Introduction to the Nirukta. and the Literature

I n t ro du c t i o n t o t he N i r u kt a

. a n d t h e L i te r at u r e

re l at e d t o i t

WTH TR T S E I A E A I O N

The : E lement s o f the I ndi an A ccent

RUDOLP H ROTH n

Tr a s a t ed b the Rev CKI n . D . M A CHA N l y , D . D . , L L D P r i n ci a Wi s n Co e e o a B b s o me p l, l o ll g , m y, ' ‘ t i me Vi ce- Cha n cello r of the Umvemi i y of

Pub l i s he d b y the Un i v ers ity o f Bo mb ay I 9 1 9

PRE FATORY N OTE .

’ FO R m any ye ars Yas k a s Nirukta has been regul arly prescribed by the University o f Bomb ay as a text

fo a a a f r o . book r its ex min tion in S nskrit the degree of M A .

’ I n order t o render Roth s v alua ble Introduction to this w ork accessible to advanced students of S anskrit in Wil son College I prep ared long ago a transl ation of th is Intro duction which in m anuscript form did service to a succession O f College students some o f whom h ave since become w ell known a s S anskrit scholars .

In the hope th at it may beneﬁt a wider circle this m anuscript tra nslation has after c areful revision been h anded

f r to the University o public ation .

I t ake this Opportunity to a cknowledge the valu able assistance rendered by Professor M a ckenzie o f Wilson College who c arried o u t the greater p art o f the proof

a reading during my absence from Bomb y .

D M C I H . A A K C N.

' L HWA R M AHA BA E S ,

1 1 2 nd f i l m? 9 9 .

INTR ODUCTI ON To T HE NIR UK’ I‘ A

Le arned tradition in India ascribes: the2tw o " treatises * united in this public ation to as high a pl a ce in the history o f the interpretation of the s acred ’ writings of the H indus a s Panini s does in the history o f f r as a re a a . S O a Gr mm r the sources known to me , this a a i s a far a tr dition c nnot , it true, be tr ced very b ck , but in o f a a as view the un nimity of the testimonies , we h ve little t o a a as a ground c ll this t r dition in question , th t concerning e a a a a a the author o f the cel br ted gr m m tic l phorisms . Both a a a an d a a a o n a a a te chers , Y sk P nini , ppe r the st ge sep r ted by so great an interval from the strictly learned period o f a a t he and I ndi n liter ture , which begins with decline expulsion a are a of Buddhism , th t they recognized uncondition lly by these later arrangers an d compilers o f the lea rning o f a

o a e as a a . byg ne g , uthorit tive

a a are a With reg rd to P nini , we not entirely without inform tion even the fa ble - m a king of the r eth century remem bers him b ut in the c a se of Yaska we are limited al most to hi s

’ In Kan d n k ra a T i t r a bare name . the a u m to the a t i i y S a rn hita is ai i . P n . 6 a a (v . 3 E Ind H . 9 5 ) he c lled g , descend nt of a and a a Ping , occupies pl ce in the line of those to whom the b a ndi ng down a nd the editing o f th at Vedic collection ar V i am a an a a a e tra ced . a S p y is s id to h ve delivered it to a a an d Titti ri a is a Tittiri Y sk he to , fter whom it n med , to At i s a and a re a . a a Ukh , Ukh to y Now Ping mentioned in the gene alogical ta ble at the close o f the Srau ta S utra s o f a n XII 1 2 n t a f ASvalay a ( . ) in co nection wi h the f mily o An irasas to a a a a s g , which ccordingly Y sk would belong a a o f Ka a a a D a a P nini to the f mily sy p through his ncestor ev l .

a a a a . a On the other h nd , in the s me p ss ge (c there st nds Bhr u a a a a s a o f in the g f mily , Y sk , the descend nt whom a s a Yask w a design ated by this n me . Nothing more c an be gathered from the occurrence o f the name in the unintelligible a Brhad a a a 6 6 gene logies of the Ar ny k I I , , IV , . If we adhere to the view th at Yask a w as a descend a nt o f ’ a a a ha s a a Ping , he is thus connected with f m ily which pl ce a mongst the le arned Bra hm anical lines . One from a mongst a M adhuk a a the members of this f mily , by n me , is mentioned Er h a 8 a a o f a in the . Ar ny . , VI , 3 , , 9 mongst the te chers

* a Nai hant uk an dam an d Dai vatakandam This refers to the two tre tises , g , to

an . which this is introduction Tr . — R sac I 2

n Pain a and M ah a ain y. The gy p gya Z a r Li t ter a l a r a nd Gesclz i c/z i e 4 cf . ’ ’ a es Vea a . are a , p writings which undoubtedly t ught a s ma a a Vedic liturgy , y be inferred from rem rk of the o 0 W: an a a n a 1 3 d Comment tors P nini , IV , 3, 5 , 33 refer Pain a t h e Aitare a a a a I I ence to the gy in y Br hm n (V I I , ) , a c c ording to which a deﬁnite fast w as prescribed by the Pai n a da and gy for the y before the full moon , by the a f r d a a Kaus i tak o the ay Of the full moon itself . The p ss ge Aitare a a a a a a a in the y Br hm n is , it is true , l ter interpol tion ’ S a ana s a a t a - y Comment ry p sses over h t entire sub section , a nd it is not the pra ctice of the Brahm ana to refer to other — no t u s m a writings still , this should prevent fro holding th t a n o da such work existed . This will doubt one y be brought to light with m any other works o f the s ame clas s when M S S a are a a in Indi system tic lly collected , no longer o f a a exclusively in the region the G n ges , but throughout

a a a a a a a . wider re , especi lly mongst the M r th s The book w as a s a as a 00 Of era as a well known l te the ye r 7 our , is cle r ’ from a quotation in S ankara s commentary on the Sari raka S u a 2 2 0 o f d o f tr s I I I , 3, 4, (p . 9 the e ition

‘ Lallulalaé arma Ka area mﬁw tr at a WWW vi , e

h t . w a , etc ) The authorship o f no other works beyond the Naighantuka a nd Niru kta has a a been ttributed to Yask . Colebrooke M i a E s sa s h s . 6 as a ( , y , I I , p 4) , it is true , found reference to ’ Pi n ala s S u a o n and o ne him in g tr s Metre , might infer , seeing th at no rem arks occur in the N irukta on the subject as a o Of metre , if we do not reckon such the deriv tions f the a o f a a a ha n mes the metre s in the seventh book , th t Y sk d a has composed work on Prosody which been lost to us .

a a a This quot tion is without doubt , no other th n th t which occurs in the sm all outlines o f Prosody c alled Ch and as wi de f th . 8 r WW . 1 ” . i ( 5 , E I nd H 37 w i ﬁ fﬁz l e? W N ankus arini a a g W ) y (the n me of metre o f the Erb atI type) when the second Pada (consists 1 2 a Kraus tuki a S k andho VI of syll bles) , gives it the n me n , a a a Uro b rha t a Y sk the n me i . This n me oc curs nowhere in Nai hant uka ir t the g or N ukta . We should hen h ave to a fo r , sa o f a r n o f ssume the ke single eference , the existe ce a 3

a a t t , , work by Y sk which wi h the excep ion of this “triﬂing a has a a a a fo r fr gment , dis ppe red le ving no tr ce behind , there

a an a a . is no llusion to it in y other p ss ge This , in my ' a o f a na a as a Of Opinion , in the c se me so highly pl ced th t a and a so e a this ncient exegete , in world Of writings int rl ced as a a by references Of every kind Indi n liter ture is , would be a n assumption s o startling th at I must take the liberty o f haz arding the conje cture th at we h ave here a n ancient error either o f the M S S o r of the author o f the Ch and a s an d the

a a S u a . s a w a a Ping l tr s The error po sibly rose in this y, th t the univers ally known n ame o f Y aska had crept into the an a a o pl ace of a n older d less famili r n me . N w we h ave the evidence o f an Older and more res pect able authority th an i P ti kh a a v z . ra Sa a a an a the Ch nd s , , the first y , th t e rlier tea cher n amed Vaiyas ka taught o r wrote o n the subject o f a o f Pr tié kh a . a a Prosody It is st ted in the section the y , which tre ats o f metre a m fim fi a‘efifif m z l Wham fiw afimt m fim ll

to Vai as ka S a m a o f Ri According y , there is in the hit the g ’ k a s ’ i n a E a a a c . C. . e. o Ved , no other p ( 2 , , strophe consisting o f only one member) except th at which stands at the f o f i ada o V m X . 2 1 a . d I . n beginning the hymns , ( , 4, , cf 9 , ) ” this is the ten syllabled Viraj . Other te a chers o n t he a a o f a contr ry ssume the existence sever l such single lines .

f a a f In support o the conjecture . th t in the p ssage o the a a a Vai aska a Ch nd s bove referred to , y should h ve been s a Of a a i s a quoted , in te d Y sk , there in ddition the circum stan ce th at the PratiSakhya itself knows these three n ames fo r XVI the metre in question . ,

fi eqfiergw fi afi w sgefi cffi ll w a w m m u

all a a a a Now this book is , from indic tions , older th n Y sk , and w a Uro b rhatr a a thus could not kno the n me , if Y sk h ad a o been re lly the ﬁrs t t introduce it .

We a a n t a e should re d prob bly y . 4

We a a a o ur h ve ccordingly , in the present st te Of knowledge f a a a a a a a o I ndi n liter ture , no dequ te justiﬁc tion for r ns cking the m a ss o f writings that h ave come down to us for a work a to a s a o n Prosody by our uthor , or indeed s ume th t it ever existed .

a a un ues Moreover , of the two rem ining books which st nd q ’ tio ne d in India n literary history a s evidences o f Yas ka s learn a o f N i /za tu a s a a ing , his uthorship one , g n , it is gener lly c lled o r t he N i ha z t a a ﬁam more correctly , g z in the plur l , ( t il e o i n ed- to ether s t r un - t o et her i j g , g g must be den ed a nd the only wonder is th a t this w as not sooner recogn i sed . This might be inferred from the w hole arra ngement o f hi s m a Niru kta com ent ry , the , in which everything points to his h aving had before him a collection o f words h a nded down by tradition . Besides this might be quoted the eviden ce Of a the Ni rukt a w ho a at the Comment tor on , for ex mple , the very beginning Of the Niru kt a s ays th at the collection o f N i /z a z a va s a a a S a mamn a a E n u mer g z t which Y sk there c lls y , a ti o n h ad a anc 1en t a a , been prep red by the s cred te chers , by hnder t andi n Esis , for the better s g of the Vedic hymns . But ’ a Y ask a s Own u a Nirukta 20 we h ve q ite deﬁnite ssertion in I , , a o f where he s ys with reference to the origin the Vedic books , a o f a had th t the wise men ntiquity , who themselves no need of a a instruction in order to right conduct , h ve h nded down by te a ching (by oral instruction) the hymns to l ater generations

a . No w a which stood in need of such te ching , these l ter

' generations whose power o f comprehending w as continuously a fo r a a o f a w as diminishing , h ve , the e sier underst nding wh t a a a a nd a h nded down , imp rted it in te ching , thus in ddition a an d t o a a a a to the Ved helps the Ved , the Ved ng s , h ve composed also thi s bo o k (the Nighan tavas ) in which a re a an a enumer ted the roots for ction , the nouns for expressing a II n a . a a ide (Ngh I , , I I I ) , likewise words which h ve sever l si niﬁ c atio ns and a a o f g (IV) , ﬁn lly the n mes the Gods (V) .

4 m a a E W a nd Co p re the signiﬁc tion of the root m a a H , i , a; in esterg rd the derived a N a i ha n t u ka w a 2 2 1 2 X I sense of the second ry form g hen it st nds in Nir. I , 0, II V , , 4, , , , 4 ' O r d P a hima . a a a a in pposition to It signiﬁes ccordingly, in the l ngu ge of liturgy, only a a a a a n a a a s second ry tt ched invoc tion of object, pro perly n ming or c sual mention of it a O a a a a m pposed to the re l princip l invoc tion , which constitutes the purpose of hy n . The

, a N i hant u Ni hanta N i h ant uk a Nai hant uka list in question is c lled in the M SS g , g , g , g , N i r h ant a. a a a a a l g , n . . 20 I n me it in ccord nce with the distribution lre dy fou d in Nir , ‘ N a i ha i t a kan i I— f j . III N a i a mcz ni IV Da i vat a m a a r te ati ari into g (Ngh ) , g ( ) , (V) , p p , — N a zg han t u ka and I V l N a i a ma a a a Nir g , nomencl ture which is found lso in the MSS . “ Thus Yaska in this p assage ascribes the composition o f a o f and a w the sm ll collection Vedic words n mes , hich forms a o f a a an o ld the b sis his expl n tion , quite indefinitely to a a a i s a t o u s tr dition ; tr dition , it true , th t does not come t a a a e a and and from h t primev l g , in which f ith doctrine lived u a a a a flo rished without rtifi ci l ids , but still from the gener tions a a o f immedi tely succeeding it , which strove by me ns prescribed rule and written definitio n to preserve the h ad w . a possession hich they inherited Further , he pl ces the a ha t uka a a and a a N ig n In line with the Ved s Ved ng s . By n i io o f a a a a the compos t n the Ved s , which Y sk here ssigns to s c o f a a the e ond period Indi n hi story , c nnot be intended the o f a a o f are o production the m teri ls wh ich they comp sed . Fo r as a a a a a s a at all to Y k ccording to this p ss ge , in Indi s ma n tr a a a time , the hymns ( ) which h ve been h nded down a a s o r by the Esis to their descend nts , stood the nucleus a kernel o f the whole . These could therefore be only rranged a and put into literary form by l ter authors . We find here a reminiscen ce of the phenomenon o f a rel atively l ate reduction to fixed form Of the intellectual works o f an tiquity by me ans o f a a writing , phenomenon the signifi c nce O f which for the history o f Indian literature has not yet been sufficiently kept an d a a a a in mind , is perh ps more import nt in this c se th n in a an a a a O f the c se Of y other liter ture , since in I ndi , the m ss a a a a all a such tr dition l m tter must , ccording to indic tions , a h ve been very considerable .

