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Home , Benjamin Huntsman, Sheffield Urban Area, South Yorkshire

South YorkshireThe South ’s Industrial Heritage Coal Coal has been mined in Yorkshire since the middle Ages, but no In this topic, the children will explore the history of South Industry great demand for coal existed until the . Coal was then needed to make iron, fuel steam engines, Yorkshire’s industrial heritage as historians and geographers. locomotives, and to power factories. Coal from the Yorkshire Year 3/4 coalfields was one of the major sources of power behind the Autumn global industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Term Iron A belt of ironstone runs across from near High Industry to . Local ironstone was mined and smelted Background Information (Historical) in prehistoric and Roman times. A large site called Park Gate Works in continued iron smelting, using ore from Yorkshire sat at the heart of the industrial revolution in , and today the region's many museums, historic canals, heritage steam railways and striking Victorian architecture are testament to outside the area, until 1976.

Yorkshire's industrial history. The Industrial Revolution is usually associated with steam power. Wortley Top Forge (situated in , South The first Industrial Revolution in the UK took place from the eighteenth century up until the mid- nineteenth century, marking a process of increased manufacturing and production which boosted Yorkshire) made its contribution both in the technology of iron making and in supporting the early railway age, but only ever industry and encouraged new inventions and innovations. The huge expansion in industry increased both urbanisation and pollution across South Yorkshire; used water power. This Forge celebrates the history of iron-

Sheffield, Rotherham, Barnsley and grew dramatically in size and population during this working in Britain and especially in South Yorkshire. time. was a centre of blade production since the 14th

Sheffield was famous for its cutlery long before it became known as The Steel City. By the early Industry century. By 1600, Sheffield became the biggest producer of cutlery outside of London. Technological improvements, such as modern period, cutlers were importing steel from the Continent. The earliest reference to steel making in South Yorkshire is from 1642. The Sheffield steelmaking district had little or no the process invented by Benjamin Huntsman after 1740, led to rapid industrial growth. Huntsman's process was reputation outside the area before Benjamin Huntsman invented crucible steel in 1742 but by the mid nineteenth century nearly half the European output of steel was made in the Sheffield district. only made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter, but production of crucible steel continued until well into the 20th century for special uses.

In this unit, the children will: Industrial Revolution Periods Timeline of Industrial Revolution in the UK First industrial revolution: eighteenth century up 1712 - The first practical steam engine is until the mid-nineteenth century. -Investigate and interpret the past invented by . Key Vocabulary Began in Britain, fuelled by the use of steam power. Citizens – Inhabitants of a particular town or city. -Build an overview of world history 1742 - Benjamin Huntsman invents crucible steel. Second industrial revolution: late 19th to early 20th 1743 – Thomas Boulsover invested Sheffield Democracy - A form of government where citizens -Understand chronology centuries. plate. choose their leaders and have a say on how they are 1760 - The First Industrial Revolution begins in ruled. -Communicate historically This revolution saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries. the textile industry in . Monarchy - A country with a King or Queen. 1793 - The Industrial Revolution spreads to the Reign – A period of time that the monarch rules for. US. Period- A length of time. 1824 - Trade unions were legalised in Great Social class – A division of society based on social Britain. and economic status. Benjamin Huntsman Sir Henry Bessemer Harry Brearley 1832 - Sheffield gained representation in the Industry – Activity concerned with the processing House of Commons as a Parliamentary of raw materials and manufacture of goods in Invented crucible Introduced mass Discovered stainless 1837 – Queen Victoria’s reign began. factories. steel in 1742 production method in steel in 1913 1856 - The for making steel Revolution – An important change in the way that 1856 was invented by Henry Bessemer. people do things. 1870 - Around this time the Second Industrial Production – The action of making something. Revolution began. 1. Manufacturing - The making of articles on a large 1901 – The end of the Victorian Era. scale using machinery 1913 - Harry Brearley discovered stainless steel. 1914 - Historians often place the end of the Second Industrial Revolution with the start of World War I in 1914.

Background Information – (geographical)

South Yorkshire is a in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and Humber region and has an area of 1,552 square kilometers. South Yorkshire consists of four metropolitan : Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and the . Lying on the east side of the , South Yorkshire is landlocked, bordering: , West

Yorkshire, , the , and . The is the tenth most highly populated region in the UK, and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county's population living within it. South Yorkshire’s physical geography is diverse. In the west of the county, the high Pennine moorlands, composed of limestone and millstone grit, descend to the valleys of the Rivers Don and Dearne, which flow into a lowland around Doncaster. The River Don rises in the Pennines and flows eastward through the Rivers Aire and Ouse to the River Humber. South Yorkshire has several transport links including main railway lines, motorways and an airport. The map below shows the rural and urban districts in South Yorkshire, with the majority of this county identified as urban.

Geographical Skills and concepts: - Investigate places This concept involves understanding the geographical location and human/physical features. Metropolitan Boroughs in South Yorkshire - Investigate patterns Key Vocabulary:

This concept involves understanding the relationships between the physical features of Barnsley: Barnsley is a former industrial town places and the human activity within them. centred on linen, coal mining, glassmaking and Human geography – The manmade - Communicate geographically textiles. The town centre lies on the west bank features of a place/location. of the . It has an estimated This concept involves understanding geographical representations, vocabulary and Land use – The way that the land in a population of approximately 245,000. techniques. particular area is used. Doncaster: Doncaster is a large town in South

Yorkshire, England. Together with its Physical geography - The natural surrounding suburbs and settlements, the town features of a place/location. forms part of the of Global – The whole world. Doncaster, which has an estimated population of National – A whole country. approximately 311,000. Regional – An area of a country. Rotherham: Rotherham is a large town in South Yorkshire, England. Its central area is on County – A political division of the UK. the banks of the River Don, below its confluence Local – The immediate area where a with the River Rother on the traditional road person lives. between Sheffield and Doncaster. It has an Urban – A town or city. estimated population of approximately 265,000. Rural – The countryside. Sheffield: Sheffield is the most geographically diverse city in England. Lying in Population – All the people living in a the eastern foothills of the Pennines, much of particular place. the city is built on hillsides, with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city is roughly one third urban, one third rural and one third in the . This city contains

the joining points for five rivers and has an

estimated population of approximately 583,000.