Library Resources & Technical Services

LIBRARY RESOURCES & TECHNICAL SERVICES

VOLI.]ME32, NI]MBER4 ocroBER 1988

ARTICLF^s Buckland, Michael K. 299 Bibliography, Library Records,and the Redefinitionof tbe Library Catalog Barreau,Deborah K. 312 Using PerformanceMeasures to Implementan Online Catalog Dodson,Suzanne Cates 323 The Reproductionof Library Materials in 1987:A RLMS Perspective Vizine-Goetz,Diane, and Markey, 337 SubjectAccess Literahrre, 1987 Karen Walker, Geraldene,and Hudson, 352 ResearchMethodology in TechnicalServices: Judith The Caseof 1987 Schroeder,Carolyn D. 367 Digital Warrant:Revised DDC fiX-006 in a Public Library Hart, Amy 378 OperationCleanup: The ProblemResolution Phaseof a RetrospectiveConversion Project Toyama,Ryoko 387 The Year'sWork in CirculationControl, 1987 Olson,Nancy 8., andSwanson, 391 The Year'sWork in NonbookProcessing, Edward t987 ZN?S'SUBSECTION Bluh, Parnela,and Hepfer, Will 401 High-TechShopping for SerialsAutomation: Linking Public and TechnicalServices Farrington, JeanWalter 4O2 Selectinga SerialsSystem: The Technical ServicesPerspective Matthews,Joseph R. 293 GuestEditorial: When Is a ProfessionalNot a Professional?or, Us versusThem! 295 Interaction: Letters to the Editor Urbanski, Verna 4@ Resources& TechnicalServices News: Ring Out the Old, Ring in the New 414 Book Reviews 3l I Indexto Advertisers

32(4)2289-420 ISSN 002+2527 AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION RESOI.]RCESAND TECHMCAL SERYICES DIVISION EDITORIALBOARD

Editor and Chair ofthe Editorial Board . . . .Snntrl S. INTNBn

AssistantHitors:

MlruLvN H. McCt-lsxev ...... for Cataloging and Classification Section

I.oRRAINE RursEnrono...... for Preservation of Library Materials Section

SuzlNNn Doosox . .for Reproduction of Library Materials Section

JonrvH.WHlrrv,Jn...... forResourcesSection

MINNr SnxE .....forSerialsSection

Eow,c,RDSwnNsoN...... SpecialEditor

Rrcslno D. JoHNsoN . . . .Book Review Editor

Josnpu R. Mlrrntws . . . .Special Editor for Automation

Et-fficio Members:

DoRorHy Kmrox McKoweN, Chair, Council of Regional Groups Tsours W. Lroxnlnor, Editor, RTSDNewsletter KARENMULLER, Executive Director, RTSD

Library Resources & Technical Serraces (ISSN 0024-2527), the quarterly official publication ofthe Resources and Technical Services Division of the American Library Association, is published at ALA Headquarters, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611. BusinessManager.' Karen Muller, Executive Di- rector, Resources and Technical Services Division of the American Library Association (ALANET User ID: ALA0Il0). Hlitoriol Ofice: P.O. Box l5l, Monterey, MAOI'Z'5 (ALANET User ID: ALAI37 l) . Advertising Sales Manager.' Melissa Phillips , ALA Headquarters . Advenising Trffic Co- ordirntor: Cheryl Daszkiewicz, Central Production Unit, ALA Headquarters. Produaion 'ALA Cen- tral Production Unit-Eileen Mahoney, Director of Production and Distribution Services; Chere El- tiott, CPU Supervisor; Sara Ringle Drummond, Debra M. Hall, Eloise L. Kinney, Paula Sedor, and Debra J. Tezgae. Subscription Price: tomembers ofthe ALA Resources and Technical Services Divi- sion, $15 per year, included in the membership dues; to nonmembers, $30 per year in U.S., Canada, Mexico, Spain, and other PUAS countries, $40 in other foreign countries. Single copies $7.50. Sercond-classpostage paid at Chicago, Illinois, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to library Resources & Technical Services,50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 6061l. Library Resources & Technical Services is indexed in Library Literature, Library & Information Science Abstracts , Cunent Index to Journals in Hucation , Science Citation Index , and Hospital Liter- ature Indzx. Contents are listed in CAIL (Current Awareness-Library Literature). Its reviews are included in Book Reiew Digest, Book Review Index, and Review of Reiews.

Instructions for authors appearon p.191-2 of the April 1988 issueof l.lbrary Resources& Technical Services. Copies ofbooks for review should be addressedto book review editor, Richard D. Johnson, Directorof Libraries, JamesM. Milne Library, State University College, Oneonta, NY 13820-1383; (ffi7) 43r-2723. @American Library Association 1988 All materials in this journal subject to copyright by the American Library Association may be photo- copied for the noncommercial purpose of scientific or educational advancement granted by Sections 107 and 108 ofthe Copyright Revision Act of 1976. For other reprinting, photocopying, or translating, addressrequests to the ALA Office of Rights and Permissions, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 606ll . The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirernents of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Matefials , ANSI 239 .48-1984 . Publication in Library Resources & Technical Services dres not imply offrcial endorsement by the Resources and Technical Services Division nor by ALA, and the assumption of editorial responsibility is not to be construed necessarily as endorsement ofthe opinions expressed by individual contributors. /293

GuestEditorial:

When Is a Professional Not a Professional? or, Us versusThem!

TechnicalServices Public Services MARC Time pressures AACM Value of a referenceinterview Tagsand subfields User friendly software Authority control Authority control 2941 LRTS . 32(4) ' Mitorial dom, and separation. (..oh no! Judy is going to tell another one of her MARC t29s

rnteractron:f . ra Letters to the Editor

From Ruth Jean Shaw, Manager, Anchorage School District/Library (Alaska): __-TttgJanuary- 1988 issue . . . does not acknowledge the wonders of WLN's l^aserCATin . . "Resources & Technical Services News: CD- ROM Takes Center Stage." LaserCATis a CD-ROM tool serving libraries in the Pacific Northwest complete with holdings attached. . . .-[I]t is important to share with the entire library communitv the features of a remark- able CD-ROM product from WLN . . .

From Elizabeth Morrissett, Library Director, Alaska pacific University: . After nearly fifty years in librarianship, it is amazing to still find writings in the subject interesting, even so engagingthat I iespond. Yes, there is too much organizing of ALR by trees-dubdividing and subdividing so that every variety of library assrjciationhas its own little iloging. that catalogerscannot function with- r-public serviceis paralyzedwithout rination is the sharing of these func-

. Iwasdisappointedbythe articleonCD-ROM that . . . ignoresthereally slgn$ganlproduct ofthe WLN (Western Library Networ[). Ithas had th-e CD-ROM cataloging and reference and searihing software/hardware combo in use for over a vear . The real essenceof catiloging is the closemating of referenceneeds with the reality of publishing . . . Many thanks for the good work of your editors.

Editor's reply: f!q4. yof for the_informationabout the WesternLibrary Network's In- serCAT. It is not LRTS'or columnist Urbanski's intention to exclude any vendor or product from "Resources & Technical Services News." The column is zRrs'effort to inform RTSD members/readersof relevant news _we_receive about-new products and servicesvia vendor pressreleases . Had WLN sent out information on the topic being covered,it, too, would have been included. No researchis done to ensure that all products of a type are included. The time and effort it would take to do such research ivould make the column impossible to write within the time frame a volunteer columnist has available. 2961 LRTS . 32(4) o Interaction

From Jack Perry Brown, Director, Ryerson & Burnham Libraries, Art In- I Carnhridge Uniaercity Ptzssl The Austalians A Historicaltibrarg "The editors ofthis highly readable and visually attractive encyclopedia have worked with over 400 scholars for ten years to produce the definitive work on the land "down undet''The ll-volume set is divided into two main sections-five volumes devoted to history and five illustrated references- with each volume edited by a specialist. A Guide and Indat volume completes the set. . .This lavish set is produced with bindings , paper, and end leaves of ttre highest quality. Over 3000 illustrations, most in coloq, complement the maps and charts. Highly recommendedl'-Library loumal ISBN: 0-521-34O7&X Only auailable as a set.Spaial Otrer pice: W&.(M

Co-publicationsb5/W. & R Chambersand Cambridge University Prress

Chambers World Gaznttner An A-Z of GeographicalInformation David Mtmto, Geneml Miar This intemational standard directory of world place names contains over 2,000 alphabetized entries with detailed statistics on location, name pronunciation, topography, history economic and cultural activities, and key dates in the local calendar, In addition to 150 maps, there is a 128 page full color world atlas. ISBN7A5296-20G3 834.50

Chambers Science and Tbchnology Dictionary New Edition PeterWallvr, Mior The most comprehensive single-volume reference work of its kind-covers over 100 fields of study and activiry wi*r 45,000 entries to explain and demysti$r every aspect of scientific, technical and mathematical knowledge. ISBNr{5296-15&3,939.50

For further information, please call Joan Schwartz at l{OO-2214512. In New York and Canada, call collect 1-212S88€888. Cambridge Unftzersity Press 32 East 57th Street, I{Y, }IY 10022 ffi# t299

Bibtiography, Library Records, and the Redefinition of the Library Catalog

Michael K. Buckland

Compared with bibliographies, library catalogs (whether in boolbooks and the making of descriptions of books. In this discussionwe are concernedwith bibliography as the making of lists of books, articles, and other documents-by subject, author, and other attributes-and the making of indexesof those "lists."' Bibliography is perhaps the best available term for the whole apparatus of accessto records of all kinds: textual, numerical, visual, musical, etc. , in all kinds of storage media: books, journals, microforms, computer disks, etc. Examples of the sorts of bibliography under discussioninclude Chemical Abstracts, Annual Review of Information Scienceand Technol-

Michael K. Bucklandis Professorat the Schoolof Librarv and lnformation Studies.Uni- versiryof Californiaat Berkeley. The author is grateful for the helpful cornmentsof SamiaBenidir, Brett Butler, John Gathegi,Clifford Lynch, DorothyMcPherson, and Patrick Wilson. 300/ ZR?S . 32(4) o Buckland

' ogy, Boolcsin Print, Readers Gaide to Periodical Literature , andArts and Humanitie s Citation Index.

ography on academic freedom might well include a reference to David P. Gardner's Caffirnia Oath Controversy, but the reference is to the work, and usually to a specific edition of the work. Bibliographies are not ordi- narily concerned with specific copies of an edition. Information about copies is included only in-exceptional circumstances:one copy is somehow different, a bibliographical variant or perhapsthe only extant copy. For rare materials and early printing, it is customary to note where individual

Bibliographies, especially continuing ones, lend themselves well to computer-basedproduction, which reducesthe tedium of the mechanical tasks: sorting, cumulating, updating, rcafianging, and indexing a large number of individually brief references.Once preparation of the bibliography is computer-baseda logical next step is to make the bibliography available online.

Service), andPSYCHINFO (Psychological Abstracts) . It is reasonableto expect the number of bibliographies that are available in machine-readable form to increase and for them to account for a growing proportion of all bibliography use. It is also reasonableto expect that thesebibliographies will become available in more different ways: through commercial databaseser- vices, as tapes that can be loaded at computer centers, or on optical, digital disks, such as CD-ROMs, attachableto microcomputers. The next logical development would be to provide links from the refer- encein the bibliographies to libraries' holdings records. If one were to find an interesting reference to an article while searching Chemical Abstracts, for example, it would be an obvious amenity if one could move automatically from the reference to a statement of local libraries' holdings of the periodical concerned-and, ideally, could know whether that particular volume is out on loan and/or whether to send a request for a copy of it." Lrnnmy RECoRDS At an opposite extreme, the records needed for library operations concern individual copies of documents. IRTS o 32(4) o Bibliography, Library Records l30l

. Library -records,then, must be specific to individual copies. In general, it is desirableto automatelibrary record keeping for three reasons: 1, Much of the work involves updating files of records. The tasks involved are tedious, repetitive,-and mlchanical in nature, even though the records may be complex and sorted in complicated ways.

considerations of service,cost, and the humaneuse of staff all argue for using computersto handle library records. LIBRARY Cnrar,ocs

The transformation of library cataloging to its present form occurred in the nineteenthcentury, when ii was arlue? that simple author accesswas 3O2l LRTS . 32(4) o Buckland not enough and that a different, more sophisticated,and more elaborate approach- was needed. The classicdefinition of the purposeof a library catalog is that of C. A. Cutter, who statedthat the "objects" of a catalog were l. To enablea person to find a book of which either (a) the author (b) the title (c) the subject is known. 2. To show what the library has (d) by a given author (e) on a given subject (f in a given kind of literature (poetry, drama, fiction). 3. To assistin the choice of a work (g) as to its edition (bibliographically) (h) as to its character Qiterary or topical).' In effect, the new techniquesof the time built a superstructureof bibliographical accesson the simpler finding lists of before: complex pubjegt- headings, added and keywoid entries, cross-references,systematic shelf arrangements,and so on. The display form changedfrom books to cards, which are easierto update, but ihe principal change was local development of more elaporate accessto the collection contents. Modern library catalogs remain as defined in the 1870sand 1880s. A schernaticview of the present relationship betweenbibliography, library records, and the catalog is as follows: BIBLIOGRAPHY + CATALOG * LIBRARY RECORDS I TEXT Almost all the data needed for a library catalog are bibliographical and would be common to any catalog (or bibliography) containing the same work. The exception is the locatlonal information: name of the specifrc library, call number, and details of each copy, as needed. These data would not be common to other libraries' catalogslisting tlte samework. Tnn Cernroc ASA Fonu op BrsrrocRApHv Seenfrom the broaderperspectiveofbibliographic control, library cataloging is a special caseof bibliography defined by the intersection of two subsets: a. Library catalogsuse one particular level of description: the edition of the monograph and the title of the periodical. More detailed (analyti- cal) cataloging is possibleand can be found, especiallyin small, spe- cialized libraries, but is not typical." b. The set of records in a library catalog is further defined geographi- cally: those that pertain to the holdings of a collection, alibrary, or, for i union catalbg, to two or more li=braries.n LRTS . 32(4) o Bibliography,Library Recordsl3O3

It is important to stressthat the limitation by level of description, which excludeslevels of accesscommonly neededby researchers,is a matter of standardpractice, not of principle.-One can find excellent examplesof library catalogsthat also provide entries for articles in periodicals and individual contributions withis books, for example, the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General'sOffice, United StatesArmy (1880), which evolved into Index Medicus and Medline. Anothe3 published example is the Catalogue of the Library of the Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore (1883-92), according to the preface: "This catalogue is con- structed on the idea that the best possible catalogue is that which best makes known to the averagereader the entire contents of a library. It is intended to answer the three important questions: Is a given book in the library? Are the works of a given author there?What books, articles, and information doesa library contain on a given subject?A perfect catalogue ' would furnish completeanswers to all thesequestions ' (p. iii-iv) . Techni- cal and cost considerations,however, resulted in the general practice of omitting detailed access,especially to articles in periodicals, leaving that important role to published bibliographies. That library catalogs are not normally thought of as bibliography is largely an accident of semanticcustom and of a tradition of organization that associatesthe catalog with catalogers in technical services depart- mentsand bibliography with referencelibrarians in public servicesdepart- ments. From an operationalperspective, the catalogcan be seenas a useful am- plification of records that are neededanyway. Catalog information can be useful in a variety of ways to library staff and users. The difference between the Bodleian catalog of 1620 and contemporary catalogs is essentially that the latter have a much larger bibliographical superstructure added to the locational information. Yet a library cataloghas some significant shortcomingsas a tool of ac- cesscompared with publishedbibliographies, which are, or can be, more complete (extendingbeyond a given library's collections); more selective (focusing on the interestsof specific clientele and, therefore, of higher pre- cision in the terminology of information retrieval) ; more capableof special arrangements(as opposedto standardized,universal schemesof classification and of subject headings);more flexible @ecauseeach new bibliography can be done differently); more detailed (indicating individual papers within periodicals, articles in newspapers,and papers within conference proceedings); more descriptive (containing abstracts of the contents); more easily deployed to cover new topics of interest as needed; more ex- pertly compiled (becausebibliographers are more likely than catalogersto be expert subject specialists);more coherent (becausebibliography starts with a topic around which selectedreferences are assembled,whereas, in cataloging, documentsare assignedto subjects); and more cost-effective (becausea bibliography's usefulnessis not limited to an individual library).'" Catalogersrebut theseassertions with counterargumentsthat local cataloging (unlike published bibliographies) permits accessto be adaptedto local circumstances and inclusion of items excluded from bibliographies. 3A4l LRTS. 32(4) o Buckland

In this debate between bibliograpt Swank, bibliographers argued unsuc( local library cataloging would be befl raphies that could be published and o Swank subsequentlywrestled witt tages of bibliographies with the nece su-ccessful.in the last resort, becaus' simply did not lend itself to the inte.gri Sheranoted with regret, subject bibl

merican Chemical Society); govern- ; and Private firms (e.g., Bowker,

TWo PsnspecrlvEs Cenrc,q,ruREo The difference between a bibliographer's and a cataloger's perspective canbe illustrated by consideringhiw 6achmight approachthe provision of bibliographical aciess to, say, a chemistry library. Both scenariosare ex-

:hemistry library might take the view literature of chdmistly should be the

link could be made bv using the In' catal^ogcard OSSNI for each periodical tltle and the Lib_raryof Congress nu-t.it (LCCN) or International standard Book Number (ISBN) for each monograph. Meanwhile the librar LCCN, ISBN, or similar numbers a as evidencethat linkage is feasible. ( sidethe scopeof this paper.) In this s ChemicalAbstracts and be able, whe trotaings. As an option, searchescould be limited automatically to entries *itfrlifitr to librairy hoidings records or, alternatively, thatsubset with li- "cata- brary holdings-- -- : links could 6e separatedout asan unusullly detailed io;;; y tt"tO material.^Locally held material no1 -appearing.in t&emical Abstactswould posea problem: suchmaterial might be contributed to ChemicalAbstracts if relevat be used for other subjects, and sor would probably be unavoidable. (T brary holdings records is being implt cal and health sciencescollections o of California, in the "MEDLINE o A cataloger providing accessto I that a traditional library catalog pro' of greatest interest: tti" inOiniaual papers on chemistry, usually "iuiut" LRTS o 32(4) o Bibliography, Library Records 1305

deriving records for the local catalog. This cooperative database,with much broader coverage than any one library's, would be available to librarians but not, in practice, to users. Chemical Abstracts would be of greatly reducedvalue becauseit would duplicate catalogrecords for every- thing in the library. This small vignefte identifies the extravaganceof a catalog-basedapproach in comparison to a bibliography-basedapproach and invites more extensive examination of the latter's potential where catalogsare used. BretrocRApHy oF Boors Although there is no shortageof specializedbibliographies, it is not obvious what could or would be usedas a generalbibliography of books. For the U.S., ingredients exist in the form of various databasesoften vaguely referred to as "the national database.'' Obvious candidatesinclude the catalog records of the Library of Congress(LC MARC; REMARC) and the databasescreated by consortiaoflibraries for catalogingpurposes, notably OCLC and RLIN. In addition there are commercially published listings, such as the American Book Publishing Record, Cumulative Books IndZx, and Books in Print. Any library is likely to own someitems not currently in the national database, but there is general agreementthat any such items should be cataloged and machine-readablerecords made available as part of this database.

example, databasescould be combined, published, andlor madeaccessible '' through a "linked systemsprotocol". Much fuller benefit would derive if theserecords were linked to local holdings statements. BEYOND BIBLIOGRAPHYAND Clrar,ocro FULLTnxr As of 1987, thefull text of documentsin machine-readableform is re- markably absentcompared with the availability of bibliographies and catalogs. Much of what is published exists in machine-readableform, since 306l IR7S . 324) o Bucklund

bibliography and catalog design: 1. eard Catalogsare, necesiarily, physically separatefrom the Plysicat (paper)documents thatthey describe. Giventhetechnology of paper and cardboard, it could not be otherwise. Further, use of the docu-

text. First the catalog might be searchedand one or more records retrieved. The user might reasonablywant next to examinethe contents of a book. There is an extensiveinternal structureof references: from

ratherthe catalogwilldisappear as a separateentity. Instead,catalog data would be parl of a much broader set of data elements, and the catalogfunction would be one featurein a suite of related functions in online library use. 2. The traditional justification for having a catalogbeginsto disappear.

cation, however, the physical location of an electronic text is sub- stantially irrelevant. Databases(which are copied, not borrowed) at a ZRZS . 32(4) o Bibliography,Library tucords l3O7

TowARDA NEw Snmnsrs

These relationships can be representedas follows: BIBLIOGRAPHY LIBRARY RECORDS \ rExr/ 308/ I,RZS . 32(4) o Buckland

1. Bibliographies should be seen,not so much as library resources,but as a dramatic enrichment of the accessfunction far greater than can

access. 2. Libraries' operating records (acquisitions, circulation, serials re- ceipts, etc.) should be automatedwhenever feasible and made accessible to users. In multilibrary systemsthe possibility of mutual advantage in accessto records places an additional premium oq the automation of library records provided that compatibility and link- agesmake them accessiblefrom remote sites. 3. Tb the extent that texts are available in electronic form, the whole view of library collections changes:location and ownership of copies of texts becomes a technical detail for librarians irrelevant to the reader. What counts is what is conveniently accessible.Given modern telecommunications,any attemptto restrict users' attentionto Io- cally stored databaseswould be a travesty of librarianship's service traditions. 4. The bibliographical records in bibliographies will need to be linked to libraries- holdings records. This implies changesin distribution of databases.Neither traditional marketing through centralized retail-

5. Given I-4, the library catalog as we currently know it becomesun-

(b) that the modern library catalogachieved a solution by creating, in effect, an alternativelocal bibliographical superstructure,a subsetof bibliographical records also presentin bibliographies, built up on library records; and (c) that the limitations of paper technology is no longer relevant as newer, more flexible computer technology replaces it. LRTS . 32(4) o Bibliography, Library Records 1309

RnrrnrNcrs lNo Norns

10. R. C. Sy.un\."su.bjectCataloginginrheSubject-DepanmentalizedLibrary,,, inBib_ Iiographicorganizarion, Ed. by J. H. Sheraand M. Egan,eds. (chicago:chicago 310/ LR?'S . 32(4) o Bucklnnd

Univ.Pr.,l951),p.187-99;reprintedinl.grSwank,AUnifyinglnflaence:Essavs (Mehrchen,N.J.: Scarecrow,l98l), p.171-90. of rr. il..-c. s*"i,i,l.soui".ic"tirogi,'ifu*ifications, or BilligeSlllies?..AReview CriticalDiscussions, i tilO:lgqi:; Library Quarterg 14:316-32()9U1; reprinted,in R.C.Swank,AUnifyinglnfluence:Essays(Metuchen'N'J':scarecrow'lvdr,'

(1987). ..Directory lg. M. Kochen, Designfor Networksof Informationand Referral Centers"' Library Quarterly42:59-76 (1972)- 19. M. K.'Blckland, Book.evaitabitityand the Library User (New York: Pergamon, r97s). electronic 20. For fuller discussion of the implications of texts becoming available in form, seefr4. f . Sucidand,;'ii6;t Materials: Paper, Micioform, Database," Col- LRZS . 32(4) c Bibliography, Library Records lSll

viceDefinition and ProtocolSpecificationfor Library Applications. 24. Thereare three separable elements: a protocol for transferringback the retrievedset of referencesfrom abibliographicfile; searchingthat set against a file oflibrary holdings records;and data deficiencies in eitherfile thatwould impedematching (e.9., lack of ISSNsfor serials). 25. Swank," SubjectCataloging. " 26. BibliographicOrganization, J. H. Sheraand M. Egan,eds. (Chicago: Univ. of Chi- cago,1951), p.vi-vii.

II\DEX TO ADVERTISERS

Bar CodeApplications 366 R. R. Bowker 290,399 CambridgeUniversity 297 EBSCO 289,408 Filmolux 298 Grolier 400 Islington Arbour 416 PAIS 3d cover Roth Publishing 4th cover RTSD 390 University of lllinois 407 H. W. Wilson 2dcover 3r2l

Using PerformanceMeasures to Implement an Online Catalog

Deborah K. Barreau

Efforts to evaluate online public access catalogs should include a measure of how the catalogs affect the abiliry of libraies to make materials available and qccessible to patrons. This study describes how availabiliry analysis techniqueis usedin implementingand evaluating an online catalog in the library of a small universiry. The performance measuresare computed here to assist in setting realistic goals and in correcting catalog problems and to aid management in viewing the innovation in a broader context of library functions that contribute to , or hinder, poffon success.

Irr rs orrrtculT to measurethe impact of automationon a library in terms of performance. Few arguethat automatinglibrary processesresults in re- ducing expenses,but many acceptthe notion that what is gainedin terms of flexible and efficient service justifies increasedcosts. Studies show that patrons respond well to automation and that they prefer using online.systems to traditional card catalogsin libraries where they are available.' Pa- trons anticipateimprovements in quality and speedof service as a result of automation. One aspectof automation, the online public accesscatalog^(OPAC), is relatively new in libraries, and it often is difficult to use.' Studies of OPACs focus on the featuresthat simplify their use, including user prefer- ence for screen displays, online help facilities, and command syntax.' Other studiesfocus on the ways users approacha search,providing additional data for designinga user interface.aWhile thesestudies yield important information for designing and implementing an OPAC, each library needsto be aware of the effects of the OPAC on local patrons. Libraries follow different policies and practices,and any innovation must respondto the needsof locally servedpatrons if it is to succeed.The potential of the online catalogas a tool for rapid, convenient, and comprehensiveresearch is unquestionable,yet there is little evidencelinking patron successin finding items sought to the use of the online catalog. Some evidence suggests that the OPAC may even have a negativeeffect upon user successinitially when retrospective conversion is incomplete.'

Deborah K. Barreau is Programmer/Analyst, Aspen SystemsCorp., Rockville, Maryland, and formerly SystemsLibrarian, Manderino Library, California University of Pennsylva- nla. IRZS o 32111 . Using Performance Measures l3l3

BACKGROTIND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIs

Availability analysisis suitableto any type of library and is useful for assessingthe library's performance.The techniquehas been used in public, professional,and atademic libraries.' Mnrnoool-ocy This analysis,used by researchersat ManderinoLibrary, was per- formedon a sampleof 300-400"known item" searchesat thelibrary catalog. The samplesize was chosen because of a low statisticalerror andbe- causelarger samples approach diminishing returns on the amountof time andeffort requiredto collectdata.'u The researcherwould approachthe patronat the catalogand explain that a studyof availabilitywas in progress.If thepatron was willing to partici- pateand indicated that he or shewas looking for knownitems, a form (see figure 1) to recordinformation (author, title, call number)about the items

patrondissatisfaction), checking the appropriatecolumn. The causesof dissatisfactionwere coded as follows: 3l4l LRTS . 32(4 t Bateau

PATRONSEARCH FOR}I rif -r^-tf'#il''-it#"tk Author, tit]e, call nunberof items sought Found

status (please check one): -faculty -graduate student - -undergraduate -other Type of catalog used: _card catalog only _onllne catalog only -Dotn Please check lf you use the library frequently (weekly or more) --yes -n0

THAI{KYOI' FORYOUR ASSISTAI{CE.

Figure 1. Patron SearchForm

Formil-ll

PATRONSEARCH FORI4

./ if BMRY USEONI.Y Author, tltle, call nffirber of itens sought Found I AcacATlcrRlLIBlusR -1,"Bke A*^ 0.2L oz S.36ll 0u'; $ '|31 18i o- (4; fu,, q'h beoal

Status (please check one): vfaculty -gradurte student , -undergraduate -other Type of catalog used: _card catalog only gonllne catalog only -Doth PlCese check ii you use thE llbrary frequently (weekly or more) r'Jes -no THAI{KYOU FOR YOUR ASSISTAI{CE.