’ o f Vea ﬁ n as a Whether the composition the g , liter lly members o f the Ved a the portions supplementary to the Of a t o collection the s cred scriptures , is be understood in the

a a a a . s me sense , c nnot be deduced from the words Of Y sk But as it is improbable th at he tra ces back the authorship of Nai hantuk a a e a a the g , mer collection of words tt ched to the n a o f hym s , to the uthors the hymns , the Esis themselves , a nd a a a a scribes to l ter writers only the rr ngement of them , wh at he has s aid regarding the Ved angas is to be understood a a of re l uthorship . But w hich books does Yaska design ate by the n a me o f Vedanga s ? The n a ming o f them in a book which like the Nirukta belongs without dispute to the Oldest portions o f this literature 13 o f such importan ce th at a more m i nute examin a o f a a a tion this point c nnot be without dv ntage . 6

are a a a If we willing to believe the Indi n liter ry histori ns , l a a u s al the Ved ang s h ve come down to . They are the — Ni rukta a a a following six The , the eight books Of Gr mm tic l a a a a a o ti sa and phorisms by P nini , the Siks , the Ch nd s , the Jy , the Kalpa . The commentator Durga also interprets the passage before us as referring to these books .

S f r as i r u kta I . O a N the is concerned , there is no need of further adjustment th at its author should represent the book which he w as just o n the point o f writing a s h aving been a com posed by his ncestors , would be outside the limit of

a a . a a a wh t is permissible even in I ndi I n th t c se , the pl ce of Nirukta a a a a the , the Comment ry mong the Ved ng s a a a a o r which Y sk recognises , would be v c nt would be ﬁlled by some other work unknown to u s or ﬁn ally occupied only by the Naighantu ka .

’ A a a a as Y s ka S 2 . comp rison of Gr mm r we ﬁnd it in a ’ ~ a ri i s work with the condition of th t science in P ai n Aphorisms , must be reserved for a later section ; but it cannot remain a a a a a a hidden even from superﬁ ci l view th t Y sk , in comp rison a a a a a with P nini , belongs to much less dv nced st ge of

a a a . t a a gr mm tic l culture It is thu s , for his re son lone , not a a i s probable th t the l tter is the Older . But it even more ’ improba ble th a t P an ini s work in any ca se could h ave been a a a s a a a a reg rded in more ncient times Ved ng , help to the a a s a Ved a . It could h ave tt ined to th at po ition only fter it had Obt ained a wide circul ation on a ccount of its general a a had a a scientiﬁc v lue , fter it become the st nd rd guide in a and as this dep rtment Of knowledge , ev erything excellent a a a fo r a had t o mongs t the Indi ns p sses s cred , begun be regarded a s inspired .

Only by reason of this s a credness could it h ave been ’ a a a a a a a ssigned pl ce mongst the Ved ng s , for P nini s rules a a n a a h ve neither exclusive , nor even princip l reference to the Vedic writings ; the Vedic us age a ppears in them rather as

a e as . the exception , the prof ne sp ech the rule Accordingly, ’ a no t at a n a a a a P nini s eight books could , y r te by Y sk , h ve

been reckoned a s belonging to that class o f writings .

Si k a O . a a 3 s signiﬁes , ccording to the gener l lder use o f a o f Of the word , the doctrine the correct recit tion the a r and a w as s c ed hymns utter nces . This the ﬁrst doctrine a s a a s a the word indic tes , the germin nt eed of Br hm anical a a le rning . The rel tive ch a pters of the works o n

a a e . 2 Prati s ak a 2 8 a Vedic gr mm r ( g y I , ) were then l ter s o named an d ﬁnally a separate tre atise received this a design tion . The I ndi ans regard as the Ved anga strictly so a a a a 60 a c lled sm ll book cont ining only Slok s , which is a t o a i and a a scribed P n ni , which ccording to Indi n custom a a a a a and o t sings the m nifold pr ises of this gr mm ri n , n only , as a a and is usu lly the c se , in the introductory concludin g a t h e o f verses , but lso in midst the whole context

S a 0 . . lok 4 E Ind H .

a a a the a a B ut even if this p s s ge , nother in which Ved ng s are as a a a represented the members Of the Ved , the Ch nd s a Ka a an d a s a as . a the feet , the lp the h nds , etc , lso number o f a simil r stumbling blocks , could be got rid of by the a at are a ssumption th they interpol tions , still it would be o n an a a a n o f found , ex ct consider tion of the sm ll portio the l a a a is a book et th t would then rem in , th t it nothing else th n a to lerably cursory and worthless compilation from Older s a a book , the rules of which h ve here been given in metric l are a form . Some couplets m nifestly borrowed from one of Pra i kh a s a the t Sa y . And the whole represent tion is so a and a a a o s a me gre uns tisf ctory , th t it is imp s ible to ccept the view th at it c an ever h ave served a s an Outline o f this science which w as s o important for Brahm anic al a le rning .

a at a a 00 a This writing is prob bly le st more th n 5 ye rs old , Da r a a o n Nirukta since g , the Comment tor the , who is Older a S a a a i s a a and a as a th n y n , cqu inted with it , reg rds it t o a s a a . a a a Ved ng It ppe rs however h ve begun , he knew a a a it , with th t verse which is the sixth in the present rr nge ment Of the text .

Cha d s a 4. n a is the name given to brief outline Of Metre n 1 8 a is s a n a i . a sm ll sections It , I conjecture , either extr ct S u a Of a a a a a has from the tr s Ping l , to whom lso the Ch nd s

a o r are an a a a . been scribed , these exp nsion of the Ch nd s But no o ne will regard as a ncient a b o ok in which all the a o f a a a and me sures the l test poetry , even the most rtiﬁci l

a a are a o f. unn tur l , tre ted 8

a a a o ti s a — a 5 . Reg rding the ctu l contents of the yy f only a few couplets with reference to the division of the ye r , a t o a and a ccording the course of the constell tions the fe sts , it is impossible to form a j ud gment without a more exact o f a a are knowledge I ndi n stronomy . These verses known t o a wider circle through the calculation which Colebrooke 1 08 has a o n a a (Misc . Ess . I . ) b sed the d t with respect to a a a a a the equinocti l points cont ined in them . These d t gree with the position o f those points in the 1 4th century before I o ur era . n this connection we must not , however , forget th at the correctness of this calculation depends on the a o f a identifi c tion unknown n mes in the se verses , with better known a nd still current designations o f the stars an d a a nd a a a constell tions , in the second pl ce on the ex ct loc tion t e a a o ne a s o f them in h he ven of the fixed st rs . For the a a a a nd for the other , complete cert inty c nnot be cl imed , I ca nnot fo r the present sh are the unbounded confidence which has been pl aced even in the most recent times in this c alcul ation .

s i s Q uite distinct moreover from this que tion , the other , t o t i me o co m os i ti o n o tis a with reference the f p of the J y , a which must look in the s me dire ction for its solution .

No is a as 6. single book wont to be n med the Kalp a the a a t o a liturgic l writings gener lly would belong this cl ss . and this furnishes a proof for o ne of the two conclusions which I deduce from the preceding exposition .

a a a In the first pl ce , in my Opinion , the Older Indi n liter ture , a o f a a a under which , for w nt more ex ct design tion I include a a and a an a are the writings of Y sk P nini , who in y c se not s a a a n a a ep r ted by y consider ble interv l of time , knew nothing o f a a s o a a nd the Ved ng s now c lled , in the second pla ce it understood by Ved angas in general not what the l ater a period underst nds . The entire distribution and a rrange o f a a thei r s stem o ment the Ved ng s , y , rests on the foll wing deduction expounded for ex a mple by Durga in his I ntroduction Nirukta a a . to the , which st rts from ritu l A hymn recited at a a a and s crifice , th t is not correctly recited intoned , is in e ffi c ac io us s crifi r a c e . not only , but injurious to the There

Sé an a xa a i a R a y , for e mple, s ys in the ntroduction to his Comment ry on the igved , B Ka a u a Aévala ana A astamba B audha ana y lp is understood the S tr s of y , p , y , etc .

. . . H. 2 1 . 1 h etc (E I 33, p s ) . 9

s a i , therefore , need of speci l guid a nce in regard to thi s this ‘ Is Si hSZi the .

It is equ ally fatal if one does not kno w the prosody of the Cha n da hymns , hence the s which gives the doctrine of this

j . a sub ect One must know how correctly to pply the hymns , thus correctly uttered an d scanned in a c c ord a nce with these a , it s a Vi n i o a Instructions e ch to respective s crifice , their y g a u a a Ka l a must be cc r tely known which is t ught by the p . a an d a a The s crifices ceremonies , however , must t ke pl ce a t a a a sr n ti the times ppointed by the s cred tr dition , ( ) the ati s a i s a 7 y therefore necess ry . Further , not only for the a b ut a underst nding , lso for the correct application o f certain a a a w as a w e . o f s crifici l formul e there need of kno ledge , g the f ’ in lections of the noun (for a n exa mple s ee ASvalaya na s r S auta . 6 and as a a S I , ) the like , such gr mm r te aches a nd therefore VyZi /ear a n a (Gra mm ar) a ppe ars a mongst the

a a . a N i r a hta a a Ved ng s Fin lly , the comes l st , the interpret " tion ; a ccording to Durga— who in this is either more enlightened th an the m ajority of hi s contemporaries o r is only giving a promin e nt place to the book which he i s editing — a a a a the highest Of the Ved ng s , bec use it te ches us to e a a a " und rst nd the me ning of the hymns , the me ning being the ’ essenti al thing (pm a hﬁ n a ) a nd the word sound the une s sen a n a h a a a a ti l ( g n ) , whic l tter the m jority of the other Ved ng s treat of . This i s the system which lies a t the found a tion O f the

- s ub division of the Vedic sciences . A series Of helps to the V ed a arranged a ccording to this system w as wa nted ea ch indivi dual branch of knowledge must be represented by a sep arate work ; thus a later age took hold of and collected together these books which we were hitherto a ccustomed to

1 a a d n a usea m a The verse referring to this , quoted in l ter writings , which lso occurs in Siksa 5 2 is as follows m re: Wav ﬁt an ﬁ za arm=r aq si m ma i mg s l

3 7 ' H w ere) w ere Rates 21 1 - 5 3 3: estms mm II

A hymn th at is wrongly pronounced in utterance or inton ation is a pplied in v ain a nd s a s Hi s s ac ri ﬁc er a d o es not ay wh t it ought to ay. own word becomes to the thunderbolt ' ' S r u s x a a i n dr a sa tr u . I n dra at w 1th which de troys him if he , for e mple , f lsely intones ‘ the accent on the ﬁrst syll able is a possessive compound an d mea ns He who has ’ I t as o v e r o w r a a a . NI L Indra his p e er ( ccording to Indi n interpret tion , e g , , . ‘ ’ l As p aro x ytone it would mea n the o ve rpo w erer of Indra and thus the eV I demon would be prai sed as the conqueror of the god Indra R 5 2— 2 I O

’ at a o f Vedc m a design e by the common n me the g s . I n honour o f its borrowed n a me this whole collection w as pushed b ack into a high a ntiquity ; the existence o f the Ved anga s w a s indeed attested by the ea rliest works in the literature a nd only writings which had been consecrated by a gre at a a ntiqu i ty could bear such a n me . And thus here also the to t o a a and o ne desire sub divide , rr nge in series to derive a o f a work from nother , which runs through the whole Indi n

a a . S O at liter ture , got the better of historic l truth much ’ iz h t hese bo /e co n a a v . t a t o s l a n o t be those le s t is est blished , , to w hi ch Yasha r ef er s i n the passage i n questi o n u nder the — da n a w ti tl e of the Ve i g a s . By wh t other ritings s h all we be a ble to fill the gap ? It i s indeed not possible to give a s atisfa ctory answer t o this question from the notices cont ained NIrukta IS a a ma in the which so sp ring in its words , but wh t y be conjectured may here find a pl ace as a contribution to a to a future investig tions . It is be hoped th t , with the enthusi asm th at is m anifesting itself everywhere for research a a o f a a in the field of the ncient liter ture Indi , we sh ll soon become p erfectly cert ain regarding m any things which now we c an scarcely discern In their outlines ; for i t would be a disgra ce to the criticism a nd i ns ight O f this century th at H reads a nd will re ad the rock - inscri pt i ons o f the Persian Ki ngs nd o o f Z a a a the bo ks oro ster , if it should not succeed In re d ing with certainty the intellectual history of th at people I n

this huge m a ss Of literature .

