LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS in the UK: 1960S–1980S

Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP Address correspondenceto:LucyTedd, [email protected] to thelis-linkemaillist in 1987. inter alia in 1969.Duringthe1980sIworkedindependentlyasanauthor,lecturerandconsultant; 1979, havinggraduatedwithadegreeinComputerSciencefromManchesterUniversity Computer OfficerintheCollegeofLibrarianshipWalesAberystwythfrom1972– are basedmainlyonpublishedmaterialaswellpersonalrecollections.Iworkedthe North Americaaremadewhereappropriate.Sourcesofinformationusedforthepaper the main,limitedmyselftoUK,butreferencescomparableworkunderwayin For thisreviewoftheearlycomputer-basedsystemsthatwereusedinlibrariesIhave, Introduction elicited throughane-maillistandhavebeenincorporatedasappropriate. and ‘memories’ofthoseinvolvedinrunningimplementingthesesystemswere penultimate section.Referencesaremadetopublishedliteratureofthesedevelopments systems andintegratedlibrarymanagementofthelate1980sarecoveredin of the1970sandtoturnkeysystems1980s.Therisemicrocomputer-based the experimentalsystemsof1960s,tolocalandalsoco-operative the issuingofmaterialsincollections.ThispapertracesthishistoryUKfrom Computers werefirstusedinlibrariesforassistingwiththeprocessesofcataloguingand US Census.Indeed,theidea forthesecardshadbeengiventoHollerithbyDr Billings, pioneered byHermanHollerith toaidintheprocessingofinformationfrom 1890 evolved fromtheeighty-columnpunchedcarddata processing systemsthathadbeen with usingcomputerstoassistintheprocessingofinformation. Mostofthesesystems In theearly1960sseverallibrariesinUKandNorth Americabegantoexperiment Experimental systems—1960s in thispaper. puter-based systems.Anumberofrepliesappeared— someofwhichhavebeenincluded II 07DOI:10.1179/174581607x254794 © CILIP2007 Library History LIBRARY MANAGEMENTSYSTEMSIN 1 Afurthersourceofinformationforthispaperresultedfromamessagesentout writingareviewoftwenty-oneyearscomputer-basedsystemsinlibraries , Vol.23,December2007 2 inlateOctober2006askingformemoriesoftheseearly com- THE UK:1960s–1980s By LucyA.Tedd Aberystwyth University Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 302 National LibraryofMedicine. then librarianoftheLibrarySurgeon’sGeneralOffice—forerunner of asmallselectionpapersalongwithcontemporarycommentary. in 1966. journal for earlymemoriesnoted: catalogue’. from EssexUniversity,Sommerladreportedthedevelopment ofa‘machine-readable colleagues wereinvolvedwithdevelopinganacquisitions systemonaKDF9computer. puter systemsatthistime.Forinstance,NewcastleUniversityMauriceLineand at theSchoolofLibraryStudiesQueen’sUniversityBelfast(QUB).AsKimber source forinformationthispaper,wasfoundedbyRichardKimber,thenaLecturer technical periodicalsheldintwenty-eightlibrarieswas reportedbyCheesman From LiverpoolUniversitythedevelopmentofafinding listofscientific,medical,and written forthefortiethvolumeof puter systemsatBathUniversityLibraryandtheBritish Library,areprovidedinapaper Line’s recollectionsofthoseearlydays,aswellhis involvement withsubsequentcom- would havedoneit’.InthefirstissueofnewjournalKimber was justright:toosoon,anditwouldhavenotsurvived;latesomebodyelse with libraryautomation?’,andKimberreplied,‘Ithoughtitwasagoodidea.Thetiming Harvard-Williams, asked,‘Whatwouldyouthinkabouteditinganewslettertodeal recalled in1987,thethenLibrarianatQUBandHeadofLibrarySchool,Peter this workalsoappearinissue. in theUKwasRolloWoodsatSouthamptonUniversityandhispersonalmemoriesof One ofthefirstpeoplewhowasinvolvedwithcomputersystemsinuniversitysector title). line-printer paperwithinput oneighty-columnpunchedcards(withtwo per catalogues. Between1965 and 1968CamdenPublicLibrariesproducedacatalogue on to reviewsystemsfordealing withloansandthemergingofvariousforms library the Londonboroughswerereorganizedin1964andthis providedtheimpetusformany not onlywithinacademiclibrariesthatchangeswere takingplace.Inthepublicsector, the developmentswithinuniversitiesgenerallyatthat timeisgivenbyNaylor. use inlibrariesisgiventhepaperbyBlackthisissue. a loanssystematSouthamptonUniversitywasthefirstpaper Libraries inotheracademiclibrariestheUKwerealsoexperimentingwithcom- similar directions. problems involved,andtohelpestablishdirectpersonalcontactbetweenthoseworkingin about whatisbeginningtobedoneinthisfield,provideamediumfordiscussionofthe will therefore become available ... Thepurposeof will thereforebecomeavailable ... and librariansareanxioustostakeclaimsforsharesinincreasedcomputertime,which recent FlowersReport,morecomputingmachinerywillbeinstalledinBritishuniversities, that itispossibletousecomputersformostclericaloperationsinlibraries.Asaresultofthe A newwaveofenthusiasmissweepingovertheworldlibrariesinBritain.Librarianssee needed aroomofitsown(asmallroom!)Itwasaninnovativesystematthetime. Library, CastleStreet.Ileftin1969,butremembertheclunkysortingmachinewhich When Ifirststartedworkinginlibraries,wehadapunchedcardsystematExeterCity 15 Theothermajorpubliclibrary involvedduringthisexperimentalphasewasWest Program: newsofcomputersinBritishuniversitylibraries Program 13 AbroaderoverviewoftheseearlysystemsinUKacademic librariesand celebrateditsfortiethanniversaryin2006withacelebratoryreprinting 3 Furtherinformationonpunchedcardsystemsandtheir Program: electroniclibrary andinformationsystems Program: 5 ApaperontheuseofanICT1907computerfor Lucy A.Tedd Program istoassistlibrariansinlearning 4 Onerespondenttomyrequest 6 tobepublishedinthe 9 whenitwaslaunched notedthat: 7 Thisjournal,akey 14 Itwas 12 and, . 