Figure2. CompletedPatron Search Form LRTS o 32(4) o UsingPerformance Measures l3l5

catalogerrors, suchas when the bibliographic record lists an incorrect call numberfor an item. This studyidentified both kinds of errors. DCIR: The book wasbeing used, checked out to a patron. DLIB: Thebook was not locatedbecause it wasmissing, misshelved, or in process. DUSR: The bookwas propedy shelved, but the userfailed to locateit. Other: Multiple copiesofthe title were not found for different reasons.(These were recordedand countedas fractions of a title and computedin the performancemeasures described below. ) The number of failures in each category was summed and a performance measurecomputed for each category. Finally, an overall library performancemeasure (a product of the measures)was computed. This measure, the ratio of items found to items sought, represents-thelikelihood that a patron will find a desired item. MANDERINoLIBRARY The online catalog at Louis L. Manderino Library, California Univer- sity'of Pennsylvania, was developed from TEXTMEVE (a trademark of Dan Strick). The library obtained a site license for the software and in-

apparent that changes in the user interface and documentation would be

During the three weeks from March 16 through April 3, 1987,496pa- tron contactswere made, 232 of whomwere looking for specific items and were given the forms for recording items sought. The return rate was 63 percent (146 out of 232). These forms included the 364 known-item searchesused to compute the performance measures. Rnsur,rs The datawere fed into a microcomputerfor analysis,using PAVL, a set of programswritten in TurboPascal." The programs allow for datainput, 316l LRIS . 32(4) o Barreau analysis,and computationof performancemeasuresand the associatedsta- tistical error for each measure. Each form was assigneda number before the study began. When the forms were returned, each item on the form was numbered so that every item in the samplehad a unique identifier. The results oT the study arredisplayed in figure 3 (as produced by the PAVL program). Each measureis computed and displayed with the standard error of the proportion. ACQUISITIONS(PACQ)

Cerer-ocrNc (PCAT)

were identified for the online system. Eight items were not located becausethey were housedin reference, reserve, or curriculum collections, but this was not clearly indicated on the card or (more often) OPAC display. One item was not found in the OPAC becauseit was a play in a collection that was visible in a contentsnote field but not searchableand not part of the default display for the online record. Incomplete holdings poseproblems, though retrospectiveconversion of monographs is nearly complete at Manderino Library and did not affect results as they have in libraries where only a fraction of the databaseis online. Four call numbers were incorrectly recorded by patrons, a relatively low incidence of error that may be attributed in part to the practice of using Dewey numbers that rarely extend beyond four places to the right of the decimal. In two cases,the numberscopied were completely wrong, and in two casesthe Cutter numbers were recorded incorrectly. One item was not found in the online catalog by the patron, though the record was there. The record may have been missed becauseof punctuation in the author's name (O'Neill). Problems with searchingterms containing punctuation (such as hyphens, apostrophes,and diacritics) are being studied and corrected. IRTS . 32(4) c (JsingPerformance Measures l3I7

RE6I.,LTS t]F AVfi ILABTLITY AIIIfII-VSIS

NumbF of item, aou9ht - 364 tumbF @f itmg fourrd - e36

I'iEASUREA OF DISSATISFCETIGN,

Itoi hei .cquir.d by thr library (DgC&) = 34.40* Itara rct fouBd in tha catsleg (DCAT) = 14.40* Iten. @qt in circulati@ {DCIR} - gg.4o*

It6. nol, .hatv-d prop+ly {D|-IB) - e9.4e*

ft6r rv.ilEbl., bu! not found

E!, p.t|,.@3 {DUSR} - gt.{O*

|t€ASUREE (F FERFORMA),|eE r

Farcrr|iege of it@E omed (pgccl) - g.gt +/- .g? 9e:atagc @f accuFste

catalog rk@ds (FCAT) = 0.96 +/- .6r Fscawt -9€ Gt i td.s ah rhat f {FCIRC) = O.gt +/- .6e FircfrtaBe of itM3 praperly

shel vrd (FLIB} - A.BCt +/- .A? FFohtage of ltdrs found lF.trsR) = 6.9P +/- .A? TOTAL AVAILABILTTY FERFORI''INCE

if€fiSURE (prcbebi l ity of f irdir,e

a khffi its) TFAVL) - o.gg +/-.6s

* Thia mca3urr of usd dis3atisfacti@n wBs rrultiplied by a cer_ FEtid, f.ctor to acc@ur,t fcr it€rn3 that could nct bc ideatified. Figure3. AvailabilityAnalysis Resulrs

CrRcuLerroN(PCIR) 3l8l LRTS . 32(4) o Barreau

"recall" is issued, and most patrons seemto be reluctant to exercisethis -privilege. It is uncertain that the circulation measurewill prove useful in evaluating OPACs. Poor successat the catalogcan result in fewer checkouts,making more items available for circulation, but the effect may be insignificant. Frohmberg and Moffet found a higher overall availability rate after introduction of an automatedcirculation system,though the individual measure

troduction of the OPAC will be a factor worth investigation. However, studies by Buckland and Shaw have been able to,predict the circulation interference measurebased upon other variables.)'" LrsRARy PRocEssEs(PLIB) PLIB is the percentageof items that are in their proper shelf locations at the time of the request.Often library processesinterfere with patron access to items. At Manderino Library, this was the lowest performance measure. Of the 286 items that were not circulating at the time of the request, 257 (9Opercent) were in proper shelf locations. Of the 29 items that were not wheie they belonged, l1 were missing but not yet identified as lost. One item had been idbntified as lost, but the record had not yet been re-

conversion, that disrupt normal processes. UseRs (PUSR)

label was placed over a volume number. LRTS . j2(4) o UsingPetfotmance Meesures l3l9

This measureis not likely to be changedsignificantly by the introduction of the OPAC, though failure and successat the catalog contribute to patron attitudes about the library and can influence their behavior. Toral PpRroRrrleNcE(PAVL) PAVL is the total availability performance measure,and it reflects the probability of finding a known itern in the library. It is the ratio of the number of items found to the number of items sought and is a product of the other measures. Patronsat Manderino Library have a 65 percent probability of a satisfac- tory search for known items. This measure is good when compared to '' many libraries that report a rate in the range of 50-60 percent. It may be reasonableto expect a small academiclibrary with a relatively homoge- neouspatron population to have a higher performance rate than a research library where the collection is larger and the clientele are more diverse, but the study should be performed at comparablelibraries before conclusions are drawn.

Rnu,lrrr,nY oF REsuLTs Policies for collection development,acquisitions, circulation, and cataloging appear to be effective in relation to user needs at Manderino Li- brary. Acceptable sample size resulted in a low percentageof error, and the relative unobtrusivenessof the administration of the forms contributed to reliability of the results. There was someconcern over the large number of forms (86) not returned, but the 146 (62 percent) received is better than the 40-50 percent return rate reported by sbme studies.'u Problems with circulation systemlight wands discoveredduring the last week of the study made it possible that some of the items missing when the study began and located later may actually have been checked out at the time they were sought. It is also likely that some of the items recorded as "circulating" may have been missing for other reasons. However decisions were made, the product of the two measuresaffected (PCIR, PLIB) was the same,and neither the overall performancerate nor the PCAT measure was changed. There are questions and problems the study did not address that are important considerations for a library introducing an automated catalog. What portion of the collection is never used and does an automated catalog with keyword subject accessaffect this use pattern?How successfulwere the patrons who were looking for items on a subject? How effective are our reference services in dealing with patron problems at the catalog? How often do usersbypass the catalogand go directly to the shelvesto find what they want? Some meansof measuring these and other factors are important 3201 LRTS . 32(4) c Barreau to an accurateevaluation of library performance and of the OPAC's influence on that performance. ColccLusroNs

their effects.

cesspoints and display of fields in the default format. Records of eightbf the fourteen items users failed to identify atthe catalog contained incomplete or inaccurate location information, occurdng m6re often in the OPAC than in the card catalog. In the card catalog, plas- tic coversmarked in red designateitems in the reservecollection, and most items in the reference, curriculum, or Pennsylvaniacollections are desig-

an item soughtis in a specialcollection and suggeststhey check theseareas if they are unsuccessfrrlin finding them in the regular collection. A schedulefor regular systemupdates was plannedto guaranteethat the ZRIS o 3214 . UsingPerformnnce Measures l32t databaseaccurately reflects the library's current holdings. A public information mechanism (newsletter, online notices) for keeping patrons ap- prised of scheduled "down time" for system modifications was also planned. The TEXTRIEVE programis designed to handle special characters such as apostrophesand hyphens as word "separators," and diacritical marks afe represented by a sequence of characters. This poses problems in searchesfor terms that include these characters (for example, "audiovisual" is not retrievable but "audiovisual" and "audio and visual" are). The vendor agreedto make the necessaryrevisions in the program to provide solutions to theseproblems. Plays or short novels in collections cannot be accesseddfuectly in the OPAC, and searchingby secondauthor or seriestitle is possibleonly as an added entry. There were two instancesof patrons who were unable to locate items the library owned becausethe items sought were part of an an- thology or volume of collected works. A searchin the card catalog by author made it possible to locate the titles in a contents note (not available for all collections). The OPAC also displays a contents note but not in the brief, default format. Decisions about which fields should be indexed and displayed are very important and must be made before the databaseand indexes are loaded, though revisions can be made. Ideally, the online catalog can be searched by any field, but restrictions on storage spaceand screensize and the requirements of rapid retrieval and facility of use are factors that often render the ideal implausible. Fields such as the series title can be added to the indexes,but the debateabout analyzing contentscannot be resolvedimme- diately. Users must be carefully instructed about the fields available in the different formats and encouragedto check contents notes when they are available. The feasibility of searchingtitles and authors in a contentsnote was being studied. The online catalog is an important innovation for libraries. The advantages are undeniable, yet large investments in hardware, software, and personnelare often poured into the automationprocess without a clear idea of how the system affects the users. Frohmberg and Moffet found a typical cycle of user reaction at a university library to be initial frustration followed by a positive attitude toward the changeas the benefits of the system are experiencedand, finally, a return to normal attitudesas new users,who are unaware of the change,enter the university.'7 The measureof the quality of service the users experienceas a result of the innovation is the true indicator of successfulimplementation. Though it is doubtful that the introduction of the online catalog will improve the 96 percent successrate of catalog users at Manderino Lilbrary, the system is related to other library functions, and the innovation can make a difference in overall availability. One statistic that will be important in analyzingthe system's impact is how well patrons make the switch from card to automatedcatalog. Only 20 percent of the searchesin this study were performed at the online catalog, a proportion expectedto dou- ble or triple in the ensuingyear. The study will be repeatedin spring 1988 to reevaluatethe program. A successfulonline catalogis one that accuratelyrepresents the library's 3221 LRTS . 32(4) o Baryeau collection and allows patrons to find what they are looking for with mini mal difficulty. When they cannot, the first responsibility of the library is to eliminate the obstacles,and this is easierto accomplish in the early stages of the project. When that is not possible,then user aids and instruction programs can help patrons to overcome the obstacles.Though the system in operation at Manderino Library is unique, the problems are not. Measur- ing the successof patrons and identifying the causesof their failure are beneficial to individual libraries where innovation is underway.

REFERENCES

1. Carole Weiss Moore, "User Reactionsto Online Catalogs: An Exploratory Study," Colkge & ResearchLibraries 42:295-3O2 (July 1981). 2. JosephR. Matthews, ed., TheImpact of Online Catalogs (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1986); Joseph R. Matthews, Public Access to Online Catalogs,2d ed. (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1985). 3. Charles Hildreth, Online Public Access Catalogs: The User Intet'ace (Dublin, Ohio: ocl-c,1984). 4. R. Tagliocozzo and M. Kochen, "Information-Seeking Behavior of Catalog Users," Information Storage and Retieval 6:363-81 (Dec. 1970). 5. Sharon Eileen Quinn, The Academic Library Backlog: Its Effect on Availability (M.5. in L.S. thesis, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1986); Malcolm Getz, "Some Benefits of the Online Catalog," College & Research Libraries 4&.2244O (May 1987). 6. Paul Kantor, "The Library as an Information Utility in the University Context: Evalu- ation and Measurement of Service," Journal of the American Societyfor Informntion Science2T:l0O-12 (Jan.-Feb. 1976); Paul Kantor, "Availability Analysis," Journal of the American Societyfor Information Science 27:3ll-19 (Sept.-Oct. 1976); T. Saracevic,W. M. Shaw, Jr., and P. B. Kantor, "Causes and Dynamics of User Frus- tration in an Academic Library," College & ResearchLibraries 38:7-18 (Jan. 1977). 7. Paul B. Kantor, Objeaive Performance Measuresfor Academic and Research Li- braries (Washington, D.C.: Association of ResearchLibraries, 1984). 8. Saracevicand others,p.15. 9. Judith B. Wood, Julius J. Bremer, and SusanD. Saraidaridis, "Measurement of Ser- ' ' vice at a Public Library, Public Library 2;49-58 (Summer 1980); Yvonne ' 'Book Quanerly ' Wulff , Availability in the University of Minnesota Bio-Medical Lib rary ,' Bul- letin ofthe Medical Library Associotion66:349-50 (July 1978); Katherine A. Frohm- berg and William A. Moffet, Research on the Impact of a Computerized Circulntion Systemon the Performance of a Inrge College Library (Washinglon, D.C.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, ED 235 806, 1983). 10. Kantor, Objective Performnnce Measures, p.43-54. 11. DeborahK. Barreau, "PAVL" (unpublished,1986). 12. Saracevicand others,p.7. 13. Frohmberg and Moffett, p.95-96. 14. Michael Buckland, Book Availnbility and the Library User (New York: Pergamon, 1978); W. M. Shaw, Jr., "Library-User Interface: A Simulation of the Circulation Subsystem," Information Processing & Management 12:77-91 (1976). 15. Kantor, Obj ective Performnnce Measures, p.49 ; Saracevicand others, p. 14; Anne C. Ciliberti and others, "Material Availability: A Study of Academic Library Perfor- mance," College & ResearchLibrartes 48:513-27 (Nov. 1987). 16. Kantor, Objective Performance Measures, p.49. 17. Frohmberg and Moffet, p.96-98. t323

The Reproductionof Library Materials in 1987: A RLMS Perspective

SuzanneCates Dodson E Lstablishing the boundariesfor a survey of literature relevant to the work of the Reproduction of Library Materials sectidn is no easytask. The common interests between RLMS and the Preserfation of Library Materials Section in particular btcomeespeciat]r3yl-ag as orre searches,and deciding what is appropriate for the year's work in RLMS' areasof concern is often aptizle. choiies, tirerefore, Itthe membersof RLMS might find espe- ar more than once, it is better than not at I apologizeand welcome a note about it so vey. roduction of library materials are consid- bibliographic control, equipment, micro- the technical production of microforms, copyright, and new technologieslike dig-

d to materialspublished in 1987, together ratethat 1986lacks its ownaccountof the :sprepared by Sinkule for micrographics : technology (66), and Swora for optical (155),the hiatusis lessofa problem than >cialthanlcs are due to Lois Carrier, Uni- k Pontius, PennsylvaniaState University f Congress for all their help in tracking

RLMS/PLMS The concernsof RLMS and PLMS overlap, to the point where a possiblemerger of the two sections was suggestedand discussea(oty. So far the members"of RLMS believe that our inteiests can still be best served by having our own, spe- cialized. section. MIcRoFoRMS IN LIBRARES Micrographics-qd th9 place of microforms in libraries have traditionally been major interestsof RLMS. The section's program at the san Francisco conference tackled the question of whether sparkling ndw technologieswill supplantthe reli-

Suzanne cates Dodson is Head, Government publications and Microforms and Acting Preservation Librarian, university of British columbia Library, vancouver, canada. 3241 LRTS . 32(4) t Dodson

VI, CD-PROM, WORM, and DRAW (25). Back in the everyday world, Mclntosh described visits to eleven libraries in Canadaand the United States,where she surveyedtheir microform facilities (96).

government publications stacks (16). Caldwell-Wood and Prather-Forbis talked about the way in which TexasA&M University Library countsthe microfiche collection (33), and the results of numerouscounts like theirs appearedfor the Asso- ciation of College and ResearchLibraries (ACRL) (2) and the Association of Re- searchLibraries (ARL) (12). Draft guidelines for packing and shipping microforms were approved by the Executive Committee of RLMS in June 1987 and were published (with a request for comments) in R?SD Newsletter (62\. BIBLIoGRAPHIC CoXTNOT, One of the most welcome bits of news announcedthe signing of an agreement betweenARL and The Computer Company (TCC) of Richmond, Virginia, to create machine-readablecatalog records for "the monographic reports [1965-1983] inthe National Registerof Microform Masters. . . When completed, the project will greatly facilitate the searching that is a necessarycomponent of a national preservation effort to preserve the contents of brittle books. . . . As the project proceeds, LC's Cataloging Distribution Service will compile tapesand sell them with no constraintson further reproduction or distribution to libraries, networks, and other organizations(125, p.6-7). Elsewhere, the State University of New York at Buffalo received a Title II-C grant to creairtecatalog records on the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) for General Microforms' Latin American Documents series (116) and Stanford completed their Early American Imprints: Second Seies proiect (l2O). The records have been keyed into RLIN and made available to the Online Com- puter Library Center (OCLC). Title II-C grants were also awarded for a project to -atalog the Goldsmiths'-KressLibrary of Economic Literature (46). OCLC published a brochure describing their Major Microforms Project (MMP) and the sets that have been (or are being) cataloged(98). Volume 2 of Niles' index to collec- LRTS o 32(4) o The Reproduaion ofLibrary Materials in 1987 1325 tions in microform appeared(124), as did a guide to microform titles in LC's Mi- croform Reading Room (83). UMI produced a useful listing of the guides and indexes to its research collections, including those to collections UMI has taken over, e.g. from Microfilming Corporation of America and Bell & Howell (68). G. K. Hall published Bibliographic Guide to Microform Publications 1986 (20), which includes books and nonserial microforms cataloged during 1986 by the New York Public Library NYPL) and LC. Salmon and Phillips described NYPL's online public accessto microform records (146)-g411gYP-an acro- nym which must have given the kind of pleasureto its inventors that Nepeta ca- taria does to most felines. An improvement to entries for microforms is the fact that preservation information, including microform characteristics, can be recorded now in the USMARC format, using the 583 freld (133). For additional referenceson bibliographic control see45 , 47 , 128. EeupurcNr The big news here was no news. Many waited with growing impatience for the often promised but never delivered Microcard/Microprint adaptor that would allow us to make prints from opaquemicroforms (101). At a meeting in SanAntonio this January one lucky person reported having received one, so we must assume that it finally exists. Its appearancewill come as a great relief to all with large collections of opaquemicroforms. An overview of other new equipment-readers, printers, and storageequipment shown at the 1987 AIIM Equipment Exposition appeared inthe Micrographics Newsletter (7). Library Technology Reports reviewed five new reader/printers and provided updates on five others (90), Saffady edited volume ll of Micro- graphics and Optical Storage Equipment Review (144) and Williams of Cimtech in England provided his regular surveys ofnew technology: photocopiers, micrographics equipment, optical disk, etc., and related matters, including copyright (173, 174, 175). Reviews of three reader printers-the Bell & Howell ABR 1000 (29), the Minolta RP503 (63), and the 3M MFBl100 (30)-appearedin Informa- tion Media and Technology. Broadhurst reviewed the Gemini II diazo fiche duplicator, which usesa processfree of ammonia (31). Micobra also has a duplicator that dispenseswith the usual aqueousammonia (102). These machines could be useful where fiche duplicating is done as a public service function and where ammonia fumes can causeproblems. MIcROPT.IBLISHING Microform Review remains the major source for information about new micropublications and reviews of micropublications, and anyone interestedin what has been produced over the past year should not fail to scanthe 1987 issues. Choice has begun to review micropublications (l2l). Chadwyck-Healey published, on microfiche, more than 16,000 pagesfrom hundreds of micropublishers' catalogs (108). In specific areas, Ach describedcivil rights sourcespublished by Univer- sity Publicationsof America (1), Bourke covered genealogicalmaterials available at NYPL (26). Campanelli talked about the distribution of Securities and Ex- change Commission data in microform (35), Luebbe brought readersup-to-date on Canadiangovernment publications in microforms (93), Troy discussedAmeri- can Indian materials (161), and Sinkule and Moody reviewed the availability of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) documents on microfiche (152). Bourke also produced an overview of new publishing projects for scholarly research (25). In other news ResearchPublications acquired Harvester (49), and Lost Cause (50), and the U.S. government talked about the privatization of the Educational ResourcesInformation Center (ERIC) (168), and the National Tech- nical Information Service (NTIS) (64, 126, I27, 167). Additional referencesof 326/ LRTS .32(4) o Dodson interestcover music (94), history (111), and maps (166). PnrsnnvlrroN MICROFILMING Preservation, especially preservation microfilming, formed the subject of countless publications. James Billington, the thirteenth Librarian of Congress, talked ofthe vital need to preserve the records that constitute "the legacy ofthe past in our time, not just a marginal luxury item for the casually curious, but an ' unrenewablenatural resourceindispensable to all of u s' (21, p . 1) . The urgency of the siruation was vividly presented in SIow Fires: On the Preservation of the Hu- man Record (153), a film narrated by Robert MacNeil and aired on the PBS network in December. Trojan reviewed the film, commenting that the "issue of microfilming is debated at length. Child, assistant director of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, points to its strengthsas a low-cost, proven technology for preservingthe'information contentof books"' (16O,p.73-74). Weinberg, writing about the National Archives declared that "The self-destructionof paper can ' only be counteredby massive microfilming projects' (17 | , p.l7) . And Winter- ble, reporting on the meeting ofthe Commission on Preservationand Access, said 'best that "Microfrlming was reaffirmed as the technology now available' to capture the contents of vast numbers of brittle books" (176, p.6). The Council on Library Resources (CLR) received a grant of $300,000 from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation to support the commission (176, p.6). The Research Libraries Group's preservation activities were discussed in "Preservation: The Battle to Savethe Nation's Libraries" (136). Weber covered the ARL and ALA statementto the Subcommitteeon Post-SecondaryEducation, Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives,March 3, 1987(170). During thesehearings witnessestestified that microfilm is the preferred preservation medium for brittle books (163). (Unfornrnately, Barbara Tuch- man, one of the people interviewed in Slow Fires, was less than enthusiasticabout microhlm.) Elsewhere Calmes evaluatedvarious media presently available (34). Child believesthat the personnel, experience,and facilities exist now to support a national preservation microfrlming program (4 I ). Although information on developing and implementing preservation program increasessteadily, a survey of sixtythree ARL libraries discoveredthat many lack well-establishedprograms. Furthermore, the directors often seemedunaware of existing help ( I 1) . Gwinn produced an excellent work on the subject (70) . Montori compiled a lengthy bibliography on preservation, with referencesto microfilming, film types, and processes(1 l0). A new ARL SPEC Kit hasjust been released (132), and a new edition of Columbia University Library's The Preservqtion of Library Materials: A CUL Handbook, has beenpublished (134). The MG Preser- vation Manual (142) gives especially good coverageto microfilming, with accu- rate and up-to-date information. Gertz prepareda cost study of the University of Michigan's brittle book microfilming program (67), while Byrnes and Elkington describedthe measurestaken at Michigan to contain costs (32). Specific projects were covered by Clack, who described the U.S. Newspaper Program (43); Bagnall, who wrote about the American Philological Association's project to preserveimportant materials in classicalstudies published from 1850to 1918(17); Bell, who discussedthe preservationoflocal history in Kentucky (19); Holley, who covered Utah's newspaperproject (77); Kaebnick, who described the work of the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library (81); Markham, who talked about the American Theological Library Association Preservation Board's nationwide cooperative preservation microfilming project (103), Terrill-Breuer, who explainedhow University Fublications of America selectsarchival American history materials for filming (156); Wolff, who reported on the International Fed- eration of Library Associationsand Institutions' (IFLA) role in promoting the mi- LRTS o 32(4) o The Reproduction ofLibrary Materials in 1987 1327 crofilming of newspapersaround the globe (177); and Cunningham, who considered the preservation ofnewspaper clippings (56). Both the University of Chicago (165) and the Northeast Document Conserva- tion Center (122) announced increased capacities for preservation microfilming and the ability to handle work for libraries needingthis service. The Mid-Atlantic StatesCooperative Preservation Service received a grant of $584,000 from Exxon (48). The monetary help provided for preservation microfiltning reported in 1987 was impressive. Many institutions received NEH grants to microfilm newspapers as part of the U.S. NewspaperProgram-an estimated$6.4 million by early 1987 (123).In addition, a large number received grants for avaiety of projects. Good sourcesfor information about grants received are C&RLNews (119) andNational Preseryation News (1I3, Ll4). TEcHNTcAL PnooucrroN oF MTcRoFoRMS 1986 marked the sixtieth anniversary of the invention of the first commercially successfulmicrofilming camerd (172).ln keeping with increasing awarenessof the fragility of printed materials is also a growing concern for the long-term preservation of the microfilm. The Image PermanenceInstitute, establishedin 1985 (5), recently received $98,798 from NEH to fund a project evaluating the use of selenium treatmentin prolonging the storagelife of silver gelatin microfilm (l13, p.8) and $41,830 from the National Historical Publicationsand RecordsCommis- sion for a study ofdegradation ofcellulose acetatesafety photographic films in use sincethe 1930s(118). Elsewhere, Thomasdiscussed the useof the methyleneblue test for archival frlm quality (157) and l.eary describedwork at the National Ar- chives in Washington, including the use of potassium iodide in the fixing bath during film processingto provide protection againstthe developmentof redox blem- ishesand experimentswith selenium sulfatetoning "as a meansof providing even greater protection against image deterioration" (88, p.290). Ker explained how gold toning of the hlm of the DomesdayBook is expectedto increaseits resistance to attack from external agentsby ten times (84). AIIM produced a useful compila- tion of articles publishedbetween 1963and 1987on the maladieswith which silver gelatin film may be afflicted (109). Among them is one on the image stability of silver materials (60). Cibachrome could be the most stablecolor film availabletoday (42, 162). Gunn outlined the relative merits of cellulose acetateversus polyester base for silver halide film (69), Thomas discussedsplices (158), the Mid-Atlantic Preservation Serviceconsidered the choice ofsilver, diazo, or vesicular films for service copies (100), and Xidex explained the reasons for microf,rche curl (105). Additional items of interest can be found in these references:7 I. 76. lO7. SuNomns Standardsplay an important part in the production and storageof microforms of all kinds, as Schowen points out (147). But recognizing the need for standards doesnot always mean that they are followed, as Jamesfound in her study of frlm- ing practices of U.S. state and local government agencies(80). Lowell also ad- dressedthe questionoflocal records and what is being done in PrbservationNeeds in StateArchives (91). A fair number ofnew and revised standardswere published in 1987. Shaffer prepareda report for RLMS in which he describedthe work of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (150). Shaffer noted particularly that at last ANSI/AIIM MS111 appeared: Recommend.edPracticefor Microfilming Prtnted Newspaperson 3SmmMicrofiIm (139). He also pointedbut that ANSI fTS.t-1987, American National Standard 3281 LR?S . 32(4) o Dodson for Photography (Film), Silver GelatinType-Specificationsfor Stability (9), in- corporatesthreeolderstandards,i.e., PHl.28-1984, PHl.41-1984, andPHl.66- 1985. Anyone interested in American standardsfor microfilming will find them listed in a free catalog ofpublications for sale by AIIM (6). Shaffer also described the current work of ISO/TC 171 (ISO Technical Committee l7l-Micrographics) and WG 3 (Working Group 3-Applications in Libraries), which has four docu- rhentsin process: microfilming of newspapers;color film; graphic symbols used in microfrlming; and microfilming documentson 16mm and 35mm film. Courtot (54), AIIM director, Standardsand Technology and Kruger (85) also commented on the work of ISO/TC 171/WG 3. The scopeof TC 171 was broadenedto include "Standardization of documentsand images on microforms and other optical media" (79, p. 1). Lack of standardsfor optical disks was a problem, delaying the implementation of systems(148). Looking to the future, Adelstein discussedthe "Status of PermanenceStan- dards (4)." He also described the move to raise the maximum permissible thiosulfate concentrationlimit for archival film. A small amount of residual hypo is now believed to be beneficial in increasing a film's resistanceto redox blem- ishes(3). PnorocoprcRs AND PHorocoPYtr{c Color photocopiersare big news. As Crix said, "It's all happeningin the color copiermarket!" (55, p.221). Thisreviewbeginswithanexplanationof different color copying processes,describes the main features of copiers currently available, and concludeswith some notes on copiers expectedsoon. Also of consider- able interest for preservation photocopying is "Bookmark," a device developed jointly by the British Library's Humanities and Social Sciences Reprographic Centre and Select Information Systems, called "the ultimate in equipment for copying from very fragile or tightly bound books" (51, p.5). Subt discussedquality control ofphotocopies for archival purposes (154), the results of a study done by the USGPO for the National Archives and Records Ser- vice, and McColgin considered archival paper for photocopies (95). Of special interest are the papers from the December 9, 1986, conference of the U.S. Na- tional Archives and Records Administration, "Preservation Photocopying in Li- braries and Archives" (135). Additional referenceson this topic include 89, 159, and 169. TBr.Er.lcsnrnn Henshaw chronicled the use of telefacsimile in libraries over the last 40 years (73), while Boss and Espo talked about the recent history and major issuesin its use-need, copy quality, and cost (24). Cawkell produced a review and an update on the technology (38). Anand described a project involving the use oftelefac- simile for interlibrary loan and documentdelivery at the National Library of Can- ada (10) and Ferguson reported on five projects using electronic information delivery systems (65). Sponsored by the Fred Meyer Charitable trust, five states-Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington-are involved. Hessler (75) and Lu (92) discussedthe integration of microcomputers and telefacsimile machines. Copvmcnt In the U.S., the Copyright Office of LC held hearings on the issue of library photocopying. "Under section 108 (i) of the 1976 Copyright Act, the Register of Copyrights is required to report to Congressat five-year intervals on the extent to which section 108 of the act-which permits certain reproduction of copyrighted works by libraries-is achieving a balancebetween 'the rights of creators and the rRrs' 32(4) t TheReproduction ofLibrary Materiarsin I9g7 /329

Nnw TncrncolocrEs 33Ol LRTS . 32(4) o Dodson

Brsr-rocRAPHY

l. Ach. William K. "sources for the Studyof Civil Rights." MicroformReview 16, no.4:316-28(Fall 1987). Z. icnt inneitry r{Ui"lry Statisticstg85-86 and 1986"lN Libraries" Statistical Sumey.Chicago: American LibJ?ry Assn., 1987' :. aO"G{"in, pefir Z. ttu"a".Or Upiate: ResidualHypo Limits for Microfilm. " In- l, no.3:8-10(Mar. 1987). "form . .Status 4 . _. of FermanenceStandard s." Journalof ImagingTechnology 12, no.1:52-56 (Feb. 1986)' Preserva- 5. , uirdR"illy, iamesM. "The ImagePermanence Institute: New tion Resource." Irfi,* l, no.10:37-39 (Oct' t-987)' - - Silver e . fri enU noot Sti,ief"i'ie nformatioi and Image ManagemenrIndustry. Spring.Md.: AIIM, 1987. Z. ;.ifff{ EquipmentReview: PartII." MicrographicsNewsletter 19, no.10' issue

1987). ' ' r r . ;1A.n'LCommiftee Surveys Preservation Needs. Associationof ResearchLibraries LRZS ' 32(4) o TheReproduction of Library Materialsin 1987 l33l

18. Becker,Karen A. "CD-ROM: A Primer." College& ResearchLibrartes News 48, no.7:388-90,ro. / :J66-yu, 5vz-y5392-93 (July/Aug. 1987)ry6l). 19. Bell,t:eu, Mary Margaret. "Preserving"Preservrng Local HlstoryHistory rnin Kentucky through Micro-Mlcr to{t_nr."forms. " Microform Review 16, no.2:126-29 (Spring 1987). 20.BibliographicGuide to MicroformPublications-1986. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987. 21.Billington, James H. The Moral Imperative of Consemation. Presentedas the key- ' 'Invest note addressof in the American Collection. " a resional forum on the conservation of cultural property, June 16, 1987. Sponsoredby-the National Committee to Save America's Cultural Collections. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1987. 22. Bhtmer, Thomas J. "Register of Copyrightispeaks on the Berne Convenilon." Li- brary ofCongressInformation Bulletin 46, no.30:335-36(July 27,1987). 23. Bogue,Bogue.|'OgUe, DavidDavrd T.I. "The"lne Informationlnlormatron uhChallengeChallense and the Film/Computer/OpticalFilm/Comoute Age." Inform l, no.4:14-16 (Apr. 1987). 24. Boss, Richard W., and Hal Espo. "The Use of Telefacsimile in Libraries." Library Hi Tech5, no.l:3342 (Spring 1987). 25. Bqrrke, Thomas A. "Mega Microforms: Ambitious New Publication Projects for ScholarlyResearch." AmericanLibraries 18, no.3:184-87 (Mar. 1987). 26. -. "Microform Resourcesfor Roots Researchat the New York Public Li-

ABRI000 Reader-Printer." Information Media and Technology 2O, no.5:217-21 (Sept. 1987). 30. -. "Equipment Reviews: Evaluation of the 3M MFB I 100 Reader-Printer."