First and foremost we h ave no j u stiﬁcation for t aking the conception o f the Ved angas a s we ﬁnd it in Yaska exa ctly has a a l ate r a In the sense in which it been t ken by ge . This conception i s in its very n ature a varyi ng one ; for a nother period other generally a ccepted Help s to the Ved as a f could h ve been in existence . The contents o the a a o f at all a Ved ng s must , course , periods h ve been essen t ially that which is required by the a bove reason ing ; but it i s not necessary that in p articular individu al writings these should therefore h ave been subdivided exa ctly in this m anner ; we do not require to a ssume th at Yaska w as a a a a a o n cqu inted with sep r te book Vedic metre ,

a o n a a a . nother the doctrine of syll ble s , third on Ritu l , etc , all d . a a etc , which he include . under the title of Ved ng s . On the contrary it would quite suffi ce to be a ble to point

1 2

f 1 0 8 V artikas o I Pan . . . t V urther IV 3, 7 , V I I 4, 3 , the , a and m any other places in the Co mm ent ry) .

Har i dr a vi ha no w a With respect to the , up till we h ve a a r a . a still more sc nty sou ces of inform tion I h ve , been ble t o ﬁnd no book of this n ame in the Collection o f the E ast Indi a Comp a ny a nd the solit ary notice regarding it which I h ave c o me a cross is th at which o cc urs in the pa ssage Of the Com men tary on the G rh ya S utra s by Para s kara in the a a Har i dr av' e a s are p ss ge referred to , in which the y mentioned a s one Of the s even subdivisions of the M a i tr aya niya Sh h/7 22; and with this agrees the sta tem ent of Durga o n this Nirukt a

' ' ' ’ p a ssa ge : Har i dr avo n a ma M a i t r ciya n iyci nam f ei hha ’ h a a O f M aitra ani a b ea a . The S kh the y y itself is , however , reckone d a mong the 1 2 which belong t o the Taittiri ya ' a o n a Collection . I n t he Comment ry P nini IV , a a as O f Ka a i H ridr a is n med one the four pupils of l p .

S O far a s o f s i s the ﬁrst the e t wo writings con cerned , the Katha ha c an a an a , there sc rcely be y d oubt th t it belongs to the cla ss o f writings wh ich are calle d Ka lpa - boo hs with

reference to the s acred rite .

Of a a The contents the Berlin M S lre dy mentioned , whi ch a a a a set forth the s criﬁci l cts in their order , est blish this . I sho uld be inclined to a ccep t this with reference to the Har i dr avi ha mentioned in the s a me line with it o n the o f a o f e a ground the m nner the refer nce lone . The only other fa mily of writings which could be thought B r ahma n as a nd of in this connection , the , besides these a o f a a a are a perh ps some the more ncient Up nis ds , regul rly referred to in the Niru kt a without any name - design ation with t h e words i ti hr ahma n a m so s ays a Brah m a na o r ' ”

i ti vi n ci a t e . a w as j y so it runs Here no n me needed , for the Brahm an a s were p arts Of the r e vel ation ; the Kalp a a a au a books , however , h ve hum n thors lthough they p a rticipate to a cert ain degree in the a uthority o f the ’ ' ’ a a are VeaZz n a . Vea a s cred writings ; in word , they g , not ; and there i s nothing t o hinder us from recognising in the two wr itings referred to such works a s Y aska might h ave ble t o a a a been a reckon mong the Ved ng s . In order th at this rel a tion o f the Ka lpa to the B r ahma a s an d a a a a te n , more p rtic ul rly the n ture of the l t r , r a a has eg rding which inform tion nowh ere yet been furnished , 1 3

r and a should be more p ecisely deﬁned , to void the necessity o f reverting to the m atter at scattered points in the discussion " interpol ate a t this point a full and c o n s e

c u tive treatment of th at subject .

The B r ahma nas .

The distinction between the subject - m atter o f the

a a a a nd a Ka a - a a Br hm n s th t of the lp books might ppe r , if o ne a a a t o s mall judged only from isol ted p ss ges , be very and a a a d a at uncert in , lthough it c nnot be enied th t , the a a O f a w ell a a ﬁrst gl nce , the two f milies writings st nd p rt in respect Of position and estim ation in the whole body o f a religious books . The distinction is nevertheless in re lity a o n e a w - a very essenti l . Also while both de l ith worship o f in the most extended sen se the term , this worship is the subject of exposition in the Brahm an as in an entirely different sense from th at in which it i s treated of in a Ka lp a a a at b book . The l tter ims exhi iting the entire course Of the s acred a cts which are valid in the dep artment of divine

. a a e . worship concerned I t is ex ctly l id down , g , which a mong the priests present during the perform a nce of a as a a t a rite h to t ke p rt a e ch turn in the religious function . This point is most essential for the I ndia n sacriﬁcial o Observ a nces . The number f n ames under which we see the priests appearing is so gre at th at one cannot rid oneself o f the ide a th at the sa me person may h ave received different designation s corresponding to the p articul a r i ndividual is function in the course o f the cere mony . It further prescribed which hymns an d invocations are to be employed a nd ar to how they e be uttered . The strophes themselves are however as a rule indicated only by th eir initial words and presuppose t he existence Of other collections in which they must h ave b ee n arranged a ccording to the order Of their use in the religious servi ce ; and it will not cost much are a t o o f trouble , if such sought for , re lly ﬁnd collections a i a o f this kind . Fin lly the t me , the pl ce , the forms the a all a o r liturgic l uses , exe rcises th t must precede follow r f Ka a are a a e a . o them , indic ted The books the lp , in word , complete ritual s which h ave no other purpose th an to l ay down the whole course Of the religiou s a c t with all the e x a ctness th at is required for wh at i s done in the presence o f the gods and in their honour . 1 4

The purpose Of a Brahm an a is tolera bly fa r removed

. a a a a i s from this As the n me lre dy indic tes , its subject ’ br a hma a Is s o o r o o i n the a ct ac t the , th t which not the the a h . t e o f itself I n the ceremony s cred thing , thought a has a the divine , lies conce led ; it been invested with sensible formwhich must rem ain an enigm a to the man to a a whom th t thought is str nge . Only he c an interpret the a o f w ho me ning the symbol knows the divinity , its a a and i t s a a is m nifest tion rel tion to m nkind . I t the Brahm i na a a function of the to give this interpret tion , it ims at unfolding the kernel of theologic al wisdom which the a o f a m nner worship inherited from their ncestors conce als . o f Hence the mysterious , brief , Often Obscure style the a re a discourse which we ﬁnd in these books . They prob bly the most ancient prose which has been pres erved fo r us in

I ndian literature . An ex a mple of these symb o lical interpretations may be given here from the beginning of the Aita reya Brahm ana

In the introduction to certain sa crifices cl a ri fied butter o n l A n i and Vi s n n e even pl ates is Offered to g . To them a a a a a a preferenti lly , expl ins the Br hm n , bec use they envelop as the whole world Of the gods , Agni the lowest (the fire O f a and a a VIsn u a s the he rth lt r) , the uppermost (the sun in the height o f the midd ay he aven) ; thus an Offering is

a all . e a are m de in them to the gods El ven pl tes brought , although there are only two o f the gods ; Agni has to cl aim o f a eight them , for the form of verse s cred to Agni , the a a tr i o f a g y , is eight syll bles ; three belong to Visnu , for in a a a three strides (through the three st ges Of rising , tt ining d a the meridian an setting) Visnu p asses a cro s s the he vens . S uch interpret ations may just a s Often be the inventions o f a religious philosophy which delights in daring parallels and us i ts bold exegesis , which here meets in Oldest form , as a re l rem iniscences of the ori gins of the liturgy in which , a o f a a a a in the c se people like th t Of Indi , we would h ve

good ground to expect subtle and suggestive references . These books will always remain o ur most valua ble sources fo r a knowledge Of the beginnings o f reﬂection o n the at a divine , sources from which the s me time we derive the most varied instruction regarding the ideas o n which no t a a a nd only the whole system of worship , but lso the soci l l 5

a a a a o f a a . a hier rchic l org niz tion Indi , is re red In illustr tion o f a at c a this , I will point only to the expl n ions which n be obt a ined from the 7 t h and 8th book o f the Aitareya Brahm ana regarding the position Of t he c astes and the a a n d a r — roy l priestly dignity . The Brahm a n s a e a nd from this their signiﬁc ance will be most clearly seen - t he dogma ti c of the B r a hma ns — not a scientiﬁc ally arranged o f a a system doctrin l propositions , but collection of dogm a s s a a a they rise out Of religious pr ctice . They a re not written in order to be a complete exposition a nd est ablish O f t he a a i ndis a en sable ment f ith , but they h ve become p to it , bec ause they were intended to be a general expl an a tion and o f a found ation the us ge s of the worship .

There c an be no mista king the fa ct th at the Brahm anas rest on a previously existing abund antly subdivided and o f highly developed service the gods . The further the a a a has a a a pr ctice Of s cred us ges dv nced , the less cle r will

’ their s igniﬁ c a nce become to the c o nsciousness Oi those who pra ctise them ; with the c e ntral p art o f the a ction it s a w as a an d w e l which , in origin l form , perfectly cle r l a O f a a a a understood , series subordin te cts will gr du lly be a a an a associ ted which , the more they ssume ind ividu l s a a a i n a a a ep r te form , will st nd looser rel tion to the fund menta l thought ; the form as it becomes more independent loses its symbolical ch ara cter . Indi an worship had rea ched such a stage when religious refl ection took possession of it in the Brahm anas .

as all a Here , In other religious forms Of ntiquity , it holds good th a t it is not dogm a and reflection upon dogma which a a t produces worship , but th t worship , lthough i self the product o f the undivided power O f the Spirit laid hold Of by an a a nd a s ide of the divine m de sub ervient to it , in its turn becomes the mother o f a more developed and more exactly a defined theology. This is the rel tion of the theology of ' a a a the Brahm anas to pra c t ical worship . The Br hm n does not a ppe al t o the utter ances of the sacred hymns as its and a ra ther o n a c t o f first immedi te source , it rests the ac t worship and on the earlier interpretation of the . The Aitare a a a a fo r a a y Br hm n , ex mple , from which I extr ct the a no t a a au det ils , only ppe ls to thorities to whom written a as a si compos itions h ve nowhere been cribed R , I 6

Srauta 1 S au ata a a 2 2 a a , VI I ; j , son of Ar ib , VI I ; R m , so n M r u V I I a a K at of g , 34 ; M itrey , son of us u , V I I I 38, — and others o r to simil ar s a crificial procee dings ( cf the a a a s a 8 ff p ss ge given by Colebrooke , Miscell neou Es s ys , I , 3 ) but also the entire form o f its represent ation bases itself a a t a a Its upon tr di ion derived from e rlier us ge . phrase fo r i a a a a t express ng this , phr se which recurs regul rly the commencement of e a ch proposition a nd which has sunk a to leve l a a t a dri lmost the Of mere connecting formul , is ha s i s a o tho hha l v aha s sa , further it s id or they y, a and t n mely , further frequently diversi y of opinion is a s a o ne a indic ted by the words so do or y the cl ss , others otherwise I h ave nowhere come a cross the citation Of a more a ncient writing . When all this is taken together it would seem to follow with tolerable certainty th at the Brah m an as belong to a st age O f religiou s development i n I ndia in which the a a Bra hm a nic f ith st nds in full blos som . The conceptions o f the gods an d t he s acred custo ms w hich we s e e in the o f v a a o ut o f a and hymns the Rig ed , p ssing simple fi and a a a unde ned form into fixed m nifold forms , h ve spre d themselves over the entire life of the people and h ave

a Of an all - a become , in the h nds the priests , oversh dowing a a a power . Every indic tion points indeed to the f ct th t this t a t w a s f a a and developmen , l hough it di fused over gre t still a had far a o ne intellectu lly mighty people , thus moved long path a nd tha t prob ably the union o f Brah m anical families and schools l inked together by a common calling and a a a a and interest , m int ined perh ps lso with power shrewd a a had a b u a ness by individu l le ders , brought out this n nimity but the more extensive the realm o f this form o f faith a nd the

a . more numerous its followers , the more urgent must lso the d anger h ave a ppe ared th at this faith might be disturbed o r a a fall to pieces . Our l bours in this region h ve not yet gone beyond the mere outlines we are no t yet fortun ate enough to be a ble to exa mine and criticise the individu a l p arts o f the p i cture th at scarcely shews itself from o u t Of the mist it a a all a a would , however , be g inst n logy if behind the hitherto a ssured diversities in subordin ate liturgic al points and a a a a a gr mm tic l interpret tion of the s cred writings , oppositions between schools o r provinces which were o f deep sigui no t e c nc e . ﬁ a for the religious life , did disclose themselv s I 7

ma a a a H owever this y be , the Br hm nic l theology prese nts a a s o far itself in the bove cl ss of writings , a s we c an a n a a judge , with ssured un nimity which must h a ve a a exercised l sting inﬂuence upon succeeding times . I n these S criptures o f course nothing in itself ne w may h ave a ha been t ught . Wh at d been perh a ps long ago el a borated o f in the S chools , the long existence of whi ch there c an “ a a n c be sc rcely y doubt ( f . with reference to this Z ur Li ttera tu r und Geschichte des Veda a ppe ars here for the

' ﬁrst time in written form . But thus for the ﬁrst time it .

received a sure found a tion . The Cultus now expl ained by means o f the theoretical propositions of the faith w as a n a a a a at w ill no longer ccident l thing , ch nge ble , but every a w a s a o f a a nd single p rt of it copy etern l truths , dogm a itself w as delivered from the ﬂuctuations of individu al a f opinion by this settled form of religious us ges , the kernel o a a which the initi ted found in this dogm tic system .

