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Home , Banawali, Chanhudaro, Farmana, Haryana, Hulas, Kalibangan

[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138

History of Agriculture in

Manish Kumar1 & Vivek Dangi2 1Research Scholar, Department of History, H.P. University, 2Assistant Professor, Department of History, All Jat Heroes’ Memorial College, , Haryana

Received: April 28, 2018 Accepted: May 28, 2018

A INTRODUCTION Initiation of agriculture was a revolutionary step in human history. Agriculture, which started during the period of man’s existence on earth was initially for subsistence only, but with the increase in population grew man’s needs for more agricultural production requiring the bring more land under cultivation in turn necessitated the use of animal power in agriculture. The origin of agriculture had been a wide spread process. It took place throughout west , China, Japan and in Indian sub-continent. The agriculture or plant husbandry started during the Neolithic period in Indian sub-continent, as evidenced by the archaeological data recovered from (Jarrige 1979: 93-114) 8-7th millennium B.C. A sickle was recovered from here from Neolithic levels. During this period some drastic changes occurred in the climate. The climate turned from dry and cold to warmer and wetter. In the 5-4th millennium B.C., the agriculture attained the process of development and cultivation of varieties of grains started. Due to agricultural development resulting in surplus production, new crafts emerged in the social arena during the chalcolithic period and this led to urban revolution. This process of development in the region gave birth to Harappan Civilization. The agriculture growth in an area is largely dependent on the nature of soil, which in turn, is influenced substantively by climatic factors. The ancient climate of the Harappan Civilization was wetter than the present as viewed by Stein (1937) and Marshall (1931). Wheeler and Piggott also agreed with the earlier scholars (Wheeler 1968; Piggott 1950). While, Raikes and Dyson (1979: 223-233) thinks that the climate of that period was more or less similar to the present times. In this regard the study of palaeo-climate is necessary, because the agricultural production depends on the climatic conditions. The production increases if climatic conditions are favourable and if it is opposite than the production decrease. Another important factor on which the production depends is the types of soil. On the basis of archaeological remains recovered from the excavated Harappan sites from Haryana, the soil type is divided into three categories: wet, moistured and dry. The wet category consist of the fertile area close to the river and having flood deposited silt on both sides of the river up to 200-1,000 m. On this category of soil, rice and are the main cultivated crops. The evidences of rice from the Harappan period sites have been found at Kunal, , Balu and Girawad in Haryana. The evidences have been noticed in the form of floor clods, mud plasters, potsherds and from hearths. The second category is moisture containing area, which is far away from the river banks and cultivation in this area done through artificial irrigation. It is part of alluvial plain. In this area water level is comparatively higher than the dry area. The , vegetables, and grams are the main crops which can be grown on such soils as are evidenced at Kunal, Banawali, Balu, etc. The dry category comprises part of southern and southwestern Haryana. This is basically an alluvial tract but also covered by dunes. Rain in this region is hardly 25 cm annually. The main cultivated crops of this region are sorghum, peal millet, wheat, barley, cluster been, mustard, etc. (Rajesh 2007: 31-32). The Harappans were advanced farmers as indicated by the discoveries of granaries in many urban sites like , Mohenjodaro and . , one of the largest sites in Haryana, also yielded remains of a granary to store surplus production. The Harappans used chemical fertilizers (-Mittre and Savithri 1982: 205-221) to improve the soil qualities. They used gypsum crystals in the saline area, to reclaim saline lands and remake them productive. It was also used in agriculture as a surface plaster for covering moisture in the soil and for aiding nitrogen absorption from manures. The Harappans used a large variety of tools and implements for their agricultural activities. The sizes of the Harappan streets indicate the possibility of the plough in agriculture with dependence on bullocks for draughts. During this period all primitive types of ploughs were made of wood and wood being perishable material, there is no possibility of a wooden plough from Harappan sites. However, model of plough and yoke (Bisht 1982: 113-124) has been found at Banawali, district Fatehabad, Haryana. It is interesting to note that it is not much different from what is in use today. The other implements are hoe/adze, plough share, spindle whorls, bullock-carts, saddle-querns, sickle, axe, etc. The Harappan pattern of cropping was noticed at (Thaper 1973: 85-104), where