33. Caldwell-Wood, Naomi, and Leslie Prather-Forbis. "Counting Microfiche: The 'Library Utilization of the Microform Section of rhe ANSI Standard239.7-1983 Sta- tistics.' " Microform Review 16, no.3:224-27 (Summer 1987). 34. Calmes,Alan."ToArchiveandPreserve:AMediaPrimer."Informl,no.5:14-17, 33 (May 1987). 35. Campanelli, J. E. "Miorofilming and Distribution of SEC Financial Data." Micro- form Review 16, no.4:304-15 (Fall 1987). 36. Canada. National Library. Iaw Suney: Exceptions to Copyight for Libraries and Archives.Ottawa, 1987. 37. Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. 33d Parliament, 2d Session, 35-36Eliza- b€th II, 1986-87. Bill C-60. An Act to Amend the Copyright Act and to Amend other Acts in ConsequenceThereof. First reading, May 21 ,1987. Ottawa: Supply and Ser- vices. 1987. 38. Cawkell, A. E. "Facsirnile Machines-Review and Up-Date." Information Media andTechnology20, no.4:158-63 (July 1987). 39. CD-ROM: Passing Craze or New Papyrzs? London: Korda, 1987. 40. CD-ROM, the New Papyrus/The Video. video. color. 22mn. Redmond, Wash.: Mi- crosoft, 1986. 41. Child, Margaret. "Preservation in Perspective . . . Is the Infrastructure in Place? National Preservation News no.7:19-20 (May 1987). 42. Cibachrome Micrographic: High Resolution Direct-Positive Film Based on Silver- Dye Bleach Technology: Technical Information. Fribourg, Switzerland: Ilford, 1986. 43. Clack, George. "Preserving Yesterday's News." The New Library Scene 6, no.2:20-21 (Apr. 1987). 44. Collier, Harry. "Where is CD-ROM? Some Brief Product Reviews." Electronic 3321 LRTS . 32(4) o Dodson

and Optical Pablishing Review 7 no.2:70-76 (June 1987). ' ' , ' 45 . Comment and News : CRL CatalogsPreservation Ma sterc.' Microform Review 16, no.l:10 fwinter 1987). ' 'Comment ' ' 46 . and News : Goldsmiths'/Kress Grants Awarded . Microform Review 16, no.l:8 (Winter 1987). 47. "Comment and News: Index to Microforms Workstation (ITM Workstation) Avail- able." Microfo rm Review 16, no.4:218 (Fdl 1987). 48. "Comment and News: Mid-Atlantic Preservation Group Receives Exxon Grant." Microform Review 16, no.l:7 (Winter 198?). 49. "Comment and News: Research Publications Acquires Harvester Press." Micro- form Review 16, no.4:277 (Fdl 1987). 50. "Comment and News: ResearchPublications Announcements." Microform Review 16, no.2:110(Spring 1987). 51. "Commentary-British Library: Turning Over an OldI-eaf." Information Media andTechnology20, no.l:5 (Jan. 1987). 52. Cooke, D. F. "Map Storageon CD-ROM. " Byte 12, no.8:129-30, 132, 134-36, 138 (July 1987). 53. Coopers and Lybrand. Information and Image Management: The Indwtry and the Technologies.Silver Spring, Md.: AIIM, 1987. 54. Courtot, Marilyn. "Standards and Technology: ISO TC 171-WG 3, Applications of Microforms in Libraries." FYI/IM3,no.6:4,8 (June1987). 55. Crix, F. C. "Equipment Reviews: Review of Colour Copiers." Information Media and Technology2O, no.5:221-29 (Sept. 1987). ''The 56. Cunningham, Veronica Colley. Preservation of Newspaper Clippings ." Spe- cial Libraries 78, no.1:41-46 (Winter 1987). 57. Dadant, Melissa. "Witnesses Testify for Copyright Office on Photocopying Con- cerrns."Library of CongressInfomration Bulletin46,no.25:281-83 (June22, 1987). 58. "Data Distribution on Optical Media-National Library Studying." Canadian Gov- ernment Programs and ServicesReports Part 1, no. 172:.2(Ian. 8, 1988). 59. Davis, Douglas L. "Optical Archiving: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Go From Here?" Optical Information Systems7, no.l:66-71(Jan./Feb. 1987). 60. Drago, F. J., and W. E. Lee. "Review of the Effects of Processing on the Image ' ' Stability of Black-and-White Silver Materials. Journal of Imaging Technology 12, no. I :57-65 (Feb. 1986). 6l. "Division and Interdivision Committee and Discussion Groups. RLMS Discussion Group." RTSDNewsletter 12, no.l:4 (Winter 1987). 62. "Division News: Draft Guidelines for Comment. " RTSD Newsletter 12, no.4:50 (Fdl 1987). 63. "Equipment Reviews: Evaluation: Regma Dataprism (Minolta RP503) Reader- Printer-A Summary of Cimtech Evaluation Report TER 86.3." Information Media and Technology20, no. I :38 (Jan. 1987). 64. "Federal Information Resources Policy Hearing." ARL Newsletter no.136:5-7 (Aug. 17, 1987). 65. Ferguson, Douglas K. "Electronic Information Delivery Systems: Reports on Five Prqjects Sponsored by the Fred Meyer Charitable Trust." Library Hi Tech 5, no.2'.65-93(Summer 1987). 66. Fischer, Audrey, "Optical and Videodisc Technology." Library Hi Tech Bib- Iiogaphy 2:105-t2 ( 1987). 67. Gertz, Janet. "The University of Michigan Brittle Books Microfilming Program: A Cost Study." Microform Review 16, no.l:32-36 (Winter 1987). 68. Guides and Indexes to Research Collections. Ann Arbor: Research Collections Infor- mation Service,UMI, 198?. 69. Gunn, MichaelJ. " 'Poly'or'Cell'?" MicroformReviewl6,no.3:231-32 (Summer 1987). 70. Gwinn, Nancy E., e.d.PreservationMicrofilming: AGuideforLibrarians andArchi- visfs. Chicago:American Library Assn., 1987. 71. Harper, Iames. "Microfilm Reformatting: Linking Past, Present and Future." ir- forml, no.10:14-16(Oct. 1987). 72. Hendley,Tony. CD-ROM and Optical Publishing Systems:An Assessmentof the Im- pact of Optical Read-Onty Memory Systemson the Inforrrution Industry and a Com- partson Betvveen Them and Traditional Paper, Microfilm, and Online Publishing InTs o 32(4) o TheReproductionofLibraryMateialsin 1987 1333

Systems.Westport, Conn.: Meckler in associationwith CIMTECH/BNBRF, 1987. 73. Henshaw,Rod-."LibrarytoLibrary." WilsonLibraryBulletin6l,no.g:45-46(May 1987). 74. Herther, Nancy. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Preservationand Optical Me- dia." Darabase10, no.2:122-24 (Apr. 1987). 75. Hessler; David. "InfoStation: A Low-Cost Electronic Document Storage, Retrieval and TransmissionSystem." Library Hi Tech5, no.l:81-86 (Spring 1987). 76. Holder, Carol. "Protecting Your Image: Microform Storage'aid Slecurity." tnform 1, no.8:18-21(Oct. 1987). Holley, RobertP. "The UtahNewspaper Project." Library Resources& Technical Services31. no.,2:177-91(Apr./June 1987). 78.Hopkins, Richard. "Copyright: Complexitiesand Concerns." CanadianLibrary Journal44, no.5:273-78(Oct. 1987). 79. "ISO BroadensScope to IncludeOptical Digital Media." FYI/IM 3, no.7:1,8 (July 1987). 80.James,Linda.StandingtheTestofTime:QunliryAssuranceforStateandLocalGov- ernmentRecords Microfilming. St. Paul:Minnesota Historical Sociery, 1986. 81.Kaebnick,Greg. "Microhlm andthe BenedictineTradition: Hill MonasticManu- scriptLibrary Preserves the Past." Inform l, no.10:34-35(Oct. 1987). 82. Kearns,Thomas N . Library of CongressOptical Disk Program Digital ImagingSys- tem. Input SystemforOptical Disk (ISOD): User Guides.Washington, D.C.: Li- braryofCongress, 1987. 83.Keller, Anna,and Eugene Ferguson, eds. Microform Colleaions and Seleaed Titles in theMicrofonn Reading Rooz. Washington,D.C.: Library of Congress,General ReadingRooms Division, 1987. 84. Ker, Niel. "Gold Toningthe DomesdayBook GivesBetter than Archival Perma- nence."Microform Review 16, no.4:300-303 (Fall 1987). 85.Kruger, LesterO. " 1986ISO Meeting,Washington. " IMC lournal 23, no.2:37-39 (1987). 86.Lambert,Steve, and Suzanne Ropiequet, ed;s. CD-ROM, the New Papyrus: The Cur- rent andFuture State of theArt Redmond,Wash.: Microsoft, 1986. 87."Laser Rot." ThePerfeu Visionl, no.1:35-45(Winter 1986187). 88.Leary, William H. "PreservationMicrofilming at the National Archives." Micro- form-Review 16, no.4:286-90(Fall 1987). 89. Library TechnologyReports 23, no.2 (Mar./Apr. 1987). 90. Library TechnologyReports 23, no.4 (July/Aug. 1987). 91.Lowell, HowardP . PresemationNeeds in StateArchives. Albany, N. Y.: National Associationof GovernmentArchivists and Records Administrators, 1986. 92. Lu, C. "Turning Microcomputersinto Fax Machines." High Technology7, no.3:60-61(Mar. 1987). 93.Luebbe,Mary. "RecentDevelopments in CanadianGovernment Documents." Mi- croformReview 16, no.4:280-85 (Fdl 1987). 94. McClellan,William M. "MicroformattedMusic Indexes."Microform Review 16, no.I :21-31(Winter 1987). 95. McColgin, Michael. "Photocopyingon Archival Paper." TheAbbey Newsletter: Bookbindingand Conservation ll, no.8:126 (Dec. 1987). 96. Mclntosh,Melinda C. "SabbaticalReport: Results of a Surveyof Library Micro- formsFacilities." Microform Review 16, no.l:40-51 (Winter 1987). 97. McQueen,Judy, andRichardW.Boss. Videodisc andOptical DiskTechnologies and TheirApplications in Libraries, 1986Update. Chicago: American Library Assn., r986. 98. Major MicroformsProject. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC CatalogingServices, 1987. 99. Manns,Basil, and Tamara Swora. "Books to Bits: Digital Imagingat theLibrary of Congress."Journal of Informationand ImageManagement 19, no.l0:26-32 (Oct. 1986). t0O. MIPS TechnicalIssues no.2 (June12, 198?). 101. "The Marketplace:Microcard/Microprint Adapter." RTSDNewsletter 12, no.4:43 (Fall 1987). 102. "Marketplace: The Micobra Corporation Dry-Diazo Microfiche." Infonn l, no.t2:44(Dec. 1987). 103. Markham,Robert P. "Religion Convertedto Microformat." MicroformReview 16, 3341 LRTS . 32(4) o Dodson

no.3:217 -23 (Summer1981. 104. "Microdots:Microforms: DeadorAlive?" MicrographicsNewslener20,no.l, is- sueI:7 (Jan.1988). 105. "MicroficheCurl." MicroformReview 16, no.3:228-30 (Summer 1987). lO6. Microforms:Dead or Alive?(ALA conferencetape LA8753ab.) Chicago: American LibraryAssn., 1987. 101. Micrographics:Care and Handling. (Special Interest Package no. 26.) SilverSpring, Md.: AIIM, 1986. 108. TheMicropublishers'Trade List Ailnual 1987-1988.Alexandria, Va.: Chadwyck-

(Summer1987). 112. Nasri, William 2., ed.lzgal Issuesfor Library and InformationManagers. New York: Haworth,1987. 113. "NEH Office of Preservation:Additional Fiscal 1987 Grants." NationalPresema- tionNews no.8:8-9 (Oct. 1987). 114. "NEH Office of Preservation:Fiscal 1987Grants." NationalPreservation News no.1:lO-72(May 1987). 115. "News from the Field: Grants." College& ResearchLibraries News 48, no.2:85 (Feb.1987). 116. "NewsfromtheField:Grants." College&ResearchLibrariesNews4S,no.ll:723 (Dec.1987). 117. "News from the Field: Grants." College & ResearchLibraries News 48, to.ll:724-25 (Dec.1987). 118. "News from the Field: Grants." College& ResearchLibraries News 49, no.l:37 (Jan.1988). l19. "NewsfromtheField:Grants."College&ResearchLibraiesNews4S,no.2:84-85 (Feb. 1987);no.4:210 (Apr. 1987);no.5:277 (May 1987);no.6:347, 349 (June 1987);no.8:495(Sept.1987);no.9:571-72(Oct.1987);no.10:639(Nov.1987):49, l:37 (Jan.1988). 120. "News from the Field: News Notes." College& ResearchLibraies News 48, no.3;t42(Mar. 1981. 121. "News ltem: Choiceto ReviewMicroform Collections."International Joumal of Micrographicsand VideoTechnology 6, no.ll2;49 (1987). 122. "Newsnotes:Andover, MA." TheNew Library Scene6, no.2:14(Apr. 1987). 123. "Newsnotes:Washington, D.C." TheNew Library Scene 6, no.l:21 (Feb.1987). 124. Niles,Ann, ed.An Indexto MicroformCollections, V.2. Westport,Conn.: Meckler, 1987. 125. "NRMM ConversionProject Begun." NationalPresewation News no.8:6-7 (Oct. 1987). 126. "NTIS Privatization." ARL Newsletterno.134:6-7 (Mar. 26, 1987). 127. "NTIS Privatization."ARLNewsletterno.135:6 (June 12, 1987). 128. "OCLC andResearch Libraries Group Announce Exchange of Preservationand Mi- croformSet Records." Microinfo 17, no.8:4 (Aug. 1986). 129. "OLA's 85th: FightingLaws that Challengethe Profession."Quill and Quire 54, no.| :2O--21(Jan. I 988). 130. Olsson,Henry. "Copyright Aspectsof Reproduction."ln Presewationof Library Materials:conference heldatthe National Library of Austria,Vienna, Austria, April 7-10,1986, ed. Merrily A. Smith.Y.2:32-44. Munich, New York, London,Paris: K. G. Saur,1987. l3l. OpticalDiscsforStorageandAccess.(SPECKitno.133.)Washington,D.C.:ARL, Office of ManagementStudies, 1987. 132. PreservationGuidelines. (SPEC Kit no. 137.)Washington, D.C.: ARL, Office of ManagementStudies, 1987. 133. "PreservationInformation in the USMARC Format." NationalPreservation News no.8:5-6(Oct. 198D. LRTS . 32(4) o TheReproduction ofLibrary Materialsin 1987 1335

134. The Preservation of Library Materials: A CUL Handbook. 4th ed. New York: Co- lumbia Univ. Llbrary, 1987. 135. "Preservation Photocopying in Libraries and Archives: Conference of the U.S. Na- tional Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C., December 9, 1986." Restaurator: InternntionalJournalforthe PreseryationofLibrary and Archi- val Material 8, no.l (1987). 136. "Preservation: The Battle to Save the Nation's Libraries. " The ResearchLibraries Group News, no. I 1:4-6, I l-16 (Sept. 1986). 137. Quint, Barbara. "How Is CD-ROM Disappointing? Let Me Count the Ways." Wilson Library Bulletin 62, no.4:32-34, 102 (Dec. 1987). 138. Rechel, Michael. "How to Keep Up: Absolutely Essential CD-ROM Reading." '1.39. WilsonLibrary Bulletin 62, rn.4:4142 (Dec. 1987). Recommended Practice for Microfilming Printed Newspapers on 35mm Microfilm, ANSI/AIIM MS 111-1987.S-ilver Spring, Md.: AIIM, 1987. 140. Reed, Mary Hutchings. The Copyright Primerfor Librarians and Educators. Chi- cago and London: Published jointly by American Library Assn. and the National Ed- ucationAssn., Washington,D.C., 1987. l4l . Rights: Copyright and Related Rights in the Service of Creativity. Geneva: Interna- tional Publishers' Association and the International Group of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers.1987- 142. MG Preservation Maruin:l. Stanford: ResearchLibraries Group, 1986. 143. Roderer, Nancy K. User Strldy of the Library of Congress Digftat Optical Disk Sys- tem: Execative Summary. Rockville, Md.: Sterling Software, 1987. 1,14. Saffady, William, ed. Mitrographics and Optical Storage Equiprnent Review ll (l987). 145. -. Optical Storage Technology:A Stateofthe Art Review. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1987. 146. Salmon, StephenR., and Rodney Phillips. "Online Public Accessto Microform Rec- ords at the New York Publio Library." Microform Review 16, no.l:52-54 (Winter 1987). 147. Schowen, Ieffrey C. "Industry Standards:Compliance or Neglect, a Choice with a Cost." Inform l, no.l2:12-14 (Dec. 1987). 148. Schroeder, Chris. "OpticalDiskStandard: APerspective." Journalof Information and Image Management19, no.ll:9,47 (Nov. 1986). 149. Settanni, Joseph Andrew. "Micrographics Is Here to Stay." IMC Journal 23, no.l:50-53(1987). 150. Shaffer, Norman J. Report to RLMS Standards Committee and RLMS Executive Committee on The Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) Na- tional StandardsCouncil and on AIIM as an organization. Developments for the period June 1987-January 1988. Accepted by RLMS at the ALA Midwinter Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, January 1988. ';Microgiaphics: 151. Sinkule, Karen L. A Present and Future Role." Library Hi Tech Biblio graphy 2:95 -104 (1987). 152. --and Marilyn K. Moody. "Food and Agriculnrre Organization Documents on Microfiche." Microform Reyiew 16, no.4:296-99 (Fdl 1987). 153. SlowFires: OnthePresemationof theHumanRecord. l6mmandvideo. color.58 min. and 33 min. SantaMonica: American Film Foundation in associationwith CLR and LC. 1987. 154. Subt, Sylvia S. Y. "Xerographic Quality Control." Inform l, no.7:10-ll, 47 (Jtly 1987). 155. Swora, Tamara. "Optical Digital Scanning and Storage Technology." Library Hi Tech Bibliography 2:lt3-21 (1987). 156. Terrill-Breuer, Judith. "University Publications of America's Micropublishing Concept for Archival Material in American History." Microform Review t6, no.2:134-36 (Spring 1987). 157. Thomas, Bill. "Archival Quality: The Test for Methylene Blrue." Inform l, no.5:6-7, 46-47 (May 1987). 158. -. "The Right Splicefor the Job." Inform l, no.6:12-13 (June 1987). 159. "Three More Face-Up Copiers Sold in the U.5." The Abbey Newsletter: Bookbind- ing and Conservation11, no.6:87 (Aug. 1987). 3361 IRTS . 32(4) t Dodson

160. Trojan, Judith. "FrontRow Center." WilsonLibraryBulletin62, no.4:73-75 (Dec. 1987). 161. Troy, Timothy. "American Indian Materials in Microform: An Overview. " Micro- form Review 16, no.2;ll2-17 (Spring 1987). 162. "Two Stable Color Films." The Abbey Newsletter: Bookbinding and Consemation 11, no.6:94(Aug. 1987). 163. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommitteeon Post- ' ' ' ' secondary Education . Oversight Hearing on the Problem of Brittle Books in Our Nation's Librartes: hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education. . . . One hundredth Congress, first session,hearing held in Washington, D.C., on March 3, 1987. Washington,D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1987. 164. University Copyright Policies in ARL Libraries. (SPEC Kit no. 138.) Washington, D.C.: ARL, Office of ManagementStudies, 1987. 165. "University of Chicago Has ExcessMicrofilming Capacity. " TheAbbey N ewsletter : Bookbinding and Conservation ll, no.5:75 (July 1987). 166. Varendorff, D. Laurie. "Micrographics Down Under." Inform l, no.ll:32-36 (Nov. 1987). 167. "Washington Hotline." College & Research Libraries News 48, no.8:468, 470 (Sept.1987). 168. "Washington Hotline." College & Research Libraries News 48, no.8:470 (Sept. 1987). 169. Wallace, Denise. "Copiers: Not Just Office Products Anymore. " In-Plnnt Repro- ductionsand ElectronicPublishing 37 , no.llt43,47-48,50-53 (Nov. 1987). 170. Weber, David C. "Brittle Books in Our Nation's Libraries." College & Research Libraries News48, no.5:238-M (May 1987). 171. Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Proposed Goals for the National Archives ." OAH Newslet- rer l7 (Nov. 1987). 172. Williams, BernardJ. S. "Celebrating the Diamond lubilee of Microfilm." Informa- tion Media and Technology 2O, no.2:67-68 (Mar. 1987). 173. -. "Document Delivery and Reproduction Survey: February 1987." FID NewsBulletin 37, no.2:L4-16 (Feb. 1987). 174. -. "Document Delivery and Reproduction Survey: May 1987." FID News Bulletin 37, no.6;44-47 (June 1987). 175. -. "Document Delivery and Reproduction Survey: SeptemberL987 ." FID News Bulletin 37, no.9:61-63 (Sept. 1987). 176. Winterble, Peter. "Commission on Preservation and Access: Update." National Preservation News no.8:6 (Oct. 1987). 177. Wolff, Robin. "Newspaper Preservation and IFLA." Natiorwl Preservation News no.8:21-22(Oct. 1987). 178. Y eazel.,Lynn A. "Trends in Optical Media." Interna.tionalJ oumal of Micro graphics and Video Technology6, no.ll2'.ll-14 (1987). 'Tiny 179. Yerburgh, Mark R. "Studying All Those Little Tea Leaves': The Future of Microforms in a Complex Technological Environment." Microform Review 16, no. I : 14-20 (Winter 1981. 180. Zeek, Robert. "A Wish List for Digital Document Image Automation." Inform l, no.12:30-31, 33 (Dec. 1987). 1337

SubjectAccess Literature ,lgBT

Diane Vizine-Goetzand Karen Markey

GrNnnll Woms

DianeVizine-Goetz is Researchscientist, office of Research,ocLC online computer Library.center, Dublin, ohio. KarenMarkey is Assistantproiessor, School of Informa- tion andLibrary Studies,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor. 3381 LRTS . 32(4) o Vizine-GoetzandMarkey

regarding computer support of multiple vocabularies' Cr,lssrrrclrloN : ORGANIZATToN' HlslonY, THEoRY, AND METHoD LRTSo 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, IggT 1339

Classnrcarrox Systmrs . The-procedureforconstructing an analytic-synthetic,freely faceted,depth colon classificationschedule for-anesth-esiotogy ls aescrGa"uy nu]-(rgg^zl.en analysisof theretrieval performance of Boolein-basedryrt"-r, rvoit b""u.."n"" 3401 LRTS. 32(4) c Vizine-GoetzandMarkey svstem.and the colon classification(cC) leadsShepherd(1987)-to conclude that dCli.irar *;;"hg; *ith trigtt"r reiall'and lower precisionthan searchesin

War. in" ftrur editionof the ZC ClassificationOutline enumerates classes and sub- ctursir or*re I-cC scheduGsas of Jily 1986(LC SCD 1986b).The fifth editionof Ciossn, Medicine,availablesince htb 1986,enumerates the subclasses of classR (LC'At SCD 1986a). ttt" IFLA Sectionon Classificationand Indexing'Nancy Williamson re- po.t"Jon ft"i projectto determineif LCC canbe usedin onlineinformation re- LRTS . 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, 1987 l34l trieval. Project phasesare: (1) to identiff characteristicsof LCC that affect its manipulation and use online, and (2) to convert a sample of LCC schedulesinto machine-readableform (Beall 1987). JolandeE. Goldberg, Law Classification Specialistat LC, provides a commentary on the recently published KJ-KKZ regional schedules for the law of Europe "to minimize the difficulties of classifiers and catalogers who are beginning to apply numbers without benefit of an index or introductory guidelines" (Goldberg 1987,90). Culberg and Stewart (1987) discussdiffrculties experiencedusing LC classification for children's materials at the Chicago Public Library and proposethat special juvenile numbers paralleling the full classification be developed throughout the schedulesto educatechildren in the use of LCC. Staff members of the RasmusonLibrarv. University of Alaska-Fairbanks, describe an alternate classification schemeihey devised to replace portions of the LCC PM Schedule for Alaska native languagesand related language materials (Lincoln 1987). The overall format of LCC's schedulefor Astronomy "still QB ' bears the imprint of its origin in late Victorian times' according to Crovisier and Intner (1987, 23); the authorsdiscuss why the schedulehas this appearance,identify current areas ofastronomy researchthat are not supported by the schedule, and suggestchanges to accommodatecurrent research. The American Fiction Project (AFP) of Ohio StateUniversity identifies Ameri- can fiction titles published from 1901 through 1925 with the assistanceof OCLC researchers (Smith, Vizine-Goetz, and O'Neill 1987). Computer algorithms searchedthe OCLC Online Union Catalog and retrieved an estimated3(X) relevant titles that were previously unknown to AFP. OCLC researchersrecommend two measuresto characterize the dispersion of a classification system when mapped to a secondclassification (O'Neill, Dillon, and Vizine-Goetz 1987). They describea test of the measuresin which the library scienceportions of LCC (26555-2718.8) and DDC (020-029) are compared and suggesttwo possible applications of the measures for classification conversion tasks and for broidening a search in retrieval environments. A U.S. Information Center for the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is now located at the College of Library and Information Servicesat the University of Maryland and servesas a referral center for UDC inquiries and a repository for UDC schedulesand relatedpublications ("U.S. Information" 1986). BS 1000M, the classified part of the English edition of the new International Medium Edition of the UDC, is now available in both printed and machine-readableformats. Henrikson (1987) notesthat if machine-readableclassification tools are to be used effectively, publishers ofthose classifications must develop all relevant tools in machine-readableform, libraries must obtain computer resourcesto support the classification, and additional research must be done to discover methods of ex- ploiting these new tools. Harris (1987) introduces the Dickens House Classification (DHC), a faceted classification to support an extensive collection of Charles Dickens literature. A classification for three-dimensionalvision and imaging (3-D) is devised by Lo- renz (L987), who, like the creator of DHC, thinks existing classification systems are not sufficiently comprehensivefor specific topics. Chandler (1987) reviews classification schemesemployed in local studies (local history) libraries in the United Kingdom.