This high sig niﬁ cance for the religious history o f India a a a a must , I think , be ttributed to the Br hm n s . The o f Ka l a n a an d a a writings the p belo g to nother l ter st ge . It seems indeed to in volve a contradiction i n thought th a t books relating to the external form of ritu al should be later th a n the religious - philosophica l interpreta tion o f these a a a forms . But we must not overlook the f ct th t liter ture , a a especi lly the most ncient , follows not the order of a a a and scientiﬁ c thinking , but the p th of pr ctic l necessity ,

i s a . a this wh t meets us here A theology , wh tever might its a a t a be scientiﬁ c v lue , which should include the s me a a w a s a a s time the found tions of the priestly st te , necess ry , soon a s this worship had developed o n the o ne h a nd into a o f a a a and a a number us ges re sting on ncient pr ctice or l tr dition , an d o n the o t her had attained to a domina tion over tribe s It s w a s to a nd peoples . purpose furnish the priest skilled in these practices with the key to the understanding of m nd a a . a o n the ma their mutu l rel tions A co plete ritu l , the a Ka l a a a other h nd , like the p writings rose when the s cred ha d a a a a nd v a function become lre dy de d , stiff o erl den , when it had become unintelligible an d w a s pra ctised merely a a o f as a skilled perform nce . I t is the result of condition extern aliz ation in worship which could h a ve been produced only in later centuries an d as the consequence o f th a t

R 5 2— 3 1 8 dogmatic settle me nt b rought a bout by the B rahm an a s a nd the body o f literature allied to them . In the cas e o f p articul a r writings of It he Kalp a it c an be a a a A s ex actly shown how they rest upon the Br h m n s . a n a m a a a a inst nce of this we y t ke , for ex mple , the rel tion of a u a ASvala an a w a a to the liturgic l S tr s of y , hich ppe r h ave an a a a o a enjoyed extr ordin ry circul ti n in I ndi , to the a a o f Aitareya Brahm n . For most the ch apters of the l atter a corresponding section in those S utra s c a n be

o a e. . a . 2 ff ut . a . . 2 0 pointed Comp re , g , Ait r Br h m I I , , I I , , l 1 ASva a ana Sraut a S . 1 ff I ff I , 7 with y I I , , V , , I V , 5 ; S u a fo r w o rd i nstru c tio n s indeed the tr s borrow from it , word , v l I a a A a . X an d S . a long p ss ges Sr , 3 is t ken 1 8 an d A al X II . a . Sv fro . m from Ait Br hm VI I , , , 9 Ait . VII 1 a a a . Br h m , ) lthough they by no me ns pretend to be a a o r to a a a a mere comment ry supplement th t Br hm n , but in m any a p assa ge quote the view o f the Ai ta r eyi n as as 1 only one a mong others .

a a n an I o ne It would cert inly be opportune service , of no a a an a a — sm ll v lue , if y schol r would t ke the trouble trou b le which would not in every respect reward him — o i examining in one o f the three Europe an libraries which a re richest in a a a a the liturgic l works of Indi n liter ture , th t of Berlin , L o r an d ondon Oxford , the order connection of the va rious a a as a a pr ctic l works reckoned belonging to the Ved , nd determining whether we are to consider th at we h ave only o ne series of liturgic al a cts o r severa l running p arallel to a a t a o n e ch other , wh t posi ion is to be ssigned this system V asa e n especially to the aj n ya S a mhita a d wh at is t he s ign i ﬁc an c e of the fa ct th at individu al liturgic al books are a s ’ s o c iate d S a rnhita Va as with the Rik , others with the j aneya ’ ' S arnhita an d others again with the TaittirIya S arn hita a nd so no w a a a on . As things st nd , one looks in v in mongst Indi a n interpreters for a cle a r insight into this connection or even a a a r a a a m o f s tisf cto y outw rd rr nge ent the works . There is every re ason to expect th at as the result of such a n ex a min a

We a a a a a should m ke mist ke if we were lw ys to refer to a School such derivative a as A i t are i na A i tare a B a a a Atha rv an ikas n me forms y , derived fro m the y r hm n , from the Atharva am a a a s a S hit , etc ., which P nini interprets those who re d or understa nd the are a s a a o n . We b ok They , in most c se , only design tio of the book itself might h ave H said with reference to the recension of omer by Aristarchus after the Alex and ri a n ’ ’ o f A m a et o c o i w e t A t m o y k e o v a period px or p p px y m if Arist rchus similarly never ha d found a sch o ol .

2 0

the zi a CO ' n are d n Then y p is p to light ing . It must be

- eight cornered like the lightning wit h its eight forks . And a s the l atter is hurled by God a gainst the man w ho offends a a a a nd i s an him , so the y p st nds to destroy the enemy it unwelcome sight to the enemy when he to whom t hey wish a a a a a evil prep res him self for s criﬁ ce by erecting the y p .

a c n b e a o f at The st ke a m de three kinds of wood , of th o f o a M i mo s a ca techu a O f Bil va the Mim s ( ) , of th t the tree e o o r é (A egl e ma r m l s ) of Pala a wood (B a tea f r o n do s a ) .

a With this is connected symbolism , which is often met a an d with in connection with the more import nt trees shrubs , vi z a a a a . , th t he who strives for he ven should t ke the Mimos a and wood , he who desires e rthly blessings prosperity the a nd a a t second kind of wood , he who seeks the f me of s ncti y ' a a the P l s a . Then follows the interpret ation o f the ceremony per formed at the sta ke ; the Brahm an a begins without any “ : We a a a a introduction noint the s criﬁ ci l st ke , begin thy ” i o a dhva r u a n a a v a h ta r . m tr thus s ys he ( , the ) Then the y begins

a in e e a Those who long for God no t th in the s c rifi ce , n O pri ce of the forest , with the divine sweetness a a Whether thou st ndest upright , give us tre sures , Or whether thou liest o n this mother - ground 8 L "Rik . I I I , I , a 0j Erect thyself , prince of the forest , over the surf ce the e arth Me asured a ccording to correct measure s give food to the bringer o f the On this follows th e second verse of the s a me hymn “ S a a 8 I 1 8c 1 . with simil r contents , then R . I , , , 3 4 t nd t e c . a erected for our protection , fin lly still two mo re and a s strophes out of the previous hymn (5 , 4) everywhere a rule after ea ch h alf line (pada) the Brahm an a intersperses p artl y rem arks th at a re re ally expl an atory by the ” a divine sweetness is to be understood cl rified butter , a a a and at m) , p rtly symbolic l references , gives , the close , t he expla nation th at the first a n d l ast o f the a bove seven strophes a re to be rep eated e ach three times so th at there ma all 1 1 - a y be in of them . Eleven syll bled is the Tri stupw - a metre in which most of the a bove verses are 2 ]

’ c o mpo sedn the Tristup is Indra s thus he ’ who knows this comple tes with these verses as Indra s i n ” s trume nt s w a eva veda a a the holy ork , ( y , refr in which r a t a recu s the end of every princip l exposition . ) After a short expl a n a tion of the steps by which the and a a a a a nd erection consecr tion of the s crifici l st ke , therein a a o f a a a are c o m the prep r tory ceremony the nim l s crifice , l eted a a a p , the Br hm n comes to the consideration Of the a o f a a a signific nce the nim l s crifice itself.

The ma n who prep ares th at offering is o n the point o f o a l l i offering himself t the divinities . Agni s equ al to all the gods Som a is equival e nt to all the gods the s ac rific er who f a a a and a a m o fers the nim l dedic ted to Agni Som , r nso s " all himself thereby from the gods . And further it me ans let him no t e at o f the anim al dedicated t o Agni a nd Som a ; a a a a man he who e ts Of this nim l , e ts of for with it the ” rifi ce r a a a a s ac . r nsoms himself The Br hm n , however , runs counter t o this precept by its app eal to a myth a nd so far it has deviated from the m anifestly oldest fo rm o f the prO pi 5mm 5 6W“ tia to ry offering which in it s idea is 7 ? unta sted a ) an d a a s crifi ce , in ccord nce with the interpretation quoted a w as a a bove , this in much nobler sense th n the Greek offerings for the dead which were not touched bec ause they belonged to an une arthly region . The introduction to the re al central point o f the s acri

fi c ial i s a a a so - a A r i s it hta m rite given in pr yer , c lled p , hymn o f a a a invoc tion , in which the fire under v rious spects , the a o f a a o f o f str w the s crifice , the g tes the enclosure the pl a ce o f sacrifice an d other perso n ific atio n s of a cts and — i n all a an d at instruments of offering gener lly ten , the close 9" o ne a re a a . or more gods , invoked in tr dition l order All the conditions for an auspicious completion o f the a is o f are s crifi ce (this the thought these hymns) , to be a a c t a re mark ab e united in the s cred th t follows . A reminiscen ce -o i a ncient times and circumst an ces is awa kened here by the fac t th at in the individu al c a se th at

I Tri st u S a a a as G a a a a ( ) The p is peci lly s cred to Indr the y tri to Agni , the j g ti to

V II . 1 0. . e. . . Aditya etc Cf g , Nir ,

re dI s us sed at . ff (2 ) The Apri hymns a c Nir VIII 4 . In the Rigved a there a re ten ‘ Atharva V 2 We a . a a such hymns nother is found in the , 7 meet the s me word lso in

- Y a s a B urn o u l a e . . f . 82 a nd Y a the liturgy of the end N tion g , in the n , , p 4 in the sht of ' K r n ci t Fer n er a . X 2 0 0 i . the , Journ l As 4 ( f ) 22

hymn o f invocation is a lways to be se lected by the priest which is a scribed by tra dition to a Rsi o f the fa mily o f the

’ f ( tci bhi r atha r a r i n i at a O ferer y sy p y ) ; thereby is secured , s ys a a a a the f a o ut the Br hm n , th t O ferer does not f ll of touch with a his rel tions . The things which in these hymns are given as the conditions o f the a c t Of s a criﬁ ce are interpreted by the a a a n a and a Br hm n , in its symbolizi g m nner in h rmony with the thought th at the anim al Offer ing is a ra nsom p aid for man o f the life of the , with reference to the con ditions a and at hum n life existence , bre h , voice , food , possessions

. w man t r a s a t in herds , etc Then follo the to be used the n and a 2 1 — a n d ki dling c rrying of the fire ( IV , , 5 , 3, a a a a a fin lly the kernel of the whole s crifici l tr ns ction , the a a ua an d formul , prim itive in respect of its entire l ng ge mode a a a Of represent tion , ccording to which the sl ying of the a o a nim al must be c rried ut . The complete text of this formula a s it occurs al so in

a e ASval - an d other pl ces , . g . , Sr . I I I , 3, in the following working o ut of the Brah m an a is indicated by speci al type runs thus

- item: arise n mas sage agent: s acma it em gt arm hand s et Real men 31mWegvﬁa s ti r Breast mat W611 ’ aarﬁargr arm emitsg- ear new : I s eemare: si r 131m l"

’ i " a wt asaa aatc saﬁ a f n: a)t ? ai tW f agﬁ m am q t e g i aw e II

‘ e an v qa m h a r a m W r W w w m e gu rat mm at fi i i — fi ears“i i " meet an: s eaw ater ans ne t Tramwwfisi env ea i nnit mm é q fiai r at atgattrtea Bream a fresh6- 6 2116121611

‘ fittfit tt vfibs i naibw fi m i e atm ll s

Di vi ne sl a er s be i n a l so e hu ma n S l a er s . y g , y y Thus he calls to the Sl ayers among the Gods a s well a s a mong B r i h o t e l ace o sacr ce t he o er z n men . ng to t e g a tes f h p f iﬁ j g

e b e C . a 1 1 t 2 VII a ar a f P nini IV , 4, 4. VII , 4 , 44, where the quot tions in p rt to a a a mended ccording to the bove . 2 3

w i th a n i nvo ca ti o n to the tw o L o r ds of the of er i ng The a a f s ac rifi c er L nim l is the o ferin g , the is the ord of the f f sa c ifi c e r I r . t O fering , by his o fering it benefits the is , a a a a ma however , lso dded th t the divinity to which the ni l i s presented should be c alled the Lord o f the o ffering ‘ if it is intended fo r a p articul a r divinity he s ays : to ‘ L o f f the ord the O fering , ; if for two , it runs to the two ’ Lords o f the Offering if there are three : to the Lords of the ' o ffering This i s the correct Ca r ry the fi r e in f r o nt of i t As the anim al w as brought for w ard it s a w a e had t o de th before it sinc it however , no desire go to the o a a G ds , the Gods s id to it Come , we sh ll bring thee to f a o ne o s . hea ven I I t s id Yes , if you goe before me The Gods agreed and Agni went before it and the a nim al followed v a a a a a ne a Agni . Therefore e ery nim l s crificed is c lled g y (dedic ated to Agni ) Since it followed Agni and therefore

ﬁre (Agni ) is c arried in front of it . a a Sp r ea d the s acr ed g r ass . The nim l subsists on ‘ ‘ vegeta bles (o s ha dhy - Zrtma va z p as u : and so the anim al is put i n possession of all th at b elongs to it t s a r vdtma na _ Let i t s M o ther i ts at her tahe a r ew el l o i t i t s ha r o ti . ) , f f f , her ha s bor n e i ts fr i end tha t ha s br o ther w ho m t he sa me mo t , it has e go ne w i th i t i n t he sa me her d. When thus b en set Tu r i t s ee free from its rel atives they lay hold of it . n f t o r t h l et i ts e es t u r n to the s u n l et i ts br eat h tow a r d the N , y , o i nto the w i n d i ts l i e i nto the a i r to the ua r ter s o t he g , f , q f d s i s ea r t o the ea r th i ts bo . heaven s t , y Into the e worlds the Remove i ts hi de i n o ne i ece o ut o o ne o en i n anim al is sent . p , f p g u ce “) Kee o the heat a bo ve the navel] p r es s o ut the j i p f . I t M a he i ts br ea st a ea a give s l ife to the anim al . ( in pp r nce)

‘ l i ke an ea l e i ts a r ms a t l i he t w o g , (the upper p r of its forelegs) hatc hets i ts o r ea r ms w a t its l i be , f (the lo er p r of forelegs) tw o o r hs i ts tw o s ho ul der s l i he tw o to r to i s es i ts l o i ns f , , u n di vi ded i ts thi hs l i he t w o s hi el ds l i he t w o o l ea n der - l eaves , g , " i x a en i ts hnees (the lo w er p art of its hind legs . ) t s s n d tw ty c b r r emai n n u r i bs tear o ut i n o r der . L et ea h mem e

t a a a and (I ) The above p assage is r nsl ted ccordingly, without doubt by the two and S a x a a lords of the Offering are to be understood Agni om . If the ﬁrst e pl n tion is a a an a o at adhered to , the formul would h ve to be understood thus with invoc ti n the ” f . a s ac riﬁ same time to the two lords of the o fering These two would prob bly be the c er

a nd his wife .

