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From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port Biological Cell Structure & Function
Images: M. Ruiz From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Two Basic Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cells Cells
Cells: - are the building blocks of life! - All living things are made of one or more cells. WATCH THIS! - only come from other cells. Introduction to - are , really small. How small are they? Cell Video - small because of surface to volume ratio
Images: Prokaryotic cell diagram & From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Eukaryotic cell diagram, M. Ruiz Size of Living Things
1 m = 100 cm = 1,000mm = 1,000,000 µm = 1,000,000,000nm 1mm = 1000 µm = 1000000nm 1 µm = 1000nm Click link for an interactive “Size of Microscopic Things”
animation on Cells Alive. From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Old School 5 Kingdom classification of organisms
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Wiki Binary Fission Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Tell me about Prokaryotes…
Check out these quick animated lessons on binary fission: (Please watch both, as each provides different and useful information.)
Binary Fission Animation from ClassZone
Binary Fission Animation From McGraw-Hill
Images: Prokaryotic cell diagram, M. From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Ruiz, Binary fission, JW Schmidt Bacterial Genetics
Nucleoid
• Region of cytoplasm where prokaryote’s genome (DNA) is located. • Usually a singular, circular chromosome.
Plasmid
• Small extra piece of chromosome/genetic material. • 5 - 100 genes • Not critical to everyday functions. • Can provide genetic information to promote:
- Antibiotic resistance
- Virulence factors (molecules produced by pathogen that specifically influence host's function to allow the pathogen to thrive)
- Promote conjugation (transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell- to-cell contact)
Image: Prokaryotic Cell Diagram: M. Ruiz, From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Bacterial conjugation, Adenosine Prokaryotes Bacteria
Cytoplasm
• Also known as proto-plasm. • Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures.
• Location of growth, metabolism, and replication.
Granules
• Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients.
• Staining of some granules aids in identification.
Image: Prokaryotic cell diagram: M. Ruiz, Granules, Source Unknown From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Prokaryotes Bacteria
Cytoskeleton
Ø Cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" within the cytoplasm.
Ø Major advance in prokaryotic cell biology in the last decade has been discovery of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton.
Ø Up until recently, thought to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells.
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Prokaryotic Cell: M. Ruiz Prokaryotes Bacteria
Ribosomes
Ø Found within cytoplasm or attached to plasma membrane. Click here for animation of ribosome Ø Made of protein & rRNA. building a protein.
Ø Composed of two subunits.
Ø Cell may contain thousands .
Ø Q: What do ribosomes do?
Ø Q: What’s the relationship between the job that the ribosomes do and the genetic instructions (nucleic acids) of the cell?
Animation: Ribosome translating protein,; From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Xvazquez; Ribosome Structure, Vossman Prokaryotes
Plasma Membrane
Ø Separates the cell from its environment.
Ø Phospholipid molecules oriented so that hydrophilic water-loving heads directed outward and hydrophobic water-hating tails directed inward.
Ø Proteins embedded in two layers of lipids (lipid bilayer).
Ø Membrane is semi-permeable. Q: What does that mean?
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Cell Membrane diagram, Dhatfield Bacterial Cell Wall
Ø Peptidoglycan is a huge polymer of interlocking chains of alternating sugar monomers held together with peptide bridges. Ø Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes. Ø Two main types of bacteria cell wall.
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Image: Bonding structure peptidoglycan, From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Mouagip; Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria @ 100xTM Bacterial Cell Wall Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative
Q: Why are these differences in bacterial cell wall structure important?
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Sources Unknown Bacterial Endospores
Ø Dormant, tough, non- reproductive structure produced by small number of bacteria.
Ø Resistant to radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants.
Ø Endospores are commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for very long periods of time.
Image: Bacillus subtilis, SPO Science Image From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Library; , Clostridium botulinum, PHIL #2107 Bacterial Genus : Clostridium
GRAM-POSITIVE Obligate anaerobes bacillus-shaped endospore producer
Ø The members of this genus have a couple of bacterial “superpowers” that make them particularly tough pathogens.
Ø They produce endospores
Ø Also produce a variety of toxins, some of which are fatal.