SrmmCr II-EADn.{GSAND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Many of the activities of the Subject Cataloging Division (SCD) of the Library of Congress(LC) reported here center on by-products and servicesresulting from 3421 LRTS . 32(4) o Vizine-GoetzandMarkey

LC's implementation of an online subject authority system in 1986. LC has made a number of changesto terminology used in LC weekly lists and in the microfiche Library of CongressSubject Headings (LCSfi ("LCSH" 1987, 54). The phrase May Subd Geog replaces the term Indirect to indicate that a subject may be subdivided by place. The terms see, sa, x, and,xx,for referencesand tracings, are now USE (see), UF (used for, formerly x), BT (broader term, formerly.rx), RT(relatedterm, formerlyxx andsa) andN7(narrowerterm, formerly sa). Future dditions of ZCSFIwill contain this more understandableterminology. Much of update number I to Subject Cataloging Manunl: Subject Headings, revised edition, issuedby LC in February 1987 concernsprocedures for creating and revising subject authority records in the online system (LC SCD 1987c). Other topics addressedare revisions to the lists of free-floating subdivisionsused under pattern headings and a new instruction sheet listing free-floating subdivisions tlat may be usedunder classesofpersons. Catalogers' positive reception of the Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings led SCD to publish a similar manual that deals with shelflisting. Sabject Cataloging Manual: Sheffiisting (LC SCD.1987b)provides practical guidelines for creating cutters consistentwith LC pracuce. In June 1987, LC's Cataloging Distribution Service (CDS) announcedthe development of CDMARC Subjeas, a prototype CD-ROM product containing the LC subject authorities database("CDMARC" 1987). Several library test sites are evaluating the retrieval software, scre€n displays, and general usefulnessof the product. CDMARC Subjects, fully cumulated and updated quarterly, should be availablein 1988. At a SubjectAnalysis Committee (SAC) meeting during the 1987 American Li brary Association (ALA) Midwinter Meeting, LC first revealedthat it was considering a proposal to change from indirect geographic subdivision to direct local subdivision ("Direct" 1987a). Explaining that indirect subdivision may be no longer necessarywith fhe retrieval capabilities available in online catalogs, LC invited comment from the library community on this issue. Studwell (1987e) dis- cussesthe pros and cons of LC's proposal. Having evaluated responsefrom the library community, LC announced at a recent ALA committee meeting that it would continue to use indirect subdivision for the following reasons: (1) many libraries still use card catalogs, (2) several online catalogs do not have keyword searchingwith truncation, and (3) the amountof work required to updateboth card and online catalogsis probably not justified ("Direct" 1987b). No separatelisting ofperiod subdivisionsestablished by LC has beenproduced since 1976 when all were printed inthe 1974-76 supplementto LCSH. Since then period subdivisionshave appearedin the main volumes of LCSH. However, a new edition of ZC Peiod Subdivisionsunder Namesof Places (LC SCD 1987a)is currently available. Additional period subdivisionsfor Canada'sregions, provinces, and territories are proposed as are additions to period subdivision for individual Amencan states (Studw ell, 1987b-c). A proposal to changethe authorities format calls for changesto byte 2 (Earlier Cataloging Rules Code) of control subfield gw to provide a means of indicating that a 4XX tracing is an earlier form in which a name heading was established,or an earlier form in which a subject heading was established("Marc" 1987). LCSH onceagain received positive and negativereactions. While calling for the developmentofa theoretical code for LC subjectheadings, Studwell, in a seriesof short articles (1987a,d,f), commends LC for improvements in structure, terminology, and specificity, and for its publication of the Subject Cataloging Manual. Benemann (1987) suggestsLC's subject headings for current cataloging reflect 1980sAmerican society. Henige (1987) proposesa periodic review ofLCSfIby librarians and scholarsas LRZS o 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, 1987 1343 a possible remedy for inaccurate and inconsistent LC subject headingsand cross references.In a response,LC reaffrms its willingness to correct truly erroneous headings, reviews the purpose of LCSH, and defendsthe scholarly credentialsof its subject catalogers("LC Response" 1987). Based on a survey of current usage and an analysis of reference source titles, Chammou (1987) ioncludes that 'TMiddle East"- should replace LC's current "Near East" heading. Teen-relatedlanguage in ZCSII is examined for inconsis- tencies and bias, and subject headingsfor teen-relatedworks establishedby Hen- nepin County Library and LC are compared (Berman 1987). Huston (1987) describes prejudice in LCSH. Herz (1987) investigates the use of ICSII for books of and about scientific illustration in several Boston area urt libraries. She reports that "while each uses a number of subject headings provided by LCSFI, these rarely provide a clear path to relevant materials" and that the subjectheading "Scientific illustration" is under- used in smaller libraries and in art libraries with few scientifically oriented materials (Herz 1987,239). Khosh-khui (1986) analyzesa sampleof subjectheadings in LC MARC records to study the relationship between the specificity of subject headingsand the total number of headings assignedto a monographic item. The hndings indicate that more specifrc subject headings (i.e., those with more subdivisions, words, or characters)do not reducethe averagenumber ofheadings per record. A follow-up study reports no significant relationship betweenthe length of LCC and DDC notations and the degree ofsubject specificity (Khosh-khui 1987). SusJEcrAunronrrv Conrnor. TIrRoucHLCSH Topical and geographicalsubject headings in bibliographic recordsare sampled from a large researchlibrary's shelflist and comparedto the tenth edition ofZCSIl to provide data for libraries planning to implement automatedsubject authority control through LSCH-w (Frost and Dede 1987). The researchersascertain the extent to which complete headings, main headings, and subdivisions match LSCH. The Council on Library Resources(CLR) awarded a grant to the University of Michigan School of Information and Library Studiesand OCLC Online Computer Library Center to explore automatedtechniques to guide online users from their search terms to the subject headings and term relationships in ICSI{-mr ("CLR" 1987). The initial phaseof the researchis a statistical analysis of LCSH-mr records, A subsequent phase determines how subject headings in authority records and in bibliographic records can be linked effectively and manipulatedby usersof online bibliographic systems. Catalogersin a large researchlibrary analyzesubject headingsin OCLC member contributed records input by research,academic, and public libraries to determine the number and type of revisions performed to achieve conformance with local practices (Salas-Tull and Halverson 1987). The findings indicate that less than 5 percent ofthe subject headingsrequire revision for tagging, spelling, and capitalization variations.

SusJEcr SBmcruNc rN ONLINE Clralocs A smorgasboard of tactics to further online database searches is described (Bates 1987). For searchesproducing too few or no postings Bates recommends looking for spelling and spacing variants of enteredterms and using truncation. Walker (1987) suggestssimilar techniquesfor improving subject accessin online catalogs. Automatic stemming, synonym and cross-reference tables, and Soundex-basedcorrection of keying errors are explored using two versions of 3441 LRTS . 32(4) o Vizine-GoetzandMarkey

Okapi, a control and experimental system (Walker and Jones 1987). The control system incorporates weak stemming (i.e., the removal of s, ed, and fng from search terms) and the experimental system supports both weak and strong stemming (additional removal other suffixes), synonym and cross-referencetables, and automatic spelling correction. An evaluation of the two systems' search results leads the researchers to conclude that all the techniques could be employed as recall improvement devices in online catalogs. Two companion studies investigate student and faculty use of subject searching in a university card and online catalog. A comparison between members of a science/engineeringfaculty and of a humanities/social science faculty reveals that, while about equal percentagesofboth groups use subject searchingin card and online catalogs,science/engineering faculry membersare more likely to useit frequently in both types of catalog (Frost 1987a) . When students were asked about subject searchingin the online catalog, a majority indicated that they are unaware of LCSH as the sourceof the catalog's subject terms even though they frequently searchby subject(Frost 1987b). The top three catalog enhancementsmost preferred by both faculty and studentsare "(1) the capability to combine subject terms; 2) the inclusion of a brief summary of the book's content in the catalog record; and 3) a feature for viewing a list of terms that the catalog uses as subject headings" (Frost 1987b,62). Impact of an online subject catalog in a large research library is assessedby studying catalog use before and after the introduction of the online system(Lipetz and Paulson1987). Resultsof this study confirm previous findings that usersread- ily acceptonline subject catalogs and that the proportion of subject searchescon- ducted increaseswith the introduction ofonline searching. The authors attribute the increasein subject searchesto use by previous nonusersofthe public catalog. A study of online catalog use at a Saudi Arabian university shows subject searchingto be chemost frequent search pattern (Ashoor 1987). Another study examinesthe use of a printed PRECIS index and shelf browsing in a university library as a basis for an examination of online subject searching behavior (Hancock 1987). About 44 percent of PRECIS users formulate a search broader than their expressedtopic and 52 percent an exact match. Of those who initiate their searchesat the shelves, 65 percent take a broad search strategy. Searcherstend to retain their broad searchstrategy as they match their queries to titles, consequenflyproducing more matchesbut often fail to retrieve books whose entire contents are more specifically on their topic of interest. Logan (1987) describesthe development of subject searching and subject authority control in LCS, the online library catalog of the Ohio State University. Online catalog design features and users' mental processesthat contribute to errors are discussedwith respect to a study of first-time users of LCS (Janosky, Smith and Hildreth 1986). Orly 44 percentof users instructed to find all books on "television, cable" complete a successfulsubject search. Hildreth (1987) reviews the state-of-the-artin online catalogsand recommends multiple searchapproaches that combine the useof free-text searchwords, subject headings, and class numbers to optimize subject rctrieval. Dwyer (1987) offers numerous suggestionsfor improving online catalogsto stimulate effective library use. Results of card and online catalog use studies are summarized by Lewis (1987). He concludesthatthe next generition of online catalogswill be defined by improvements in subject searchingcapabilities. Wykoff (1987) tracesthe role of subject headingsin online searching, suggestingthe best years for controlled vocabularies are still to come. Guidelines for online catalog displays are presentedwith examplesof different types of displays, including displays of subject authority data (Matthews 1987). lRlS o 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, 1987 1345

Orrrrn SusJEcr HEADING SYsruus AND SuBJEcr AccEss Appnoectms

An analysisof MARC records with summary or contentsnotes reveals that such

facilitate patron accessand to permit the physical integration of software into the collection. The need for better subject accessto fiction is the focus ofthree articles. Intner

vocabulary used by health professionals on hospital charts are MeSH-related terms. A separateanalysis of MeSH term usagepatterns shows that an increasein postings of existing terms does not predict areai likely to have new terms added (Backus, Davidson, and Rada 1987). The researchersalso find that patterns of MEDLINE searching fail to correlate with the distribution of terms in MeSH 3461 LRTS . 32(4) c Vizine-GoetzandMarkey and Miller 1987), which hopes to develop interactive knowledge-basedsyste_ms for computer-assistedindexing of medical literature indexed in the MEDLINE database.

slides and testsPRECIS as a subject accessapproach. The appearance of the eleventh edition of the Thesaurus of ENC Descriptors (Educational 1987) coincides with the twentieth anniversary of the ERIC database. "The 1987 edition contains 9,459 vocabulary terms, of which 5,296 ate main-entry Descriptors and 4,163 are non-indexable. . . . This edition also reflects several hundred Scope Note and cross-referencemodifications to earlier

ized vocabulary for describing topics of specialconcern to women. The thesaurus is designed to use entry forms appropriate for automated retrieval systems and to be compatible with existing controlled vocabularies whenever possible. Terms are presentedin alphabetical, permuted, hierarchical, subject group, use/do not use, and delimiter displays. The sixth edition ofihe Manual and List of Subject Headings Used onthe Woods CrossReference Cards (Woods 1987) is published in responseto changesbrought

Bibliography

Aitchison.Jean. and Alan Gilchrist. 1986.Thesaurus Construction: A PracticalManual. 2d ed. London:Aslib. Anderson,A. J. 1987."Memo from the President:Reclassify Creation Science Books." Library Journal 112:53-54(Nov. 15). Ashoor,Mohammed-Saleh, and Zahiruddin Khurshid. 1987. "User Reactionsto the On- line Catalogat the University of Petroleumand Minerals Library." Journnlof Academic Librarians hip 13:221 -25 (Sept.). Backus,Joyce E. B., SaraDavidson, and Roy Rada.1987. "Searching for Patternsin the ,I-RTSo 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, IggT 1347

DeHart, Florence ..Structure E. and Marylouise D. Meder. 19g7. in computer Science: _ -DDC Reflections." Technicat Services puarreiiy-+:.+t_ j+ fSp""$. Dhyani, Pushpa. 1987. "universe of Su6jeiti-uia ooc rngineJ;ing,., Internationar Classfficatibn | 4: 19-22. "Direct vs. Indirect Local Subdivision.', 1987a. Cataloging Service Bulletin (Winter). 35:37-38 "Direct vs. Indirect Local Subdivision." 1987b. Cataloging Service Bulletin 38:71.72 (Fall). Dwyer' James R. 1987. "The Road to Access & the Road to Entropy." Library Journal

Applications. Occasional paper, 39. Halifax,

U.S.). 1987. Thesaurusof ERIC Descriptors.

The Dewey Decimal Classification Enters the Lbaseand Editorial Support Sy stem.,, Intema_

Subject Searching in Card and Online Cata_ r 13:86-92 (May). n Online Catalog," Information Technology

,87. Subject Heading Compatibitity Between rch Library: A SuggestedModetfor Analysis. rSOUfCeS. 1987. "Unesco at Forty; FID Reflections." ,ocumentati on 12:8 _ 12 U an.\. 3481 LRTS . 32(4) ' Vizine-GoetzandMarkey

The Regional Goldbere.Jolande E. 1987. "Library of congressLaw classification: LawLibrary Joumal 79:.67-91' Sched-ules." andat Iji.rt"iin". rS3zl';!ftj; S;;hin-g Behaviourat theLibrary Catalogue H;r;;"k;-- Documentation tii"-Snif"ir, Implicationsfoib-iiin.lttt.iu.ti"ne Catalogues,''Journal of 43:3O3-21(Dec.). The Harris, Kevin. 1987. "A FacetedClassification for Special.Liqt:TI? Collections: DickensHouseClassification.''InternationalLibraryReview|9i35J-44. ,rman.'.;;Toiniti'"1987. "Listirig Dangerously:Taxonomies' Ty- Libra"rv wirld 5i, no'2:62,90' 59'

is SubjectHeadings: Is Euthanasiathe An- 'ff!':::;;:rMedium Edition in Book and zl Cataloguing16:15 (APr'iJune)' Art ra. 1981. " 'scientificIllustration' in SomeBoston Area Libraries: An Herz, Alexand Services Historian'sVie* of f.lUrailSuUjectAnAisis. " f ibrary Resources& Technical rn: Designingthe Next Generationof Online ring)' rd Plogressin Classificationand Indexing'" Lopmentand Use of theChinese Classification l;ii;Slltl;wredge-BasedIndexing or the In- licl.;' tor*ot of th{AmericanSocietyfor fonnationScience 38: I 84-96 (May). rjrriiJ'ringoomcontributio-nJg and Hdftft;J."i6sz.-j'il'.'- l'lbLTt(Iuly/Sept')'!;11r]oeuine C*iurilft"uiionsince 194j." InrematioialCataloguing l6:31-34 -. . the Politicsof Hffi;;-M;tM-,- anolo"'r-.-wiiiiu-i. 1987."desea-rcher Response to tnformatioh." ResearchStrategies 5:90-93 (Spring)' .:-ni6rffiulni" policies."'T\chnicalities 7:3-6 (August). "---'-il;;Sh"il" S. 1987a. . isa7b...TheF;;i";%f'li;eistoFiction." TechnicalitiesT:12-14(htly). Eleonora, S"iUo. 1987-"survey oflndexingLanguages Used Jabrzemska,- -li, ;; Docu' p"iiir, irt".rnutlon "rOTrii"riirrigitl6rlrrr-"nt*. rnr, matiowl Forum on Infonnation and 12:12-13 (APr.). mentation Catalog B.r;;it, pttliill-Sn'ith, andCha_rles Hildreth. 1986' "Online Library "-J";;r'tq,, Studies SVrZ-.t ar inalysil oi Ur"iErto.t ." InternationalJournal of Man-Machine 25:573-92. ..Effects subject rrrostr-trrui,--ii;;did;""d n. 1986. of SubjectSpeci|rcity: Part I: Speci.lcity.of.Lc Depth Ailftii in tutonogiuphicRecoids. " TechnicatSenices "id;j;;t '*'*':i;di.Ouarterlv 4:59-67 (Winter). ''e*fr"Jt-Jii$ubjectSpecificify: Part II: Relationshipof^LC SubiectHead- ; 4:33-39 ings Specificity uno ciu".r"i"dii;; ;;;iii,; Tiin"irit Servicis Quartertv (Sprins). online Systems] '-'l""Jifi.riiiSrrl?."a"rick G. 1987."EIDOS [ElectronicInformation Delivery -airil;-unofi""iformationof I-ibraries.-"Library Journal 1121.46-49(Oct.-l). ..International Raneanathan's K;;, *iirt nu r"-u r . lgg7. conferenceon philosophy.,, rnt"*itiii'-F;;;;- o" t"for"Jhf,["ii"iiiiii""t"tion-r2:24-32

.'JtEil"' Micronche:The New took." 1987. Cataloging ServiceBulletin3'l:54-56 IRTS o 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literature, IggT l34g

- LC periodSubdivisions (Jnder Names places.3d O.ErlC1.987a. of ed.Washington,

Mandel, Carol A. 1987a. Classification Schedulesas SubjectEnhancement in online Cata- logs; A Review of a Confereic, prru, ;?*go1ri iy-pi)rrt rhe oCrC oitie Computer Iti.prary center, and rhi councir'on auiiry'irto,rrces. washingtbn, o.6','coun"il on Library Resources. 1987b. Mulriple Thesauri in Online Librap, Bibliographic Systems;A Repon the Libriry^of . .Prepared for Congr"ss, rriciss'tng Sirvices."Wu'rf,i"eid, f;.C. : LC. Mann,Th

Terms Sub- Parker, ElisabethBetz . 1987. LC Thesaurusfor GraphicMaterials : Topical for g Thesauri:Issues and Cas es International "' .cationSchedule for Anaesthesiology:Con- Class ifi.cation | 4 :77 -84' 'smal Philosop'hy:Assessment, Impaa and Rele- ie. the Information In- Reid, Richard C. 1987. "The New SIC Codes: Some Implications for dustry." Database10:6-9 (Aug.). A Compara- safas-ii,ff, Laura,and Jacqu" fr"i"u"tton. 1987."subject^H:ldip B"Yision: & Classificationqynrtgrly. /:J-lz {Jpnng)' tiveStudy." Cataloging ;'Iiiii"ry .. ...-, . Sai1a.Modinder partip. iS87^ oinoot Numbers." internationalClassifica- tion 14:70-76.

romi. 1987.Introduction to the Practiceof :: EnvoYPress' ent in Munich andOstwald's Treatise on the :i"1t[YtXtl;o.".vandInformationscienceEd- taloging & Clnssif cation Quarter$ 7 :27-45 (Summer).-civ Reviewof srrlp.iJ. w., andSharon L. Baker.1987. "Fiction Classification:A Brief tlie Reseaich." Pub I i c Libra i es 26:3 | -32 (Spring)' st'epi"ia-.-rvri"haelD.1987.;;netii"uingr"xiusinglhecolonClassification"'Canadian LibraryJournal 44:109-l l0 (APr.). S-itf,,-d"offrey--iiitiio-*.uprrii D., DianeVizlni-Coetz, and EdwardT. O'Neill. 1987. "Automating n"i"u."rr, ro"nti-ryingAmerican Fiction, lgol-1925." College& Re- searcll Libraries 48:252-60 (May). Stra*"ii,Wliiiu11'e.tSSTu.;'i"u.i6.ni"LibrariesandaSubjectHeadingCode'"Journal -of '*""Academic Librarianship 12:372 (Jan'). SubjectHeading Period Subdivisions for theHis- -lo;-of .'betb::.I-ib.;t'"f -ongress " cunudiannesio;J, ii;"i"U;;;"d i;rritories: S-omeProposed Additions' Cara- toiins & ClassificolionQuanerly 7:l2l-26. (S-pring)' ' ' torv of Individua stut"t 6r tirJltfiiJ fit"'t, SomePrdposed Additions. cataloging& Clis sification Qunrte rly 8: 121-3 1. (Mar')' 1W"rt".n' --,lg8Te. Association bf Map Libraries)18:157.-58 "A StructurilStep Bactward2" RTSD Newsletter 12:28-29 (Summer).

l8:958,960(Dec.). ,.S**ev of C"ir"aianLibraries and Their Usesof DeweyDecimal Classification. " 1987. Natiornl Library News19:2-3 (Mat.lApr.)' T";;;; Cil;ioftier. 1987. Orginizing information:Principles and Practice.London: Bineley. ..U";iiffi Medical LanguageSystem." 1986. News (National Library of Medicine) 4l:l-2, 10-11(Nov.)' .,U.S. lntormationCenier for theUniversal Decimal Classification (UDC) Establishedat iervices,University of Maryland"' 1986'Tech- ). ngand Enhancing an ExperimentalOnline Cat- sl. E7. ImprovingSubject Retrieval in^Online Cat- Corriuion ind Cross-ReferenceTables' Brit- London:British Library. '87, :ing Fails the Researcher."In'{SlS Pro- ry,-Boston,Mass., October .4-8, 1987' Ching- Information.Y .24, P.24144' LRTS . 32(4) o SubjectAccess Literqture, 1987 l35l

IN MEMORIAM: BETTY CARHART

large,.new school in south suburbanChicago and served as secretaryof the American Association of School Librariani. _-Betty spent a year as the assistantcataloger at Roosevelt University in Chicago and in 1965 becamechief catalogeiat the Center for ResearchLi- braries. In tlis capacity, she oversaw the -ompilation of and edited the frrst printed catalogs of the CRL. Settting in the-New York area in her later years, Betty edited two editions of theMetro Cap catalog-a record of cooperative holdings of expensiveand seldom held researchmaterials in particl- pating libraries-as well as doing extendedsubstitute work in academiclibraries. Active in the lnternational Federation of Library Associations and Orga- nizations (IFLA), Betty visited libraries in most countries of Western Eu- rope as well as several in Eastern Europe. Surviving are Betty's husbandof twenty-eight years, Forrest F. Carhart, Jr., ofDenver, anda daughter,Sharon. 352t

ResearchMethodology in TechnicalServices: The Caseof 1987

GeraldeneWalker and Judith Hudson

deliberately excluded. RESEARcHDnsrcx

jor-environmental problem, common to all researchin the social sciences,is the need to control factors and use sociological, psychological, and behavioral variables. Most of the researchreported this year falls into thesetwo categories. Clur,ocrnc The themes in cataloging researchreported here are similar to those of the past few years: evaluation oithe impact of a-utomation,identifrcation of more efficient cataloging procedures, and efforts to improve accessand to automateprocedures

Geraldene Walker is Assistant Professor, School of Information Science and Policy, and Judith Hudson is Head, Cataloging Department, University Libraries, at the University at Albany, State University of New York. ZRZS . 32(4) o Research Methodology in Technical Senices 1353

further. Cataloging studiesfell into two categories:surveys and field studies.The surveys used mailed questionnaires. - { study of the use of academicdissertations by extramural scholars,presented by Repp and Glaviano (25), includes, in a clearly identifiable fashion, dl the ele-

. most dissertationsare used to produce other scholarly and theoretical work; o dissertations are borrowed most heavily by Association of Research Li- braries (ARL) members, but also by other university libraries; . more recent dissertationsare requestedmore frequently; . accessis achieved more often through indexes and abstracts, most commonly through Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and its related products, than through other sources; and,

sionsof the shelflist frles. Criteria that determinedwhen to close the shelflist were the drain on resourceswhen two systemswere maintained, filing backlogs, per- centageofthe collection covered by the online database,and stability and func- tionality of the online system. The authors suggestthat functions of the shelflist 3541 LRTS . 32(4 c Walker and Hudson

may seem more difficult to replicate becausesystem requirements for an online

CONSER in upgrading records. Copies of eachupgraded record were compared with the originals and changesby tag and type were tallied. On the basis of their

preferences. OCLC reported a number of researchprojects in progress involving use of its Online Union Catalog (l). Two studieswere experimental while the rest were descriptive. The presenceof bibliographic records in the OCLC databaseand the rate that institutional symbols are added to them were determined by monitoring records

was noted each week. Most of the titles were present in the database at the time they were announced.Fiction titles had significantly more holdings symbols than health sciencetitles. Taking the sampleas a whole, a relationship betweenthe date that the record entered the databaseand the number of holdings became apparent. Surprisingly, the records entered earliest and those most recently entered had fewer holdings symbols than thoseentered during an intermediateperiod. Analy- sis continues, but the findings so far confirm that cataloging records for most U. S. trade publications are available in the OCLC database. Two experimental studies are investigating automatic cataloging from title IRTS . 32(11 t ResearchMethodology inTechnical Services 1355

pages. Weibel (38) developed and tested a prototype system that generatesde- scriptive cataloging from machine-readablemonograph title-page images. The systemwas designedto identify sevenbibliographic subfields in the title, imprint, and edition fields of a MARC record. The tasks involved capturing a page image in machine-readableform, identiffing functionally related text strings from the page image, and assigningthe text strings to appropriate bibliographic subfields. The title pageswere encodedinto preprocessingdatafiles, which were then read into data structurescalled rokens.Thetokens, which reflect the position, size, font style and caseofeach character string on the page, are then added together until the font style or font size changesor vertical white spaceseparating successive tokens exceedsa specifiedthreshold. Bibliographic subfields are identified by applying a set of sixteen rules to each of the combined tokens. Initial tests were run with a sample of twenty-six monographs. Overall, 75 percent of the fields were selectedcorrectly, and half of the title pageswere capturedcorrectly. Preliminary resultsof the project indicate that title pageshave a discernablegrammar and that a majority of them can be processedusing a limited set of rules basedon that gram- mar. , An ongoing project reportedby Svenonius(33) investigating automaticcatalog- ing involves derivation of nameaccess points from machine-readabletitle pagesof English-languagemonographs. The researchasks ifcriteria can be specified for extracting namesof individuals and corporatebodies making significant contributions to the creation of the monograph from machine-readabletitle pages, and if title-page data are adequate for automatic generation of appropriate name access points. Assumptions of the project are carefully delineated, and the independent variables identified. Sample size was determined statistically and stratified samples of equal size were drawn from a large public library and a research library system.All personaland corporatenames, together with locational and contextual information were gatheredfrom eachtitle page. The nameswere run againsttwo computer algorithms, one for personal namesand another for corporate names. The names were then compared with data collected from OCLC records input by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for eachtitle in the sample. Analysis of the data is in progress, and preliminary results indicate that the algorithms cor- rectly identified 93 percent ofthe personal namesand 80 percent ofthe corporate names.Conversely, only a few namesfound on the title pageswere not usedby LC or NLM. In the past few years, a number of libraries have enhancedsubjea accessto records in their online systemsby adding data from tables of contents (4, 23). A researchproject now underway evaluatesthe effectivenessofthis type ofenhance- ment (16). Online catalog records for a sample of library scienceand journalism monographsare being enhancedwith tables ofcontents that can be displayed and searchedin an online system. Tables of contents are being entered in two steps, with the most general level first (e.g., chapter headings) and the more detailed levels second(e.g., chapterunits). Once the sampleentry is completedthe evaluation will compare the enhancedsystem with the same one without the tables of contents. A user survey also will be conductedto assessreactions to the enhanced online system. The extent and nature of variation from LC practice in the formulation and as- signmentof subjectheadings in the OCLC databaseis under investigation by Chan (5). Four hypothetical patterns of variation have been postulated. A sample of MARC records contributed by libraries other than LC were selectedand checked after a few months in the databaseto determine if they had been replaced by LC records. LC records found were paired with the original records and comparedto note the types ofvariation, to codify the pattern ofeach variation, and to tabulate the extent of variation within each pattern. The project may serve as a pilot study 3561 LRTS . 32(4) c WalkerandHudson for future investigations of subject headings on a larger scale or as a model for studies of variations in assigning classification numbers by OCLC member libraries. A similar methodology was used by Salas-Tell and Halverson (26) in a careful study of revisions madeto subjectheadings on member recordsin the OCLC database. In an effort to evaluatethe need for revision of subjectheadings assigned by OCLC member libraries, the study was designedto determine the total number of subjectheadings being revised, the categoriesofrevisions, and the amount of subject headingrevision necessaryfor recordsinput by research,other academic,and public libraries . A random sampleof recordsfrom the library' s local databasewas compared with original records on OCLC. Nl AACKL records input by member libraries were retrieved and sorted by type of library. Records from each type of library were comparedwith the original record on OCLC. The results of the study are explainedclearly. Capitalization of subjectheadings and errors of form in geographic headingswere the most common errors. Few tagging errors and no spelling errors were found. Overall, about 20 percentof the records required revision. Those input by researchlibraries required the least revision while public library records required the most changes.On the basis of the findings of this study cataloging procedureswere changedto acceptcooperative copy without revision. The authors suggestthat catalogers at other libraries may wish to make the same analy- ses and suggestthat loss of subject access,effectiveness of cataloging routines, ratio ofcooperative cataloging records to total records processed,and acceptable error rate be consideredbefore proceduresare changed. Sunpcr ANar,vsrs Subject accessresearch in 1987 tendedto be more experimental in nature, testing a range of variables in controlled environments. Two large ongoing research projects, supportedby major institutions responsible for the production oflarge bibliographic databases(OCLC and NLM), are worth reporting in somedetail in view of their highly developed methodology and their potential to engender researchin a variety of subject-relatedareas. The Indexing Aid Project (12) sponsoredby NLM is probably the most innovative and ambitious of this year's investigations. It is aimed at developing and testing an interactive knowledge-basedsystem for computer-assistedindexing and retrieval of journal material in the MEDLINE database. It resulted from identification of problems with the standardsand consistencyof current manual indexing and still is in a developmentalstage. An experimental, frame-basedknowledge representationlanguage, FrameKit, is used enabling development of a set of data structures (the frames) derived from a computerized knowledge base, which can be viewed as an extension of MeSH terms. These frames make it possible to expressexplicitly the multidimensional relationships among concepts and to build other document-specific frames that provide online assistancefor indexers. Indexing rules are encodedin the system, providing the possibility of interactive indexing. Three types of entities are representedin the system: documents, knowledge, and journals. Generic frames comprise the knowledge base; there is one generic document frame and one generic journal frame. Frames are linked to related framesbys/ots, whichidentifythetypeof relationship (author, title, source, etc.). The knowledge-baseframes representindexable knowledge entities in the medical domain for processes, procedures, biological structures, and chemical sub- stances. These are the same sorts of entities that appear in MeSH, but are encoded as a semanticnetwork, where relationships are expressedexplicitly. At the indexing stage,the systembrings knowledge entities to the indexer's attention and suggestsassociated relations with slots in the frames. Indexers enter I'RTS . 32(4) o ResearchMethodology in Technical Senices /357 values in response to the suggestions, which cause the display of additional frames. The indexer inputsfire rules, which are checkedwhen values are added. Based on these rules, the values are either incorporated as new slots or rejected as elrors. The systemalso incorporatesinheritance (a basic conceptof theMeSHttee structure), i.e., the ability to-automaticallytransfer slots and their contentsbased

from natural languageinput. The second project is a statistical analysis sponsoredby OCLC Q2). It com' paresthe effectivenessof two different measuresfor characterizingthe dispersion of a class from one classification scheme when it is transferred to a second scheme. The two schemes compared are the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and the Library of Congress Classification (LCC). Two measureswere developedbased on: distance-an adaptationof the statisticalmeasure of variance (standard deviation) to measure the physical spread of a class from one system when representedin the other; and scatter-using rank-frequency analysis, to identify the spread of a class in one system among the classesof the second system. The measureswere testedusing a portion of the LC MARC Class File createdat OCLC. It contains a record for each LC MARC record added to the OCLC Online Union Catalog before April 1984 that met the following criteria: 1. Bibliographic level m, meaning monograph material. 2. Encoding level "blank" or I, meaning the most complete records from the Library of Congress. 3. Fields 050 and 082 present, meaning "official" LCC and DDC numbers assignedat the Library of Congress. The databaseconsisted of 10,797 records from the field of Library Science (2662-1000 .5 in LCC and 02O-029 in DDC) , with an overlap of 7 ,283 records. Large numbers of items were found to fall within a relatively few large classes and interest centeredon those classescontaining three or more items. A comparison of the two measuresidentified four dispersion patterns: (1) low distanceand

of an outlying topic requiring special treatment. The authorsconclude that the measurestested are effective in identifying classes that map badly and classesthat map well between the two systems. The other two groups need further investigation. The next stageis a move to the full LC MARC flle to test the application of the measures in other subject areas. Potential uses for such algorithms are automatic conversionsfrom one schemeto the other or using class numbers to broaden a search in an online retrieval environment. However, any classification schemeis bound to have a percentageofdistributed relatives, 358/ ZRTS . 32(4) o llalker and Hudson

Such information will affect indexing of and file design for'subject authority records from the machine-readableLCSH and provide recommendations for searching and the manipulation of user inquiries when they are not expressedin the "correct" controlled vocabulary. AurHoRrry CoNrnol

authority information might play in retrieving records under that form of the name. Further analysiswill include the effect of name indexeson retrieval and the LRTS . 32(4) o Research Methodology in Technical Services /359

Usn on rrm ONLTNECarlr oc 3601 IRTS . 32(4) c Walker and Hudson

neededspecial treatment. Once basic decisionswere reachedon a standardizedscreen format and the con-

The full report of this project (6) includesmany more display designs,hundreds of sample screens,and more complete explanation than in this artiile.It also includes three additional categoriesof statistical information-holdings room, field

Taking a similar pragmatic approach basedon a queuing model developedby earlier writers (17,36), Taylor(34)comparesthenumberofonline catalogtermi- nals required for sixteen different service plans. Two groups ofpolicies are discussed:the averagetime a client must wait for a terminal (four variants); and the

stances.