Aév rh a 1 2 w as a a (2) According to g y I , this done by inserting gr ss which bsorbed the moisture and w as afterwards pressed (in order to yield up the moisture) . 2 4

1 ‘ ’ ‘ i nj u r ed thus the body o f the anim al is atoned for in i ts F o r t he en t r a i l s di ) a i t i n t he r o un d members . p g . The contents of the entrails consist o f veget ables t h e e arth i s a ta the pl ce of vege bles , thus he brings these for ever to a their pl ce .

S r i nhl e w i th the bl o o d the evi l i r i p sp ts . By the husks of the fruit seeds (which they sc attered over them) the Gods a f kept the evil spirits b ck from the o fering of butter , with a a a blood they ke pt them b ck from the gre t s criﬁce . When it i s a : a now s id sprinkle the evil spirits with the blood , th t i s understood to mean th at they should be fed with the n f n a a to portio of the O feri g th t belongs peculi rly the m .

is a : a Further , it s id At the time of the s criﬁce , he should a are h t pr ise the evil spirits . Who t ese evil spiri s ? They i s a a (it objected) h ve nothing to do with the s criﬁce . To a a this it is replied , he should continu lly pr ise them ; s ince he who deprives o f h is prop er portion him who is entitled a o ne n thereto will be injured by th t , if not in his own perso ’ at a his le st in children or children s children . However , when he praises the evil spirits he must do it in a mutt ering (repre ssed) v oice ( upasu ) muttering is the conce aled

a re . voice , the evil spirits likewise hidden But if he should a a c an pr ise the evil Spirits with loud sound , then be turned ’ (by these spirits ; into a d e mon s b o w l the voice of him who

’ “ a a No e a i s spe ks with demon s voice . w t h m n w ho over w a t s t S a a eening , who spe ks wi h impetuo i y (loud ) , pe ks with ’ t e demon s voice . O n h ot her h and he who knows this will neit her himself be proud nor will a proud person be born in hi s fa mily . Do n o t s hu dder a t the s ight of i ts ent r a i l s a s if yo u sa w a n o w l no r l et a ny o ne a mo ng yo u r c hil dr en a nd ’ chi l dr en s chi l dr en s hu dder e s l a er s S O a , y y s ying he delivers the anim al into the h ands O f the divine and hum a n “) a A dhr i u i u r i . sl a sl a au s ci o sl sl a Adh u Sl yers g y , y p y, y, g . This let him rep eat three times an d three times the words 0 t han s i nl es s o ne Adhri u a a g is the sl yer mongst the Gods , the a sinless , the subduer mong them ; so he delivers it to the

a a nd . a a b sl yers subduers Ye sl yers , wh tever good you ring a ma a us a bout y it f ll to , wh tever evil let it turn elsewhere ; thus

a . w a u he spe ks Agni s the high priest o f the Gods . He co se a a a a o f a ma ntr a cr ted the nim l with the utter nce , therefore

1 . Rik . 2 2 6 38 a a a a x ( ) Cf I , , , . The whole hymn grees with the bove p ss ge e cept a a a f a th t the nim l o fered is horse . ‘ 2 m na ( ) Thus according to the B rnh a . 2 5

a a a a w a m he lso (the hum n priest) dedic tes the s me ith ant r a . He shews therein the slayers a n d the subduers o f the vict im wh at they h ave to cut o ff at the beginning and wh at after a a i s i n and a i s w rds , wh t excess wh t deﬁ cient . With a a s a c riﬁc e r and lo n l f H il the is set free long living to g i e . ” w ho He kno w s this lives long . When we a gain t ake up the question a bove left o ff with a e dan a L a a a had reg rd to the V g iter ture , which Y sk before us e him , there meets , besides the r ference previously di s cussed to two works which we reckoned a s belonging to the

Ka a - Kat haka a nd Haridra vik a lp books , the the , the mention

a a a - t he of the gr mm tic l text books of S chools . ( Nir . That t hese words cannot w ell be understood other w ise th an o f a a the books which , in p rt , h ve come down to us under Pratiéakh a s a a the title of y , I h ve ende voured to prove in “ Z ur Litteratu r un cl a 6 ff Geschichte des Ved pp . 5 . To w a a a t a t am h t I h ve s id here reg rding these wri ings , I now able to a dd a g o od dea l th at is more ex a ct since I h ave been favoured with several relev ant M S S from the Royal Library in B erlin by the authorities of th at Libra ry with a pra iseworthy liberality for which I may b e permitted here to a expres s my th nks .

o f all no w a a en a First , I must deﬁne the ide of Pr s kh a a vi a a s a a y more ex ctly , , text book of Vedic Element ry Gra m m ar based alwa ys on only one Vedic book in the ﬁrst i n stan c e and a Of w are a S atil hita , th t one the books hich c lled .

' A Vedic S aIi I hitafurnishes the material for it s respective pr ati sahhya in this w ay th a t the latter does not ai m at completeness and at general rules with respect to the forms o f Ve di c lan u a e a a the g g , but limits itself entirely to the m teri l a a cont ined in one single book , chooses its ex mples for its rules out of it alone a nd l ays down no rule which c a nnot be A i h a I a . r at sah s a w a proved from it p y In word , l ys only l ementa r r a mma r o a a r t i cul a r bo o h the e y g f p . No w in asmuch as the individual S aIiI hitas are de s ig

Ii I i V a a ne a - arh hita & nate d Riks a h t a a s s c . a s a , j y , , br nches sa a a a a ( kh ) of the one gre t stem , the one Ved , these p rti ar a r ati sahh a s c ul ar gram mars e c lled p y . The deﬁnitio n of

' ‘

M adhu sudana . a a . r ci ti scz h a quoted in nother pl ce , p 5 4 (p y bhi n n a r u a a a . a p ) , is thus perfectly ccur te By this st tement it a a a a is not intended to deny , however , th t these p rticul r gr m

R 5 2 — 4 2 6

a a t a o f f m rs were not , the s me time , the text books di ferent ‘ ' are r ati s ci hh a schools . They p y in respect of their limited m aterial and par s ada as Yaska calls them in respect of a a a o f a their immediate repute in p rticul r circle the le rned .

The one does not exclude the other . Rather each had a a u a a a nd school , ccording to pec li r limit tion inflexibility o f a a in the scientific efforts Indi , set before itself for tre tment only o ne definite bra nch of the revel ation l aid down in the nd s a i e. a a a a a a Ved , . , only one p rticul r book this comp r tively later period treated individu al Vedic books in separate a all a a a and schools , so , ccording to indic tions , the rr ngement collection o f e a ch o f these books in t he preceding centuries proceeded likewise from separate le arned bodies which o ne a gathered themselves around he d . Gra mm ar under w ent the s a me n at ural course o f deve l a o pment which we find elsewhere . I t did not st rt from the a w as b sis of the living speech , but its origin due to the discovery of a difference between cert ain forms of speec h in current l anguage a nd those of th e written works and it limited itself in the first instance chiefly to the setting forth a a a of these devi tions . Then g in , it did not include the a a a a a a a whole m ss of v il ble liter ture , but lw ys only those particular books th at were o f Speci al importance in the

p articul ar circles concerned . Thus the w ay w as opened up for a general gram m ar a and a a which tre ts of the written spoken l ngu ge together. We ﬁnd it ﬁrst in Panini a nd from thi s time onwards these a a a a a a a a a p rticul r gr mm rs dis ppe r gr du lly from gener l use . The distribution o f the particul ar pr atifahhyas with reference to the Vedic S a mhitas is a s follows

r st Pratiéakh a— a a I . The ﬁ y ccording to the rrange ment a lre ady previously adop ted by me — the most extensive o f these books is connected with the S aIi I hita o f the “) Rigved a It frequently quotes the hymn s a ccording a and to their uthors , in this connection , there occurs the a at a a a a c se , le st once , to my knowledge of p ss ge

( 1 ) I al w ays set down the MSS known to me in order to facilitate the sea rch for mea ns of study to others who may occupy themselves wi th these books . MSS of t e r H e 6 x t Sti tras a e : a . 1 a a . the of the ( ) No 35 5 , E st Indi ous , ( ) No 5 9 5 of the

a R a L a B . c 6 1 a Ch mbers Collection in the oy l ibr ry . erlin , ( ) No . 9 of the s me Collection . — Tex t a n d Co mme nt a are a a NO . 20 R a L a ry cont ined in the MSS ( ) 3 in the oy l ibr ry,

a 6 . 2 H c n , 8 a a NO . a a t he P ris ( ) No , E st I ndi ouse , ( ) 394 Ch mbers ; old MS from i a middle of the third Patal a onw rds .

2 8

II s eco n d Pratisakh a a a o f . The y is the gr m m r the “ m a a a Vaj a s aneya S a hit . It quotes ccordingly m ny se ction s

. S r m i a a e . aut a a n 68 by their liturgic l n mes , g , the 4, u i 6 a . é vamedha s e. A 5 , 3 gives rules for the y j , , the f am a o a S e 8. a . . unmetric l sections th t hit , g , 4, 7 If this book a a M adh andi na is simil rly scribed to the y School , it does no t i t a a a a think bene th itself to t ke note , on sever l occ s ions , o f a Ka n a of the divergent views its riv l v .

thi r d a a I I I . With reference to the book , lthough I h ve not yet had an Opportunity o f verifying its quotations in the t e s e c tive c an a p text , I no longer doubt th t it belongs to the “ Taitt i ri ya St hita as I h ave already conjectured in Z ur ” h a a 8L G e s c . 6 . a a a Litt . , p 3 The n mes of the p ss ges occ sion lly ' mentioned in this P ratisakhya of the book on which i t i s

as a a a . a s as founded such Gr h , Ukhy , etc , well the frequent q uotation o f the Taittiri yak a an d A hvara k a which l atter a re am a a a Ya us reckoned ong the twelve S kh of the Bl ck j , point “ in this direction .

a a o ur th IV . a Fin lly , I h ve discovered f book wh ich , in spite of its differing title I h ave no hesit ation in pl acing in

line with the preceding . I t consists of the four sections of the gra mm atical rules o f

' u r d a i ha m S a u n a hi a m a a a Chat ci h y . 1 a S un k , y y (No 43 Ch m a a 1 1 o f a a a L a S , 4) bers , 7 7 e ves mv t 7 which e ch is g in sub

- d a as . a divided into four sub sections , p The Comment ry on m a and a . S a a this is very insigniﬁc nt me gre The Vedic hit , the l aws of the pronunciation of which are tre ated of in this writing is th at of the A thar va it is e asy to prove this from the

o f : quot ations . Besides , the ﬁrst title the hook runs thus ’ d An ira sas o f At ha ngi r asa s; an g is one the designations of the hymns o f the Atharveda which elsewhere is c a lled in ‘ ’ r mave da a tha r vcc n i r a I ndi an writings B ah or g s a s .

