Being and Becoming Hausa African Social Studies Series
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Being and Becoming Hausa African Social Studies Series Editorial Board Martin R. Doornbos, Institute of Social Studies the Hague Carola Lentz, University of Mainz John Lonsdale, University of Cambridge VOLUME 23 Being and Becoming Hausa Interdisciplinary Perspectives Edited by Anne Haour and Benedetta Rossi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover: Photograph by David Heathcote. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Being and becoming Hausa : interdisciplinary perspectives / edited by Anne Haour and Benedetta Rossi. p. cm. — (African social studies series ; v. 23) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18542-5 (pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Hausa (African people)—Ethnic identity. I. Haour, Anne. II. Rossi, Benedetta. III. Title. IV. Series. DT515.45.H38B44 2010 305.89’37—dc22 2010013403 ISSN 1568-1203 ISBN 978 90 04 18542 5 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Illustrations ............................................................................ vii List of Maps ........................................................................................ ix Contributors ....................................................................................... xi Preface ................................................................................................. xv Note on Language and Transcription ............................................ xvii 1. Hausa Identity: Language, History and Religion .................... 1 Anne Haour and Benedetta Rossi 2. The Role of Comparative/Historical Linguistics in Reconstructing the Past: What Borrowed and Inherited Words Tell Us About the Early History of Hausa ................. 35 Philip J. Jaggar 3. Ancient Labels and Categories: Exploring the ‘Onomastics’ of Kano ........................................................................................... 59 Murray Last 4. More Rural than Urban? The Religious Content and Functions of Hausa Proverbs and Hausa Verbal Compounds ................................................................................... 85 Joseph McIntyre 5. Being and Becoming Hausa in Ader ......................................... 113 Benedetta Rossi 6. Kufan Kanawa, Niger: The Former Kano? ............................... 141 Anne Haour 7. Kirfi, Bauchi: An Archaeological Investigation of the Hausa Landscape ....................................................................................... 165 Abubakar Sule Sani 8. The Hausa Textile Industry: Origins and Development in the Precolonial Period ............................................................ 187 Marisa Candotti vi contents 9. Clothing and Identity: How Can Museum Collections of Hausa Textiles Contribute to Understanding the Notion of Hausa Identity? ...................................................................... 213 Sarah Worden 10. God Made Me a Rapper: Young Men, Islam, and Survival in an Age of Austerity ............................................................... 235 Adeline Masquelier 11. Engendering a Hausa Vernacular Christian Practice .......... 257 Barbara Cooper 12. Hausa as a Process in Time and Space .................................. 279 John E.G. Sutton Index .................................................................................................... 299 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cover: Girl in front of a Zaria mosque, in the 1970s. Photograph taken by David Heathcote. Figure 2.3. Diachronic semantic drift: ‘arrow’ in Hausa and Bole Figure 3.1. The formerly Maguzawa house, Gidan Jatau, Kankara District (Katsina): looking south from its now-disused mbagiro shrine over the millet (gero) and sorghum (dawa) fields towards the farm- stead and its trees. Figure 3.2. Within Birnin Kano in 1964, an old house beyond a borrow-pit (kududdufi) in which in the nineteenth century were crocodiles. Figure 5.1. Ader landscape with village, April 2005. Figure 5.2. Movements of groups discussed in text during the nine- teenth and early twentieth centuries. Figure 5.3. Shrine of Mashidi, December 2008. Figure 5.4. Remains of furnace and tuyères on the plateau SE of Ago- uloum, December 2008 (the scale shown is 1 metre long). Photo cour- tesy of Joël le Corre. Figure 6.2. Site of Kufan Kanawa. January 2003. Figure 6.3. Serkin Tsotsebaki (at left) in front of his