11 10 8 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP development ofacatalogueandlocationindex. Sussex whichhadinvolvedtheservicesofcomputerfirm,ElliottAutomation,in on thisprojectwasFrankGurneyandonememoryprovidedwas: computers. There werevariousworkingpartiesoflibrarians involved inusingthesespecific by hiswife. ogy ofthetimedevelopingfast,andresultingbookwaseditedbyLine,indexed nized theimportanceofpublishingcontenttheselectureseventhoughtechnol- in theacquisitionsprojectatNewcastleUniversityLibrary,gavelectures.Linerecog- of Newcastle’sDepartmentAdultEducation.Theprogrammers,whowereinvolved ians organizedforaseriesofsixlecturestobeheldundertheauspicesUniversity puter staff,membersoftheNorth-eastDivisionAssociationAssistantLibrar- In anattempttoovercomethecommunicationdifficultiesbetweenlibrarystaffandcom- those earlydays: held attheAtomicEnergyResearchEstablishment(AERE)Harwell. for instance,describedtheuseofpunchedcardsproductionlistsperiodicals Also therewereexamplesofsomeexperimentalsystemsfromspeciallibraries.Bishop, the CAGtocover: individual workingparties.Itwasproposedthatthere wouldbefiveworkingpartiesof puter ApplicationsGroup(CAG)whichwouldco-ordinate theseparateeffortsof 1960s, whichincluded: 1973 InternationalGraduateSummerSchoolonLibrarianshipinAberystwyth. I wasfirstaskedtorunacourse(whichcalledTheLibraryandtheComputer)at In 1968itwasreportedin There weremanychallengesfacingthoseinvolvedwithcomputer-basedsystemsin There wasarangeofcomputersystemsbeingusedforlibraryapplicationsinthe Recordstructureandfilemanipulation. Information retrieval; • Circulation; • Periodicalrecords; • Acquisitions andcataloguingsystems; • • ICT(laterICL)andthe1900series. IBMandthe360series; • EnglishElectric andtheKDF9; • ElliottAutomation andthe803,903905series; • • Librarystaffwerenotalwaystoosureaboutwhatwaspossible. Computerpeoplethoughttheyknewwhatlibrarystaffrequired; • Thecomputertechnologyofthetimewasnotalwaysadequateforjob; • • Programswereoftenwritteninmachine-codelanguage,i.e.thespecificcomputerlanguage Programmerswereneededtowritetheappropriatesoftwareforeachapplication; • Computerswerelargeandexpensiveownedbytheparentauthority; • • meeting FrankGurneyatthecoffeemachine—hewasdevelopingasystemforlibraries. Whilst workingatElliottAutomationinthe1960sIremember,whenlate,often Fortran, wereallrathernew; for theparticularcomputer,asgeneralprogramminglanguages,suchAlgol,Basic,COBOL, 18 Ipersonallyfoundthistobeaveryvaluablesourceofinformationwhen Library ManagementSystems Program 19 thatAslibshouldberequestedtoformaCom- 16 TheconsultantfromElliottworking

303 17 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 304 In particulartheaimsofCAGwereto: Duchesne journal inthefieldofcomputer-basedlibrarysystems— Automation Officer.One‘output’fromthisofficerwasthepublicationin1971ofanew ing fromOSTIforitsdevelopmentsandalsowasthehomeOSTI-fundedLibrary (OSTI) startedtofundworkinthisarea.SouthamptonUniversityLibraryreceivedfund- report, byWainwright, library andinformationprojectsin1973–1974.One projectfundedbyOSTIwasa fully. Reasonsforthisincluded: By the1970sthereweremanymorelibrariesbeginningtousecomputersystemssuccess- Local systems—1970s Southampton UniversityandWestSussexPublicLibrary. tion systemsatAERE,theAtomicWeaponsResearchEstablishmentAldermaston, of theAEREatHarwell,hadundertakenacomparisoncomputer-basedcircula- By 1969theCirculationWorkingPartyofCAG,chairedbyChrisWilson,Librarian punched papertapewhich was thenphysicallytransportedtoacomputerforprocessing. ‘read’ automaticallybya reader attheissuecounterandthencopiedontoa reelof size astheBrowneissuecards thathadbeenusedpreviously.Thisinformation was with detailsofbooknumbers andborrowernumberspunchedonto‘cards’ofthe same and marketedbyFrankGurney,wasinstalledatWest SussexCountyLibraryin1967, were AutomatedLibrarySystems(ALS)andPlessey. ThefirstALSsystem,developed for theborrowers.Thetwomajormanufacturersthat hademergedbytheearly1970s to enabletheaccuraterecordingofuniquenumbers forspecificcopiesofbooksand punched cardswereoftenusedforthis,intheUKspecialized equipmentwasdeveloped about theitemonloanandtowhomitisloaned.Although intheUSeighty-column undertaken bytheResearchandDevelopmentDepartment ofAslib. reasons givenforimplementingacomputer-basedsystemandincluded: Another developmentwasthattheOfficeforScientificandTechnicalInformation A basicfeatureofanycomputer-basedcirculationsystem istherecordingofdetails Systemswerebetterdesigned andmanaged. Bettercommunicationbetweenlibrariansandcomputerpeople; • Experiencesofthoseinvolvedinexperimentalphasewereused subsequent developments; • • Improvedcomputertechnologyandtheriseofminicomputerswhich couldbeacquiredbythe • Togiveaddedbenefitsatlessercost. Toproducestatisticsofusestock; • Tosavetimeattheissuecounter; • Toproducerecall/overduenoticesautomatically; • Toproduceaccuraterecordofitemsonloan; • • Communicate findings—bypublication,meetings,coursesandconferences. Assessexistingorevolvingsystemswithaimofdevelopingcommonsystems; • Promoteuseofcomputersinlibraries; • • library forsomeprocessing; 21 notedthatOSTIspent£762,900ongrantsandcontractscomputer-related 22 onthecomputerprovisioninBritishlibrarieswhich was Lucy A.Tedd Vine 20 Onefindingrelatedtothe : very informalnewsletter . Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP By 1971Youngandothers 1970s were: University Libraryin1973–1974remembers: graph onthegeneralidentificationcardforeachstudent.AgraduatetraineeatBradford ters. AtCambridgeUniversitythebarcodewasincludedalongwithaPolaroidphoto- more flexiblebarcodestructurewhichcouldreadalphabeticaswellnumericcharac- light pen.ThiswasofadifferenttechnicaldesigntothePlesseypenandallowedfor firm, S.B.Electronics,andwasknownasTelepen,whichstoodforteletypewriter with aminicomputerproviding thefunctionsofatrappingstore. The LondonBoroughofHavering installedaPlessey-basedcirculationsystem in 1975 member ofstaffremembers: system fromamemberofstaffatSussexUniversityinthemid-1970s: each numberhadaModulus-11checkdigitasitslastdigit.HereismemoryoftheALS that thenumbersreadbythesevariousdeviceswereabsolutelyaccurateandtoaidthis of borrowers.Foraccuraterecording‘whohadwhatout’itwasnecessarytoensure plex numberingsystemstoenableanalysesbemadeofstockissuesaswellby‘type’ and Suttonalsowereearlyadoptersofthissystem.Somelibrariesdevelopedfairlycom- system attheKentishTownbranchin1972 placed inthebooksandonborrowercards.CamdenPublicLibrariesinstalledaPlessey system wasthefirstlight-penbasedusedinlibrariesforreadingbarcodedlabels comprised anon-metalliclabelmountedinthebackofbook.ThePlesseyLibraryPen develop analternativetothecard-basedsystem,knownaslabel-basedsystemwhich requested bookscouldbe‘trapped’ontheirreturntothelibrary.ALSwent which wasanelectronicstoragedevicecapableofholdingbooknumberssothat The threewaysinwhichinformationwasprocessedbyacomputersystemthe Another datacollectiondevicebasedonbarcodedlabelswasdevelopedbytheUK Remotejobentry— whichwasalinkingofbatchandonlineprocessingasanterminal • Online processingandtimesharing—whereamemberofthelibrarystaffwouldcommuni- • Batchprocessing— wherejobstobecarriedoutbythecomputerwereprocessedoneafter • and couldn’tberead. trimmed thesidesofhistickettomakeitfitwallet—socourseslidaroundinslot nated, bothwerereadinslotsthecounterbutbylightratherthanpins.Onereaderhad The bookandreaderticketswerehalf80-columncards,withtheticketbeinglami- read inthecomputingcentre. calculate checkdigitsofroguerecords,beforethereeltapewastakenacrosscampustobe I rememberpatchinguppapertapeandusingawonderfulplasticgadgetwithrotatingdialto be madeviaasuitablenetworkconnection. method savedthephysicaltransportationofdatafromlibrary asanelectroniclinkcould would beusedtoenterajobintoqueueofjobsbatchprocessed bythecomputer.This would ‘shareitstime’betweenthevariousonlineterminals. cate directlywiththecomputerviaateletypewriter(orsimilar machine)andthecomputer library. production, productionofordernotestosendbooksellers, orlistingperiodicalsheldina another wasstarted.Thisformofprocessingsuitablefor libraryjobssuchascatalogue another sothattherewasalinearflowthroughthesystemand onejobwasfinishedbefore 23 Library ManagementSystems atSussexUniversityhadinstalledthefirst‘trappingstore’ 24 andotherpubliclibrariesatLuton,Oxford 25 However,asa

305 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 306 library isdisplayedinastandardizedformatproviding informationonthe: libraries thebreakdownoftypelibrarywithcomputerapplicationswas: positive responsesconcerningtheiruseofcomputers.Inthissurveyasample135 the resultsofaquestionnairebeingsentto199librarieswith135returningacceptable and producedtwoimpressivesurveys.Thefirst,editedbyWilson to areportonautomationattheLibraryofCongress(LC)in1963 was MARC(machine-readablecataloguing).Thebirthofisfrequentlyascribed final statein1979. MARC; forvariousreasonsthisdidnotcometofruitionandRobinsondescribedits British Libraryforonlinebookorderingandacquisitions,lendingcataloguingusing offered. AsoftwarepackageknownasMERLINwasunderdevelopmentwithinthe liographic ServicesDivisionandanumberofservicesbasedonMARCrecordswere ies madeuseoftheMARCtapes.By1974BNBhadbecomeBritishLibraryBib- For instancetheentryforBathUniversityLibraryrecorded: survey, alsoeditedbyWilson Most libraries(53%)hadimplementedcomputer-based cataloguingsystems.Asecond twenty librariesreceivedthem.Wainwright records intheMARCformatforitemspublishedUKwereavailableandsome Between 1968and1974experimentalmagnetictapesholdingstandardizedbibliographic raphy (BNB)intheUKandLCdevelopmentofthisbibliographicformat. bibliographic recordtherewasclosecollaborationbetweentheBritishNationalBibliog- by OSTItofinanceafeasibilitystudyoftherequirementsintoUKmachine-readable ten years.WorkprogressedintheUSonthisformatandthen,followingdecision that thebibliographicsystemwithinLibraryofCongresscouldbeautomated Aslib’s CAGanditsvariousworkinggroupscontinuedtheirworkinthe1970s A majordevelopmentthataffectedcomputer-basedcataloguesystemsinthe1970s osri 2(1%) 33(24%) 61(45%) 5(3%) VariousBurroughs peripheraldevices(e.g.BurroughsTU100badge/card readers,Burroughs • UseofaBurroughs B1726minicomputer(sharedwithFinanceDepartment) andanICL4–50 • other comments. computerapplications; • bureauxusage; • peripheral equipmentused; • computerfacilitiesused; • • Consortia Polytechnic, college,school University Public Special thus historywaschanged! and a haltoutsidetheCentralLibraryandvarious‘suits’descendedonus,fullofpromises... brought ustothepointwherewewereaboutsignwithALS.Nextthing,carsscreeched they wereoffering.Theirindifference,andthemuchmorewelcomingapproachofALS we firstreceivedfromPlesseyaboutourneedforsomethingbetterthantheoff-linesystem I wasthelibraryendofsystemdesignforproductandremembervividlyreaction TD 700VDU); mainframe computerforthewhole university; 28 30 resultedin170positiveresponses.Theentryforeach Lucy A.Tedd 27 reportedonthewaysinwhichtheselibrar- 29 26 in1973,reported whichconcluded 34 (25%) Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP including someinpolytechnics andsomecountylibraries.TheBLCMPcataloguing By themid-1970sBLCMP wassupplyingcataloguingservicestonineother libraries was spentintheearlystages ondefiningcataloguingpractices,filingrulesand so on pooling ofresources.Three verydifferenttypesoflibrarywereinvolvedandmuch time approach wouldincreasetherangeofpossibleservices andwouldminimizecostsbythe Birmingham andforPublicLibrary.The hopewasthattheco-operative a co-operativecataloguingsystemforthelibraries of theuniversitiesAstonand The aimoftheBLCMP,whichstartedin1969andwas fundedbyOSTI,wastoprovide BirminghamLibrariesCo-operativeMechanizationProject(BLCMP) 1. of sometheco-operatives. co-operative systemswhichenabledthesharingofresources. Briefdetailsaregivenhere 1970s therewasalsoamove,helpedwithappropriate fundingfromOSTI,towards As wellasalargenumberoflocalcomputersystems developedinlibrariesduringthe Co-operative systems—1970s The followingwerememoriesofthecatalogueatBathfromearlierrespondent: was to: 1970s. ThemainaimoftheBathUniversityComparativeCatalogueStudy Staff atBathalsocarriedoutamajorevaluationstudyoncataloguesystemsinthemid- A respondentrememberedtheonlinecirculationsystemsatBath: which isnowUKOLN. Research (CCR),whichlaterbecametheCentreforBibliographicManagement(CBM), for CatalogueResearchatBath.ThisinturnledtothesettingupofCentre printout andmicrofilm.Aresearchprojectonthiswas,Ithink,thestartofProgramme where dataentrystaffputtheontopunchcards.Initiallywasoutputaspaper record. Cataloguecardsweremarkedupbylibrarystaffandtakentothecomputerunit, space availableforeachrecordwasverylimitedandthelibrarydeviseda‘shortform’of Also intheearly1970sBathconverteditscataloguetoelectronicrecords.Theamountof Ascertaintheeffectivenessofshortentrycatalogues. Investigatetheperformanceoffourorderscatalogue(name,title,classifiedandKWOC); • • Investigatetheperformanceoffourphysicalformscatalogue(line-printer,card,COMfilm • resort towritingonsomeoldissueslipswestillhadaround. ran veryslowly.Ononeoccasionitwastaking3minutespertransaction—andwehadto computer withfinance,whentheyweredoingbigtaskslikepayroll,thecirculationsystem the project),whichIthinkwentintooperationin1974or1975.Onequirkwasthatsharinga Burroughs. Ihelpeddesignthelibrarycirculationmodule(andlaterwrotemyFLAthesison The LibraryandtheFinancedepartmentjointlycommissionedsystemsfromafirmcalled Anonlinecirculationsystem. Productionoflistsperiodicalsheld; • • Cataloguingapplicationsusingvariable-fieldrecordswithashortaveragelengthof123 • and COMfiche); of Context(KWOC)order; characters andtheproductionofcatalogueinAuthor,Title,ClassifiedKeyWordOut Library ManagementSystems 31 32 (BUCCS)

307 33 . Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 308 circulation systemswouldcosthalfasmuchindividualapproaches. 1969 and1972whichconcludedthataco-operativeapproachtolibraryautomationfor libraries ofBath,Bristol,CardiffandExeter.Afeasibilitystudywasundertakenbetween SWALCAP alsostartedin1969,wasfundedbyOSTIandconsistedoftheuniversity SouthWesternAcademicLibrariesCo-operativeAutomationProject (SWALCAP) 2. controller, twoprogrammersandelevendatapreparationstaff. secretary, twoassistantdirectors,librarysystemanalysts,acomputerofficer,data by ateamoffull-timestaffatBirminghamUniversitywhichconsistedDirectorand record wasbasedonMARCwithlocalinformationofholdingsadded.BLCMPrun There wereotherexamplesofco-operativesystemsin the1970s,including: Otherco-operativesystems 3. in eachparticipatinglibrary.SomememoriesofSWALCAPweresubmitted: (an AlphaLSIminicomputer,aVDUandteletypewriterALSdatacollectionunits) was