Farly studies ofcard cataToguse led to the theory that subject accesswas of relatively little value to users,but more recent studiesofonline catalogsrevealed a radical change. This research found subject searching and title searching were LRTS . 32(4) o Research Methodology in Technical Services /361 well used, especiallyby thosewho were frequent catalog users. Graduatestudents made least use of subject searching. Very few users assumedthat a zero result meant that there were no relevant materials in the library and most searchers per- severedby trying an author or title searchor asking a librarian. In terms of the type of enhancements they would prefer to see, term combina- tion, contentslists, and a list ofsubject terms were regardedas equally desirable. Those who do not do subject searching said that they found what they needed with author or title searches,and less than halfknew that the only subjectterms available came from LCSIL A parallel survey (10) of faculty use of the samecatalog compared 112 humanities and social sciencefaculty memberswith eighty-five natural sciencesand engineering faculty. A brief questionnairewas designedto examinethe use of the subject heading search in both the card and online catalog ascertain sources for catalog subject searching; ascertainsources for subject terms used to searchthe catalog; and ascertainpreferences for catalog enhancementsto improve subject access. This methodology relied on users' recollections of their catalog use, which may be unreliable, and very low responserates from both faculty groups (43 percent and4l percent, respectively) make the findings questionable.The majority of the faculty surveyed indicated that they came to the library at least once a week. The study revealedthat almost all of them usedthe online catalog-very similar to the CLR national survey (20)-and also the card catalog. (At the time of the survey retrospectiveconversion had not been completed.) About half of them claimed to use the online catalog either "frequent$" or "every visit." Overall, about 90 percent did subject searchingto some extent in one ofthe two catalogs, although few did it "always" or "frequently" in the online catalog, despite the fact that frequent use ofthe online catalog was higher than the card catalog. Science/engi- ''always" neering faculty wefe more likely to searchby subject or "frequently'' than the humanities/social sciencegroup. Almost half of the faculty indicated that they used the subject search to keep current with publications in their specialization, and almost as many for "famil- iarization with materials in my discipline, but outside my current area of specialization." An interest in interdisciplinary researchwas expressedby twice asmany in the humanities group as in the sciencegroup. An analysis of the source of terms used for subject searching showed that the majority of usersjust dreamed up terms, or tried terms known from other reference sourcesor from subjectheadings on the catalog entry for a known item. Use of lCSllwas very low, and some users did not realize there was any difference betweenkeywords and subjectheadings. Preferred enhancementswere the ability to combine subject terms and view related terms and inclusion of contentsinfor- mation. The two groups differed over the need for methodsof limiting or expand- ing a search, with the humanities group interestedin expansionand the scientists in limiting. Nonuse of subject searchingappeared to be related to a preferencefor journals rather than monographic materials. It suggestedthat faculfy are more interestedin the library's resourcesthan in the accesstools, and that further investigations should include faculty use of other search tools , including online and printed indexes to the journal literature . Since a number of thesefindings run counter to general assumptionsin the field, they require substantiation in the form of replication studies before being accepted, particularly in view of the nature of the sample. ACQUISTTIONS Two studies of acquisitions merit attention, one becauseit attempts to gather basic information that could be used in developing policy and practice and the 3621 LRTS . 32(4) t Walkerandfiudson

Most vendor performance studies are conducted in one library using similar groups of titles. Recently, two libraries cooperatedin a study of vendor perfor-

Lrnnany PnnsBnvarroN

pling, an observer looks at a work areaon a random scheduleand noteswhat each LRZS o 32(q o Research Methodology in Technical Services 1363 lower preservationmicrofilming costs. This study provides a useful methodology and breakdown of tasks for the analysis of preservation microfilming operations. In preparation for a preservationproject at SyracuseUniversity, a survey of the condition ofbooks and bound periodicals was undertaken (3) to identify the types of preservation problems likely to be encounteredand to estimate the percent of the collection affected. A stratified sample from each of the collections was developed and a machine-readablequestionnaire to assessthe condition of each item was designed.A pilot study conductedby library staffwas undertakento test and adjust the questionnaireand data were analyzedusing the SAS statisticalpackage. The full study was conductedby work-study studentsand the results presentedin tables and text. A listing of the survey questions and a reproduction of the machine-readabledocument are given. Appendixes on sample size determination and statistical analysis are also included. The decision to stop binding monographic paperbacksled Presleyand landram (24) to explore the effects of circulating unbound paperbackbooks. They developed a set ofhypothesesabout the condition ofthese books after one year ofcirculation. A random sample of paperbacksacquired over a three-month period was selected and examined every other month for a year to determine the condition of individual titles. An evaluation form identiffing each book with information about its condition was filled out during each examination. A copy of the evaluation form is appended.The findings supporteda decision to stop binding. After a year on the shelves,7l percent ofthe books were undamaged.Ofthe damagedbooks, 60 percent circulated and 40 percent had not. The authors suggestthat interested libraries replicate the study to determine the effects of such a decision. OwnvrBw Technological developments are providing new areas for research and in- creasedopportunities for data collection and manipulation, testing, and analysis. Nevertheless,the researchreported this year continues to make use of a limited ' 'pure' ' range of methodologies.There is little research,possibly becauselibrari- anship is an applied profession. Survey and observation remain the most popular methods for data collection, probably because of financial limitations and sam- pling problems. Statistical analysis is still most commonly elementary, and methodologiesare often not sufficiently rigorous. Most of the studiesare applied research,conducted by library practitioners in their own libraries. Their concern is with practicalities-the "what" and "how" of library operations, and provision of information for managementdecision making. The experimental studies, conducted at major institutions responsible for the production of large bibliographic databases(OCLC, RLIN, NLM), are developmentaland long range. Per- haps this is not so surprising, when one considers the commitment of resources required for this type of investigation. Such studies require the availability of a large file of data as well as hardware and software processingcapabilities. Their results will provide information needed to design more efficient and economical systemsin the future. Although some practitioner studies resulted in procedural changes based on the researchfindings, experimentalwork currently in progressseems far from implementation. Such time lags are a feature of our field, and, perhaps, inevitable. Product development is a slow process, so we must wait patiently for the emer- gence of tomorrow's practice from today's research.

Brsl,rocRAPHy

l. AnnualReview of OCLCResearch, June l9SGJune 1987. (Dublin, Ohio: OCLC, 1987. 2. Barrett,Beth R. andOlivia M. A. Madison."Life After Input: OriginalSerials Cata- 3&l /R7S . 32(4) o Walker and Hu.dson

loging Using OCLC." Serials Librarian 12, no.Ll2:147-56 (1987). 3. Bond, Randall, and others. "Preservation Srudy at tlre Svracuse Universitv Li- braries." College & ResearchLibraies 48, no.2:i32-47 (Mar. 1987). 4. Byrne,,Alex. "Life Wasn't Meant to Be Whimsical: PainlessSubject Augmentation. " Australasian College Libraries 4:87 (June 1986). 5. Chan, Lois Mai. "Variations in SubjectCataloging in Non-Library of CongressCata- loging Records." In Annual Review of OCLC Resbarch, p.29-30. 6. Crawford, Walt. Bibliographic Displnys in the Online Catalog. (Metuchen, N.J.: Knowledge Industries, 1987). 7 . - . "Testing Bibliographic Displays for Online Catalogs." InformationTech- nolngy and Libraries 6, no.1:20-33 (Mar. 1987). 8. Epple, Margie, and Bernice Ginder. "Online Catalogsand Shelflist Files: A Survey of ARLLibraries." InformationTechnologyandLibraries6,no.4:228-96(Dec. 1987). 9. Franklin, Laurel. "Preparing for Automated Authority Control: A Projection of Name Headings Verified. "./oumal of Academic Librarianship 13,no.4..205-8 (Sept. 1987). 10. Frost,CarolynO. "FacultyUseof SubjectSearchinginCardandOnlineCatalogs." Journal of Academic Librarianship 13, no.2:86-92 (May 1987). '' I 1. -. "Subject Searching in an Online Catalog. Informntion Technology and Libraries 6, no.l:60-63 (Mar. 1987). 12. Humphrey, SuzanneM., and Nancy E. Miller. "Knowledge-based Indexing in the Medical Literature: The Indexing Aid Project." Journal of the American Societyfor Informntion Science28, no.3:184-96 (May 1987).

16. Kinnucan, Mark T. "Tables of Contents in Online Public Access Cataloes." In r{n- . nual Review of OCLC Research, p.27-28. 17. Knox, W. A., and B. A. Miller. "Predicting the Number of Public Computer Termi- nals Neededfor an On-line Catalog: A Queuing Theory Approach." Library Research 2:95-100(Spring 1981). 18. Ludy, Lorene E., and Sally A. Rogers. "Authority Control in the Online Environ- - men!.'' Informntion Technology and Librarie s 3, no.3 :262-66 (Sept. 1984). 19. Markey, Karen, and Diane Vizine-Goetz. "Increasing the Accessibility of Libmry of Qongryss Subject Headings in Online Bibliographic Sysrems." In Annual Review of OCLC Research,p. l5-16. 20. Matthews, Joseph R., Gary S. Lawrence, and Douglas K. Ferguson. Using Online Catalogs: A Nationwide Survey. (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1983). 21. Miller, Ruth H., and Martha W. Niemeier. "Vendor Performance: A Studv of Two Libraries." Library Resources & Technical Services 31, no.1:@-68 (Jan./Mar. 1987).

24. Presley, Roger L., and Christina Landram. "The Life Expectancy of Paperback Books in Academic Libraries." Technical Services Quarter$ 4, no.3:21-29(Spring 1987). 25. Repp, Joaq M., and Cliff Glaviano. "Dissertations: A Study of the Scholar's Ap- proach. " College & ResearchLibraies 48, no.2:748-@ (Mdr. 1987). 26. Salas-Tull, Laura, and Jacque Halverson. "subject Heading Revision: A Compara- -_ 4u_"Study." Cataloging & Classification QuarterlyT, no.3:3-12 (Spring 1987). 27. Salton, Gerard. "Automatic Syntax-basedPhrase Construction for eontent Analysis LRTS o 32(4) c Research Methodology in Technical Services 1365

in Document Retrieval." lnAnnual Review of OCLC Research, -o7p.l3-14. 28. Saye, Jerry D. "Name Authority Project." In Annual Review OCUC Research, p.16-17.

36. Tolle, J. E. , and others. "Determining the Number of Online Catalog- Terminals. " ^_ Information Technologyand Libraries 3, no.3:261-& (Sept. 1983). 37. Watson, Mark R. and Arlene G. Taylor. "Implications of Current Reference Struc- tures for Authority Work in Online Environments. " Information Technologyand Li- braries6, no.l:ld-19 (Mar. 1987). 38. Weibel, Stuart."AutomatedTitlePageCataloging." InAnnualReviewof OCLCRe- search,p.3-4.

ARL MEETING FOCASESON COLLECTION ISSAES |ffiffiffi1fianncoDE APPLrcATroNs

r,ABEts wrrH youR NAIIE oN ToP ! am coDED

aan coDE vrANDs or r,AsER scANNERs !

ponmsLE BARcoDE READERsFoR BooKMoBrr,E n- AND INVENI1ORY

IJNrr FoR usg As aN oN-r,rNE -n cousrNmroN SCANNER AND A PORTABI,E

TLS - SINGLE USER CIRCI'I,ATION SYSIIEM FoR xr/Alr

I,IBS - I{EDIA BOOKING SYSTEM FOR IBM PS/2 WITII LC CO!,IPACT DISC INPUT

CAMS - CAPITAL ASSET U,ANAGEMENTSYSTEM US]NG BAR CODE LABELS FOR I4AI,IAGING EQUIPMENT

SIJPPIJYINGIJIBRARIES SINCE 1982

810 Peace Portal Yfay,- *113 15?5 I{. Georgia St., #f20 Blaine, wA 98230 vancouver, B.C. v6G 2v3

CalI April [IcCrea o! ]!eI Endelman at (6041683-7226 1367

Digital Warrant: RevisedDDC 004-006in a Public Library

Carolyn D. Schroeder

This article describes the application of the Dewey Decimal Classification"phoenix" for dntaprocessing, computer science, and computerengineering (004-006) to a selectionof mnterials classified accordingto olderschedules in a Boston-areapublic library. Therevised scheduleswere easy to learnand to apply,evenfor the novice user, and thebrowsability of theset of materiatiinihe studywas improved through reclassification.

The publication consistsof four parts: the expandedschedules, an index

9arolyn D. Schroederwas formerly Library Assistant, Putnam ManagementCompany Li- brary, Boston, Massachusetts. 3681 LRTS . 32(4) c Schroeder

ther subdivisions patterned after those in the 004 and 006 classes.Scope notesand instructions are provided in the schedulesthemselves and also in the useful manual of application. Publishedresponse and criticism relating to this DDC revision are rather scarce in the literature. So, as someone interested in the cataloging of computer-relatedmaterials, I choseto examineand evaluatethe changesin 004-006 . . . Changesby applying them to an existing public library collection. I selecteda medium-sized public library in the Boston area that exhibits a variety of old classification approachesto a volume and variety of materials sufficient to make a reclassification exerciseboth interesting and worthwhile. This exercise was designedto addresstwo major questions: How easy to learn and use are the O04-006 revisions? How would the resulting arrangementof materials compareto that which currently exists? First, I searchedthe card catalogand retrieved titles and call numbersfor materials cataloged under subject headings beginning with "COM- PUTER" or "COMPUTERS" and titles beginning with those words, selecting works dealing with computersand dataprocessing primarily rather than as secondary subjects or in relation to other subjects. This search yielded 157 items scatteredthroughout a variety of locations in the nonfic- tion and reference shelves. Based on experience working with various types of computersand software, and background gained from reading the periodical literature in these areas over the past five years, I selected twenty books that, in my judgment, representedthe library's holdings in order to illustrate the processand results ofclassification under the revised 004-006 schedules. Although my experiencewith this samplecannot be generalizedto other computer-relatedmaterials, or even to the remainder of the library's collection, the experiment highlights the process of using 004-006 . . . Changes,as well as some of its strengthsand possible weaknesses.It also facilitates comparison of the new class locations with the library's previously used classification schemesand policies. The twenty sampleitems discussedbeloware arrangedalphabetically by author. Following the portion of the paper relating to classification of the individual materials, table 1 summarizes"before" and "aftef" locations.

Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo' 651 Benton.Charles J. TheData BaseGuide: How to Se- 00.5.74 Iect, OrganiTe,and ImplementData Base Systems For Microcomputers.Robert J. Brady, 1984. LRTS o 32(4) o DigilalWarrant 1369

Existing Revised Class No. Author, Title, and Brief Bibliographic Data Class No. 001.64 Craig. Te-chnostess:The Human Erod, Cost of" the 004.019 Computer Revolution. Addison-Wesley, 19g4.

In the prefatory material, this author defines "technostress" as the dis- ease that results when a critical psychological balance between people and

Existing Revised Clus No. Author, Titl", und Bti"f Bibliog.uphi" Dutu Clus No. 651 B-urrolr_gh_sCorporation. Digital Computer princi- 621.39 ples. McGraw-HilI, 1969. 37Ol LRTS . 32(4) o Schroeder computers is violated. In the revised classification scheme, the number 004.b19 bears the note, "Class here psychological principles and human factorsin dataprocessing and computeiscience."'This coextensiveclas- rin"ution is animprovetient over the library's current practice of placing tftir rJutin"ly undsual book in the same brdad location as the other hardware and software materials, 001.64. itre tectrnical/engineering treatmenl_of computer hardware.is moved by the revised scheduTestroi OZt.l8195 to 621.39. We are instructed to "class here electronic digital compu puter reliability, [and] generalcompu are more explicit extended notations I as digital supercomputers, mainfrat book was written before all of thesec not make referenceto any particular computers.It includes sometreatment oirot*-", which is exctuOeOfrom_62f.39 in the manual of application, bltitprimnrily focuseson hardware.' (This book was selectedfor the sample drie to its iubject coverage,but it is considerablyout-of-date and many iibrarians might"choosesimlly to weed it rather than reclassify it.) Existing Revised CiassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo' 621.3819 Chandler,David. Dialing For Dota: A Consumer's 004'616 Handbookon ComputerCommunication. Random House,1984. The classification 004.6 denotes "Interfacing and communications," "equipment and techniqueslinkingcomputefs to peripheral de- including ' '8 vices or io other computers. Th6 programming an{pata aspectsof interfacing and communiLationsare classedat 005.71. These areaswill need furthlr expansion,perhaps beginning with the separationof the two com- ponents, iinterfacin! and comriunicaiions. Russell Sweeneysuggeststhat s in 004-006 . . . Changes exhibit more prominent use of the ttte reuiiion 'tee" word "Networks" than only as a reference in the index't The number N4.6I, "Interfacing and communications for specific types of electronic computers," is supplementgqby the appropriate num- ddr (6) to indicate digitil microcompuiers, which are, indeed, the subject of thii book, althougl this is not immediately evident from the title. Existing Revised Ciu* lf,o. Aothor, Titl", undBri"f Biblio*tuohi" Outu Clu*t No. 65I Ciarcia,steve. BuiMYourOwnZS0Computer.Byte, 621.39165 1981

Linortopic in this book, allowing for classification at 621.39165by subject predominance' LRTS . 32(4) o DigitalWarrant l37l

Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 001.9 Coffron, James.The IBM PC Connection.Sybex, [email protected] 1984. In the preface to this book, we are askedto identiff with the person who buys an IBM PC andlearns to useand program it for all of the fypical applications. The author suggeststhat one may then start to wonder whether it is possible to control appliances,heating, or security systemswith the computer. The answer is yes, and the book goeson to provide information on connectionsto peripheral devicesthat enableone's computer to "interface with the outside world." The classification number used for Chandler's Dialingfor Data above is enhancedwith an additional digit (5) to indicate a specific type of microcomputer. Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 65r Foster,Timothy R. Y. WordProcessing For Execu- 652.5 tives and Professionals.Van NostrandReinhold, 1983. A note in the 00zl schedulesinstructs that materials on word processing be classified at 652.5." The number 652 denotes "Processing of written communication" in the DDC schedules;652.3is usedfor typing, a precur- sor to word processing. This book will not be collocated on the shelves with other materials on computers and their applications. A question to consider: Should classificationofword processingand the associatedsoft- ware be provided for within the 004-006 schedules?

Existing Revised Class No. Author, Title, and Brief Bibliographic Data Class No. 651 Goldberg, Kenneth P. Microcomputers: A Parent's 004.16 Guide. Wiley, 1983 This book covers basic introductory concepts,offers buying guidance, and discusseseducational and personal uses ofcomputers. A scope note under 004 mentions that works dealing primarily with computer-assisted instructionare classed at371.39445, but the scopeof this bookis too broad for that number to apply. The broad class number for digital microcomputers, 004.16, is the best alternative for this book. The 004-006 schedules (or DDC suMivisions) do not provide a way to reflect the perspective of parents or children specifically in a digital microcomputer class number. For that, the library would have to rely on subject index access ' 'Computers ' ' through the use of a subjectheading such as and children. Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 65r Good, Philip I. A Critic's Guide to Software For the 005.365 IBM-PC and PC-Compatible Comprfers. Chilton, 1983. 3721 LRZS . 32(4) . Schroeder

The 005 class covers computer Pr( cluding both software and firmware i cepts relating to programs for digita apbraisal, selection, and use, are indi s-tfucted to add the apProPriatr 005.322-N5329. This resultsin @1 tion of software for the family of mic note in the manual of application at 0( IBM PC and its compitibles as a single type for classification purposes.

Revised Existing , Classlrio. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo' tOt*r5 -*-"-- aul.The Elements of FriendlySofauare De- 005'12 slgn. Warner, 1984.

The 005 schedulesmaY leave some finer distinctions to be desired, but for this title, the straighlforward, general number 005.12 fits, since the subdivision 12 simplyidds "Program-The design" to the base005 (computer specific lan- 'n""E!.programming, progiams, data). book does not address tVfiei ot"computers;'rather, it focuseson user interaction with Eust"otn-O"r'ilned"r software and considerationsfor the programmer in designing input routines.

Existine Revised Cilis ft. n"thot, rttb, ata gr

"''.."*'"M.IllustratedDictionaryofMicrocom.004.1603puter Terminology.Tab Books, 1978'

The prefaceto this referencebook informs the reader that terms relating to both hardware and software are included, with software concepts-partic- ;U.lt emphasized. The manual of application in 004-M6 . . . Changes in 004 works on coilputer hardware and works treating i"ttiirtto"'class 'soft' both computer hardware and the aspectsof computef systems."'- if," s"ftiioles provide 0O1.16 for digital microcomputers, to which was addedthe stanciardsubdivision 03 toihow that this is a dictionary.

Existine Revised ciis lfl". n"tn"t, ril", -a gt *'- **''*ms, Peter. Peter McWilliams,Personal 004.|6029 ComputerBuying Guide. Doubleday, 1985'

Dieital microcomputers, as noted above, are classedat 004.16 by^the t""i.EJi"iiJui"". frf,if" performance evaluation in the strict senseof the 1gr,11G ctassedat 0M.24, the manualof applicationtells us to "add s.s. 029 tothe generalworks number if the emphasisis on evaluation as a consideration"in-Cfri purchasing, e.g., buyeri' guides to microcomputers li' .lAZg .; ihe fact thititriiUoot aiso discussessoftware is compatible with this classification. LRTS . 32(4) o Digital Waryant1373

Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 001.64 Morgan,Christopher L. 8086/8088IGBit Micropro- 004.165 cessorPrimer. BYTE, McGraw-Hill, 1982. This book is similar to the Ciarcia book discussedearlier, Build Your Own 280 Computer, in that both deal with a specific microprocessor. This primer contains some technical description of the chip; however, it is intended for the novice, and it also explains how software commands are channeledthrough the microprocessor.The manual of application quelled my initial temptation to classiff this title at 62I .39 in an explanatory note ' , captioned "0&l-006 vs. 621.39.' The distinctions here offer guidanceif one is confronted in practice by borderline materials: Worksclassed in 004-006treat (a) computerhardware from theuser's viewpoint and/or(b) softwareor firmware.Works classedin62l.39 (a) treat computer hardware solely from the viewpoint of engineeringor manufacturingand @) do not treatsoftware or theprogram aspect of firmware. . . . Comprehensiveworks on the computerscience and computer engineering aspects ofa subjectare classedin 004-006.'o Hence, the specific digital microcomputer class number 004.165 is assigned. Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andB.ief Bi 001.64 Prague,Cary. GettingGreat Graphics. Tab, 1985. 006.6 Thefirst half of thisbook consists of a generalintroduction to computer- graphicsterms, design, and varieties, while the secondhalf providesex- amplesof how to createthese graphics using popular software packages. Becausethe first portion occupiesso muchspace and seemsto represent the intentof the work, I cannotjustiff the specificclassification 006.686, graphicsprograms for digital microcomputers.The conceptstreated in this book could be appliedwith different types of computers.Therefore, the classnumber 006.6 for computergraphics in generalis selected. Existing Revised Class No. Author, Title, and Brief Bibliographic Data Class No. 651 Rosenberg,J. Dictionary of Computers,Data Pro- 004.03 cessingand Telecommunications.Wiley, 1984. The preface of this comprehensivereference book indicates that it contains terms related directly or indirectly to usage of hardware and software, including the categoriesof computers, data processing, distributed data processing, home computers, programming languages,telecommu- Existing Revised Class No. Author, Title, and Brief Bibliographic Data Class No. 001.64 Stone,M. David. TheParents' ComputerBook. Mac- 004.16 millan. 1984. 3741 LRIS . 32(4) o Schroeder nications, and word processing.Under the 004 class, a scopenote tells us to "class here selection and use of computer hardware; comprehensive ' works on hardware and programs in electionic dataprocessing.-' " Thus, I chosethe number 004 and addedthe standardsuMivision 03 to indicate the dictionary format. This book is similar to Goldberg's Microcomputers: A Parent's Guide, and the two were published only one year apart. Yet they had been classified differently (with the Goldberg title at 651), for no apparent reason. This book devotes more attention to microcomputer software than does Goldberg's, but the class005 is to be usedfor works dealingpn marily with software, programminE, and data. This book will be assignedthe same classification number as Microcomputers: A Parent's Guide, an example of enhancedcollocation through application of the revised schedules.

Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 001.64 Townsend, Carl. Using dBASE1L McGraw-Hill, 005.7565 1984.

Having enteredthe realm of "Data in computer systems" at 005.7, we progress to "Relational databases" at 005.756 and "Specific relational databasemanagement systems" at 005.7565. The instructions in the schedulesdirect us to "affange alphabetically by name of databaseman- agementsystem, e.g., dBASE IL "'6 This degreeof specificity is coexten- sive with the book, but note that the materials on databasesoftware packages(a microcomputer approachto databasemanagement) are separatedin the schedulesfrom the other applications programs and software documentation located in 005.3, without the option provided there of subdivision by specific type of computer.

Existing Revised ClassNo. Author, Title, andBrief BibliographicData ClassNo. 00l.64 Webster,Tony. Terminalsund Printers Buyer's N4.7 Guide.McGraw-Hill, 1984.

"Peripherals" are classedatOO4.7. This is the most specific classification possible for this title, since terminals are input/output devices and printers are output devices: the schedulesprovide the subdivision 75 for "Peripherals combining input and output functions," 76 for "Input peripherals," and77 for "Output peripherals."

Existing Revised Class No. Author, Title, and Brief Bibliographic Data Class No. 00t.64 Zboray,Richard. ProgramsforProfit: HowtoReally 005.36 Make Money With q Persotul Computer. McGraw- Hill, 1984. LRTS o 32(4) c DigitalWarrant 1375

Existing Revised Clutt No. Authot, Titl", und B.i"f Bibliog.uphi" Dutu Clus No. 001.64 zuanich, M_argaretAnn. Basic Fun ruith Graphics: 006.6765 The Apple Computer Way. Avon, 19g3.