1196 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 a furrowed field came to light during the excavation. The furrow marks suggest that the mixed cropping pattern was in existence during the Harappan times. It is perhaps the earliest evidence of plough field so far excavated anywhere in the world. It showed a gird of furrows, with one set as much closely spaced as 30 cm apart, running east to west and the other set widely spaced with furrows 190 cm apart, running north to south. This pattern bears a remarkable resemblance to ploughing being carried out in the neighbourhood, where mustard and the grams are grown in two sets of furrows in the same field. Even nowthe mixed cropping pattern of wheat and mustard are practiced in , Haryana, and western as an assurance against the weather hazards i.e. if wheat fail to ripen, the hardier crop barley will not fail. For successful cultivation of crops, timely and adequate supply of water is essential. Among all these means, irrigation is the most effective way of increasing the agricultural production. Besides, more verities of crops can be raised in irrigated areas than in dry areas. Use of improved seeds and other measures can’t increase the yield to an appreciable extent without requisite supply of water. The Harappans had practiced the developed irrigation techniques to raise second crops during long dry season. The supply of water for irrigation was available from many sources like gabarbads (kind of dam) and the channels were there to divert the flow of water from canals, wells, ponds, springs, etc. It is perhaps during the early Harappan times that the artificial system of irrigation was evolved and further advanced during the mature Harappan times. The evidence of canal was found in early and Mature Harappan period in Haryana by Frankfort (1992: 87- 102) of the French Archaeological Mission. The rain water, being a free gift of nature is an ideal source of irrigation. A number of scholars had studied archaeo-botanical remains from many sites (Constantini 1979; Kajale 1996; Lal et al. 2003; Lone et al. 1987; Mackay 1936; Marshall 1931; Mittre et al. 1982; 1963; Nath and Rao 1985; Saraswat 1986; 1990; 1993; 1997; Saraswat and Pokharia 2002; 2003; Possehl et al. 1984; 1985; Vats 1940, Tables 1; 2 & 3 are given to compile from them). During the second millennium B.C. a large wave of iron using Aryans entered into India from the northwest to east. From 1000 B.C. onwards the use of iron spread and by the 6th B.C. Iron Age was well established in India. Iron plough share and sickles were manufactured in substantial numbers. Emerging from a tribal society, the famous 16th Mahajanpadas (this is one of the sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the 6th-4th centuries B.C.) were also established as administrative units having their own Kingdoms and rulers. The Kuru janapada (kingdom) of Haryana region was well known for its agricultural activities. At this stage, it could only be done by bringing larger areas under the plough after cutting and cleaning jungles in Haryana. The increase in the production of food and other agricultural commodities came about mainly by increasing the area under cultivation. In also which was composed in Haryana, we find references related to agriculture in different forms. Agriculture mainly depended upon the favours of Prijaiya (Indra), the god of rains. There are references also of the expert skills in raising crops. The earliest reference to land management and reforms is found in the Vedas where it is mentioned that land was laid out into regular fields, ploughed and sown: the crops were reaped and stored. Here the system implies individual ownership, “in which wide fields, vast treasures, spacious pastures, has Indra bestowed on his friends”. Measure-rods presumably of standard lengths were used for measuring fields at that time. But up to 6th century B.C. there were no landlords. The king had a right to a tax on the raw-produce on yearly basis and thus he could be considered the ultimate owner of the land. The amount levied seems to have varied from 1/6 to 1/12, according to the decision of the ruler. The land holdings called Khetta were redistributed and re-divided among the family members as one generation succeeded another. All the land was the property of the Crown. The land tax was collected by an official known as Agronomoi who measured the land and supervised the irrigation. The Kurus launched an ambitious plan to reclaim the vast region of the Valley for agricultural purposes in order to strengthen their economic and political power. Accordingly, King Kuru, the founder of the powerful Kuru Dynasty of the Mahabharata fame, decided to make an area of five yajanas square, called Samantapanchaka, on the bank of , fit for cultivation. King Kuru, himself is said to have started ploughing the field with a golden plough, yoked to the bull of Shiva and buffalo of Yama. Being asked by Lord Vishnu as to what he was doing, he replied that he was cultivating the eight virtues-truthfulness (satya), austerity (tapas), forgiveness (kshama), compassion (daya), purity (shuddha), charity (dana), composure (yoga) and continence (brahamcharya) and their seed was in his body. Thus agricultural prosperity was founded on spirituality in Haryana. The decline of the Kurus brought in many other tribes into the Sarasvati valley. Among them the Abhiras, and the Arjunayanas kingdoms may be particularly mentioned. The meeting and mixing of all these tribes of varied origins and complexes made the people of Haryana sturdy agriculturists. The legend ‘Yaudhayanam bahudhanyaka’ appearing on the coins of the Yaudheyas, shows that they kept their republican character Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 1197 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 intact (Yaudheyanam used in collective sense and legend bahudhanyaka indicates rich in corns). The secret of their power was their military acumenship (depiction of Karttikeya, commander-in-chief of devas forces on coins points towards this) and their agricultural proficiency. During the early centuries of Christen Era, Haryana region was quite prosperous. The prosperity of Kushana power was not only due to their trade of Sind and Punjab (today’s Haryana included) but also because of agriculture. The archaeological sites excavated in the region have furnished us to the use of agricultural tools. The archaeological excavations conducted at Hatt, district have furnished us the evidences of iron made agricultural tools such as sickle, scythe, plough-share, axe, etc. Even on the coins of historical period bull is depicted. Bull is not only vehicle of Lord Shiva but also the symbol of agriculture. During the reign of Harshavardhana (he was an Indian emperor who ruled from 606-647 A.D.), the Haryana, region known as Shrikantha Janapada, saw one of its glorious ages. It became the centre of economic prosperity, the seat of culture, arts learning and of the imperial forces. The court poet of Harshavasdhava, Banabhatta and the Chinese traveller, Huan Tsang, have given a graphic description of its variegated life and agricultural development. The court poet records in his work ‘Harshacharita’ that the whole area hummed with the ploughing of land (Cowell and Thomas 1897). Wells and wheels supplied water to the crops. The fields were full of high heaps of harvest, rippling wheat, paddy, green gram, black gram and sugarcane. Table 1: Early Harappan Crops

