KMS highlights 2015 ..................................................................................... 3 Patricia Jentz To conserve Kenya’s natural and cultural heritage ........................................ 9 Marla Stone Museum highlights 2015 ............................................................................. 11 Juliana Jebet and Hellen Njagi Beauty and the bead: Ostrich eggshell beads through prehistory .................................................. 17 Angela W.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Trip Report KENYA
    KENYA and TANZANIA TRIP REPORT Sept 25-Oct 23, 2009 PART 1 - Classic Kenya text and photos by Adrian Binns Sept 25 / Day 1: Blue Post Thika; Castle Forest We began the morning with an unexpected Little Sparrowhawk followed by a Great Sparrowhawk, both in the skies across the main road from the Blue Post Hotel in Thika. The lush grounds of the Blue Post are bordered by the twin waterfalls of the Chania and Thika, both rivers originating from the nearby Aberdare Mountain Range. It is a good place to get aquatinted with some of the more common birds, especially as most can be seen in close proximity and very well. Eastern Black-headed Oriole, Cinnamon-chested Bee- eater, Little Bee-eater, White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher, Collared Sunbird, Bronzed Mannikin, Speckled Mousebird and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird were easily found. Looking down along the river course and around the thundering waterfall we found a pair of Giant Kingfishers as well as Great Cormorant, Grey Heron and Common Sandpiper, and two Nile Monitors slipped behind large boulders. A fruiting tree provided a feast for Yellow-rumped Seedeaters, Violet-backed Starlings, Spot-flanked Barbet (right), White-headed Barbet as a Grey-headed Kingfisher, an open woodland bird, made sorties from a nearby perch. www.wildsidenaturetours.com www.eastafricanwildlifesafaris.com © Adrian Binns Page 1 It was a gorgeous afternoon at the Castle Forest Lodge set deep in forested foothills of the southern slope of Mt. Kenya. While having lunch on the verandah, overlooking a fabulous valley below, we had circling Long-crested Eagle (above right), a distant Mountain Buzzard and African Harrier Hawk.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga Coast: an Assessment of Biodiversity Value, Threats and Opportunities
    Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities Kennedy Osuka, Melita Samoilys, James Mbugua, Jan de Leeuw, David Obura Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities Kennedy Osuka, Melita Samoilys, James Mbugua, Jan de Leeuw, David Obura LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Osuka K, Melita Samoilys M, Mbugua J, de Leeuw J, Obura D. 2016. Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities. ICRAF Working paper number no. 248 World Agroforestry Centre. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP16167.PDF Titles in the Working Paper series aim to disseminate interim results on agroforestry research and practices, and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other publication series from the World Agroforestry Centre include: Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by the World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worlagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry Centre 2016 Working Paper No. 248 Photos/illustrations: all photos are appropriately accredited. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the World Agroforestry Centre. Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. i About the authors Kennedy Osuka is research scientist at CORDIO East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment
    Recent Slprt•• books World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbooks 1968-1979, Cumulative Index Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Other related •• 8lprt books Ecological Consequences of the Second Ihdochina War Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment Publish~d on behalf of SIPRI by Taylor & Francis Ltd 10-14 Macklin Street London WC2B 5NF Distributed in the USA by Crane, Russak & Company Inc 3 East 44th Street New York NY 10017 USA and in Scandinavia by Almqvist & WikseH International PO Box 62 S-101 20 Stockholm Sweden For a complete list of SIPRI publications write to SIPRI Sveavagen 166 , S-113 46 Stockholm Sweden Stoekholol International Peace Research Institute Warfare in a Fragile World Military Impact onthe Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of disarmament and arms regulation. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. As a consultative body, the Scientific Council is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Dr Rolf Bjornerstedt, Chairman (Sweden) Professor Robert Neild, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Mr Tim Greve (Norway) Academician Ivan M£ilek (Czechoslovakia) Professor Leo Mates (Yugoslavia) Professor
    [Show full text]
  • Bajuni: People, Society, Geography, History, Language 1. Introduction
    Bajuni: people, society, geography, history, language TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Comments on sources 3 Geography and economy 4 Settlements north to south 5 Clans 6 Ruins north to south 7 History of the Bajuni 8 Attitudes, the future 9 Alternative, mainly colonial, names, for some localities 10 List of Bajuni places from north to south 11 Sources 1. Introduction For at least five centuries, the Bajuni subsisted simply but fairly peacefully, fishing, trading, and farming in a string of settlements from Kismayuu in southern Somalia down to the northern tip of Pate Island in Kenya, a distance of some 250 km. They were few, their mainland neighbours (recently Somali, formerly Oromo) were many, they were fairly defenceless, their mainland neighbours were armed and aggressive. The balance between them and the neighbours was fragile but stable. The main settlements were on the islands, with agricultural areas on the mainland opposite. When times got bad, Bajuni living or working on the mainland withdrew to the islands. There is little suggestion that their pastoral neighbours showed much inclination to cross over to the islands, probably because they were not too interested in what was on offer – a lot of fish, limited edible flora, and few domestic animals. In Somalia this all changed in 1991, with the fall of Siad Barre, the President of Somalia. In what follows, this period and the events from 1991 on are referred to as The Troubles. The historical balance broke, ethnic Somalis rolled across the mainland settlements and flooded onto the islands. Ethnic Somalis (Hawiye, Darod/Marehan) decided to evict Bajunis from the islands where they had lived for centuries.
    [Show full text]