Bnronp ANDAFTER Srmr,r LocaTToNs

TABLE I Bnrons .qNnAr,rrn UsrNcrnr 004-006pHorNrx Scnsnurss Existing Revised Author and Title Class No. Class No. Benton, Charles J. The Data Base Guide: How to Se- 651 N5.74 lect, -O-rganize,and Implement Data Base Systems For Microcomputers. Brod, Craig. Technostess: The Human Cost of the 001.64 004.019 Computer Revolution. 651 62r.39 621.3819 [email protected] 651 62r.39165 001.64 004.6165 Foster, Timothy R. Y. Word Processing For Execu- 651 652.5 tive s and Profe ss ionals. Goldbe-rg, Kenneth P. Microcomputers: A parent,s 651 004.16 Guide. 3761 LRTS. 32(4) c Schroeder

TABLE I Continued Brnons nNo ArrBn UsINcrnr 0Ot-006PsorNx ScnnnuI.es Existing Revised Author and Title ClassNo. ClassNo. Good, Philip l. A Critic's Guide to Sofduarefor the 651 005.365 IBM-PC and PC-Compatible Computers. ff""["f, puuf . rni nembnts of Frieidly Sofruare De- 00l'6425 W5'12 st8n. Hordeski, M. Illustrated Dictionary of Microcomputer 65I 004.1603 Terminology. McWilliamslieter. Peter McWilliams' Personal Com- 001'64 0M.16029 puter BuyingGuide. M-organ,Chriitopher L. 8086/8088l6Bit Micropro- 001.64 004.165 cessorPrimer. 006.6 Prague,Cary. GettingGreat Graphics. _ 001.64 Ros-enberg,J . Dictionary of Computers, Data Process- 651 004.03 i ng and Telecommuni cati ons. Ston6,M. David. TheParents' Computer Book. 001.64 004.16 001.64 005.7565 001.64 w4.7 001.64 005.36 001.64 M6.6765 Apple Computer Way.

CoNcr-usroN

REFERENCES

l. ..Maior Revisions Currently Under Review: Data Processingand Computer Science' 1983-84)', tutovingFrom 001.6 to 004'-006," DC& !, no.4:I9,(Winter ^. 2. ool-6a ooto Processing and computer science and chnnSes in Related.Disciplines, rev. of ed. 19, prep. by JulianneBeaU (Albany, N.Y': ForestPr', 1985)' p'vrt' 3. Ibid., p.8. 4. Ibid., p.39. 5. Ibid.,p.l. IRTS r 32(4) o DigitalWarrant 1377

6. Ibid.,p.15. 7. Ibid.,p.31. 8. Ibid.,p.4. 9. RussellSweeney, "DDC 004-006Data Processing Workshop ," Catalogueand Index 82 (Autumn1986). lO. 004-W6. . . Changes,p.31. 11.Ibid., p.l. 12. Ibid., p.32. 13. Ibid.,p.34. 14, Ibid.,p.30-31. 15.Ibid., p.1. 16.Ibid., p.12. l7. Ibid.,p.14.

BIBLrocRApHyoF USEFTJLSouncrs 3781

Operation Cleanup: The Problem ResolutionPhase of a RetrospectiveConversion Project

Amy Hart

The problem resolution phase of a retrospective conversion proiect for monographic records at the Universiry of Massachusetts-Amherst is examined. Knowledge needed by the problem-solving librarian is discussed, and the kinds ofproblems encountered are categorized and described. Dfficulties involved in standardizing the editing process for problem records are noted, and suggestionsfor developing editing guidelines are offered. r It often comestoward the end of a retrospectiveconversion project, and it deals with a relatively small portion of the total records processed,but the problem resolution phase of a retrospective conversion project must be handled as carefully as any other phase. This article analyzesthe task of problem resolution for bibliographic records for monographs in a retrospective conversion project at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. The observationsmade here canprove helpful to other libraries involved in planning and implementing retrospectiveconversion projects. In addition to the financial reasonsfor planning the problem resolution phasenoted by Carter and Bruntjen, there are compelling qualitative reasons for careful planning.' It is generally agreedthat full MARC records are the desirable standardfor retrospective conversion of a bibliographic file.' However, if no guidelines are iet down to govern the kind of editing thatcanbe done to the MARC records, the fullness of the records may be for nought. The integrity ofthe databasedepends, in part, on standardization of the editing process. In spite of this, little has been written on the specifics of editing in retrospective conversion. Kruger notes the gap in coveragein the literature for the years 1980-1983.' A perusal of titles ab- stracted in Library and Information Science Abstracts for January 1984 through May 1987 suggestsa similar situation. Many editing decisionsare implementedduring earlier phasesof a project, when more or less straightforward matches are found between a library's manual records and corresponding machine-readablerecords.

Amy Hart is Cataloger for the University of Massachusettsat Amherst Tower Library. LRTS o 32(4) o Operation Cleanup /379

These decisions should be documented so that they may be applied during the.problem-solving phase.However, by their very nature, pioblem rec-- ords are more complicatedto match. It should be expectedthat funher editing decisions will need to be made. The University Library at the University of Massachusettsis involved in

slon.

Retrospectiveconversion problem solving requires a historical as well

Becausethe purpose of reffospective conversion at the University Li- brary is to create machine-readablerecords appropriate for loading into LS/2000, the solution to each problem must be ev-aluatedin termsbf its

regardlessof their indicator values in the MARC record, are indexed in 380/ IRTS . 32(4) o Hart

LS/2000. If an OCLC record hasa seriesstatement coded as a seriestraced differently, both forms of series(490 and 8xx) will be indexed in LS/2000. Therefore. even if the traced series statement on our shelflist card matches that in the 490 field, there is no needto edit the seriesfields on the OCLC record. Clrnconrns oF PRoBLEMS Problems in retrospective conversion can be categorized in different ways. The simplest approachis to divide problems by the elementsof the bibliographic description (i.e., title problem, edition conflict, publisher conflict). Alternatively, problems can be categorized according to the typesof cardson which they appear.At the university theseinclude LibCat cards (producedin earlier years by an in-house automatedcataloging system), LC printed cards, revised LC cards, and hand-typed cards. A third method is to categorize by the causesof the problerns (e.g., incomplete bibliographic information given, typographical error, and incomplete revision of copy used to create cards). In practice it is more useful to combine the methods and to categorrze problems according to which occur most frequently and which are most difficult to resolve. Categorizing in this manner meansthat the categories are not mutually exclusive and that there can be cards with problems frtting into severalcategories (e.g., there could be a date conflict on a revised LC card or an edition conflict causedby a typographical error on a hand-typed card). . At the University Library problems are put into the following catego- nes: l. Dates Conflicts. Theseare possibly the most numeroustype of problem and are definitely the most complex encountered in problem solving. Knowing past cataloging rules and Library of Congresscat- aloging practice is crucial becausethere have been many changesin policy over the years. At one time, datesfrom a title page of a book were the acceptedpublication date, and a dateon the verso of the title page was of secondaryimportance. Today, the Library of Congress might ignore a dateon the title pagein favor of a dateon the verso. Its policy is to try to ensurethat the date usedin catalogingis, in fact, the first date of publication and not simply a printing date. This policy is evidencedin the Library of Congress' rule interpretation as much as it is in rule changes,because since AACR (with its provisions for is- suesof an edition), the first date of publication is the preferred date for cataloging. To further complicate matters, it seemsthatpractice has not always followed theory. In some cases,two separaterecords were created for two separateprintings of a work. Today, the Li- brary of Congress' policy, if not always its practice, is to create one record, using the first date of publication (provided it is given). This wreals havoc on retrospectiveconversion. It meansyou cannot assume a no-hit/create-a-new-record situation when an initial searchon OCLC reveals no online record with a date that matches your shelflist card. Instead, you should go the stacks, retrieve the book, and seewhat publication information is given in it. It is possi- IRTS o 32(4) o OperationCleanup /381

ble, and -evenlikely, that with this new information, and usins cur- fnt gglaloging.rules, an online record to which your Uoot -a? anA snouldbe matchedwill exist. 2. Edition Statement Conflicts. Thes< and complexity. Theyhave two n error and occurs with typoeraohi with less-than-thorough-revisioho create cards. The secondcause in, logingpolicy versus what publish"r, prouiO" ;;"i;;;;ili;ffi_ rormarlonrn their books.AACR2 is frustratinglysimplistic in its treatmentof the editionarea. LC's cataloging"simicebuilit[n and OCLC's.Bibliogrgnli9 lnput Standardsa?" iror" specificUut not necessarily.moreh-elpful. Too oftenthere is no exactinatchbetween now the edrtlonintbrmation is presentedin the book andthe examples given in AAGR2or the othbrcataroging referen"" toot.. on" i, fit what.the $-p_i1qto book saysini'o o'neof ttre e*a-ltes ana Knowlngrt cannotbe done. J.

4. 3821 LRTS . 32(4) . Hart

creation of a new record. ocLC dictatesthat a new record for a pho- tocopy be made even if a record exists for the original publication or

the record is more aPpropriate. pubtiihe prob- I . iidep endently d7te ms Bound Togethe r !-oc-ally.These lems can be divided into two groups: thosefor which separategatalog records were created for each item bound with the others and those ZRZS . 32(4) o OperationCleanup 1383

Becauseof the_problemwith circulation status,the university Li- brary has decidedto wait until the linking .tug" oir"irospective conversion before adding bound-with notesio pr"oble- t""oio, that lack them. nroptemsencountered in a retrospective conversion proj_ ect^^,9:ll^:g^ilfl !!g ls usetul becauseit gives the problem-solving librarian an idea orir*rit to.expect and because,in the cat-egorizinge Lprociss, the range ofproblems within a category will be identifie-cl.

SrruvIIruIzING TIm soLUTIoNs

General guidelines are neededon the kind of editing of an online record permissible in the problem resolution phaseor a ieiro-spe.ti-* .onu"rrion 3841 LRTS . 32(4) c Hart

project. These guidelines, when applied to problems in a particular category, will lead to a degreeof standardizationbecausethey dictate what can and cannot be done with online records. The guidelines should operate within and acrossthe categoriesof problems. In this way, although the solutions chosen for quite similar examples of a problem may differ, each will be justified by the guidelines. The guidelines for problem solving can be based on the editing guidelines establishedfor the main part of the retrospectiveconversion project. If theseguidelines were never formally stated,but evolved in an informal manner throughout the project, the problem-solving librarian can, with a little work, determine what they are. The guidelines can be derived from assumptionsinherent in the retrospectiveconversion project and basic decisions on standardsmade at the start of the project. The most important and most often unstatedassumption of a retrospective conversion project is the library's attitude on the quality versusquan- tity issue. If the library has opted for a "quick and dirty" project, this will have a profound effect on the problem resolution phase-there probably will not be one. On the other hand, if a library is using retrospectiveconversion as a chanceto clean up its catalog, the problem resolution phase will resemblearecataloging project. In practice, most libraries try to strike a balancebetween the two extremes. It is crucial that the problem-solving librarian be aware of where that balanceis struck. Basic decisionson the standardsdesired for the retrospectiveconversion project will also affect the problem resolution phase. [f the library has opted for less-than-full MARC records for the conversion, then less-than- full MARC will be an acceptablestandard for problem solving, unlessspe- cifically noted. Likewise, if the library has chosennot to updateheadings to AACKZ form for the bulk of the conversion, then the problem resolution phasecan continue the practice, unlessinstructed otherwise. If, however, full MARC records and updatingto AACK2 are requirementsof the retrospective conversion project, then the problem-solving librarian must ad- here to these standards. If the library uses an outside vendor for retrospective conversion and handlesproblem solving in-house, then the best sourcefor determining the standardsused for the project will be the contract specificationssent to the vendor at the start of the project. In addition, if the library uses OCLC for cataloging, its Bibliographic Input Standards should be consulted for an overall view of when a new record can be created. Finally, reading accountsofother retrospectiveconversion projects can help to identify your library's assumptionsby pointing out differencesbe- tween your approachand others. Drawing upon thesesources, and after many conversationswith people in cataloging and retrospectiveconversion, the following guidelineswere developedto help standardizethe task of problem resolution at the Univer- sity Library. 1. Try to make as few changesto an existing OCLC record as possible. 2. When changesare necessary,try to make them in the form of additions to the online record rather than as replacementsof one piece of information for another. Try especiallyto avoid making substitutions IRTS o 32(4) o OperationCleanup 1385

T qny field that is indexed on OCLC (e.g., fixed-field dates, or the 260 $c). 3. Create as few new records as possible, using Bibliographic Input Standardsas a guide. 4. When making decisions on how to edit a record, follow current AACK2 rules and the University Library's catalogingpolicy as much as possible. 5. However, do not update punctuation or reformat information to AACK2 standardswhen editing a record originally entered in pre- AACK2form. 6. Attempt to update headings to AACM, form, even if you create a name conflict betweenour shelflist card and the online record. 7. Try to check that the subject headingsused in the online record are current and valid. Once guidelines are established, it is critical to document decisions

Stnvruany

ords for use in an online catalog and/or for use in an integrated system, then solving problems requires knowledge of those systems' capabilities. Furthermore, if resourcesharing is an aim of conversion, the needsof the cooperating libraries must be taken into account. To achieve a degreeof standardizationin the problem-solving process, two things are necessary:(1) it is helpful to categorizethe types of problems encounteredin the problem resolution phaseand (2) guidelineson the editing processfor online records must be established. Monographic problem records lend themselvesto categorizationin several ways, the most useful of which is to sort them in terms of frequency of occurrence and complexity of solving. Unfortunately, there are so many variatles affecting eachparticular problem in a given categorythat catego- rization cannot, on its own, result in standardizationof the solutionsfor the 3861 IRTS . 32(4) . Hart problems. However, becausemuch of retrospective conversion problem solving pares down to deciding how to edit an online record to match a shelflist card, somedegree of standardizationcan be achievedby establish- ing guidelinesto govern the editing procedurefor retrospectiveconversion of problem records. The guidelines can be based on the underlying assumptions of the project and also on the basic decisions regarding standards that will have been made at the earliest stagesof retrospective conversion. Applying these guidelines consistently to all problems in all categoriesresults in a flexible standardization-one that is well suited to the problem resolution phaseof retrospective conversion.

RnrnnrNcrs,c,ND Norrs l. Ruth C. Carter and Scott Bruntjen, Data Conversion (White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publications,1983), p.84. 2. Seediscussion in Richard Boss, "Retrospective Conversion: Investing in the Fuhrre, " Wilson Library Bulletin 59:173-178 (Nov. 1984); and Carter and Bruntjen, Data Con- version,p.27 ,31. 3. Kathleen JoyceKruger, "MARC Tags and RetrospectiveConversion: The Editing Pro- cess," Information Technologyand Librartes 4:53-57 (Mar. 1985).

SIMMONS COLLEGE SYMPOSIAM

The GraduateSchool of Library and Information Scienceat Simmons College an- nouncesthe Simmons College Symposium on Recruiting, Educating, and Train- ing Cataloging Librarians: Solving the Problems to be held March 10 and 11, 1989, at the Simmons College campus, 300 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts. The symposium, made possible by a grant from the Council on Library Re- sources, featuresRoben M. Hayes, dean of the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, as keynote speaker. Sessionleaders are Paul H. Mosher. director of libraries. Universitv of Penn- sylvania, for recruiting; Jane Robbins, director, School of Library and Informa- tion Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, for educating; and Henriette D. Avram, assistantlibrarian forprocessing services, Library of Congress,fortrain- ing. These distinguished leaders will be joined by an invited group of recognized experts from the library profession to presentpapers that explore solutions to the problems of recruiting, educating, and training cataloging librarians. A limited audiencewill be accomrnodatedon a f,rrst-come.first-served basis. Principal coordinator of the symposium is Sheila S. Intner, associateprofessor of library and information science at Simmons College. Co-coordinators of the symposium are Janet Swan Hill, head of the catalog department at Northwestern University, and Karen Muller, executive director of the Resourcesand Technical Services Division of the AmericanLibrarv Association. For further information, contact SheilaS. Intner, SimmonsCollege Symposium Coordinator, GSLIS, 3@ The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115. Telephone:(617) 738-2223or (413) 528-2698.Electronic mail: ALANET ID-ALAI371. /387

The Year's Work in Circulation Control, 1987

Ryoko Toyama

A fa,lthough policies governing the operation of circulation control vary from library to library, pulposes, needs,operational goals, procedures,and staffing patterns remain similar. In recent years, modern technology has had an impact on work flow and procedures of the operation, but not to an extent where national standardswere called for. Despite the importance of circulation control, patrons, staff and library adminis- trations tend to perceive this as a routine operati,onbecause it has been a relatively mechanical, though integral, part of the library's overall operation for so many years. Even its efficiencies or inefficiencies are perceived to be routines. Al- though the need for it was never questionedand nothing indicates it will be challenged in the near future, circulation control has maintained a low profile among various library functions. This prevailing image may be the reasona periodic literature survey on circulation control has not been popular. According to the Automation Inventory of Research Libraries (ARLIOMS 1987), of 113 libraries respondingto the survey, 106 libraries were impelement- ing, moditring, or planning for an automatedcirculation system. The majority chose a mechanism to link physical accessto bibliographic accesspoints. This requires comprehensiveanalyses of circulation functions in a broader context, including technical services and collection development. To cope with aging resources,traditional circulation policies may be challenged. How? Nontraditional resourcessuch as online publications are gradually but surely increasing. Will the presentconcept ofcirculation apply to new types ofpublications? Thesequestions motivated this brief survey of circulation control literature. The scope of the survey is limited to English-languageworks. More than sixty items were examined initially and forty of them were selectedfor the bibliography. News items, brief column commentaries, and manuals were excluded, although some of theseprovided me with useful background information. The largest number of items published were on automatedcirculation control. Reports of planning and reviews of the implementation of a system or systems were popular. An experiencein a small library (Gaudet) sums up the whole process of switchover from manual to automated operations as the author refers to three roles she had to play: director, automation consultant, and task force. Re- ports on experiencesfrom larger libraries focus on specific automationaspects. A cost-sharingformula in a regional network (Arcari) is useful for libraries considering a stand-alonemodel becausethe author dealswith basic unit costs. A general costprofilepublished inEottomLine (Murchio) may add anotherdimensionto this topic. Several reports deal with automatedcirculation systemsas part of an inte-

!y9ko f,oVgTais. Head, Access Services, Humanities and History Division, Columbia UniversiiyLibraries, New York, New York. 388/ LRTS .32(4) . Toyama

grated system(Griffen). A report on the experienceat Ohio StateUniversity, covering bibliographic accessand circulation control, helps readersshare a seriesof processesinvolved in implementing an integrated system (Logan). Many Library SofnvareReview articles refer to applications of software for circulation control. Barcoding is a popular topic, too, covering publishers' stock inventory, control of archival materials, control of student identifications and barcoding oflibrary resources. Northwestern University's experience with their Bar Code Project presentsuseful data (Spalding). Following the category of automatedcirculation control, works onperformance measuresor transaction analvsis rank second in number. Works with extensive theoretical analysesare found (Burnell; Revill), including a sfudy on a prediction model linked to the Beta-binomial distribution (Gelman). Transaction models are inseparablefrom circulation policies. Works related to the policies constituteanother category and rank in third in the number. It is in this category where one of the most comprehensiveworks of the year and in the field was published. Sheila S. Intner's monograph, Circulation Policy in Academic, Public, and SchootLibraries, is a significant work on today's circulation control. The policies and practices from thirty-seven libraries are described objectively, and they form a composite picture of circulation control activities. The Work helps practitioners understandhow libraries are trying to balance their responsi- bilities and constraints and also helps identify problematic areas. While Intner's monograph presents a comprehensivepicture, several works deal with specific aspectsoflibrary policies, including proprietary issuesin relation to circulation of software (Maison) or video tapes,problems with collecting fines, and legal issues such as Public Lending Rights (Hyatt; Stave). There is one notable work on staff training (Hobson). Considering that the staff members working at the circulation desk are the principal personification of the library to many patrons, training of the staff has beenneglected. This study hits the spot, reminding librarians of the imponance of well-developedtraining programs. In conclusion, the majority of works published on circulation control in 1987 were brief, practical reports on implementation of an automatedsystem. Works with theorectical approacheswere found for circulation models or transaction analysis motivated by interest in cost factors. A strong indication is in the literature that more libraries will move toward the implementation of totally integrated library automation. Then, studies on circulation control will play a vital role in formulating future models for the integrated system. While practical reports are available and most of them are useful for short-term, there is needfor seriousstud- ies with a long-range view. Periodic surveys of literature on circulation control may become more meaningful in the future.

BIBLIoGRAPHY

Anderson, A. J. "Nobody Told Me How. " Library Journat 112:50-53 (June 1987). Acari, Ralph D. "A Cost-Sharing Formula for Online Circulation and a Union Catalog through a Regional, Multitype Library Cooperative." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 75 :245-4'l (July 1987). Burnell, Quentin L. "A Third Note on Aging inaLibrary Circulation Model; Applications to Future Use and Relegation.'' J ournal of Documentation 43 :2445 (May 1987). "Data Protection-Disclosure of Overdues." Library Association Record 89:273 (Jrtne 1987). Eichelberger, Susan. "Using dBase in the Library. " Library Software Review 6:178-89 (July/Aug. 1987). Garrison, Latry. "Choosing a Computer-SupportedCirculation System: An Overview of Three Programs." Ohio Media Spectrum39:24-32(Spring 1987). Gaudet, Jean Ann. "Automating the Circulation Services of a Small Library.", Library ZRTS o 32(4) . The Year's Work in Circulation Contol /389

Res our ce s & Techni cal Senice s 3 | :249-55 (July/Sept.1 987). Gelman,E. andH. S. Sichel."Library BookCirculation and the Beta-Binomial Distribu- tion." Joumal of theAmerican Societyfor Infonnation Science3S:4-12 (Jan. 1987). Goldberg,Beverly. "Libraries Fight to KeepFee-based Video lrnding." AmericanLi- brariesl8:412 (June 1981. Goldhor,Herbert. "The Relationshipbetween the trngth of LoanPeriod and Circulation in PublicLibraries. ' ' illinois Library StatisticalReport 24 (1987). Griffin, Mary Ann andKathleen O'Connor. "Offline Circulationto IntegratedSystem: Expectationand Reality." ln Conferenceon IntegratedOnline Library Systems3d ed. St. Louis,Mo: Genawayand Assoc., 1987, p.279-92. Harris, Melanie and Paul Genoni. "Smart Barcodingof Borrowersl Cards." l"4SI 18:50-53(Sept./Oct. 1987). Hendricks,DonaldD.andGlennManino."ThelittleGiant:TheIBMSeriesl/inLibrary Applications." InformationTechnology and Libraries 6:212-19 (Sept. 1987). Hobson,Charles J., RobertF. Moran, Jr., andArena L. Stevens."Circulation/Reserve Desk PersonnelEffectiveness." Journal of AcademicLibrarianship 13:93-98 (May 1987). Hyatt, Dennis."The Backgroundof ProposedLegislation to StudyPublic Lending Right in theUnited States: Issues in Policy,Law andAdministration. " ./oumalof Library Ad- ministration1 :1254O (Winter 1986). Intner, SheilaS. CirculationPolicy in Academic,Public, and Schoollibraries. (New Di- rectionsin InformationManagement, no.13) New York: Greenwood,1987. Johnson.Marv E. "Circulation Scenarios:Or. WhereHave All the New BooksGone." Behavioral'&Science Librarian 6'.49-51 GalVWinter 1986). Kountz,John. "Robots in the Library: AutomatedStorage and Retrieval Systems." Ii- brary Journal 112:67-70(Dec. 1987). Loder,Michael W. "RemoteSearching and Online Catalog Using a CheckoutableMicro- computer:A Servicefor Facultyat a UniversityCampus." Small Computersin Li- braries7 :41-42 (Mar. 1987). Logan,Susan J. "The Ohio StateUniversity's Library ControlSystem: From Circulation to SubjectAccess and Authority Control." Library Trends35:539-54 (Spring 1987). Long, SarahP. "The Effectof Face-frontBook Display in a PublicLibrary ." North Caro- linaIibraries 45:150-53 (Fall 1987). Lutz, Judie."Oh, They NeverReturned." Library Journal 112:4546 (June1987). Mason,Frank O. "Lending ComputerHardware and Software." Bulletinof theMedical Library Association7 5 :37 -38 (Jan.1987). Murchio, ChristineM. "A CirculationSystem Cost Profile." TheBottom Line l:20-24 (1987). Naylor, RichardsJ. "The EfficientMid-Size Library: ComparingBook Budget to Popula- tion to CollectionSize." Library Journal ll2:ll9-20 (Feb. 1987). Revill, DonH. "Availability asa PerformanceMeasure forAcademic Libraries." Journal of Librarianship19 l4-i} (Jan.1987). Rogers,JoAnn V. "St. Louis County Library PurchasesNew AutomationSystem." Show-MeLibraries 38:.25-26 (July 1987). Roy, Loriene. "An Investigationof the Use of Weedingand Displays as Methodsto In- creasethe StockTurnover Rate in SmallPublic Libraries, " illinois Library Statistical Repon24 (1987). Samuels,Alan R. "SCIL ExecutiveSummaries." Library SofiwareReview 6:195-2Ol (July/Aug.1987). Self,James R. "ReserveReadings and Student Grades: Analysis of a CaseSttdy." Library & InformationScience Research9:29-4o (Jan. 1987). Spalding,Helen H., Rolf H. Erickson,andBruce A. Miller. "BehindBars in the Llbrary: NorthwesternUniversity's Bar CodeProject." InformationTechnology and Libraries 6:185-89(Sept. 1987). Stave,Thomas. "Pay as You Read:the DebateOver PublicLending Right." WilsonLi- braryBulletin 62:22-28 (Oct. 1987). Tague,Jean and Isola Ajiferuke. ' 'The Markovand the Mixed-Poisson Models of Library CirculationCompared. " Journal of Documentation43 :212-35 (Sept. I 987). Talab,Rosemary Sturdevant. "A SoftwareLending Collection." Library SofmareReview 6:196-9'l (July/Aug.1987). 3gol LRTS . 32(4) . Toyaftut

"The URICA Library Systems."Library SoftwareReview 5:349-53 (Nov.lDec. 1986). Wagner, CharlotteA. "dBase III for Library Circulation." Library SofiwareReview 6:184-89 (July/Aug. 1987). Wall, RaymondA. "Lending Non-printMaterials. " Library AssociationRecord 89:375 (July1987). Wrede,Steve. "What HathAutomation Wrousht? Circulation in the CARL Libraries." ColoradoLibraries 13'.16(Dec. 1987). Wright, Fred W. "Detective Sniffs Out OverdueLibrary Books." AmericanLibraries l8:892(Dec. 1987). Yother,Larry W. 'SystemsDevelopment at the Grom Hayes Library ." ElectonicLibrary 5:34-42(Feb. 1987).

Preservation Education Directory 1988 ed. Compiled by SusanG. Swartzburg, Rutgers Universitv, for the PLMS Education Committee. $5.00 32p. ISBN 0-8T9-7225-x o a list of the accredited librarv schoolsoffering courseson the preservation and conservationof librarv and archival materials . an essentialreference tool for anvone interested in pursuing formal library preservation training . provides information on consen'ation programs in North America and other organizations that provide training in preservation & conservation.