Table 2: Mature Harappan Crops

1198 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Table 3: Late Harappan Crops

During Early Medieval period also we found some references of agricultural tools. A beautiful, life size sculpture of Balrama (Balrama/Balarama is the elder brother of (an avatar of the god Vishnu) and is regarded generally as an avatar of Shesha), holding a plough was recovered from Majra, district Rohtak, Haryana. This plough seems very close to the present day plough. Haryana region remained prosperous and famous due to agricultural development up to the 10th century A.D. Somdev Shashtri wrote in his Yashashilak champu that the region of the Yaudheyas was an ornament on the earth (Shashtri 1960). Its villages were full of cattle wealth of cows, buffaloes, goats, sheeps, camels and horses. Abundance of irrigation works rendered its people free from vagaries of rains. Well irrigated fields of black-soil were green with harvests and gardens. They yielded such bouncing harvests that farmers were unable to thresh and stock them properly. Later in medieval period, Firoj Shah Tughlaq, who ruled over India from 1351- 1388 A.D. though lacked in qualities of a military leadership, occupies a distinguished place in the annals of the history of agricultural development of Haryana which heralded a new era of agricultural prosperity. He was the first Sultan who took pains to find out the methods for reclamation of deserts for agricultural production in his empire especially in the region of the modern . For this, he started the schemes of artificial irrigation and got dug five canals. wells, tanks, reservoirs and dams were built for minor irrigation. Special arrangements were made for the utilization of rain water also (Randhawa 1982; Habib 1982). After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Shershah is known in the history of agriculture development in the field of revenue administrative reforms and for the system of land-revenue assessment based on the measurement of land. He utilized his experience for agricultural development which he had acquired while being the manager of his Jagir (it was a type of feudal land grant in South Asia bestowed by a monarch to a feudal superior in recognition of his administrative and military service) at Sahasram in . He had a genuine concern for the welfare of the peasantry and the safety of their crops. He tried to improve the economic and social position of the cultivators in Haryana. ruled India from 1556-1605 A.D. and appointed Raja Todarmal as his finance and revenue minister. Raja Todarmal had gained valuable experience earlier in the management of land-revenue under Shershah Suri. Akbar utilised his services for land reforms. For the correct measurement of land, he adopted the standardised unit zareeb (it was local measuring tape) of bamboo rods joined with iron rings. To ascertain the amount of produce of each (it was name of land unit: 1 bigha is around 960 square yard) of land he categorised the land and fixed the land revenue according to the productive capacity of the land. Akbar instructed his officials to give seed and money in Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 1199 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL – JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 advance to the cultivators. Whenever it was necessary the arrears of revenue were remitted in cases of small land holdings. Special helps were rendered to the farmers at the time of natural calamities like hail, flood or drought. The revenue collectors were ordered to issue receipts of the revenue payments to the farmers. Moreover, there was to be kept an accurate and minute record of each farmer's holdings and liabilities also (Habib 1982). During the Mughal period wheat, rice, gram and barley were the main crops. Meham, now located in district Rohtak was famous for its sugarcane crop and sugar and candied sugar. Meham’s candied sugar was consumed by royal family (Habib 1982: 12). Apart from sugarcane, and flower were grown in the region. After the reign of Akbar, agricultural development was stagnated. Agricultural communities became restless; they