palace, Wacha, with a guard. Early 2002. Figure 6.4. Folded strip-rouletted vessel, recovered from 2000 excava- tions, Context C, and reconstituted by Maifada Ganda. Inset: detail of folded strip rouletting motif (Sherd KME E344). Figure 7.2. Site of Tekkira: remains of Furnace 5, with slag heap 4 (including visible tuyère fragments) at background. Figure 7.3. Abandoned house structures on the hilltop settlement of Kal-bokko viii list of illustrations Figure 8.1. Map of trade routes, northern Nigeria. The National Archives, London, CO 446/51, 1905. Reproduced with permission. Figure 9.1. Group of riders, Sallah procession, Kano City, February 2002 (© Sarah Worden). Figure 9.2. Detail of White robe riga fari (© National Museums Liverpool). Taken by the author, with special permission to publish by National Museums Liverpool. Figure 9.3. A.1878.1.2 Indigo robe riga saki with Eight Knives design (© National Museums Scotland) NMS photographic Ref. PF17154. Figure 9.4. A.2007.125 Silk robe girke barage (© National Museums Scotland) NMS Ref. PF17167. Figure 10.1. Male youths in their best hip-hop gear attending a dance party in Dogondoutchi. Figure 11.1. The congregation of the newly constructed church in Tsi- biri ca. 1948. (Note the Islamic style of the church architecture and the local dress style typical of Muslim Hausa speakers in the region of the congregants). Photo by Ray de la Haye, courtesy of SIM International Archives. LIST OF MAPS Map 1.1. Map: the Hausa area. Map 2.1. The Chadic languages (Schuh 2002). Map 2.2. The area of greatest linguistic diversity in Afroasiatic: the Cushitic and Omotic families (Ethnologue). Map 3.1. Kano and its neighbours, showing the location of some key early sites. Map 3.2. The districts of Kano emirate, divided into the zones used in this chapter. Map 6.1. Map of sites discussed in text. Map 7.1. Map of the study area. Map drawn by Abubakar Sani Sule and redrawn by Mr Joshua Bako, cartographer of the Department of Archaeology, Ahmadu Bello University. CONTRIBUTORS Marisa Candotti obtained her PhD in African Studies at the Uni- versity of Naples ‘l’Orientale’. She conducted three years of archival and field-based research in Northern Nigeria with the collaboration of the Centre of Trans-Saharan Studies of the University of Maiduguri and Arewa House (ABU) in Kaduna. She then obtained her post doc- toral fellowship at the University of Naples ‘l’Orientale’, where she also collaborated with the Department of History of Sub-Saharan Africa. She is currently conducting research at the London School of Econom- ics (LSE). Her main research interests concern the economic history of Hausaland and Borno, particularly the development of the textile industry and the influence of the state on the economy. Barbara Cooper is Professor of History at Rutgers University (USA). She is interested in the intersections between culture and political economy, focusing upon gender, religion, and family life. Her pub- lications have addressed female labour and slavery, gift exchange as social discourse, oral genres, and the negotiation of a shifting politi- cal economy through the re-definition of marriage. Her books include Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900–1989 (Heinemann, 1997) and Evangelical Christians in the Mus- lim Sahel (Bloomington, 2006), which won the Melville J. Herskovits Award of the African Studies Association in 2007. Current research concerns the history of debates about fertility, population, and repro- duction in the Sahel. Anne Haour is a Lecturer in the Arts and Archaeology of Africa at the Sainsbury Research Unit, University of East Anglia (UK). Her doctoral research (published as Ethnoarchaeology in the Zinder region of Niger, Archaeopress, 2003) and subsequent projects concerned the site of Kufan Kanawa, Niger, said to be linked to the Hausa. Her interests in the archaeological materialisation of the historically-described Sahelian polities has since led her to further fieldwork and a broader thematic approach, developed through a number of publications, including her book Rulers, warriors, traders, clerics (Oxford University Press, 2007) which argued for the usefulness of a comparative historical approach. xii contributors Philip J. Jaggar is Professor of West African Linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (UK). He took an MPhil in social anthropology at SOAS with a dissertation on the blacksmiths of Kano, northern Nigeria (1978). His PhD in linguistics