I h ave met in the book a reference t o an Older gram a a a a a A n atare a m ari n , the gr mm ri n n med y y in the ﬁrst a a a a Pratisakhya . The gr m m tic l terminology is ex ctly the a Pratisakh as and are s ame a s we h ve in the y , the rules a a a a concerned with the s me dep rtment of gr mm r .

x d a NO . a . an a ( I ) A MS of the tex t is 35 Ch mbers Te t comment ry ( ) No . 454 of

a a 1 6 0 a . 8 a a H the s ame collection . S mv t 5 good copy ; (b) No 59 E st Indi ous e , a a a a Dalb h a G a a G a a ( . very c areless . To the gr mm ri ns is here to be dded y vide the n rg ) a a Z ur L 81 ( 2) Other MSS of this book th n the incomplete copies n med in itt .

a a re . Oesch . p ge 54 not known to me 29

There h ave thus been already discovered the specia l gra mm ars rel ating to four o f the Ve dic S a mhit as and only th a t of the S am aved a is wanting It c an indeed sc arcely be doubted th a t it also ha s found a n editor whose a a h a s work , now th t ttention once been turned to this side Of

a . Vedic exegesis , will perh ps soon come to light However , the S am aved a seems generally not to h ave bee n diligently a a a o f d i n studied , prob bly by re son of the w nt in ependence ’ its a a a a a s contents , whence lso the sc rcity of comes of S y n a o n no w has u Comment ry it , which up to been bro ght to a Europe only in one copy or t most in two . I f the result of o ur investiga tion of these books which a e a a we cl ss togeth r under their common , but necess rily l ter arisen n a me of PratiSakhya is this th at they are works a a a d a which h ndle the Vedic element ry rules , b se e ch upon o ne am a a nd a a of the S hit s , in h rmony with the peculi r a a o f a a a a ch r cter th t kind of le rned rese rch in I ndi , proceed ’ a w a a a Yas ka s ing l ys from p rticul r schools , then words b e r . 1 a a a n in N ir I , 7 c nnot more suit bly eferred to y a o f a a other cl ss writings . To this must be dded th t precisel y a a Nirukta t a vi a the subject Of which this p ss ge in the re ts , ,

’ a S a rn h ita the rel tion of the text , which connects the words a ccording to the genera l l aws of pronunciat i on to the p ad a . i s a a C i rIn c i al text , which g ves them ep r tely , onst tutes the p p o f Prati s ak as a nd a a V subject the y , ﬁn lly th t their iew of th at rel ation 15 just the s a me th at the Nirukt a ascribes to

' ci r s a da a a a - o f all the p , the gr mm tic l text books the schools . a a s a I reg rd it therefore completely est blished , unless a c an entirely simil r or still Older books be proved to exist , t e r i ti n w a a a h se w s . h th t Y sk knew g And if he kne t em , it i s a a b e Vedan as very prob ble th t reckoned them to the g .

a a no t They cl im this pl ce . onlyby virtue Of their close a a a a rel tion to the Ved in their subject m tter , but lso in o f a a a t a virtue the n mes Of their uthors , wh ich we know le st f To in the case o three of them . the two n a mes Katyaya na an d a a a an a a S un k , which occupy import nt pl ce in the a a a n and history of the most ncient Indi n le rni g , in the a a a a a legends , gre t m ss of works supplement ry to the Ved

a nd are a . a o f u to Vedic theology tr ced We sh ll , co rse , never be able to determine which works Yaska re ally n a med Vedan a a ma t g , but the progress of our l bours y be expec ed 30 more and more to identify the works which he could thus n ame a nd ever more clearly to shew that the books which ’ ha ve come down to us a s Ved angas were not Yaska s

Ved angas .

He recko ns a mong the Ved angas only the Co ll ecti o n the N i han ava s of g t or , if this is not to be found expressly o at a stated In his words ( Nir . I . he le st pl a ces them In i t close connection with the Vedanga s . And follows from wh at has been brought fo rw aI d In the preceding discussion 3 r k th at this Nighantava collection 1 older th an the Ni u ta .

A learned edition o f the Naighant uka has come down 1 o r 1 6 o f o ur e ra has fo r to us from the 5 th th Century . It a D a a a a s a its uthor ev r j who , the introductory strophes st te , lived in the neigh bourhood of Yajn a- range Sapuri and w as a o f Ya neévarar a an d a o f Devara a a van son j y gr ndson j y j , and according to the rem ark at the close of the M S belonged to the fa mily o f Atri .

t he D a a a In introduction to h is book , ev r j gives the follo w ing expla n ation regarding the condition of the M S S o f Nai hantuk a and a w a s the g , the m nner in which it then understood and the re asons which led him to compose his a a a a has Nirukta a com ment ry . Y sk , he s ys , in the expl ined a a nd o f w individu ll y, in their entirety , only the words hich a list is given in the fourth and fifth section o f the Na ighant uka (in the N a iga ma and Dai vat a) a nd given a a a o n a the rel tive proof p ss ges ; the other h nd , we find expositions an d quot ations for only some a mongst the 1 341 f a words o the three first sections . After Yask S kand a a a o f a a and sv min , he s ys , took up the work expl n tion a t f a a e. . o . nd expl ined length , g , words like those Ngh I , 4, 1 and 2 a the compounds In 3, 3, 3, 9 which h ve been dis cussed a a a a w a fo r by Y sk only In gener l ay. But m ny other words which neither expl an ations nor proofs were available had ll to be understood simply from their form . This w as a the more precarious that the study o f the Ved as a nd le arned ’ tradition In the l atest period (in the Kaliyuga w as much interrupted and obscured a nd the only help th at rem ained w a i f i h s o Na antuka . s mply the collection words , the g But a now , entire words were w nting in this collection throu gh o f M S S o t he rs a the corruption the , were interpol ted , others 31

a a a and a o f Nai hantuka g in were ltered in form thus p rt the g , a w a a the first three sections , just bec use it nted consistent a nd o f a a u exposition collection ex mples , bo nded in errors . I n order to restore the correct reading and to m ake the a a a underst nding of the scripture e sier for the less le rned , D a a a a a a and S kanda s vamin he , ev r j , now retrieves wh t Y sk a a a left unexpl ined . Further , he gives his expl n tions by no means merely o n hi s own authority ’ has a s a Yas ka s o w n a a he helps , in the first pl ce , expl n tions o f 0 o f Nai h antuka are a 35 words the g , which found sc ttered he re a nd there in the Niruk ta ; 2 00 word s h a ve bee n ex plained by Skandas vami n ; a n d fin ally m any o f the re mainng a a o n a a words h ve been ex pl ined occ sion by m ny others . a The re din gs followed by these are to be retained . Further sa in o f more , he ys consequence of the study the Naigh ant uka carried on uninterruptedly in his fa mily ’ ’ ’ sa mfi mnfi a d/z a am s a vi chea éi t o f ( y y y y ) , by diligent use the numerous writings of M adhava and by comp arison o f M S S all a numerous collected from qu rters , he has been able to a mend and expla in other portion s of

the text .

’ Devaraja s work is thus conﬁned to the strictly lexic al t a far a part o f the Naighan uk . But he is from h ving succeeded everywh ere in the t a sk which he attempted : a great number o f words h ave had to re m ain without a uthentica tion : his standing formul a for these is n iga mo ’ “ nve§a ﬁ a s a a . z y , A proof p ss ge is still to be sought Much ’ th at could h ave been esta blished from the Sa rnhita of the Rik has esc aped him he shews a gre a t wa nt of i nde pen ~ a a dent judgment ; he employs , however , toler bly com Ai r a e. . ta e a a a a prehensive Vedic liter ture , g , the y Br hm n , a a a a a Chando a a a the Ar ny k of simil r n me , the gy Up nis d ,

A as tamb a a a &c . the p S kh ,

It has not been possible fo r me to m ake a transcript o f o f s o far as the single copy this book , which , my knowledge a a goes , is to be found in Europe ( E st Indi House , It certainly deserved to be m ade use o f in an exh austive o n a a t he lexical work the Ved s , bec use in it frequently expl an ations of words given by ea rlier exegetes whose works a a H r d a e. . a a atta we h ve not yet become cqu inted with , g , min a nd a all Ska ndasvamin Ks i rasva , bove these , , the 32 older interpreter o f some portions of the Nai ghantuka and

are . those of others , set down

a o rI In and Nai hantuka With reg rd to the g purpose of the g , a a a a a I h ve lre dy expressed the view th t it ,especi lly in the a w as a o f f and a a second p rt , collection di ﬁcult rch ic expressions to be m ade the b asis o f such ins t ruction in the interpret at i on of the Ved a a s w a s wont to be given in the h e a a f t a . w as o schools of Br hm ns At th t time , there no need continuous comment aries ; learning w as al so prob a b ly not yet s o Specialized ; a list of the expression s for the idea s a a a occurring most fre quently in the Ved s , of the chief p ss ges a a a a an d requiring expl n tion , both in respect of l ngu ge a a a a o f an d subject m tter , simple c t logue the gods the obj ects of worship as we h ave it In the NaIghantu ka sufﬁced s a a a guide to oral instruction . I n subsequent period these elements were expounded form ally a nd in writing ; the Ni rukta belongs to this period and in a still l ater period arise the exh austive continuou s comment aries .

An exactly similar state o f things presents itself in w as o f Greece . There Homer (with the exception Hesiod , a a a a who , howeve r , never tt ined equ lly high uthority) the only source of higher knowledge an d w as pre - eminentl y the book of the school s the science of gramm ar a nd almost every other science began to be developed in connection ’ a a a a with Homer s works . In Indi , the Ved t kes the pl ce of H omer ; it comprised for the Brahm anical people their a w as as a a all whole store of ment l culture , s cred book the more a n atural subject o f investigation to the learned man w as a t a a and a who the s me time priest , bec me the ﬁrst a a a a w a s far problem of gr mm r , scien ce which , in Indi , more generally diffused th an in Greece and rea ched at a f r a a n ea rly d te a a higher st ge of development . At the

a a a - a s me time , not only the l ngu ge , but the subject m tter o f the Veda stood much farther from the Indi a n , of the 0 a 6 0 centuries immediately before Buddh a ( 7 0 nd 0 B C . ) a a in which we h ve to pl ce the full bloom of the priesthood , th an his Homer did to the Greek o f the time of Perikles . Among the Greeks there arose a t this period a nd perh aps even e arlier those collections of peculiar Homeric words of

a had a a k w o a a t which the me ning become unf mili r , the y ; ‘ a a N i ha z a va s a in Indi for the Ved , the g z q were collected , word 33

a a w k w a a ae I the me ning of which I hold to be identic l ith y ( ) . a a In The beginnings were identic l In both c ses . the short interva l from Perikles to the end o f the Alex andria n period a a o f Greece did , however , m ore for the expl n tion Homer th an Indi a accomplished In the long course of the centuries down to Say an a and M ahi dhara i n the 1 6th Century fo r a a the understanding o f the Ved s . Of course the t sk of I ndia w as by far the more difﬁ cult . Besides Indian learning o f a lacked the possibility free development . Orthodoxy had to deny h i story an d ﬁnd the conditions o f the present at o f a a s every period In the monuments the p st , bec u e the present could and would h ave no other found ation th a n the h alf understood traditions o f antiquity which w ere a surrounded by a sacred h lo . The priesthood supplied the a a W a a u o f necess ry uthentic expl n tions , itho t which , course , there could never h a ve been found in those books the things w a a as s hich with its ssist nce were so e ily di covered .

The mind thus wronged a ccustomed itself to i ts yoke and went its w ay along the prescribed p ath ; the historic al

‘ sense w as irretrieva bly lost a nd contented its elf with the permitted h armless enj oyment o f the exercise o f solving a A s a c o n s vla i gr m m atical questions . t o n the credit c an a a a a has be given to the Indi n th t , in the ﬁeld of gr mm r , he fa r surpa ssed the Greek .

The Naighantuka s ta nds for us practic ally at the su m i s mit of a history of exegesis . It indeed not impossible a a a a a th t In Indi sever l such collections existed , th t perh ps o ne u s a a a and only the before tt ined to gener l recognition , th a t then other earlier ones dis a ppe a red . Similar collections especially might h ave been made for the other Vedic books ; s mc e NaI hantuka fl a the g limits itself , chie y In its second p rt , ‘ a S a rnhita a with very r re exceptions , to the of the Rigved . w as a a at w as o n e a I t , however , most n tur l th this the th t att ained to authority a nd survived bec ause from the st and point o f the I ndian the Rigveda alone demanded a really a philologic l exposition .

I cannot conclude these introductory words without an expression o f the th anks which I o w e fo r m anifold kind

' H - L x i o c at . 60a ( I ) G alen in the preface to the e . pp r r o w vu r a w ti yo p e m m c v p f v

“ ’ o fmen " o n m er» u u ' a r W. r o vr r o t o uo f v o w W8 o va t w uah xp w j ne; p t s xak o vo 8 5 2 — 5 34 a a o f a a ssist nce , in this ﬁeld study lmost indispens ble , to my a L and friends especi lly in ondon Berlin . I am under especi al obligation s to my honoured a vo n a to is a te cher , Heinrich Ew ld , whom it due in more th n o ne respect th at I h ave been able to begin an d so far c o m M a f plete this work . y he give my efforts in the dom ain o I ndian antiquities the credit o f being inspired by the s ame spirit o f historic al philology by means o f which he has s a o f s achieved such wide conquest on beh lf cience .

