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Home , Balsamand, Haryana, Hisar (city)

International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 9, Number 1 (2018), pp. 1-9 © Research Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Status of Water Supply at City

Anoop Kumar1, Preeti 1Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract The city of Hisar is one of the important and fast growing urban centres of . The major source of raw water supply in Hisar is Balsamend branch, Hisar major and Rana distributory canal. The underground water of the Hisar city is saline and water for various purposes in Hisar is supplied by Public Health Engineering Department, Haryana. The purpose of present study was to assess status of water supply in Hisar City. A survey was conducted in 20 wards selecting 30 houses from each ward to identify the current water supply status with reference to quantity and quality of water. The survey questionnaire was designed to collect information related to water supply hours, water quality, water quantity and level of service, etc. The survey result showed that only 6 ward of Hisar City have water supply for one hour duration and above while remaining 14 wards have water supply for duration of less than one hour. Quality wise results of two ward have indicated poor water quality supply. Out of 20 wards, residents of only 8 wards are satisfied with water supply service level. Keyword: Water supply; Water quality; Ground water.

INTRODUCTION Fresh water is necessary for livelihood and development. Due to pollution and salinity fresh water availability is reducing in all over the world. Fresh water scarcity is already a reality in many parts of the world, not only in developing countries like India, China and many African countries, but also in countries and regions traditionally considered as water rich, such as the USA and Europe. The United Nations (UN) predicts that two-thirds of the world’s population will live in water- scarce regions by 2025.The increase in water demand, increase in population, over use of water in agriculture, water pollution and climate change are the major driving forces behind this phenomenon (Ganoulis, 2009). Access to safe drinking water is important for public health and development. 2 Anoop , Preeti

Hisar is word of turkosh/central origin which means “castle”, was founded in 1354 AD, as Hisar – e – Firoza by Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the Turkic ruler, who reigned over the Sultanate of from 1351 to 1388. The city was ruled by several major powers, including the mauryaus in the 3rd century B.C., the Tughlaq in the 14th century, the Mughals in the 16th century and the British in the 19th century. After India achieved independence, it was unified with the State of . When the Punjab was divided in 1966, Hisar became part of city for the National Capital Region to attract migrants and develop as an alternative centre of growth to Delhi. As on June 2012, Hisar was India’s largest galvanized iron manufacturing city. The population of Hisar City served by Water Supply and Sanitation Department was 2,65,208 in Year 2008 and rate of water supply was 103 lpcd after treatment through three existing canal based water works namely Mahavir Colony Water Works, Kaimiri Road Water Works No. 2 and PTU Water Works (PWD, 2009). Through water supply augmentation scheme rate of water supply is to be increased to 200 lpcd by Year 2021 for serving population of 7,28,056. In addition to this, 16 tube wells were also installed but these are not in use because underground water is brackish. Provision of safe drinking water assumes greater significance in developing countries like India where large population have poor infrastructure for water supply and sanitation. Complaints of inadequate water supply, no supply in some areas, low pressure in distribution system, supply of contaminated water, poor maintenance of service , etc. are common in most of rural and . Various studies have been undertaken in the past to assess prevailing status of water supply in rural and urban areas with reference to quantity and quality of water. People of Ahmadabad were dissatisfied with quantity of water supply due to low pressure and restricted supply hour (Iyer et al., 2014). Mishra and Nandeshwar (2013) reported lack of water supply facilities at household level and need of drinking water collection from more than 100 m distance in rural areas of . Gorge et al. (2015) assessed risk due to three reference pathogens—Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Rotavirus and reported vulnerability of population to waterborne gastroenteritis diseases due to less effectiveness on pathogen removal in treatment system. Problem of water quality deterioration at consumer level has been observed in rural and urban area of India and other countries. Various investigators have reported low/absence of residual chlorine, presence of total coliform and presence of faecal coliform at point of use and household storage due to improper maintenance of service reservoirs and enroute contamination (Despande, 2007; Lau and Han, 2007; Farooq et al., 2008; Khadse et al., 2011a,b; Khadse et al., 2012; Mudiam et al., 2012; Karikari and Ampofo, 2013; Unnisa and Hassan, 2013; Lavanya and Ravichandran, 2013; John et al., 2014 ). The objective of present study was to assess current status of water supply in Hisar city.