themaincentralcomputer,housedatBristolUniversity,withterminalequipment was developedco-operativelyandfinallylaunchedin1976.ARankXerox530computer SCOLCAP —theScottishLibrariesCo-operativeAutomationProjectwhichwas formed • Project LOC • BLAISE-LOCAS—theBritishLibraryAutomatedInformationSErviceanditsLOcal • with usersanditisoneaspectweneversucceededinmodifyingsignificantly. SWALCAP’s transaction-basedchargingsystemwascomplexandalwaysdeeplyunpopular by trialandalotoferror—theyneverwarnedmeaboutthatwhenIwasatlibraryschool. trying toreconnectusSWALCAPheadquarters.AllIknowaboutcomputerswaslearned many happyhourstryingtocoaxtheminicomputerbacklifeortalkingBTengineers minicomputer northeleasedBTdatalinetoBristolwereparticularlyreliableandIspent cataloguing wasonethatdefeatedSWALCAPbecauseofthismemoryrestriction.Neitherthe program writing,althoughthechallengeofaddinganacquisitionssystemtocirculation,and frames inBristolwaslimitedtoamaximumof32Kmemory!Itcertainlymadeforefficient minicomputer whichsupportedtheterminalsinlibraryandcommunicatedwithmain- groups metregularlytodiscussallaspectsofthesystem...Itishardbelievenowthat early years.Thecustomersreallyhadabigsayinhowthesystemwasrunanddeveloped One verygoodthingaboutSWALCAP,Ithink,wastheco-operativeaspect,certainlyin was onitslastlegs,soneededtobereplacedwithsomething. ing wasalowerpriority,althoughourancienttype-typewriterthatproducedcataloguecards library buildingin1976andwetriedtoscaleupthemanualBrowneissuesystems.Catalogu- quickly realizedweneededonewhenseveralsmalllibrarieswereamalgamatedintoanew We choseSWALCAPbecauseitofferedacirculationsystem,whichBLCMPthendidnot. LASER —theLondonandSouthEasternLibraryRegion • Gallivan libraries (Dundee,Glasgowand Stirling)andtwopubliclibraries(EdinburghGlasgow). in 1973byagroupoflibrarians representingthenationallibraryofScotland,threeuniversity pre-1801 booksheldinLondon(BritishMuseum),Oxfordand Cambridge; inter-library lending; libraries withacomputer-basedunioncataloguesystemdeveloped in1971toassistwith CAtaloguing Servicecouldbeusedinaco-operativemannerand Clayton University; opment ofaco-operativecataloguingsystemforthecolleges andinstituteswithinLondon 38 provideddetailsofsomethe challengesfacedinimplementingthisco-operative. 37 —whichinvolvedthedevelopmentofacomputer-based catalogue ofthe Lucy A.Tedd 36 whichservedabouteighty-seven 35 describedthedevel- 34 Aloanssystem Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP memories ofCOMfiche: needed tobeinterfiledinthelargecataloguingcabinetsofday.Onerespondenthad ingly, intheUS,mainco-operative,OCLC,producedcataloguecardswhichthen Many oftheco-operativesinUKproducedtheircatalogueonCOMfiche.Interest- The advantagesofferedincluded: package. Suchsolutionsbecame common—particularlyforcirculationcontrolsystems. ‘turnkey systems’wherethehardwareandsoftware wassuppliedasanintegrated capacity aswelladecreaseincost. in thephysicalsizeofthishardware,anincrease in processingspeedsandstorage as theApple,CommodorePETandIBMPC).In general therewasagreatdecrease tion, HewlettPackard,PrimeandTexasInstruments) aswellmicrocomputers(such ware withminicomputers(frommanufacturerssuchas theDigitalEquipmentCorpora- By thelate1970sandearly1980stherehadbeenmuch developmentincomputerhard- 1970s therewerealsoproblems.Theseincluded: cally, separateapplicationsofcataloguing,circulationcontrolandserialsinthe Although thereweremanyexamplesofsuccessfullibrarymanagementsystemsfor,typi- Turnkey systems—1980s A particulardevelopmentresultingfromthiswasthe riseofwhatwereknownas Financial— inadequatefinancialresourcesforacquiringappropriatehardware,developing • People—thecomputersystemforlibrarymaynothavebeendesignedwithrealneeds • Software—problemsarosewhensoftwarehadnotbeenadequatelydesigned,implemented, • Hardwareproblems—failureofhardwaresupplierstosupplythenecessaryitemsinworking • quicker thesedays! Therearestillmany mistakesbutatleastwecancorrectthem where aroundthatlibrary... considerable amusementandtherearerumoursthatacopyofficheisstilllurkingsome- months wehadTwelfthNightbyacertainWilliamO’Shakespeareonthefiche!Itcaused she managedtogetpartoftheMARCcodingconfusedwithtitle.Hencefornext3 records inahurry.Unfortunatelysheforgottocheckherbeforesubmittingthemso nameless gotimpatientjustbeforeanewrunoftheficheanddecidedtoputinbatch error-prone andtherewasnoerror-checking.Aseniorsubjectlibrarianwhoshallremain had tousethemicroficheforcheckingstock.Inputtingrecordswasmonotonousand a dumbterminalandsetofmicrofichewasproducedfromthisevery3months.Theusers We usedtheoldSWALCAPsystemforcataloguingandcirculation.Cataloguingwasdonevia Usuallyafirmcontractprice andapredictabledeliverydate; Littleexpertiserequiredonthepart ofthelibrarystaff; • • all possibleproblemareas. software, educatingandtrainingstaff,planning,designing implementingthesystemwere the changedsystem; new computersystem—andtherestoflibrarystaffwhomaynothavebeensoeagerfor computer staffandlibraryalsobetweenthe‘keen’personininvolvedwith of thelibrary’susersinmind.Therewerealsoexampleslackcommunicationbetween tested anddocumented; ‘job’; order, withintheagreedtime-scale,atpriceandbeingappropriateforparticular Library ManagementSystems