- Clostridium tetani = agent of tetanus
- C. botulinum = agent of botulism
- C. perfringens = one of the agents of gas gangrene
- C. difficile = part of natural intestinal flora, but resistant strains can proliferate and cause pseudomembranous colitis.
Images: Man with Tetanus, Sir Charles Bell; Nails, Wiki; Wet Gangrene, Wiki From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Prokaryotes Surface Appendages
Ø Some prokaryotes have distinct appendages that allow them to move about or adhere to solid surfaces.
Ø Consist of delicate stands of proteins.
A couple example of prokaryotic surface appendages:
Ø flagella: Long, thin extensions that allow some bacteria to move about freely in aqueous environments. (singular: flagellum)
Ø fimbriae: Most Gram-negative bacteria have these short, fine appendages surrounding the cell. Gram+ bacteria don’t have. Help bacteria stick to solid surfaces. Major factor in virulence. (singular: fimbria)
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Helicobacter pylori; E. coli fimbriae, Manu Forero REVIEW! Here’s are two excellent interactive lessons: 1. Prokaryote Cell Structure from Cells Alive 2. Interactive Cell Structure from Wiley
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Prokaryotic cell diagram, M. Ruiz Eukaryotic Cells
Ø Eu =“true”, karyon=“nucleus”
Ø Genetic material contained in a nuclear membrane.
Ø Membrane bound organelles.
Ø Include animal, plant, fungi, algae cells as well as other microscopic eukaryotes.
Ø Evolved from prokaryotic cells.
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz
Old School 5 Kingdom classification of organisms
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Wiki Cytoplasm
Nicknames: The Matrix, Molecular Chowder
Ø Fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane
Ø A water-like substance that fills cells.
Ø Consists of cytosol and cellular organelles except for the cell nucleus.
Ø cytosol is made up of water, salts, organic molecules and many enzymes that catalyze reactions.
Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz Cytoskeleton
Nicknames: Scaffolding, Highways
• Maintains cell shape. • Protects the cell. • Enables some cell movement (using structures such as flagella and cilia).
• Plays important roles in intra- cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles).
• Plays important role in cell division.
Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?
Images: Fluoresced Eukaryotic Cell, NIH. From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Surface Appendages: Cilia & Flagella
External appendages from cell membrane.
Aid in locomotion of the cell or movement of materials around cell.
Cytoskeleton on inside, plasma membrane on outside.
Images: Cilia of the lung trachea epithilium, Charles Daghlian, Cilum Diagram & Flagellum Diagram, M. Ruiz; Sperm & Egg, Wiki From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm CYTOSKELETON: that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for movement. Microfilaments, 1. Microfilaments Two intertwined strands of actin protein. Intermediate Filaments
2. Intermediate Filaments & Microtubules Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thick cables. 3. Microtubules • Hollow tubes of tubulin • Cell shape, cell movement, chromosome movement during division • “Highways” along which the organelles travel and are conveyed. • Microtubules may work alone, or join with other proteins to form more complex structures called cilia, flagella or centrioles.
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Source Unknown CYTOSKELETON: Centrioles & Centrosomes
The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
Within the cells of animals are a pair of centriole, made of nine sets of triplet microtubules.
Microtubules > Centriole > Centrosome
Images: Centriole Cross-section & Centriole-3D, From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Twooars; Micrograph of Centrioles, Christos Chinopoulos Ribosomes
Click here for animation of ribosome building Ø Q: What do ribosomes do? a protein.
Ø Q: What are they made of?
Ø Can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribosomes, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ø Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?
Images: Ribosome translating protein, animation, From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Xvazquez; Ribosome Structure, Vossman Membrane-bound Organelles
Ø Eukaryotic cells have many organelles.
Ø Prokaryotes only have ribosomes, which are not bound by a membrane.
Ø Membrane-bound eukaryotic organelles organize functions within the cell.
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz System of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments, or organelles.
Transport system, for moving molecules, into, out of, and through interior of cell, as well as interactive surfaces for lipid and protein synthesis.
Membranes of the endomembrane system are made of a lipid bilayer, with proteins.