Dr Be nfe has My friend , . Theodor y in Gottingen not only undert aken the troublesome ta sk o f p assing the work a a a a through the press , t sk which could not h ve been pl ced a has a s as ar a in better h nds , but l o sisted me in v ious w ys o f a a fo r a nd from his knowledge the Ved s . I th nk him this trust th at by mutu al assistance w e may still for a length o f time be permitted to a dvance thi s bra nch o f knowledge th at

is sh aping itself anew .

u RUD L P TH T bi ngen O H R O . ‘ M y 1 847

’ ‘ expounders reproduce more brieﬂy by the term a n n a ci l l a l am

2 0 a . he a a (I , , 4 ) while he scribes to t re l intermedi te tone

' ‘ eka f r nl i a o f a ar , the qu lity being indistinguish ble by the e ’ a o f An naZi ( I, Inste d thus including under the term l l a two distinct a ccents which in som e other w ay ought to be a a m ore ex ctly deﬁned , it will be expedient to ret in the P ratisakh as a s t y , terms used in , some of the which hey a re more thorough in the element ary treatment of the ’ ’ a a u a nn a ez l l a t he ccents gener lly , disting ish between , i ' o and r acho a - s vam o r i a chi l a - so o m l wered tone , the p y p . The n a me o f the latter c an be interpreted as meaning l o r as to n whi ch co u . e mes n a l i . e i f , , un modiﬁed tone , the k ee c an a a p, since it include gre ter number of successive a a c an syll bles in sentence , indeed run through entire forms a a a a of pr yer , while the other ccents depend upon necess ry

Chane of tone .

’ ‘ a a a I I . The essenti l n ture of the three ccents which ’ t he a a a A n naﬁ l l a represent regul r gr d tion of tone , the ,

‘ r a and Udei l l a L P a c/z a . y , is in itself intelligible ess intel to an d all a a a ligible us , even for the gr mm ri ns not perfectly a u o f o r i ta a S a . cle r , is the n t re the It is uniformlydes ’ c rib ed as a combin ation o f the Udznm a nd An naﬁ tt a i n a o f are rs an a no t which c se , course we to unde t d by the l tter

' a a a o f the ccent so c lled in the n rrower sense the term , but ge nerally the tone which does n o t go beyond the neutral i P 2 a 1 1 1 1 a . a l ne . (I . r t . 3, I I Pr t . , With reg rd

- an d Pratisakh a to its tone constituents , the fi rst second y stat e th at the first h alf o f its duration — whether the syllable * o n a o n e o r nzo r as — which it rests cont ins , two , . three sounds a a a higher th n the high tone , the rem inder , however , lthough ’ it is regarded a s a n u afi l tcl is said to h ave a tone - value

‘ similar t o th at o f the Udez l tn The l atter h alf ‘ - o f the S o o e i t a loses this tone v alue if an Udﬁ l m.o r S c o r i l a f a 1 o r ollows it in the sentence (I . Pr t . 3, 3, 9 ) it sinks a ate Pratisak a a a bre aks (pm k mp ) . The second y s ys th t only the last portion of it sinks ( ul l m’ o deé a : pr a n i hanyate) a nd the Sa unaeiya limits this bre aking to the duratio n o f ‘ a m a a om . the l st qu rter of the l st ( 3, From this it is already pl ain th at the S o a r i t a is inferior in intensity o f tone t o the Udﬁ tt a which always ret a ins its full value

o o 11 1 1 a a mus IC 13 , be t In . 37

‘ ' ’ If S varita the n ac c o rdin f the is , g to the oregoing , not a i na e a o f o f n or gi l ton , but result the coming together two a c n the as c e ts , question to the conditions under which this phoeno me no n occurs n o w ari ses x I f it o ccurred quite uni ve rs ally from the conﬂuence o f an a ccented with a follow ing un a ccented vowel — to which the description given o f its — a a the law s n ture would point there would be , ccording to of Sandhi in S a nskrit either in the case o f a n individu al word or o f a in the union two words , these three possible c ses

a a h a as a ( ) Th t the two vowels s ould co lesce , t kes a a o f w a pl ce in the c se hom ogeneous vo els , before i o a s e a 0 a i s fin/ a xi s c le cing Into , before into , th t (b) Th at the ﬁnal vow el o fthe ﬁrst member o f a word or o f a word should be ch anged into a semi - v o wel before a as i the initi l vowel of the second , before the vowel ’ ‘ a an d n a n a an d i li ni ai e ai i o n , nd before the vowels , g . (c) Th a t the preceding vowel should swallow up the following vowel as takes pl ace when e o r 0 precedes a el i s i o n n al w lze short , or more correctly sy p

If the S o ar i t a of S anskrit were in place in the first o f a a d a these three c ses , it would be sc rcely istinguish ble from the Greek circumflex if we only le ave out o f ac count the a e o f a law o f tr nsgr ssion the univers l which Greek is guilty , in combining In perverse order the grave with a following a cute into the CIrc umflex Here the long v has a a a i s a has owel ttr cted the circumflex , th t , qu ntity a as a a a triumphed over ccent , lso h ppens in every c se in a a a a a n d an d whi ch penultim te syll ble is c cented long , the

c o I n o n a . a a l s t short ( w ) S nskrit , the other h nd, a and s So a r i ta a i n the tone gener lly , thu the lso , is entirely dependent o f the quantity o f the individual syll a ble a s it is o f the stress laid upon the whole word . In this it i s so essentially distinguished from the Greek circumﬂex a s regards the circumsta nces of its origin th at in the ﬁrst of the a b ove

a a and : a o f c ses , it occurs only in single very limited cl ss a a and exception l ex mples , while in the second third it is a regul rly found .

a In this connection , it is further worth mentioning th t , a to a ' remark o f ﬁrst Pratié akh a a a ccording the y , gr m a a M nd ke a o f n a all a o f m ri n a u y is opi ion th t , in c ses the 38 kr asi s o f an accented syll able with a s ucceeding un accented a Sva r i t a a o f 0 syll ble , the , ccording to the view the C m mentato r at a a as a , le st in theory , should be reg rded the regul r ‘ a t o a ccent . According the ex mples given by Weber

a a . . a a s (V j s Specimen I I , p this mode of ccentu tion exi ts , r a a a however, not merely in theo y , but is found ctu lly c rried o t M S S o f Sata atha a a a u in the the p Br hm n . The second ca se is o f course inconceiv a ble in the ca se o f Greek w hich

- a a s a o knows no semi vowels , the third is reg rded c ase f — kr a si s so a a a , but never produces little lso is Greek gr mm r a s it s a — cle rly settled a to tre tment the circumﬂex . There is a a thus , however , lthough without doubt both these ccents a a a f a a h ve the s me origin , complete di ference in their pplic tion in the us age o f the languages of the two peoples in which th at which i s origin al and that w hich is derived appear appo r t io ned to both sides .

a S vaei l a f I I I . The Indi n is thus found in the o ll o w mg cases :

’ 1 a two r i s a a . ( Under ) When sh o t , the ﬁn l ccented , a a a the initi l un ccented , co les ce , the long resulting vowel

Bi ff-I bhi s So ar i ta e. . m receive the ” g , 2 i ncl/111 mm bhi ndha tﬁ m . , a )

‘ It is c alled pr afl z s l a ( al so pr afl i s l a and pr ﬁ ksli s l a ) th a t which rests on the swallowed - up combin a tion O f ” ‘ ’ 0— 11 r a sli f a : san a lz i . 1 . vowels (p l I Pr 3, 7 , Pr 1 — o ne 1 1 1 a . . a . , 7 , 4, 33 M nd 7 , 4 S un But if of the two i s is long the general l aw to be given below for the k i ﬂ l 279 ” l ma i n i a ni r as s . E e. é 3 , “ y is observed , g , 1 3 z a /z i a 7n n_ y

‘ 2 17 an a i o r zc an u n . (Un der ) When ccented before a ccented heterogeneous vowel passes into th e sem i - vow el

1 1 an w e r (ﬁ s lan ameat e c ar9 ? m . 8, 3, s g g r t e m u Fo r the notation of the accents see below i I ” a m- rksd a As a n exception to this rule the part i c I pl e ma from fama (

P atisk h a a i a d ve P a . 1 . r is quoted II r t 4, 35 The third y s ys nothi of the vowels n gi s u e. fo r the u l aki an ngi stincti o n as n the r l vowe s only, without m ng y further to the length

2 8 . a Pan . 2 6. , . Cf the quite v gue rule in VII I , , 39

‘ ’ 1 1 a s cz na li mn a e y or , the syll ble formed by this union ( y s ar am) receives the so a r i ta

fled a a e . . mmj g l ( ) I n the body of word , g , from a nn ‘ fli with the d ative su x e . From the s a me point o f view are to be regarded also those words which do not receive S o a r i ta o n infle c tIo n a the only , but h ve it already o n account

a a e . f , . m y ri n / a m o their etymologic l form tion g , gi ng for ’ - t he a a lzfz ni a m. This is only c se in which the S va r i l a appears an d o a a in the word it is , theref re , c lled , in contr st to th at w a na a a hich rises through combi tions of words the j ly , the

S o a r i l a . 1 1 1 2 d i i nal . M i n o r , r , . a g generic I I P , 7 , 5 S un . o r n it a a s a III 3, 3, y , the biding , the nece s ry , Pr .

(B) I n the case o f the coming together of two w ords in

t — ’ i r ? ’ a ; I s s n n i n a r a : nvi a d/i i o . . n r a San a 3 i . , g , fi ( ) This u nio n

o f t w o w z a n vo els , through the liquidi tio of the ﬁrst is c alled “ ” ’ / sa na ni as i r a : s a nd/i i the ﬁ t i ng ( p .) probably from

o f - w the sliding the voice over the semi vo el to the . initial o o a r i vowel o f the follo w ing w rd . The S l a which rests upon ’ the combin ation received from this s a na ni the n ame 1 i r a . 1 0 . . . 2 8 k a . d a . 6 s p , I Pr 3, 7 , I I Pr , Pr , M n 7 .

a . . S un 3, 3

c a an a e (Under ) When , fter ccented o r 0 an u n — — ’ ' a a as a s a a a a el i aea ccented short l o Indi n gr mm r s ys is ,

31 7 E - So ar i l a a e o r o e. 3 TI the st nds upon the , 51 ; Ri 1 te a o a t l evant a . ( n a, )

a Sand/i i it w its I t is c lled , like the to which o es origin ,

abhi n i hi l a .

a a a k an The postrophe m rk, which we ﬁnd employed in the MSS of l ter boo s d in a a A n present editions did not serve origin ally as m rk of elision . y kind of sign separat i ng the words would h ave been here quite out of place a nd would have been opposed

. G th r r a t o the sentiment of the living l anguage The reek eat e l ughed at the gra mm atic al ’ u— o w r — co actor who said i n xvpa rco v yap ai de: a IJ yah rj p instead of ya h j Vo p . The m ark o f a ro a a a nd post phe now current serves in the Vedic MSS r ther nother double purpose . In the ﬁrst pl ac e i t st ands in the Sarnhi ta MSS between two words which occur together a ki atus vi vratt i a a a a a in ( ) ; in the second pl ce, in the P d MSS , to sep r te the members of In b o th a (as a k o f ao a raha . a a the compound words the m r g ) _ c ses it indic tes the interv l i has t o be arrest ed at a a during which the vo ce the pl ce when it occurs, the interv l of o ne b t a d i a a o ne ea n is orig nally nothing else th n the numer l sign for . 40

i S a r i t a a s c a . o n a I V The occurrence of th s is , be e sily l ar seen , extremely limited . On y r ely could the conditions

o f - o f the three fold union vowels occur , from which it results as a secondary a ccent ; a nd it wo uld be a thing in itself incon ceivable th at any single language should possess as a regul ar system of m a rking ch ange o f a ccent o ne o f which it m akes s o rare a us e a s Sanskrit does of the a b ove des S va r i ta ' c rib ed So ar i ta . Thus the occurs also in c ase S o ut side these a nd indeed app arently as serving an entirely

' f a c . an di ferent end In every polysyll bi word , which is not s o the s ll a bl e o ll o w i n the hi h to ne oxytone , runs the rule , y f g g r i ta a a has t he So a . The s me rule pplies in the sentence to a a a o f a an the un ccented initi l syll ble word following oxytone , i a a c an an a . a simpl y un c cented syll ble never , in y c se , follow an a cute syll a ble ; since it is the law o f c adence as a a we see from this , th t the tone r ised to the height of the Udatta should not fall with asudden des cent to the natural ' l o f lo w ered thro u h t he a evel the voice , but be g medi tion of a t an intermedi te one .