309 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 310 online searchservices,such asDialog,inthe1970sandwerealsoknownkeyword or tion ofOPACswerebased ontheinformationretrievaltechniquesdeveloped bythe item (i.e.whentheauthorand/or titleofaworkwasknown).Thenext(second) genera- title informationmightbe used. TheseOPACsweregoodwhensearchingfora known a searchmechanism(e.g.‘tedd,luc,a’,foranauthorsearch) oracombinationofauthor/ the COMfichecataloguesof1970s.Derived,or acronym,keyswerealsousedas and providedaccessviaauthor,title(asaphrase), or classmarkinawaysimilarto generation OPACswereoftenreferredtoas‘phraseindexed’ orpre-coordinateOPACs Rowley system (asmanywere),betoldwhetherornottheitem wascurrentlyavailableforloan. be informedofitslocationand,ifthecataloguesystem waslinkedtothecirculation library’s cataloguedatabaseinordertoseeifaparticular itemwasheldinthelibrary, The turnkeysystemsdescribedintheprevioussection enableduserstosearchthe Online publicaccesscatalogues(OPACs)—1980s that item.Examplesofproducersturnkeysystemsinclude: be madebetweenthenumberofanitembeingloanedandsomebibliographicdatafor nies. Manyoftheseturnkeysystemsprovidedashortentrycataloguesothatlinkcould the organizationsinvolvedwithdatacollectiondevicesandsomebycomputercompa- Some oftheturnkeystand-alonesystemsweredevelopedbyco-operatives,some a jointturnkeysysteminthe1980sandManson the US.CoventryCityLibraryand(Lanchester)Polytechnicwishedtoimplement by theearly1980s,wasbeingusedinabout450librariesCanada,NorthernEuropeand CLSI —theUSfirm,CLSystemsInc.,developedasystemknownasLIBS100which, twenty-six branchesin1982. in thelate1970s.KentCountyLibraryUKinstalledamodule4systemforuseits 4 librarymanagementsystem,havingtestedaprototypeatCalgaryPublicLibraryinCanada Plessey —inlate1980launcheditsstand-aloneturnkeysystem,knownastheModule Geac system. describe thereplacementofALScard-basedsystematSussexUniversityLibrarywitha ies intheUKdecidedtoimplementaGeacsystemearly1980sandYoungStone first usedattheuniversitylibrariesofGuelphandWaterlooinCanada1977.Severallibrar- Geac —theComputerCorporationofCanadadevelopedaturnkeysystemwhichwas implemented there. Manchester, Barbican centrein1982withfurthersystemsbeinginstalledatthepolytechniclibrariesof of thefullMARCrecord.ThefirstCIRCOsystemwasinstalledatCityLondon’s items wereusuallylabelledwithTelepenbar-codesandthebibliographicrecordwasasubset BLCMP —thedevelopedastand-aloneturnkeysystemknownasCIRCO.Loanable Library in1979andsubsequentlyHertfordshireCountyLibrary. ALS —theSystem5wasaturnkeysystemwhichfirstusedinDerbyshireCounty Morechanceofreliableperformanceasthesystemwouldhavebeentriedandtested Controlofthecomputersystemiswithinlibrary; • • elsewhere. 44 providesanoverviewofOPACdevelopmentsinthe early1980s.Thesefirst 40 MiddlesexandPortsmouth. 43 Lucy A.Tedd 41 describestheLIBS100systemthatwas 39 42 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP computers forcirculationcontrolandserialscontrol. lished byLearnedInformationinOxford).Thefifththeseriescoveredmicro- America aswellinvariouslibrariestheUK,e.g.BagnallandJeffreys on OPACsandincludedpapersoutliningrelevantdevelopmentsinAustralia,North for moreexperiencedsearchers.Aspecialissueof interaction: asimpleoneforinexperiencedornovicesearchersandmoreadvanced terms usingbooleanoperators.SomesecondgenerationOPACshadtwolevelsofuser headings orauthorfieldsandsearchstatementscouldbecompiledbylinkingthe post-coordinate OPACs.AccesspointsinsuchOPACswerewordsfromthetitle,subject in 1982,withfundingfrom theBLR&DD,to: known astheLibraryandInformation TechnologyCentre(LITC))hadbeenestablished Library TechnologyCentre(LTC)atthePolytechnicof CentralLondon.TheLTC(later opment Department(BLR&DD—thesuccessortoOSTI) andincollaborationwiththe Research atBathUniversitywithfundingfromtheBritish LibraryResearchandDevel- by JulietLeeves which ranonmicrocomputers. She alsoprovideddetailsofseventeenlibrarysystems, soldandsupportedintheUK requirements foranylibrarymanagementsystemtobedescribedas‘integrated’as: use oftheOPACinOCLC’sLS/2000librarymanagementsystem.Bowman published inthejournal housekeeping routines’.Aseriesofsixpapersonthemicrocomputerinlibrarywas ‘for awidevarietyoftasksalthoughtheoverallemphasiswasonautomation planned useofmicrocomputersfoundthat13.21%(98libraries)used 1983 ofapostalsurvey742academiclibrarieswhichaimedtoassessthecurrentand Microcomputers hadbeenusedinlibrariessincetheearly1980sandBurton’sreport Microcomputers andintegratedlibrarymanagementsystems—late1980s was produced,andupdatedperiodicallyinthe1980s,atSussexUniversityLibrary. A printedbookletgivingdetailsoftheOPACsinUKthatwereavailableviaJANET from somewhereotherthantheparticularlibraryrunningOPAC—i.e.remotely. Academic Network(JANET).UsingthisnetworkitwaspossibletosearchanOPAC Computer BoardfortheUniversitiesandResearchCouncilsin1984,ofUK’sJoint