The Endomembrane System consists of:
1. nucleus
2. endoplasmic reticulum
4. vesicles
5. lysosomes
6… Q: What other membranous part of the cell should also be included in this list?
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Nucleus
Nickname: Control Center
• Separates the genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell.
• DNA, the genetic material, is a blueprint, or code for making proteins.
• nuclear membrane is the double membrane structure that separates nucleus from cytoplasm.
Images: Endomembrane system From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com diagram,& Nucleus diagram, M. Ruiz ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nickname: Production Factory (makes proteins and lipids)
• System of membranous channels and vesicles.
• Internal production & delivery system of the cell.
• Rough ER is studded with ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis and processing.
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Site of synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of proteins into vesicles.
Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Ruiz, ER photomicrograph, Louisa Howard. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES : Golgi apparatus Nickname: Assembly Factory
• Takes simple molecules and puts them together into more complex macromolecules.
• Packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell.
• Consists of a stack of curved saccules.
• Receives protein and also lipid- filled vesicles from the ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell or for export out of the cell (secretion).
• Also encloses digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes.
Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, Golgi From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com apparatus photomicrograph, Louisa Howard. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Vesicles
Nickname: The Trucks
• Store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste.
• Small compartments separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer.
• Made in Golgi apparatus, ER, or from parts of the plasma membrane.
• Vesicles form while taking in (endocytosis) or discharging (exocytosis) materials.
• REVIEW: Animation on endocytosis & exocytosis
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Lysosomes
Nickname: Recycling Trucks
• Break down food into particles and also destroy old cellular components.
• Q: Which organelle produces lysosomes?
• Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion.
Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, Lysosome action diagram, Encyclopedia of Science From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Plasma Membrane
Q: What is it made of?
Q: What is its function?
Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz Cell Membrane diagram, Wiki From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Organelles: Energy-Related
Mitochondria Found in & nearly all eukaryotes Chloroplast
• Both organelles house energy in the form of ATP.
• Both ancestrally were independent cells that formed a symbiotic relationship with other cells. Found in plants & • Q: Eukaryotes? algae & Prokaryotes? Both? some microbes
Images: From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz; Chloroplast diagram, Wiki REVIEW! Here’s are two excellent interactive lessons: 1. Eukaryotic Cell Structure from Cells Alive 2. Interactive Cell Structure from Wiley
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Prokaryotic cell diagram, M. Ruiz Now let’s • learn about additional structures found in Plant Cells
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: All images by T. Port ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLES: Chloroplasts
Nickname: Solar Panels
Captures sunlight energy to make ATP.
chlorophyll (a green pigment) absorbs solar energy and carbohydrates are made in the stroma.
Images: Plant cells with chloroplasts, Kristian From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Peters, Chloroplast diagram, Wiki PLANT CELL: Vacuole Section 7-2 Nickname: Reservoir
Please water me! • Stores water.
• This is what makes lettuce crisp.
• When there is low water, the plant wilts.
Images: Osmosis Plant Cell, M. Ruiz; From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Other Images Source Unknown PLANT CELLS: Cell Wall
Function: Provides support and protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells.
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Plant cell, M. Ruiz Animal Cell (Eukaryote)
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Animal cell diagram , M. Ruiz Plant Cell (Eukaryote)
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Plant cell diagram, M. Ruiz Confused? Links to resources that further explain Cell Biology:
• Prokaryotic Cells Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online website. • Prokaryotic Cell: Structures, Functions & Diagrams, an article from SPO.
• Prokaryotic Cell interactive diagram from Cells Alive website. • Eukaryotic Cells Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online. • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic: Two Types of Biological Cells, an article from SPO. • Eukaryotic Cell: Structures, Functions & Diagrams, an article from SPO. • “Cells” music video by They Might Be Giants. • Cells Alive interactive website. • Cell Structure tutorials and quizzes from Interactive Concepts in Biochemistry. • Eukaryotic Cell Tour an Animated Science Tutorial. • Endomembrane System animation and quiz. • Endocytosis / Exocytosis animation and quiz from McGraw Hill. • Biology4Kids – Cell Biology Main Page by Raders.
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)
From the Virtual Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com