This is the p art played by the S o a r i ta when it oc curs a a Udatta a a immedi tely fter the , in which c se I would c ll it encli ti c So a r i t a as a t i n de endent the , contr sted wi h the p

d - a e r i ta a o a . So a b ve expl ine The tone v lu of both is , however , are essentially the s ame . Both weakened a cute a ccents h as a a a are an d it occurred to the gr m m ri ns , to whom we for P ratisakh as as as a indebted the y , j ust little to P nini , to m ark by a distinctive design ation these two kinds of

var i ta are . S , which so distinct in their origin Only the first P ratisakhya gives for the various grades of the i n dep endent ' S o a r i ta the comprehensi ve n ame f atya with w hich t he other Pratisakyas de signate only a sub - division (see a a bove) a w a a a without , however , ny here n ming the enclitic ; g p which a a r ahr the Comment tor fi lls up with the n me p t a . O n the a a a a a a s other h nd , these gr mm ri ns h ve , with quite usele s a a o f encl i ti c subtlety , discovered even subordin te cl sses the S o a r i ta ma b e n ak o f , which y give here for the s e complete and a t o s a s mo dific a ness . Three , ccording circum t nce , four

are . tions of , it , distinguished

I ta i r o o an a na a a . The y f , which is sep r ted from its Udatta syllable standing in the s ame word by o ne o r more consonants . 4 1

ta i r o vi r ama a 2 . The o ccurring under the s me condi

‘ o at Udatta a o n a a th e tions , nly th the f lls the l st syll ble of 1 preceding word .

adav tta S o a r i ta o n a a - o f 3. The p r , the the initi l syll ble 2 the second word a fter a hiatus

A tathzi hha o a i . e S o a r i ta 4. ccording to some , th e y , the a a a t w o whic h st nds , under cert in deﬁnite limit tions , between a a o f im a ccented syll bles , which will be t re ted more fully

- I 1 8 2 . a . a . 1 1 1 . a . medi tely , cf I I Pr t , I I I Pr M nd

- a 1 0 . a . . Siks S un 3, 3 A reminiscence of a difference in the o rIgIn o f the S va r i tas i s found further in this t h a t the o ne cla ss are more sh arply ti hs n a h M f du a and ( ) , the ot er more softly ( ) ccented , in fa ct all the i n depen den t S va r i t a s a re a lways sh arper th an the en cl i t i c S va r i t a s . The order which the second ‘ ‘ P r ﬁ ti sci hhva assigns t o the individu al kinds is this

’ i a 2 Ks a i r a and ci t a 1 Abhi n i h t . . P r afl i s a . , p j y , 3 t ,

' — T i r o i r 6 d ' ' n . a o a nza P a ao Ta i r o v a n a a . tta . Tcz thcz 4. y j , 5 , i , 7

‘ hcz v a P ratisakh a a a o n r b y . The third y rr nges them the othe ’

a 2 1 6. Saunaki a an d Uvata s , , , , 4, Verses in h nd k 5 y 1 2 6 an d are gloss give the order , 3, , 4, ( 5 7 not mentioned ) .

If now this encl i ti c S o a r i ta like the. Anudatt a is shut u p by the la w o f melody into the dom ain o f the domin ant in the vi sa a a e word , , the high tone ; the l tter so th t it must preced i s o a w ' the high tone , the former , th t it must follo the high tone , when two a ccent sphere s intersect and there i s room for only o ne a s of the two dependent tones , either for th t which suc ceed o r a n a e the ﬁrst th t which precedes the seco d , in this c se ther a a rises the question which of the two is to prev il . I n other r a a an a wo ds , when between two cute syll bles un ccented a has encl i ti c S o ar i ta o r t h e d syll ble occurs , it the lowere tone ?

a a a w a as The more n tur l ns er would be th t , in the whole theory o f vowels the component which follows i s the s t o n er a a a a a g , the gr ve ccent preceding following cute ccent s t a S o a r i ta o f a a And should e side the the ﬁrst cute syll ble . s o Pratiéakh as a o ne a the y te ch , with ccord , the ﬁrst of the

i h t a Third Prati sh akhya c alls it pra t a . 2 The tai r o oya nj a n a is curiously eno ugh assigned on this account to the word pra uga II I Pr . 42 .

P ratishakhya s with the express observ a tion th a t this law is ’ 2 n ht a t - a w 1 . n d tt a . a & a s o a r univers lly ckno ledged ( 3, iy it a ’ da a m y ) .

a t a 6 According to P nini , on the o her h nd (VI I I , 4, 7 ) the a a a G ar a Ka a a an d a a a a gr mm ri ns gy , sy p G l v would h ve s et the S varit a in this pl a ce an d it might s ee m a ll the more remarkable th a t the P ratisakhya s m a ke no mention o f this diversity o f view th a t the ﬁrst o f them i s a cqu ainted with G ar a G ar a and Ka a a gy , the second with both gy sy p . I t a a w a a a a n e a ppe rs , ho ever , th t we h ve here in P nini in x ct rule which ha s been m ade entirely incorrect through its being misunderstood by his interpreters . The seco nd Pratisakhya gives a most complete expl a n ation o n a a h a o this point . In the p ss ge in w ich the n mes f the d S va r i t a s a re a h a s a ifferent kinds of tre ted of , it the phorism

1 - ma ( , g m m ag net um : which y be more “ c learly reproduced thus : the un a ccented ﬁn al sylla ble of ‘ a n a va r a ha i s an a c g , which preceded or followed by c ent

’ d l a has S o a r i ta is a tat/i d bhci o e sy l ble . th e which c lled ya a a a Now , in l ter section , the rule is l id down with respect t a a 1 6 a a to the mu u l inﬂuence of the ccents (4, 3 ) th t , inste d o f the enclitic S o a r i ta the low tone occurs before a following “ Udatt a o r So a r i t a while ( 1 37) a na o agr a he in sep ara ted ” S va r i t a a a a e. compounds the m int ins its pl ce , g .

' aaaqrﬁﬁ 617 i SFlTTTéL

’ a had a a The Comment tor , who perh ps P nini s rule in his m a o n a a w o f ind , dds , h is own uthority , th t this is the vie a a an d t he e individu l te chers , quotes , in su pport of opposit V w m o f A u iha anaka w ie , the dictu the jj y who , in this follo i na the M adhya nd School .

a i rme n nfi w w fi fifi nfl l

a a w a b th e He ppe rs , ho ever , to be in error in reg rd to oth a s o far as M adh an dina are gra mm rs ; the y concerned , since t he a bove quoted cle ar st a t ements a re t aken from their i - - i k gra mm at c a l text book ; an d s o far a s the A ujj hayana a a re concerned since also they appear to h ave understood by

- masa a a a A o agr a ha means the ﬁrst member o f a compound (sa ) sep r ted in the m n ner f a a x h as a a a o e . o the P d te t . The word this me ning besides th t b v quoted

i L vat a as w ell as e the Thus , those other interpret rs , like i nh a bit ants o f a Brahm a nica l v ill age in South Indi a w ho

all as an - h as a a a , eye witness lso s sured me , re d nothing Ya us a V edic ex cept the j , seem never to h ve seen the s a o f S a a S am a ved a . Since by the even ccents the m s , n othing els e c an be understood th an the s even - fold de s ig n ation o f the modifications o f a ccent as we still find them ' S o f a a a e a in the M S the S m ved , wh re , in ddition to the unm arked pra c haya- sylla ble the Udatt a is m arked by ( 2) S 5 3 t an d mo difi three kinds of S va r i ta by , 2 , i two ' W n dci tt a c ations o f the A n ( 3, hen further only o a are e t o a t w ccents m ntioned , this might refer either th t e a a a o a a a a speci s of reciting p rticul r invoc ti ns c lled Subr h m ny , r a s Udat t a P an in which the Svarita is p o n c u n ce d ( . 37 ) o r more proba bl y to the a ccentuation o f the Brahm a n a of . a Uvata a a a the Yajurved . holds the l tter view In the p ss ge s a t o . a a a w in question Only he st tes , str nge to y, th t the a o f Sat a a t ha a a a are a a ccents the p Br hm n me nt , n mely the

’ Uda tm a nd A n n dei t t a M S S a Udatta as , while the m rks the a well as the S varit a . O f course they do this with the s me a t h e Udat ta t a sign , m rking wi h the horizont l stroke under a S varit a a the syll ble , the with the s me stroke under the a a s a pre ceding syll ble , for ex mple q gé aa I In order to

a o ur h be ex ct , therefore , rule must be understood only wit 2 reference to the mode o f writing the a c c ents

a nd m The simplest , m ost common most ingenious ode of a a a a us e o f a m rking the ccents is th t which m kes two m rks , a a a a S varit a a nd vertic l stroke bove the line to indic te the , a horizontal stroke under the line to m ark the A nu datta (in a a a the n rrower sense expl ined bove) . This mode of writing we must regard a s without doubt the norm al mode ; it runs th rou gh a ll t he books which are reckoned as belonging to a a a M S S the Rigved , with insigniﬁ c nt dditions through the

B f H L A Z 1 . 1 . . en e a . . 8 0 ff Cf y in ller . 45 pp 9 9 .

Va . ec . . 1 e . S . 6 a a s . W eb r ( j p II p ) in order to reach uniformity in the ccent m rk a Udatta a as a c reg rds the stroke under the syll ble , the m rk of the following encliti

S var ita . T x a at a an d his e pl n ion is , perh ps , only too ingenious might be open to the o bjection th at this enclitic S vari t a is j ust as often wanting Under t he in ﬂ uence of th at desire on the p art of India n scholars which shewed it s elf very early to produce some a ma a a w s a thing peculi r, the process y h ve been this th t it a only intended to m rk the tw o positive accents with one sign a n d thus with the lea st possible e x penditure of

a a . a a h as as l o n ppli nces This striving fter origin lity , of course, here , e sewhere, ly b i a conduced to the r nging bout of confusion . 45

“ ' 1 o f the Vaj asaneya a nd perh a ps al so the Taittiri ya Sa mhit a a nd a A t harvav eda ﬁn lly through the copies of the . The a is a at a a o f a l tter shew , it true , this v ri i n th t , inste d m rking the Svarit a a bove the line they pla c e a horizont al stroke in a a as a o f L the syll ble , or lso in the c se the ondon M S S employ points instead o f strokes in the sa me m a nner ; all t he is a in other respects , however , system bsolutely a o f a t a identic l with the mode writing the ccen s in the Rigved .

v an d A t t a re a a m a S arita nuda a lw ys arked . Un ccented a a as a syll bles in the beginning of sentence , lso in the a a a a fall a o f sep r ted word s of the P d texts , under the he d

A nudatta .

Th e Udatt a and Pra c ha a a a b u t are y rem in unm rked , they recognis able a mong the adj a cent a ccents in virt ue o f the la w o f Anudatta Udat ta a nd rhythmic of the succession , it a o s S va r a . This system , moreover , secures the gre test p sible a ccura cy by indic ating the a ccented syll a ble by a double m arki ng : an d thus for the most p art itself provides for the i correction o f errors . This s worthy of being placed side by a a a side with the Indi n lph bet .

Rema r hs a s a t o . The 2 num bers 3 used ids the writing o f the a ccent a re s till t o be mentioned in this

. u nde r l I a connection According to the deﬁnition quoted . , lowering of the tone t a ke s place in the second h alf of the S varit a i t i s b Udatt a a S varita , when followed y or nother . S varit a c an The which thus divides itself , of course , be only i d o a r i t a the n epen dent S .

a t a a c The pl cing of two dis inct ccents on one syll ble , whi h a a a would , in this c se , be necess ry in order to indic te this w a inadmi s lo ering of the tone , seems to h ve been held to be a nd w as sible , so the following device hit upon

a S varit a a is ( ) When the vowel of the syll ble short , the number is pl a ced a fter it and is provided at the same time with the m arks o f both the S v arit a and the A nu dat ta : e a o ne the pr ceding syll ble , if the word is of I l . a h s A n t ad anc s a o n e a udat a e . . v e more th n syll ble , , g , ,

1 a a . The only copy of this book which I h ve been ble to see perh aps the only one , a a a n d s a in Europe , is without ccents bec use it is entirely modern ha been prep red a a a . a a t a prob bly in the ﬁrst inst nce for Europe ns Independently of this , wh t I h e s id k a bove I infer from the third Prati sa ya .

R 5 2 — 7 46

b v w e t h e S varit a a i s ( ) When the o l of syll ble long , the number 3 is placed after it with the s ame m arks a s in the preceding case when 2 i s employed : the S va rita syllable h as A nudatta a nd a k itself , the preceding syll ble li ewise

A l E i e IT I s a . W Q Q , when the word polysyll bic , g . , L 3 ﬁ rlﬁtt l This is the mode of m arking followed in the c areful M S S

' S arn hita a a n d N irukta of the of the Rigved , of the , but it is f e w t a a m not everywhere observ d i h uni orm ccur cy . Fro the a t m a n e a a st e ents with which I h ve , up till now , beco cqu inted u b a a nd a y et on the s ject of ccents their m rks , I do not feel myself in a p o sition t o give a c o mpl ete expl a n ation of this

m anner of writing .

The co mi n to ether o a ccen ts a n d t he a e VI . g g f cc n t i n

t he s en t ence.

The result o f the meetin g o f t w o accents in S and hi c an S var it a a e Il l , with the exception of the c ses quoted und r , Prat isakh a be summed up brieﬂy , following the second y IV 1 1 1 2 the t w o , 3 , 3 in sentences Fi fteen chi mes ) rafter: l s ermonam : Where the S a ndhi sylla ble ha s t a ken a S varit a it receives S va rit a (of course with the restric tion which lie s o n wh a t

v i a c o m o u . 1 d is follows , , if the other member of the p not Udatta it a an Udatta a a ) when cont ins , this ccent rem ins ,

e . . g

t i 8 1 3 6 s 3 9 r al 31 1 41 ; na al , ?I, Efﬁ e, ”3 “

Wi mtt e : e t n: $11 fifi ’ grdz fit, rs t , i en; r a ae éé ,

Two un accented syll ables c o alescing produce naturall y one a a un ccented syll ble .

S varit a a s i s a a o The enclitic , e sily u nderstood , c nn t come into consideration in connection with all these ch anges is a a a a since it connected , not with p rticul r syll ble , but only S varita a a a . with preceding cute ccent The independent , w w a a a however , she s itself every here we ker th n the cute a ccent a nd proves thus completely how cons iderably it di ffers

from the Greek circumﬂex .

BOM B AY : PRI V TE D A T THE GO V E RN M E NT C E NTRAL P RE S S .