A Core Collection in Presenration. Compiled by Lisa L. Fox, SOLINET, for the PLMS Education Committee. 55.00 24p. ISBN 0-8389-7224-1 e annotated bibliography of books,reports, periodicals, and articles covering the entire spectrum of library and archival preservation . a working resourcefor administrators, librarians, archivists, curators, conservators,and others working to preserveour documentary heritage. Order from RTSD Publications,50 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 50611. /391

The YearosWork in NonbookProcessing, 1987

Nancy B. Olson and Edward Swanson l,-l \Juidelines for audiovisual servicesin academiclibraries (2) replacing those of 1968, were approved in 1987 by the Association of College and Research Li- braries (ACRL). Their goal is "to support the developmentand administration of an increasingly important component of college and university service." How- ever, DuBois, in his article "No Room at the Inn" (10), statesthat "Though an academiclibrary collection almost always includesmicroforms, and may evenex- tend to spokenor music material on record or audiocassette,other forms of audio and visual media are relatively rare. " He continues, "These findings are surprising, particularly when one considersthat non-print materials have long been included in other kinds of libraries. In elementary and secondary schools, and in community colleges, the media centeroften is not just anotherpart of the lib rary ; it is the library." He points out that teaching faculty and librarians "have doubts about the scholarly value of non-print materials," although many departments maintain their own audiovisual collections. The advantageshe seesin centralizing these library resources are: bibliographic control, extended service hours and availability of materials, collection developmentservices and budgetary support, and the availability of comprehensiveinformation for accreditation reports. McNally, in an article on availability of nonbook materials in Australia (22), statesthat "There is widespreadrecognition in Australia of the importanceof nonbook materials as sources of information and few libraries would now exclude ' ' them from their collections. He tells of a recent workshop on research use of audiovisual materials and saystheir importance asinformation sourcesfor serious researchpurposes is widely acknowledged.TheAustralianAudiovisual Reference Book is the principal source of information on commercially available nonbook materials, though "publishers of non-book materials are not as well organized as book publishers and some do not take advantage of the opportunity to have their publications listed. " The Australian Bibliographic Network encouragescatalog- ing of audiovisual materials. McNally proposesthe "development and implementation ofa national integrated system for acquisition, bibliographic organization, retention, and supply" of nonbook materials. Ellison and Coty (12) editedNonbookMedia: Collection Managementand User Services,a collection oftwenfy-two chapters,each by a different author, that follow a uniform style, and include definition and brief history of the medium; unique characteristics,advantages, and disadvantages;special criteria, evaluative and nonevaluative review sourcesfor selection; and storage, care, management, and other concerns related to maintenanceand management.Materials covered

Nancy B. Olson is Professor and Head of Cataloging, Mankato State University, Minne- sota. Edward Swansonis Principal Cataloger, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. 3921 LRTS . 32(4) o Olson and Swanson include [in their terminology] art reproductions, audiotapes,films, filmstrips, flat pictures, posters, charts, study prints, holographs, machine-readabledata files, maps, microforms, models, music scores, original art, overheadtransparencies, pamphlets, phonograph records, photographs, programmed materials, realia, simulation materials, slides, videodiscs, and videotapes. EoucerroN Education of catalogerscontinued to be of concern. In the summer 1987issue of

of the advancedcourse I teach [at the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillJ deals with the cataloging ofnonprint resources,abundant in the schools, but addressed only slightly in the introductory course because of time constraints"

Bishoff (5) statesthat "Although original cataloging of monographic works has significantly diminished due to the availability of data through bibliographic utilities, the cataloging of audiovisual materials . . . is often necessary.. . . We still needcatalog librarians with the necessaryskills and expertiseto handle this type of work." Swanson(14) reminds us that catalogers "have to be given the opportunity and responsibility to continue to review documentationas it comes out. Also people should stop and look up the rules. They think they remember, and errors happen when people who think they remember don't. . . . It's amatter of educa-

CATALOGING,MARC CooTNc ANDTAGGING Intner and Smiraglia prepared Policy qnd Practice in Bibliographic Control of Nonbook Media (19) basedon the regional institutes on nonbook materials sponsored by the Resourcesand Technical Services Division. The book, as did the institutes, includes theoretical papers as well as practical guidancein cataloging, coding, and tagging nonbook materials. Chapters were contributed by Jean Weihs, Hugh A. Durbin, Lizbeth Bishoff, Arlene G. Taylor, Carolyn O. Frost, Leigh S. Estabrook, and Nancy B. Olson, as well as by Smiraglia and Intner. At a workshop held by the Online Audiovisual Catalogers (OLAC), Thaxter discussedthe problems of material available in multiple versions. While this problem exists for all types of materials (e.g., a book in paperbackversus hardback; a book and its microform copy; music on disc, cassette,compact disc; a "fiIm" as a motion picture or a video), the problem is most common in audiovisual material. As Urbanski reports inthe OLAC Newsletter, "Cataloging rules and the MARC formats will never keep up with the paceof technology. AV catalogerswill always have to invent solutions, adapt rules for physical descriptions, make decisions about handling multiple formats. What the catalogingrules and formats should do IRZS . 32(4) c TheYear'sWorkinNonbookProcessing 1393 is to allow enough flexibility to deal with the situation in a variety of ways" (47, p.14). The major development in MARC in 1987 is the format integration proposal under discussionby MARBI, LC, and others in the USMARC advisory group. The proposal is summarized by Griscom in the Music Cataloging Bulletin (23, 43). The proposal would result in the integration of all MARC formats into a single format. The ideal is defined as a format "that contains data elementsthat can be used to describeany form ofmaterial: textual (such as books, theses,journals, technical reports), motion pictures, videorecordings, graphic materials, three- dimensionalartifacts and naturally occurring objects, maps, music, and computer files. An integrated format would also provide the means for describing the serial- related aspectsofany ofthese items as well as any archival characteristicspresent, regardlessof the medium or form of material" (23, p.6). Anderson (4) suggestsusing the OCLC M300 (or similar workstation) to produce statisticalreports on technical servicesactivities, including new, added, and total titles of records, compact discs, cassettes,and videotapes. A spreadsheet program is useful to keep track of holdings by media and classifications. Scarseth-Aurora(41) reports on an OLAC conferencepanel discussionon bibliographic utilities in the year 2000.

CoMpursn Frrrs

Problems of cataloging computer materials were resolved in 1987with the publication of a draft revision of chapter 9 of rheAnglo-American Cataloguing Rules (17). This publication replacedboth the original chapter 9 and the Guidelinesfor Using AACR 2 Chapter 9 for Cataloging Microcomputer Soffiuare(ALA, 1984). The rules will appear in the 1988 reprinting of AACR2 in essentially the same form; there may be changesin detail, but the conceptswill not be changed. The revision of chapter 9 establishes the General Material Designation com- puterfile for material formerly calledmachine-readnbledatafile andis applicable to those items available by remote accessas well as physical items in hand. Physi- cal description is used in area 5. For computer files available through remote access, area 5 is omitted; area 3 is used for file descripion for these items. Area 3 may also be usedfor file description in bibliographic records for items with physical description in area 5. The systemrequirements note is required when data is readily available. A note giving source oftitle proper also is required. Gorman introduced the draft revision at an OLAC program in San Francisco.

computer files (and other audiovisual material) in her column in the quarterly OLAC Newsletter. Adcock(l) prepared, for school librarians, a booklet on cataloging microcomputer software. His text and exampleswere basedon a combina- tion of the draft revision and the 1984 guidelines. A draft ISBD for computer files was discussedat the 1987 ALA Midwinter Meeting by CC:DA and approvedwith minor editorial corrections (3). At Annual Conference the CCS executive committee invited the Computer File Cataloging Discussion Group to affiliate with the section as an authorized unit of CCS. LC's Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) project for computer files began supply- ing CIP data to publishers of microcomputer software. (Patton (31) reported that 3941 LRTS . 32(4) o OlsonandSwanson

OCLC record #I63l3206is an example of a cataloging record based on CIP data.) Robbins (36), in a report of a conferenceheld in Great Britain on accessto audiovisual mateial, suggestedlarge public libraries set up inspection centers for ' ' computer hardware and software so members of the public can try them out to be able to make informed and intelligent decisions when buying." MorroN Prcrunns,lNo VtoronrcoRDlNcs Catalogersin LC's Motion Picture, Broadcastingand RecordedSound Division began inputting records for films and TV programs into its MARC database in October 1986 (38). They use their own descriptive cataloging rules with LC sub-

encefor which Shirley lrwis gave the keynote addresson "Technology: The Tail or the Dog?" (24). The Dow Memorial Library in Midland, Michigan, preparesan annotatedcata- log for its collection of videocassettes.Although they use OCLC for all their other cataloging, they catalog their videocassetteson an IBM systemusing dBaseIII*. Dykhuis (11) describestheir system for this processand the programs he wrote. Two- nNn THnnn-DnTaBNSIoNALMnrrnrnrs ]Veitz (50) gives guidelines for determining values for OCLC fixed fields "Type" and "Type material" for many two- and three-dimensionalmaterials, including those addedto the formar in 1986. SouNo Reconorncs (NoNMusrc)

Sounn RpconorNcs (Musrc) LC issueda new interpretation of rule 5.lFI to be applied when the performer's name is featured on the chief source of information on a popular music folio (7), appearing in Cataloging ServiceBulletin 36. LC continued to report music cataloging decisions (25) and music-relatedrule interpretations (39) in the Music Cataloging Bulletin. It regularly includes changesto LC class numbers and subject headingsfor music, and lists retrospective conversionsof music records to MARC, as well asAACM bibliographic records that contain major changes. As spacepermits, questions asked LC and re- sponsesare printed (21). The Music OCLC Users Group Newsletter provides helpful information, including Weitz' column (51) reporting progressat OCLC in the area of bibliographic control of music. During.the Music Library Association's 1987 conference, Alan Pope of IAML IRZS . 32(4) o TheYear'sWorkinNonbookprocessing1395

N,q,Mr AuTHoRITIES

^- . *.*qy oJ NAC_O participants was discussed at the January meeting of OLAC's Cataloging Policy Committee as reported by Chang (8). Urbanski(4g) ':to reported-thecomqittee will continue efforts get more nonlprintnames contributed to the LC authority file via NACO participant submissions." Swlrcr Carar,ocrNc

* l-p pgb^lisLqda thesaurus for graphic materials compiled by Elisabeth Betz Parker (30),Jhe list containsqo{ ttran6,@0 rerms ror iuulect'accessto graphic materials. while designedfor LC's use, it can be used by inyone wortifig ivittr MARC records.

CopynTcTn AND LEGAL DEPoSIT oF MATERIAL 3961 LR?S . 32(4) o Olson qnd Swanson

Pinion (33) studied the problems of legal deposit for nonbook materials, particularly in the United Kingdom. Sheconducted a survey of deposit systemsin other countries and includes results for the 37 countries including the U.S., which have copyright laws specifying deposit of certain nonbook materials. Her conclusions include recommendationsthat state: "A national collection or collections of materials provides a valuable source of information for future researchers and scholars.It is also increasingly important, in an agewhen telecommunicationis so important as a means of communication, that this is reflected in the national heritage" (p.69). McNally (22) reports that there is no requirement for legal deposit of nonbook materials in the National Library of Australia, nor is there a national policy for coordinated development of comprehensivenonbook collections. Croghan (9) reports the British Library is "not looking to extend its own collection activities beyond the formats it already acquires" despite its first objective "to ensure the availability of a comprehensive and permanent repository of recorded British material in all fields, published or otherwise." He makes ten pro- posals, the first of which is for the British Library to commit "0.05 percent of its budget to non-book material" and explains that "This is clearly a function of the national library of the nation that has been in the forefront of the use of non-book media from their inception. " CoNsERvATroN aND PRESERvATToN An important paper by Harrison (18) discussescollection, conservation, and preservationof audiovisual materials. Shedistinguishes between preservation and conservation: "Preservation implies long-term archival storage and the mainte- nanceof a record in the best possible condition, while conservationis the mainte- nanceof a record which allows a reasonableamount of useatthe sametime. Pres- ervation also includes restoration and transfer of material from one medium to another" (p.15a). She also says, "Whether or not we acknowledge all audiovisual materials should be preserved as a matter of course is not the immediate question, but that some audiovisualmaterials must be preservedshould not be a matter of doubt. Audiovisual materials carry information which needs conservation, therefore the carrier will need conservation. . . Conservation is about keeping documentsin a decent stateof preservation. It is also about maintaining a collection in this presentable state, and finally it is about making the materials available to both presentand future users" (p. 15a).

date one, and equipment suitable for replaying, or at least transferring, eldedy formats to newer, usable formats has to be maintained in workins condition" (p.1s6-57). McNally (22) reminds readersthat "As materials are withdrawn from library collections it is important th at they be acceptedby a library with a policy of permanent retention." There must be somepolicy for ensuringthat "last copies" are not lost. Pinion (34) reports on a seminaron preservationof audiovisual materialsheld in Berlin in May 1987 by UNESCO. The seminar was designedto "discuss in detail the training needsfor those involved in the collection and preservationofaudiovi- sual material, with particular consideration as to the requirements of those in Third World countries." The "importance of preserving the human record" is emphasizedby James o LRTS 32(4) o Theyear,sWorkinNonbookprocessing 1397

Michener and others in the film slow Fires: on the preservation oJ'the Human Re.cord (42). While it focuses on the problems of deterioration of bo6is and other printed materials, the need to preserve frlms, maps, and other ntut"riut, is also addressed. Brnr,rocncpny 3981 LRTS ' 32(4) c Olson and Swanson

(June1987). Li- 33. Finion, CaiherineF.lcgat Depositof Non-BookMaterials. Boston Spa: British

(Nov.1986). 12:214-19 ' 'iri6"uty (Jsers gZ. RoUion,Timothy. SessionII, " MusicOCLC Newsletterno.33:9-13 (Sept.1987). 38. iorise, Sarah.Lener to DorianMartyn, Febru-ary5,1987 ' no.7r:2 tS. ;;ifuli'rnt"rpretations.;'7a ii ti"iieire Butteiin18, no.9:6(Sept. 1987); (Nov. no.l2:l-2 (Dec.1987). 1987); .)i"ttii,;, - ., 40. b;g;y,-S#i, A frunt. tn1orrruibnTechnology and Libraies 6:24248 (Sept.1987). 41. Scarseth-Aurora,sonja S. "Utilities in theYear 2000," ol4c NewslenerT:16-17 (Mar. 1987). HumanRecord. Santa Monica, Calif.: Ameri- 42. ilo,vtFiresion Th" Pr"r"mation of the 3/+ can Film Foundation,-isai:-tA;il"ule as l6mm motionpicture, vHS, or inch videorecording.) 43. .ls"m-t y of"tlieMARC FormatIntegration Proposal." Music CatalogingBulletin

1987). qCLC (Jsers Newsletter 51. -. "More News from oc1-c," Music Group no.3217(Apr. 1987);no.33:14-16 (Sept' 1987)' Bowker'aBOOKS lX PnlilT PIUS" on CD-ROM'issimply the mostpoilerful trD€ryresource )ou ve everseen, with morethan 7rc,000titles stored on the CD- ROMdisc-wery titlein everyvolume of the BOOKSIN PRINTFAMILY_ .Booksln Print .SubjectGuide to Booksln Print .Supplementto BooksIn Print oForthcomingBooks In Print ochildrensBooks In Print And, CD-ROMdrastically reduces the time youspend on bookreference and acquisitionsWhat's more- .ftt3 eaayto uce- You'llfind that,once )our personal computerand CD-ROMdrive are in place,four computerfunction keys will be the basictools with which you'll work,with on-screenhelp always a keystrokeaway. .ftts a timetawr- Yourmost complicated searches-even thosethat use multipleaccess points- areavailable in seconds .ltb co.t ettectirc- Youhave unlimit€d access to Borvkers BOOKSlN PRINTseries database withoutthe highexpense often associatedwith goingonline . lt's currert- You'llreceive {ully cumulative updates everylhree months .lt's fllled wlth rort-crlng featurec- You'llbe ableto edit,print, and save searches-evenorder books electronicallv fromyour favorite distributor. .8ert of all, it's priced rlght- A ONEYEAR SUBSCRIPTION TOBOOKS IN PRINTPIUS /S ONLY$995. Spectud(Xfer! Callour TOLL-FREE HOT LINE to order.Tell the operatorwhere you sawthis ad, and you'llget a $5Odiscount off the retailprice of $995.A 5% savingsjust for mentioningthts ad. Call 1.8OO.323-3288. (ln NY AK, Hl call collect212-337-6989.) 'CD-ROM (CompaclD's-Read Only Menory) = apprd 250,000prtnted pases or 1.500ttobpy drskd. INPNINT Bookln PrhtP[US" II{CREDIBLY FOWERFUL EASYTO USE PLU$YET?ffiRIGHT F('N YOU!

A D'sson ol R R B@ke( A Reed Plbrsh'ne 215 We{ llh Sreer Ntu h;k ft d rP 7m3 kletax 12l2t &5 @7, P.cetslbFcr to chaneew(folt no!.€

/40r

LRTS'Subsection

High-Tech Shoppingfor SerialsAutomation: Linking Pubtic and Technical Services

PamelaBluh and Will Hepfer, Editors

This is the secondof four paperscomprising this subsectionof LRZS.The paperswere originally presented at the RTSD SerialsSection program on Iune27 , 1987,in SanFrancisco, California. In keepingwith thenature of its subject,''High-Tech Shopping for Seri- als Automation:Linking Public and TechnicalServices" is being pub- lishedserially; one paper appeared in theApril 1988issue, the second is in this issue,and the otherswill be in subsequentissues of LRTS.We hope you will find themas illuminating as their SanFrancisco audience did.

Pamela Bluh is Assistant Librarian for Technical Services, Marshall Law Library, Univer- sity of Maryland School of Law, Baltimore; and Will Hepfer is Head, Serials Department, State University of New York at Buffalo. 4O2l LRTS . 32(4) . LRTS' Subsection

Selectinga SerialsSystem: The Technical ServicesPerspective

Jean Walter Farrington

Criteriafor selecting an autometed serials control system are expl.ored' Considerations include specific systemfeatures, database creation and maintenance, local and natiornl standards , technical and environmental factors,-available and future developments.Taking a realistic view of the options and close cooperation with public services staffare stressed.

technicalservices staff. In evaluatinga serialssystem, five basicareas should be considered. The importanceof thesefive areaswill be relative,depending on the rypeand sizeof library for whichthe systemis intended.

Svsrulr Ftsnrunns/CnPanrr.rurss

some of the key questionsto be considered.When reviewing the features and capabilities of a serials system, the first to consider is check in. What are the mechanicsof checking in an issue?How easy is it to identify the record on which an item is to be checked in? Can the record be located through a variety of accesspoints such astitle, ISSN, or library order number? Does the initial searchput the user into the check-in screenor is it

JeanWalter Farrington is Head of the Serials Department at Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. LRTSo 32(4) o LRTS'Subsection 1403 necessaryto go throughseveral intermediate steps to getto theprecise spot in the re-cordwhere issues are recorded?How many keystrokesare re- 4O4l LRTS . 32(4) . LRTS' Subsection processknown as "twigging"-it is incumbent upon serials librarians to know how and where they are spendingtheir subscriptiondollars. In addition, since 1985 the Ameiican dollar has fallen 40 percent or more against

credits and added chargeshandled? Will the system do currency conver- sions so that invoice amountsmay be computed in dollars? Can the system list the titles and compute the value of subscriptionsthat have been can- celled?

age-How clerk check in? are free-text noteshandled? While this may seeminsignificant and indicative of the "Kardex bias" many serialslibrarians have, notesor special instructions can be very useful, even in an online environment. A special freld should be available for this purpose. In the past year, interfaces betweenvarious library and vendor systems- have becbme a reality. Many firms actively engagein the developmentof interfaces for the online transfer of orders and claims, as well as for loading invoice tapes directly into the local online system. BothEBSCO and Faxon are working with NOTIS to design software that will permit the loading and posting of invoice tapes. This is already possible with Geac and Innovative Intelfaces. Purchasersof serials systemsshould ask about current capabilities and future developmentsin this area. In the fihal analysis the questionsto be asked are, Does the system do well those serials functions the library considersmost important? Or does it perform them acceptably in the context of an integrated system or the local computing environment? DATABASE CNNITTON AI\D MAI\AGEMENT In the area of databasecreation and maintenance,the size of the active serials collection, the number of serials records available in machine- ZR?S o 32(4) o LRTS' Subsectionl4O5

library's master serials record file. In an integrated system, the work of

graphs and monographic setsthan it is for serials. It is extremely important, therefore, to comprehend beforehand how the serials system actually operatesand how the different parts of the record are interrelated. If library staff have invested time and effort into providing comprehensive holdings information on existing records, it is important to know whether that information will be carried over into the online record. Creating online serialsrecords may be a two-step process.The bibliographic data may be loaded first, and then fields to handle local details for ordering, checking in, and controlling invoices are created. Establish realistic goals for implementation, and be prepared for a more difficult and more time- consuming task than originally anticipated. STANDARDS Standardsin serialsare r6lated both to network and utility commitments the library may have, as well as to existing local requirements. Specifi-

lead to confusion in interpretation. TnCrrNrCr, AND Er\TVIRONMENTALFICTONS The library's current computing environment, as well as the need for hardware compatibility between the serials system and other computer

i nstitution or organization. 406l LRTS . 32(4) . LRTS' Subsection

TIil FUTURE Obsolescencein computer systemsoccurs rapidly. In planning, antici- pate the future and seledt a sysiem-Consider that will be adaptable to changes in the world of serialsautomation. suchbasic isiues as whether the sys-

Concr,usroN Three caveats pertain to the technical services pefspective of serials automation: 1. Look for what is neededin a serials system, but try not to be overly particular in the specifications. Above all, be realistic! 2. Study the work flow but do not expect to mimic it in the online environment. Be prepared to be flexible in staffing, and plan to make changesin specific job descriptions if necessary.Superfluous steps

expectationsto the user community. The overall goal in selectinga serialssystem is to useone's shoppinglist intelligently to purchasea serialssystem that meetsthe needsof the patrons and thl staff in providing comprehensibleserials information in a timely fashion.

REFERENCES

1.Roger L. Presley, "The Goldhsh Bowl Effect of an Online Serials Control System"' Thi SerialsLibrarian 1l:101-10 (Dec. 1986/Jan.L987). 2. Library SystemsEvalwtion Guide, Vol. 1, Serials Control (Powell, Ohio: Iames E. Rush Associates, 1983); Judy McQueen and Richard W. Boss, "Serials Control in Li- braries: Automated Stioni," Llbrary Technology RePorts 2O:89-282 (Mar.-Apr. 1984). n W.Lancaster

Evaluatinglibrary services isless an intellectual exercise than it isa practicalactivity designed to gatherdata useful in problem-solvingand decision-makingwithin the library.This newbook by Lancastergives you the practical advice you need for evaluatingall typesof libraryservices. IJ YouWant lo EuahnteYour Library discusses evaluatins: I thecollection I resourcesharing ! documentdelivery and availability I cost-effectivenessanalyses I materialsusage I cost-benefitstudies. I referenceservices A valuabletool for librarydirectors, managers, and administrators, this book will help identify areasofthe librarythat need to beevaluated and the best way to conductthe evaluation Clear explanationsof currentissues and modern techniques plus end-of-chapter case-study questions makethis book ideal for practicinglibrarians as well as teachers and students of libraryscience. Lancaster,Professor of Libraryand Information Science at theUniversity of lllinois,brings to this newbook his twenty years ofexperience teachingcourses onevaluating library services. His earlier book,TheMeaurement and Eualuation oJ Library Seruices, for yearshas been used as the standard guideto conductingevaluations. That book received the American Library Association's "Ralph ShawAward" as an outstanding contribution to theliterature oflibrary science. Three ofhis earlier bookshave received lhe annual"Best Book" award of the AmericanSociety lor Information Science

Order from The Universityof lllinois GraduateSchool oflibrary and InformationScience PublicationsOffice 249Armory Building 208pages, cloth ISBN:0-87845-078-5 505East Armory Street $34.50plus $2.50 postage ChampaignIL 61820 Ordersmust be prepaid to the University of Illinois. EBSCOhas allyour serialsneeds your accountwill beserviced by coveredlWe arecommitted to a knowledgeablecustomer ser- maintainingthe largestdata- vicerepresentative and an entire baseof serialstitfes in the sub- regionaloffice staff havinga scriptionagency business and strongcommitment to provide arethe one sourcefor almost youwith soundcustomer any serialpublished anlnnrhere servtce. in the world. Our title filecur- lsn'tthat what you expect rentlycontains information on from a professionalsubscription over45.000 publishers. And, agency? becausewe areas committed to keepingyour customerservice and serialsmanagernent needs coveredas we areto increasing our databaseof serialstitles, we lilFF?tc operate23 regionalprocessing STJBSCRIPTIONSERVICES officesthroughout the world. PO.Box 1943 At EBSCO,in additionto a Birmingham,Alabama 35201 qualifiedsales representative, l2osl99t^n82 t409

Resources& Technical ServicesNews: Ring Out the Old, Ring in the New

Verna Urbanski

One of the exciting aspectsof working in libraries in the fading days of the twentieth century is the prospect of viewing firsthand the replacement of the old with the new, the acceptedwith the innovative, the limited with

cessand manipulate bibliographic information. PBS products, Pro-Cite, Biblio-Link, andPro-Search, offer flexibility and help exploit the potential of existing databases.Pro-Search is a search aid packagethat simplifies search commandsin Dialog and BRS. Biblio-Link software lets the user capture information from databases,which is then formatted and manipu- lated using Pro-Cite. Biblio-Linlcs are reformatting programs that convert records from online databasesto Pro-Cite records. SeparateBiblio-Link programs are available for use with National Library of Medicine's MEDLARS database, Library of Congress' SCORPIO anOtvtUtvlS databases,and with OCLC and RLIN databases.Recent additions to the Biblio-Links familv include programs to convert records from NOTIS (Northwestern Online Total In- tegrated System), Biblio-frle, Mitinet, EBSCO/RETRO, and other systems using the MARC communications format. Custom Biblio-Linkpro- grams can be provided to transfer records from local databases.

Verna Urbanski is CatalogLibrarian at the ThomasG. CarpenterLibrary, University of North Florida,Jacksonville, Note: this columnis basedon informationfrom pressreleases furnished by productman- ufacturersand distributors. No attemptis madeto be comprehensive,and mention is not an endorsementby IRZS or RTSD. 4l0l LRIS . 32(4) o Urbanski

Pro-Cite is, in the simplest terms, a text and databasemanagement system allowing the user to rnanipulatethe text of bibliographic records into a format suitable for subject bibliographies, reading lists, lists of recent acquisitions, etc. Pro-Cite is avaiilablefor both IBM and the Macintosh. PBS' most recent product, Pro-Cite for the Macintosh, is the enhanced version of ProfessionalBibliographic Systemforthe Macintosh. It runs on Macintosh Plus, Macintosh SE, or Macintosh II and requires 512K memory and Macintosh System4. 1 or greater. A two-floppy-disk drive or hard disk are recommended.Pro-Citehas twenty-six workforms, twenty prede- fined for various stylesofbibliographic citation, journals, books, dissertations, etc., and six that can be user designed.Records can be enteredby the user or capturedfrom anothersource u singBiblio-Link. Oncein a Pro-Cite database,records can be sorted, searched,edited, and formatted into citations. Pro-Cite fields and records are of variable length. Pro-Cite database manipulation features firll-screen editing, global find and replace functions, and pop-up authority lists. So, why do we care about Rosenberg's innovative software? We care becausesoftware like this can exploit more fully the painstakingly assembled information languishing in bibliographic databases.Local online catalogs soon may be rendered into a variety of useful and neededresearch tools far beyond the original concept of the bibliographic record. Assem- bling information is half the job; using it wisely is the other half. Current cost for Pro-Cite is $395. Biblio-Link is $195 per program. In addition to EBSCO's joint venture with PBS for a Biblio-Link/Pro- Cite packagefor EBSCO/RETRO, a service that provides MARC cataloging for serials, EBSCO has also obtained exclusive rights to the online databaseof Kraus Reprint and Periodicals for its EBSCONET subscription customers.Requests for reprints, back issues,or back setsare investigated and a responsesent via EBSCONET or by mail. EBSCO also recently entered the CD-ROM playing field with MEDLINE/EBSCO CD-ROM, a product intendedto provide economical accessto MEDLINE data. The systemis available in two versions: a one- disk version is called CORE MEDLINE/EBSCO CD-ROM and contains the Abridged Index Medicus titles and all EnglishJanguage nursing and dentistry titles; a two-disk ComprehensiveMEDLINE/EBSCO CD-ROM includes the English-language subset of Index Medicus, International Nursing Index, and Index to Dental Literature. Each version covers the current year and the two previous years. Searchescan be conductedusing

discs. Amdek Corporation recently introduced Laserdek l0@, an internal half-height CD-ROM drive that installs in a floppy drive slot on IBM PCs and compatibles. Laserdek 1000operates from the PC's power supply and comes with all that is necessaryfor installation: an interface card, device driver, cable, audio software, MS-DOS/CD-ROM extensions, and manual. CD cartridge and headphonejack are also included. Stereo audio LRTS . 32(4) c Resources&TechnicalServicesNews l4ll

hookup is also available. Amdex's CD-ROM drives provide information in text, audio, and graphic form simultaneously,according to publicity re- leases.Laserdek 1000costs $895 and is available from Amdekdealers and distributors. And, how about building your own CD of documentsyou want to store, manipulate, or both? Compulink ManagementCenter of Torrance, Cali- fornia, introduces the LaserFiche System, calling it "a totally integrated document search,update, archival and retrieval systemutilizing the latest in laser technology." LaserFiche Systemis said to be the perfect replacement for files of paper records, microfiche backup copies, and "computer data entry/databasemanagement systems. " Documentscan be scannedinto the systemindividually, interfaced from a mainframe system,fed in via modemi or fax boards, oi thorse and buggy enthusiasts,listen up!) keyed directly in. The optical scanneraccepts both text and graphic information and reads typeset, offset, typewritten documents, photocopies, and documents prepared on laser printers, impact printers, and letter-quality dot-matrix printers. Documents are digitized, indexed, and stored on a WORM (Write Once/ReadMany) optical disk. No preformatting is necessarybefore scanning.Each word of a document indexes automatically, so retrieval is accomplishedby entering a known word or phrasewith additional subsearchesavailable as needed.Retrieved text can be edited before output with the resulting text printed by laser printer or "faxed out via an optional facsimile interface board, " according to Compulink literature. Each optical disk is saidto havea capacity equiva- 4I2/ LRTS . 32(4) o Urbqnski lent to 180 file drawers. And, this systemcan be yours for only $45,000. Basicsin the LaserFicheModel 3@0 include a32-bitprocessor running at 2OMHz,with2 megabytesof RAM, 340 megabyteshard disk, 800 mega- byte WORM optical disk, 60 megabytestreaming tape drive for backup,

Circulation Plus automatedcirculation system. Quick Card offers the op- tionof AACM catalogingor a lesscomprehensive approach and Dewey or LC classification. The program offers user-customized formats, supported by a manual and tutorials. Cards for all entry points are generated from the once-enteredinformation. Longer bibliographic records are automatically accommodatedon additional cards. Diskettes can be erased and reusedor kept as machine-readableversions of the printed cards. For those interested in keeping the data disk, Quick Card pints one card that identifies the diskette containing the bibliographic record. Quick Card works with dot-matrix or letter-quality printers equipped with movable tractor feeds. Producers say Quick Card can be used by personswith no knowledge of computersor prograrnming. Current price for the program is 5234.95. Qurcr Tps axo INTnRESflNc INro Free, Free, Free! ! ! University Microfilms International Out-of-Print Books on Demand is giving away its 1988-89 Author Guide to Ourof- Print Books onmicrofiche. The 1988-89 Author Guide showswhat out-of- print books are available from UMI. The 1988-89 Author Guide replaces the 1985-86 edition. Current prices, ordering information, and complete bibliographic information are included in the fiche. The 114,000 titles cited on the fiche are reproduced on acid-free paper, with cloth or paper covers. For a complimentary copy of the guide, seebelow. The National Library of Medicine, alarmed at therapid deterioration of medical literature, is campaigning to encourage publishers of medical books and journals to adopt permanent, acid-free paper for their publications. The library's Board of Regentshas appointed a Permanent Paper Task Force of publishers, editors, librarians, and paper manufacturers. The task force's mandateis to promote the use of permanent paper with medical editors and publishers and to advise the library on matters related to saving the deteriorating collections of medical literature. As an updateto last quarter's column on OPACs, GeneralResearch Cor- poration (GRC) announcedrecently that their online public accesscatalog LaserGuide is now "instantly" updatableand provides rapid, transparent accessto bibliographic records storedon a hard disk. New titles cataloged using LaserQuest are transferred to the LaserGaide hard disk using /,aser- Merge, a software program from GRC that indexes the new titles and mergesthem with titles already on the LaserGuide hard disk. These new records are immediatelv available to users. LaserGuide searchesthe hard LRTSo 32(4) t Resources& TechnicalServices News /413 disk and the CD-ROM disk simultaneously,making the searchof two sourcestransparent to the user. Searchresults display recent$ addedtitles first and label them "New acquisitions."The sysiemcan defer remas- teringof the CD-ROM disk uniil the LaserGuidehard disk is full. For furtherinformation about any of theproducts mentioned in this article. contact

