Cells and Tissues Mitochondria Cell Membrane Rough Endoplasmic Golgi Reticulum Apparatus

Nuclear Nucleolus Membrane Centrosome/ Chromatin Centriole Lysosome Ribosomes (red dots) Peroxisome Cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Flagella Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope Chromatin Nucleolus Ribosome Microtubule Cell Membrane

Centriole Rough ER

Mitochondria Smooth ER

Microvilli

Cilia Golgi Apparatus

Microtubule Microtubule

Lysosome Organelle Functions Organelle Location Function

Cell Membrane External boundary of the cell Confines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of materials Lysosome Throughout cytoplasm Digests and breaks down old organelles Peroxisome Throughout cytoplasm Breaks down toxic materials in the cell (alcohol) Mitochondria Scattered throughout cell Energy powerhouse of the cell (ATP) Golgi Apparatus Within cytoplasm Process lipids/proteins for export out of the cell Centrioles 2 rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus made of microtubules Controls the spindle fibers during mitosis

Centrosome Consists of the 2 centrioles and a mass of proteins near nucleus Form the spindle fibers during mitosis that pulls chromosomes apart Smooth ER Within cytoplasm Synthesize lipids Rough ER Flattened sacs near nucleus Synthesize proteins Ribosomes Attached to Rough ER Synthesize proteins Cilia Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane Movement Microvilli Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane (smaller than Increase surface area of the cell; involved in secretion cilia) and absorption Microtubules Throughout cytoplasm; part of cytoskeleton; thick proteins Moves organelles inside the cell; form the spindles during mitosis; compose cilia, flagella, and centrioles Microfilaments Throughout cytoplasm; part of the cytoskeleton; thin stringy Moves organelles inside the cell; also involved in muscle proteins contraction Nucleolus Within the nucleus Synthesis of ribosomes Nucleus Near the center of the cell Contains the genetic information Nuclear Envelope w/ pores External boundary of the nucleus Allows materials into and out of the nucleus Knowing functions are not required on the lab, but are helpful when clues are given in the question Movements through the membrane: Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

No energy required Movements through the membrane: Filtration

As blood flows through the capillary, smaller molecules are filtered out through tiny openings and larger molecules stay inside Testing Solutions

Water Glucose Sucrose

Benedict’s Test Iodine Test (test for glucose) (test for starch)

Color change from blue to orange Color change from orange to dark purple • Type of cell: RBC

• Type of solution: Isotonic

• Water is diffusing: Into and out of RBC equally

• Type of cell: Crenated RBC

• Type of solution: Hypertonic

• Water is diffusing: out of RBC faster

• Type of cell: Lysed RBC

• Type of solution: Hypotonic

• Water is diffusing: Into RBC faster

Mitosis

• Phase: Interphase

• What is occurring: Nuclear envelope is visible DNA replication Cell performs its normal job

Mitosis

• Phase: Prophase

• What is occurring: Nuclear envelope is disappearing Chromosomes forming

Mitosis

• Phase: Metaphase

• What is occurring: Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

Mitosis

• Phase: Anaphase

• What is occurring: ______are separating

Mitosis

• Phase: Telophase Cytokinesis

• What is occurring: Nuclear membrane reforms Cell membrane forms

Tissues Simple Squamous

• Location: Lungs, endothelium of capillaries

• Body Function: Diffusion, osmosis Simple Cuboidal

• Location: Kidney tubules, glands, ovaries

• Body Function: Secretion, absorption Simple Columnar

• Location: GI tract, uterus

Secretion, absorption, move • Body Function: sperm Pseudostratified Columnar • Location:

Trachea

• Function:

Movement of fluids (mucous)

Stratified Squamous

• Location: Skin, mouth, anal canal, esophagus • Body Function: Protection water loss, abrasion etc…. Transitional

• Location: bladder

• Body Function: Stretch Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar) Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers

Reticular Fibers Fibroblasts Fat (adipose)

Adipocyte

Nucleus Reticular

Reticular Fibers Dense Regular

Nuclei of Fibroblasts

Collagen Fibers Hyaline cartilage

Chondrocytes Matrix Lacuna (space occupied by cell) Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes Collagen Fibers Bone

Osteocytes

Central Canal Blood

WBC

RBC

Platelets Skeletal Muscle

• Location: Attached to Skeleton

• Body Function: Voluntary movement Cardiac Muscle

Intercalated Discs • Location: Heart

Heart muscle contraction • Body Function: Smooth Muscle

• Location: Blood vessels, GI tract

• Body Function: Involuntary movement Nervous tissue

• Location: CNS, PNS

• Body Function: Conduct nerve impulses