general overviewofonlinecataloguesanduserreactionstothem. In 1986abuyer’sguidetointegratedlibrarymanagement systemswasproduced A majordevelopmentrelatedtoOPACsinthe1980swasestablishment,by Thereshould beeasymovementbetweenthevariousfunctionsofsystem. • Transaction, suchasplacinganorderorrecordingaloanshouldupdatethe‘status’ofitem • Providingconsistencyandintegrityofdataacrossallapplications.Forinstance,changesin • providedemonstrationsof the widerangeofsoftwaresystemsthatmightbeused in the • — whichwouldbeviewedthroughtheOPAC; acquisitions systems; data inacataloguerecordwouldbereflectedthedatabasessupportingcirculationor libraries ofthetime; 50 andwascompiledundertheauspicesofCentre forCatalogue The ElectronicLibrary Library ManagementSystems (whichwaslaunchedin1983andpub- Program 48 Manson in1986(20:2)concentrated 49 outlinedthebasic 45 describedthe 46 providesa

47 311 in Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 312 included theFalmouthCollege ofArt,LondonBoroughCroydon including modulesforserialscontrolandcommunity information.Examplesofusers and inuniversitylibraries(e.g.Bradford,Brunel University CollegeDublin). Middlesex) aswellinpubliclibraries(e.g.Guernsey andNorthamptonshireCounty) BLS systemswereusedinanumberofpolytechniclibraries (e.g.Kingston,Leicester,and implementing thesystematBirminghamPolytechnic Library.Bytheendof1980s, the early1980sandisdescribedinmoredepthbyStubley, and WestGermany. 1980s ALSmovedintotheEuropeanmarketwithcustomers inFrance,theNetherlands public libraries(e.g.BradfordCityLibraryandCheshire CountyLibrary).Duringthe Plessey, sellingoffthepart ofitscompanythathaddevelopedthevarious library of Reading. various productsfromALSovertheyears. Public LibraryandthesecretaryofALSusergroup,describesdevelopment covered inthatoverviewinclude: Examples ofthesomelibrarymanagementsystemslate1980swhichare In theintroductiontosecondeditionofherguide,Leeves housekeeping systemsintheUK. nal coveringapplicationsoftechnologyinlibraries,withaspecialemphasisonlibrary By themid-1980s microcomputers. Thesesystemstypicallyprovidemodulesfor: a varietyofhousekeepingfunctionusingtypescomputer,including manage housekeepingprocessesinthelibrary. libraries identifiedbyBurtonasusingmicrocomputer-basedsystemsforhelpingto specifically tosmallerlibraries(e.g.schoollibraries)whichwereamongsttheacademic Association forInformationManagement.TheLITCprovidedmuchusefuladvice— journal, withanactiveinternationalEditorialBoardandwaspublishedbyAslib,The gram: automatedlibraryandinformationsystems CLSI —LIBS100.continuedtodevelopits systemduringthe1980sby BLCMP —BLS.TheBLCMP’sLibrarySystemdeveloped fromtheCIRCOsystemof DS —Galaxy.wasformed in1983asaresultofthetelecommunicationscompany, ALS —System88.Cowley,whohadbeenAssistantBoroughLibrarianofBromley By theendof1980sintegratedlibrarymanagementsystemswereavailablefor systems inspecialorschoollibraries. based systemssupportinghundredsofterminalsinpubliclibrariestosingle-user,PC-based in theevaluation,selection,andimplementationoflibrarysystemsfromlarge,minicomputer- The useofcomputersinlibrariesisnowcommonplace.Librariansareincreasinglyinvolved Interlibraryloans(possibly). Serialscontrol(possibly); • Acquisitionsandorderprocessing; • Circulationcontrol; • Providingaccesstothecataloguefor users(i.e.anOPAC); • Cataloguingmaterials (perhapsusingMARCrecordsimportedfromanexternalsource); • • disseminateinformationviathejournals runrelevantworkshopsandseminars; • answerspecificenquiriesandprovideadvicetolibrarystaff; • • University) and Vine Library MicromationNews haddevelopedfrombeingaVeryInformalNewslettertojour- Program Lucy A.Tedd toohaddevelopedandwasnowcalled 52 Vine MostoftheUKusersSystem88werein . (whichithadtakenoverfromSouthampton . Ithadbecomearefereedquarterly 53 whohadbeeninvolvedwith 51 noted: 54 andtheUniversity Pro- Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP system in1983.AnleyandMullner offshoot oftheUSparentcompanywhichhaddevelopeditsfirstlibrarymanagement and HampshireCounty). particular popularwithBritishpubliclibraries(e.g.AberdeenCity,BedfordshireCounty systems. TheGalaxysystemevolvedfromthePlesseyModule4andprovedtobe library in1985.Manson Germany andLeuvenUniversityinBelgiumthe1970swasfirstinstalledaUK in 1984tosatisfyitsrequirements forafullybi-lingual(English/Welsh)system. National LibraryofWales was anearlyuserofURICAinEuropeasitchosethis system library managementsystem developedatAmalgamatedWirelessAustralasia. The acquired MicroData,aminicomputer manufacturerwhichhadacquiredthe URICA Wellcome ResearchLaboratories. in theUKincludingBritishCouncil,Society of AntiquariesLondonandthe thesaurus control)werealsoavailable.TINlibwasused inanumberofspeciallibraries Various optionalmodulessuchasTINlend(forinterlibrary lending)andTINterm(for the companyhadalsodeveloped, ucts inthe1980swhichwerebasedonadatabasemanagement system,TINman,that University ofOxford. examples includedBristolPolytechnic,theForeignand CommonwealthOfficeandthe Library. TherewasneveralargenumberofDOBIS/LIBIS