JuliaA. Wood Lisa J. McManaman PersonalBibliographic Follett SoftwareCompany Software.Inc. 4506Northwest Highway 412Longshore Dr. CrystalLake, IL 6Wl4-7393 Ann Arbor.MI48105 (8OO)323-3397 (313)996-1580 (815)455-4660

MadelynBonnett UMI Out-of-PrintBooks EBSCOElectronic Information on Demand P.O.Box 1943 300N. ZeebRd. Birmingham,AL 35201 AnnArbor, MI48106 (2Os)99r-rr84 (800)s21-0600 (u.s.) (800)343-5299 (Canada) Margaret Moe (313)7614700 (call collect Amdek Corporation from Michigan,Alaska, 1901Zanker Rd. Hawaii) SanJose. CA95ll2 (408) 436-8570 Darcy Cook GeneralResearch Corporation Mia Wenjen Library Systems Compulink Management 5383Hollister Ave. Center, Inc. SantaBarbara, CA 93111 350 S. CrenshawBlvd. (800)23s-6788 Ste. ,{106 (80s) 9@-7724 Torrance, CA 90503 (2r3) 212-6820 4t4l

Book Reviews

Richard D. Johnson,Editor

IISMARC Formatfor AuthoritY Data, values that characterize the data ele- Including Gui.delinesf,or Content ments in USMARC authority records. Designalinn. PreParedbY Network This document evolved from a prelimi- Developmentand MARC Standards narv edition (1976\ and a first edition Office. lv. Washington,D.C.: Li- (l9bl, with updates),both entitled lz- brary of Congress,Cataloging Dis- thorities: A MARC Format. The first tribution Service,1987. (loose- edition brought such major changesas lea0, $35 (ISBN0-8444-0558-2). the inclusionof seriesauthority and se- LC 87-600155. ries treatment information, the redefi- USMARC Speciftcotionsfor Record nition of control subfield fw, and a Structure, Character Sets, TaPes- loose-leaf fornat. The 1987 edition Preparedby Network DeveloPment builds on these changes, providing a and MARC StandardsOffice. much more detailed introduction as Washington,D.C.: Libraryof Con- well as expandedguildelines for the ap- gress,Cataloging Distribution Ser- plication bf content designators. Na- vice, 1987.37p. papr, $15 (ISBN iional level requirements are also in- 0-8444-Oss5-8). LC 87-60013l. cluded, because machine-readable ASMARC Code List for Innguages. authority records that are contributed Preparedby Network DeveloPment to a national database must comPlY and MAnC StandardsOffice. with certain content requirements. Washington,D.C.: Library of Con- The book is well equippedwith help- gress,Cataloging Distribution Ser- ful examples and references to related vice, 1987.136p. paper, $20(ISBN fields and other documents. The appen- o-8444-05s9-0).LC 87-600140. dixes provide useful tables and sum- Thesethree volumesdemonstrate maries, such as the alphabetical lists of that efforts are being taken to make ambiguous headings (e.9., corporate USMARC documentationeasier to use versus geographic). even as the subjectmatter becomes The format has improved considera- morecomplex. Each deals with oneof bly sincethe preliminary edition. Infor- the three componentsof a USMARC mation is clearly and logically ar- record:record structurg, content desig- ranged. Parallel concepts contained in nation, and content. The PurPoseof different fields are set off with lines and USMARCFormatfor Authority Dotais standardized, boldface headings. Tab to definecontent designators-the tags, dividers organize the nine sectionsand indicators,subfield codes, and coded seven appendixes. The information is LRIS . 32(4) t BookReviews l4l5

intended to be kept upto-date by new ScientifuJoumah: Issuesin Library and replacement pages. The vinyl- Selection and Management.Ed. by covered binder is sturdy, and a title is Tony Stankus. Monographic Sup- printed on both spine and cover. plementNo. 3wThe SerialsLibrar- USMARC Formatfor Authority Data ian. New York: Haworth, 1987. will be useful for librarians and others 2r8p. $29.95 (ISBN 0-866s6-616- working with the creation, alteration, 3). LC 87-7M7. or interpretation of machine-readable Librarians ordering this volume or authority records. The document as- receiving it on standingorder might re- sumes some familiarity with Anglo- ceive a surprise when they examine it. American cataloging principles and What Haworth's publicity identified as MARC structure. It might be helpful to a monograph treating the acquisition use it in conjunction with USMARC and managementof scientific journals Specfficationsfor Record Structure, is, for all practical purposes, a collec- Character Sets,Tapes. The latter vol- tion of Stankus' articles reprinted from ume, an implementation of the ANSI various journals. Of the fourteen arti- 239.2 standard,describes in technical cles contained in this volume, four are terms the structure, character sets, and reprinted from Haworth's Science and magnetic tapeformatof USMARC rec- Technology Libraries, three are from ords in general. It is intendedto be used other Haworth journals, and four are by persons involved in the design and reprinted from non-Haworth journals; maintenance of systems dealing with onlv three are offered here for the first communication and processing of tim;. Of 218 pages, 36 are originial USMARC records and assumesquite a material. bit of familiarity with MARC, ASCII Stankus is credited on the title page concepts, and magnetic tape format. as being the editor ofthe volume, but he References to related documents and is actuallv the author of each article. standards are listed throughout the some of which are coauthored. It is dif- book. Revisions are intended to be in- ficult to determine how Stankus acted corporated in reissuedversions. as editor, except in writing brief intro- One of the content elements of ductions to the four sections of the USMARC authority, bibliographic, book. Haworth's policy of not having and holdings recordsis the languageas- authors review page proofs relieves the sociated with an item. The USMARC editor of that role. This policy, how- Code List for Languages contains 373 ever, strikes the death blow to Scien- discrete language codes, 85 of which ffic Journals. Each article was reset, represent language groups rather than and the typesettersmade a great num- individual languages. The brief intro- ber of terrible errors. For example, on duction succinctly explains the concept page 33 one finds the following sen- of group versus individual language tence: "The human circumstancesun- codes, as well as the overall arrange- obtrusive methods of determining ment of the list. The format is enhanced when a scientist's apparentcessation of by the use of boldface entries and nu- surrounding an individual's termina- merous "USE" and "UF" ("used tion of publishable research are dis- for") cross-references.One part is ar- cussed in conjunction with findings ranged in name sequenceand the other from the Sociology of Science." This in code sequence. The list contains sentenceis quite clear in the original. more languages with group code as- Incidentally, not all of the original arti- signments than did previous versions cles were easy to locate becauseof two and includes all codes valid as of Feb- incorrect citations. ruary 1987.It is also intended to be re- Stankus' writings reflect his position issued as needed to incorporate as a college science librarian and con- revisions.-Cft ristina Sokol, Washing- centrate on publishing characteristics ton State University, Pullman. of facultv members as criteria for selec- 4t6l LR7|S. 32(4) c BookReviews tion of journalsfor facultyuse. He de- approval plans continue to find wide scribesthe articlesas "an ongoingse- acceptance. Of the ninety-four respon- ries on the career-longinteractions of dents, eighty-eight (93.6 percent) had scientistsand their journals and its approval plans; but the number ofplans meaning for subscriptionmanage- per Iibrary varied from one to seventy. ment" (p.34).Stankus has devised cre- More importantly, total annual expen- ativeuses for lSl's JournalCitation Re- ditures ranged from a low of $800 to a ports and,in fact, conductsnearly all of high of $1,000,0(n. his researchon this database.Librari- Libraries have adopted aPProval ans responsiblefor sciencecollection plans to save staff time, improve col- developmentand not having accessto Iection development, and assure faster the original articles may find the volume useful.-Marcia Tattle, Univer- sity of North Carolina at ChapelHill. Approval Plans. Systemsand Proce- duresExchange Center, Kit #141. twenty-four libraries responded that WashingtonD.C.: Office of Man- autoniation had caused theh to change agementStudies, Association of Re- their use or management of approval searchLibraries, 1988. 124p. pa- plans; and only fourteen had direct per, $20 * $5 postage(ISSN transmission of data between an auto- 0160-3582). mated acquisitions system and an ap- ApprovalPlans, SPEC Kit #141,up- proval vendor. On the other hand, fi- datesa similar kit publishedin 1982, irancial changes, mostly from budgets and not much has changedin the last that have not kept up with inflation, four years. Resultsfrom the survey have causedfifty-six libraries to reeval- sentto the 1l8 membersof theAssocia- uate their level of approval plan pur- tion of ResearchLibraries show that chases. In addition to the survey results, ten libraries provided documents that are arranged under three broad headings; "Queltions and Criteria for Evaluating based solutions for Vendors, " "Profiles, Descriptions, Guidelines," and "Processing and Re- PC-the automated library view ofApproval Plans." These documents add practical details and show internal workings of aPproval Plan Labelling System/I & II- managementbut also presupposeprior Label production programs increase knowledge of acquisitions and collec- quality and productivityt tion development terminology. The "Selected Reading List" is quite short Authority Report - Get formatted list oI but includes a citation for Gary J. Ros- name, series, or subiect tracings, directly si's annotatedbibliography. from OCLC records For most readers, the survey will be the most interesting part of this SPEC Interested? kit. both for its statistical data and for for information write to: the relatively large number of comments. The accompanying two-Page SPEC Flyer offers a concise interpreta- Islington Arbour Systems tion of the survey findings and may P.O. Box 1324 provide enoughof an overview to allow Denton. T exas7 6202-1324 many to skip reading the survey itself .-Robert P. Holley, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. 417 Index Volume 32, 1988

Compiledby Edward Swanson

General Procedures Used in Compiling the Index The following types of entries are included: a. authors-of articles, reviews, and letters b. titles-of articles and of articles about which letters were published c. subjects-of articles and of books reviewed Subject entries for individuals are identifiedby "(about)"; letters are identified by "(c)." Reviews are indexed by name of reviewer and by subject of the work reviewed, identifred by "(r)." They are also listed by title under the heading "Books reviewed. " Entries are arranged word by word following the "file-as-spelled" principle. Numbers are arranged before alphabetical characters; acro- nyms without internal punctuation are arranged as words. Paging of Volume 32: Pages l- 96 : Number I (January) Pages 97:192 : Number 2 (April) Pages 193-288 : Number 3 (July) Pages289-420 : Number 4 (October)

A Bluh, Pamela: 149-50, 401 Academiclibraries: 13947,89 (r) "[Book without a tide], or, The beeon the comb: a Alcorn, Cynthia: 87-8E (r) cataloger's puzzle" 164-66 Allen, Alice J.: r8l-82 (r) Books reviewed Aflex, Wendy: 276-77 (r\ Advances in library administration and organiza- (McCabe American literature materials: 277-78 (r) don. Vol.6 and Kreissman. eds.): American Society for Information Science: 80 89-90 Ang Io-Ame i can catalnguing rule s Approval plans (Office of Management Studies, Implementation:I 8l-82 (r) ARL):416 Interpretations: 85-86 (r), 266 ARBA guide to library science literature, Approval plans:416 (r) 1970-1983(Davis and Patterson,eds.): 93-94 Asher, Richard E.:92-93 (r) Authority Control Symposium (Muller, ed.): Atkinson, Ross: 249-62 189-90 Auld, Lawrence: 28G87 (r) Cataloging music (Smiraglia): fi-92 Authority control: 2O6-7, 189-9o (r) CD-ROM and optical publishing systems Research:358-59 (Hendley): 179-E0 "Automating pres€rvation information in RLIN" CD-ROM. Vol. 2, Opticalpublishing (Ropiequet, rl6-26 ed.):180-81 Avram, HenrietteD.: l l l-15 Conference on Integrated Online Library Sys- tems, September23 and24,1986, St. Louis, Missouri. Proceedings (Genaway, comp. and B eA.\:276-77 Developing library and information center collec- Barreau,Debra K. : 3 12-22 tions. 2d ed. (Evans,ed.): 282-84 Bee on the comb (Kit Williams): 164-66 Education and training for catalogers and classifi- Beene,Ionnie: 184 (r) ers (Carter, ed.): 287-88 Benson,Mary Margaret: 277-78 (r) The electronic era of publishing (Standera): Berman. Sanford: 164-65 '72-73 281-82 "Best of LRTS Awafi, 1987" English and American literature (McPheron, gen- "Bibliography, library records, and the redefinition eral ed.): 277-78 of the library catalog" 299'-3ll Guide for writing a bibliographer's manual (Sub- Binding: 225 committee on Guide for Writing a Bibliogra- Blackwell Nonh America: 176 pher's Manual, RTSD): 274-75 4l8l LRTS . 32(4) o Index

Information technologies and space planning for Cannon,Judith P.: 55-58 Iibraries and information centers (Boss): Carhart, Betty: 351 (abow) 284-85 Cataloe cards Integrated software packagesfor microcomputers Production-Soft w te : 272-7 4 (r\ (Saffady):28G87 Catalogers:2l(Fl I LC nrle intemretationsof AACM, l9E-1986, lst Cataloging:207-10 update(cSB 28-33) (Tseng,comp.): 85-86 Administration: 184 (r) The librarian's helper. Version 4.0 (Pritchitt and Cooperativeprojects: I I l-15 }lrll):272-74 Research:352-56 Libraries, technology, and the information mar- Study and teachine'.30-42, 212-14,287-88 (r) "Catalbging and Clissification Section: annual report" 59-6O Cataloes:299-3ll Catal{s, Online: 263-65, 312-22, 182-83 (r), 183-E4(r) Congresses:276-77 (r) Thesauri: 188-69 (r) Patron access(Crawford): 183-84 Use-Research: 359-61 Policy and practice in bibliographic control of "CD-ROM takes center stage" 12-16,295 (c) nonbook media (Inmer and Smiraglia, eds.): Chan, lnis Mai: 68-70 280-E1 Cipolla, Wilma Reid: 151-5E Preservation and conservation of sci-tech materi- Circulation control: 387-90 als (Mount, ed.): 187-88 Bibliography: 388-90 Preservation microfilming (Gwinn, ed.): 2E5-86 Clack, Doris Hargrett: 59-60 Preservation planning program: an assisted self- Claer, Ioycelyn: 296 (c) study manual for libraries (Darling, ed.): Classifrcation 88-89 Shelflisting: 92-93 (r) Preservation planning program: resources note- Co, Francisca:179-E0 (r) book. Rev. ed. @oomgarden): 88-89 Collection developrnent: 13947, 249-62, 282-84 Public access online catalogs (Markey, ed.): (r) 182-E3 Handbooks, manuals, etc.: 274-7 5 The publishing and review of reference sources "Collection development in foreign literatures at {Katz and Kinder, eds.); 87-88 medium-sized academic libraries" 139-47 Publishingwith CD-ROM (Myers): 179-8O Compactdisks:12-16, 17+81 (r), 181-82(r),295 The reader'sadvisor. 13thed. (Chernowand Val- (c) lasi, eds.): 269-70 Serialson: 217-19 Recenttrends in rare book librarianship (Cloonan, Computer science mat€rials d.\:270-72 Clissification: 367-77 Research libraries and their implementation of Crawford, Walt: 8 (c) z{.4CR2ftIopkins and Edens,ed.): l8l-82 Current awatenessservices: 175-76 Scientificjoumals (Stankus,ed.): 415-16 (r) Selecting and organizing state government publi D cations (lane): 282 Danky, JamesP.: 173(about); 173(pon.) Selection oflibrary materials in applied ard inter- Data orocessinq materials disciplinary fields (Shapiro and Whaley, e.ds.): Ctaisificatioi: 367-77 184-85 disk: 185-87 (r) (Chanerton Databases,Compact Serial connections and Clack, eds. Databases,Online: 263-65 275-76 Serialson: 217-19 Subject cataloging manual. Shelflisting (Subject Davidson, Mary Wallace: X)-92 (r) Cataloging Division, Library of Congress): Davis, Carol: 166 92-93 "Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Commit- Subject guide to major United Statesgovernment publications. 2d ed. (Williarns): 277 Technical standards(Crawford): 83 University libraries in Fansition (Hyatt and Santi- ago): 89 USMARC code list for languages: 414-15 (r) USMARC format for authority data: 414-15 (r) USMARC specifications for record structure, Dodson, SuzanneCafqsi 323-36 (r) charactet sets, tapes: 4lzt-15 Duke, JohnK.: 74-'15(about);74 (port.) Wilsondisc: 185-87 "BowkeriUlrich's Serials Librarianship Award, 1987:James P. Danky" 173 E Brown, I ack Perry : 296 (c) "Edicorial: An editor's guilt tdp" 197 Brownson,Charles W.: 17-29 "Editorial: Catalogers: the people we love to hate" Buckland,Michael K.: 2W-3lI l0r-2,296 (c) Bundy, Mary Lee:70 (about) "Editorial: Should old acguaintance be forgot?" Buxton, David T .:284-85 (r) s-6, r99 (c), 199-200(c) Byrnes, Margaret M.: @-62 "An editor's guilt trip" 197 c "Effqtive collection developers: librarians or fac- vlw'!" 127-36 Cannan, Georgina Cathleen: l0 (about) Electronicpublishing: 281-82 (r) LRTSo 32(4) c Innex l4l9

Emory University. School of BusinessAdministra- Library materials tton:127-K Acquisition-Res earch: 36 | -62 English literanrrematerials: 277-78 (r) Labeling-Computer software: 174-78 Epple, Margie: 89-90 (r) Prices: 159-63 "Esther J. Piercy Award, 1987" 74-75 Librarv of Consress:175-76 Library resouries & technical servicesr 103, 105-6, F 199 (c) Farrington, Jean Walter: 4(D-6 Librarv science materials "Finding a way out oftlte serialsmaze" 151-58 Bibliography: 93-94 (r) Foreign literature materials: 139-47 Reviews:93-!X (r) "The form and structure ofa subject heading code" "Library services and the online campus gateway" t67-69 t7l-72 Futas,Elizabeth: 127-36 Lomker, Linda: 173; ll3 (pon.) longstreth, Kad Eic: 23547 G M Gertz, Janet:285-86 (r) Glasby, Dorothy J.: 76-78 (abow);76 (port.) MARC formats: 414-15 (r\ Gleim, David: 188-89 (r) "Margaret Mann Citation, 1987" 76-7E Gorman, Michael: 165-66 Markey, Karen: 337-51 Government publications MassachusettsInstitute of Technology : 17| -72 States:282(r) Matthews, JosephR.: 293-94 United Shtes: 2?7 (f) McAllister-Harper, Desretta: 76 (port.) "GTGRLIN testing at the University of Minnesota McClung, PatriciaA.: 72-73 (about\;72 (pon.\ Libraries" 48-54 McCombs, Gillian M.: 89 (r) McMillan, Gail: 275-76 (r) H "Mechanical selection" l7 -29, 2ffi (c\ Hanscom,Martha: 88-89 (r) MicrocomDuters Han, Amy: 378-86 Library ise-Bibliography: 8G87 (r) Hebrew materials Software-Bibliography: 2E6-87 (r) Cataloging: 266 Microfi lming: 285-86 (r) Heitshu, Sara:79-N;79 @on.) Montori. Carla l. : 23547 Hepfer, WiIl: 149-50,,101 Morrissett, Elizabeth: 295 (c) Hernon, Peter: 277 (r) Motylewski, Karen: 4347 Heroux, Marlene Sue: 66-68 Muller, Karen: 74 @on.) Hewitt, Joe A.: 83 (r) Music materials "High-tech shoppingfor serialsautomation: link.ing Cataloging: 9O-92 (r) public and technicalservices" 149-50, &1 Myers, Nancy: 8G87 (r) Hill, JanetSwan: 203-16 N Hines, Rich: l7l-72 Holley, Robert P.: 416 (r) National Coordinated Cataloging Program: I I l-14 Holmes, JeanneM .:1O (abow\ "The National Coordinated Cataloging Program" Hudson,Judith: 352-65 I I l-15 Natiorul register of microfurm masters: 176 I NELINET: 176 "In memoriam:Betty Carhart" 351 Nevin, Susan:48-54 "In memoriam: JaneE. Stevens" 172 Nilson, JulieannV .:287-88 (r) "Instructions to authors" l9l-92 Nonbook materials: 278-80 (r) Intner, Sheila Cataloging:391-98, 28G-81(r) Editorial: An editor's guilt trip: 197 Cataloging-Bibliography : 397-98 Editorial: Catalogers: the people we love to hate: Preservation: 103 (n) l0r-2,296 (c) North American Serials Interest Group:275-76 (r) Editorial: Should old acquaintancebe forgot? 5-6; Northeast Document Conservation Center: 43-47 l9 (c), 199-200(c)' "Northeast Document Conservation Center: a (c) In memoriam:Jane E. Stevens:172 leader in preservation" 43-47, 20O-1 NOTIS:48-54 J o Jakubs,Deborah: 184-85 (r) (r) Johnson,Richard D.: 281-82 (r) O'Neill, RosannaM.: 182-83 Okerson, Ant:79-8O (about)t 79 (poft.) K Olson, Nancy B.: 391-98 "Online access"263-67 Kennedy,Gail: 64-66 "Operation cleanup: the problem resolution phaseof Kharbas,Judith N.: 74-75 a retrospective project" 3?8-86 Kruger, Betsy: llG26 Osburn, CharlesB.: 189 (r) L P Lanier, Don: 199 (c),214-75 (r) Parish, David W.: 282 (r) Laning, MelissaA.: 85-86 (r) "A partial list of referees" 105-6 L€onhardt, Thomas W.: 282-84 (r\ Patton,Glenn: 8-9 (c) Libraries Pontius.Jack: 62-64 Planning:2U-85 (r) Post, J. B.: 199-2ffi (c) Library administration: 89-9O (r) Potter, William Gray: 180-El (r) 4201 LR7|S. 32(4) o Index

"Preparation for privation: the year's work in col- Soecialcollections: 83-85 (r) lection management, 1987" 249-62 Siam. DaviCH.: 200-201 (c) Preservation of library materials: 4347, 11G26, Stam, Deirdre C. :270-72 (r) 235-47, ro3 (n), 187-88 (r), 28s-86 (r) Standards:83 (r) Auomation: 116-26 Stankus,Tony: 217-32 Bibliogrryhy:23847 Stevens,Jane E.: 172 (abow) Planning:88-89 (r) Stevens,Norman D.: 164-66 Research:362-63 Stubbs,Basil Sntaft:.79Q)on.) "The preservation of library materials, 1987: a re- Studwell, W illian E. : 167-69 view of the literawre" 23547 "subiect accessliterature, 1987" 337-51 "Preservation of Library Materials Section: annual Subject cataloging: 331-51 rewrt" @-62 Bibliography: 346-51 "Price versus coverage: calculating the impact on Codes: 167-69 collectiondevelopment" 159-63 Research:35G58 Thesauri: 188-89 (r) R Swanson.Edward: 391-98, 417-20 Rare library materials:27O-72 (r) Swartzell, Ann G.: 187-88 (r) Reference and Adult Services Division, Collection T Development and Evaluation Section: 5-6, 1991ffi (c) "The teachingofcataloging in U'S. library schools" Reference materials 3H.2 Publishing:87-88 (r) Technical services Reproduction of library mateials: 323 -36 Research:352-65 Bibliography: 330-36 Research-Bibliography: 363-65 "Reproductionof Library Materials: annual report" Technology materials 62-U Preservation: 187-88 (r) "The reproduction of library materials in 1987: a Tides 164-66 RLMS perspective" 323-36 Toyama, Ryoko: 387-90 "Research in progress" 171-72 Tracy, Gay:4347 "Research methodology in technical services: the Traister, Daniel: 83-85 (r) caseof 1987" 352-65 Tucker, Ben R.: 166 "Researchnotes" 48-54, 159-63, 1&-66, 167-69 Tirttle, Marcia: 415-16 (r\ "Resources& technicalservices news" 12-16 "Resources Section/Blackwell North America U ScholarshipAward, 1987" 79-80 Uniform tifles: 8 (c), 8-9 (c), 9-lO (c) "ResourcesSection: annual reDori' A-66 University of MinnesotaLibraries: 48-54 Retrospective conversion: 2@, 378-86 Urbanski, Verna Richmond,Phyllis A.: 189-90 (r) CD-ROM takescenter stage: 12-16 "Ring out the old, ring in the new" 4W-13 Online access:263-67 RLIN:48-54, l16-26 Product potpourri: l7 4-78 Rolland-Thomas,Paule: 167-69 Resources& technical services news: 12-16, "RTSD annualreport", 55-58 174-78,263-67 , 409-13 Russell,Ann:43-47 Ring out the old, ring in the new: 409-13 "Using performancemeasures to implementan on- S lln6, catalog" 312-22 9-10 (c) Sanders,Thomas R.: V Saunders,Laverna M.: 91-94 (r) Schenck,William: 109 (c), 199 (c) Vidor, DavidL.: 127-36 Schreiner-Robles,Rebecca: 139-47 Y izne -Goeu, D:nne: 337-5 1 Schroeder, Carolyn D .: 361-77 Schwartz,Candy : 17l-72, 272-74 (r) w Sciencematerials Wadsworth, Roben Woodman: 269-7 O (r) Preservation:187-88 (r) Walker, Geraldene: 352-65 Scienceperiodicals: 415-16 (r) Walsdorf, I ack: 79 (pon.) Scilken, Marvin H : 200 (c) Weihs, Jean:278-80 (r) "A scopestatement for LRTS" 103 Weiss,Carla M.: 185-87(r) "Selecting a serials system: the technical services Welsch, Erwin K.: 159-63 perspective" 402-6 "When is a professionalnot a professional?or, Us Selectionof library materials: 17-29, 127-36, versusthem!" 293-94 lE4*85 (r) Wiberley, StephenE., h.: 12-73; 12 (port.) Sellberg,Roxanne: 30-42 Wiggins,Beacher: ll l-15 Serial publications:I5l -58, 217-32 Wilkes, Adeline: 280-El (r) Blbllography: 226-32 Y Catalogingt 220-21 Congresses:275-76 (r) "The year's work in circulation control, 1987" Processing-Autom ation: 279 -20 387-90 Union lists: 221 "The year's work in descriptive cataloging Serials control systems: 2102-6 and . ." 203-16 Serials Section: annual rcport" 66-68 "The year's work in nonbook processing, 1987" Shaw, Ruth Jean:295 (c) 391-98 Siegel,Ira: 173 (porr.) "The year's work in serials,1987" 217-32 Smith, Philip M : 183-84 (r) Young, Elizaberh:115 (about) Sokol, Christina: 414-15 (r) Yuster, Leigh: 173 (pon.) Howcan you locatecrime statisticsfor Australia?

. Preciseindexing of monographs, periodicals,directories, government documents-in all, near$ 300,000 stringently edited items in the electronic formats and more than one million items in the print inder

Public Affairs Information Servicg Inc. 521West 43rd Street. NewYork, NY L0036-4356.212-736-6629 In Priat: PAISBULLETIN . PAISFO&EIGN LANGUAGE INDEX. PAISSUBJEC? HEADINGS Onlirc: PAISINTERNATIONAL On ComputDiac: PAIS ON CD-ROM CoreFiche. Reference' enhancement :i t.

Over 2000 ofthe complete,unabridged books you need-and comprehensivehardcover indexes-are now availablewith CoreFiche. . .high-quality microfiche programsdesigned to store, catalogand retrieveeasily. So much is yours.. .for a fraction of the spaceand cost of hardcovercopies.

C"r*"rly h"ffi* CoreFiche: CoreFiche: Anthologies Listed Books Listed in in'Granger's the 'Short Story Index to Poetry' Index' I 1,079volumes/ 1,298 fiche I 314volumes/c 360 fiche (Totalto Date) (Total to Date) + Master Index to Foetry .two + Roth's Index to Short Stories.. hardcopyvolumes-over 2100pages hardcopy;author/title/ includingover 250,000 entries translatorentries; subject Author/titleindex with subject classificationto eachcollection ; classificationto eachanthology; genrecategorization for eachshort fiche/anthologylocation citation at story:fiche and page location cil.ation authorand title entries;partial first at eacnenty. lineaccess.

CoreFiche: CoreFiche: Books Listed in Literary Criticism: the 'Essayand A Basic General Collection Literature Index' I 102volumes/ll5 ltche + Roth's Index to Literary Criticism volumes/1,163fiche I 910 . hardcopyauthor/title/subject (Totalto Date) (includingauthor, vorks, genre,ttme period,national literature) index: For moredeails anda FREE fiche andpage location ci[ation at informationbooklet, "How to get eachentry the mostout of CoreFicheand its Indexes,"call TOLL-FREE today r-E00-327-0295 (or FAX us at 516-829-7746)