revolted time and again specially during the reign of Aurangzeb and his successors. The Satnami uprising in of Haryana region, led to many other rebellions in different parts of the resulting in its disintegration. During the British Rule in India, agricultural development in Haryana like many other parts of the country was affected by the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions of Europe. New agricultural implements, technology, seed varieties and some new crops were introduced. Agriculture was benefitted, to some extent, with the expansion of trade and commerce, improved irrigation facilities, transport and communication system. But it was the agricultural land policy of the Britishers which affected adversely. Inspite of agricultural development during the British rule in India, agriculturists were economically exploited and socially down-graded. Some canals were dug by Britishers in Haryana. Western canal first built by Sultan Feroz Shah in 14th century was renovated in 1886 because most the parts of the canal had fallen into disuse. Later branch canal was dug in 1889-1895. In 1868 another big canal irrigation project was launched by crown government viz. Sirhind canal. This canal was lanned take off water of and irrigate the British districts of Hissar, Haryana and Ludhiana, Ferozepur districts of Punjab ( 1997: 26-27). Under the Government of India Act of 1935, general elections were held in Punjab in 1937. The Unionist Party led by Sir Chhotu Ram won 99 seats out of 175 seats. Sir Sikander Hayat Khan formed the ministry in Punjab in which Sir Chhotu Ram was included as a Minister and Ch. Tika Ram as Parliamentary Secretary. This ministry worked for the Unionist Party’s Programme of agrarian reforms launched by Sir Chhotu Ram. He remained a minister till his death in 1945. The all-round development of Modern Haryana that is taking place today can mainly be attributed to his efforts who determined to a large extent the modulations which had brought change in rural Haryana. He was the seer and savior of the suffering and down-trodden peasantry in preindependent India and was one of the giants who strode the political and social scene in this region from 1925-1945. Sir Chhotu Ram became a symbol of Haryana’s resurgent peasantry. There is no doubt that he was an able administrator, good statesman and effective politician, but above all, he was a good fighter for the upliftment and rights of the agriculturists. He was acutely conscious of his circumstances and showed an unflinching resolve to do whatever was possible to pull the peasantry out of its traditional backwardness. In fact, being himself from a poor agriculturist family, he was in a position to assess perfectly their requirements and helplessness. Ch. Ram Dhan, the scientist gave a new dimension to agriculture in Haryana and Punjab with new wheat varieties like C518 and C591 which were released in 1940s and 1950s. He further developed C228, C250 and C217 which brought revolutionary changes in wheat production in Haryana-Punjab. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings Act of 1972 was enacted to consolidate the laws relating to ceilings on land holdings. The conception of a family unity has been introduced in the Act in which a family consists of husband-wife and up to three children. The permissible area for a family has been fixed at 7.25 hectares irrigated and 10.19 hectares un-irrigated farmland. The land tenure system in Haryana is peasant-proprietorship under which the cultivator is also the owner of land. The Green Revolution in India, which brought in modern farm technology and increased agricultural production manifolds, but has caused much damage also such as include long term destruction of land-fertility, the large scale erosion of genetic diversity of plants, the increased threat from pests affect on environment by toxic pesticides and also damage to traditional agricultural knowledge. All said and done the new agricultural technologies, services and public policies made it possible for farmers to make the country self-sufficient in food grains. References

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