usersintheUK;other had memoriesofGeacinthe1980s: Wales, Bangor,UniversityofEdinburghandWestminsterCitylibrary.Onerespondent Lancashire CountyLibrary.OtherexamplesincludedtheUniversityCollegeofNorth (up toeightlanguages)userinterface.Dunbar was installedinhundredsoflibrariesworldwidethe1980sandalsohadamultilingual modules wereaddedduringthe1980s,includinganinterlibrarylendingmodule.GLIS original systemandcontinuedtobebasedonproprietaryhardwaresoftware.Extra Technology, HarrowCollegeofEducationandTrinityDublin. system in1987.OtherexamplesofUKlibrarieswithDynixincludedDundeeCollege the RoyalBoroughofKensingtonandChelseawhichreplacedapreviousPlessey-based Dynix —LibrarySystem.appearedintheUKmarket1988asan IBM —DOBIS/LIBIS.ThissystemwasdevelopedbyDortmundUniversityin McDonnell Douglas—URICA.TheUSaerospacecorporation McDonnellDouglas IME —TINLib.InformationMadeEasy(IME)developed theTINlibrangeofprod- Geac —LibraryInformationSystem(GLIS).TheGLISdevelopedfromGeac’s Commodore PETsusingfairlyfragile5.25’floppies;itwaswritteninBASIC. solvent andcottonbudstocleanthetapedeckeachweek.Offline(microback-up)wasrunon to thenextone.Weusedaneggtimerremindstaffgoandchange tapes —between12and16aday.Theytookabout10minutestorun,thenyouhadchange ing fortheothertocatchupbeforeitdiditsnextjob.Tapeback-upsweredoneonspool automatic runningeveryeveningwhenweleft—theykeptinstepwitheachother,onewait- ACQ toCirculation.Wehadtwocontrolterminalswhichwerememberputinto a lotofofflineprocessingtoproduceoverdues,ordersandsoforth,transferitemsfrom complete andinvolvedwatchingforpatternsoflightsonthefrontserver.Wealsodid standards, andofquitecomplicatedrebootingprocesseswhichtookabout10minutesto engineers oftenneededhelplifting,whichstoredrelativelysmallamountsofdatabymodern and Istartedmanagingin1986.rememberphysicallylargeheavydiskdrives,whichthe I havesomefondmemoriesoftheoldGeacGLIS8000system,whichweimplementedin1984 57 describestheuseofDOBIS/LIBISatLiverpoolUniversity Library ManagementSystems 58 withTINstandingforTheInformationNavigator. 55 describetheimplementationofaDynixsystemat 56 describedtheimplementationofGLISat 59 Other

313 Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP 314 in Oxford. consultancy firm,LogicalChoice,fortheCairnsLibraryatJohnRadcliffeHospital originally beendevelopedforamicrocomputer(andknownasBookshelF-PC)by marketing andfurtherdevelopmentofthemulti-userversionBookshelF,whichhad History Museum. users ofURICAincludedBathUniversity,EastSussexCountyLibraryandtheNatural ing DumfriesandGallowayRegionalLibraryService, examine sourcesusedforthis paper,otherthanthosecited,seethethreeeditions ofmy If anyreaderswishtoread moreaboutthedevelopmentsdescribedinthispaper andto Further reading wrote ofhismemories: systems ofthe1960sto‘accepted’normin1980sweregreat.Asonerespondent This reviewhasshownthatthedevelopmentstookplacefromexperimental Mellows who wereworkinginlibrariesofthatco-operative.Libertaswaslaunched1986and Library Service(SLS)wasdesignedwithassistancefrommanyofthesystemslibrarians Willesden CollegeofTechnology. consultant JulietLeeves In alookbackatlibrarymanagementsystemsforthe100 Conclusions Institute ofTechnology,LeedsPolytechnicandUniversityCollegeLondon. where itwasnetworkedbetweenninesitelibraries.OtherusersincludedCranfield SCSS —BookshelF.SpecialistComputerSystemsandSoftware(SCSS)tookoverthe SLS —Libertas.Thestand-alonesystem,Libertas,developedbytheSWALCAP known whatweweredoingwe’dprobablyhavebeentooscared eventotry. to believewedidsuchthings!IsupposeonethingI’dsay,looking back,isthatifwe’dreally had tobede-filedwhenthebookcameback.Phew.Youngmembers ofstaffthesedaysrefuse Library filedonebyauthor’snameandtheotherborrower’s name.Thenbothofthose systems: borrowerfilledoutathreepartslipforeachbook, keptonethemselvesandthe Memories ofthesystemswemanagedtobootoutareperhaps moreintense:threeslipissue Quite alotoflateworking—andhandfulinthe Librarythroughoutthenight. reserve itemsthemselves. time statusinformationoncopies,updatedinrealtime,togetherwiththefacilityforusersto it waslightyearsawayfromthestaticcardandfichecatalogues,providingforfirst it wasrudimentary(essentiallyofferingabrowsingfunctiononauthor,titleandclassmark) catalogues intheformofaqueryfunctiontoshortentrycataloguefile.Nomatterthat duced thefirstturnkeysystemintoUKwhichgaveusourtasteofonlineaccessto thing sinceslicedbreadandJanetwasjustagirl’sname.Thisin1979whenGeacintro- I wellremembertheheadydaysoflibraryautomationwhenGeacsystemwasbest 62 describesitsimplementationattheUniversityofWalesCollegeCardiff 60 Bytheendof1980sthereweremanyusersSCSS’sBookshelFinclud- 63 wrote: Lucy A.Tedd *** 61 LlanelliBoroughCounciland th issueof Vine in1992the Published by Maney Publishing (c) CILIP An introductiontocomputer-basedlibrarysystems tion units tion units Resources Program Library, 1966). organization andhandlingofinformationinlibraries 1–3. information systems Program British universitylibraries Library School library managementsystems. 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