METHODOLOGY A survey was conducted in 20 wards of Hisar City selecting 30 houses from each ward to assess the current water supply status with reference to quantity and quality of Status of Water Supply at Hisar City 3 water. The survey questionnaire was designed to collect information related to water supply hours, water quality and quantity, level of service, water supply connection and purpose of water supply connection. The survey was conducted during February- March, 2015.

STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION The present study was conducted at Hisar which is one of the major cities of Haryana. Geographically it is located at 29° 09’’ 0N, 75° 42’’ 0E. Hisar is located at 164 kilometres to the east of Delhi on National Highway 10. Its elevation from mean sea level is 215 meter. The population in Hisar city is 301,249 with sex ratio 844 and the level 81.04%. Due to presence of Jindal Steel Industry, Thermal Power Plant, various pharmaceutical and Industries Hisar is much polluted. The climate of Hisar is very hot with 32.5 0C average summer temperature. The average winter temperature of Hisar is 17.5 0C. The annual precipitation at Hisar city is 490.5 mm. The ground water of Hisar city is saline, so it cannot be used as source of water supply. The source of water for the city is branch, Hisar major and Rana distributaries. The water works which supply treated water are Mahavir Colony Water Works, Kaimri Road Water Works Number 2 and PTU Water Works. Apart from this HUDA, Haryana Agriculture University and Guru Jumbheshwar University have two other canal based water works. The areas of Hisar have its own arrangement of drinking water supply.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total 600 households were visited and requested to provide information as per questionnaire. In this survey, 99.93% respondents were male whereas remaining 0.07% were females. The age of the survey respondents ranged from the minimum 20 years to maximum age of 75 years with an average age of 52 years. The information collected based on questionnaire based field survey is presented and discussed in following sections.

WATER SUPPLY HOURS The information related to duration of water supply in forenoon and afternoon in each ward is shown in Figure 1. 4 Anoop Kumar, Preeti

Figure 1: Water Supply Duration in Various Wards.

It is clear from the Figure 1 that in forenoon Ward Number 14 have water supply about 2 hours which is highest among all wards while Ward Number 6 have supply for minimum duration. Similarly, in afternoon Ward Number 13 and 16 have water supply for 1 hour which is highest among all wards while again Ward Number 6 have supply for minimum duration. WATER QUALITY The feedback on quality of water by households of various wards is shown in Figure 2. The quality of the water supplied by the Public Health Engineering Department is expected to be good but real situation in some part is not satisfactory.

Figure 2: Quality of Water Supplied in Various Wards.

The Figure 2 shows that only Ward Number 16 has supply of good water quality and Ward Number 9 and 18 have poor water quality. The residents of Ward Number 9 and 18 have complained about presence of turbidity and odour in water supply. Remaining wards have normal water quality. Status of Water Supply at Hisar City 5

WATER QUANTITY The households were asked to provide information regarding adequacy of water supply for fulfilling their daily requirements. The results with respect to water supply quantity adequacy are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Water Supply Quantity Adequacy in Various Wards.

The water supply schemes have been designed to supply water @ 103 lpcd but the real supply situation was not satisfactory. Only Ward Number 17 receives adequate water quantity. The Ward Number 10 has the worst situation in which more than 96% people said that they did not receive sufficient quantity of water. Overall 14 wards have sufficient water supply and six wards have insufficient water supply.

LEVEL OF SERVICE The results of satisfaction with reference to level of service are shows in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Satisfaction with Reference to Service Level in Various Wards 6 Anoop Kumar, Preeti

Since public water supply schemes have been maintained by Public Health Engineering Department the level of water supply service of Hisar city is expected to be good but in survey observed real situations was not satisfactory. Only in Ward Number 17 service level was observed excellent with 100% respondents satisfied with level of water supply service. All respondents of Ward Number 10 were unsatisfied with water supply service level. Overall, majority of residents in 8 wards are satisfied with service level while majority residents in 12 wards are unsatisfied with water supply service level.

WATER SUPPLY CONNECTION The results of response related to water supply connection from Public Health Engineering Department are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Provision of Water Supply Connection in Various Wards.

A water supply connection is basic need of every household but more than 92% respondents of Ward Number 6 do not have water supply connection. Most of residents of Ward Number 6 have own hand pumps. There is separate tube well based water supply system in Ward Number 6 but due to high ground elevation water does not reach in entire ward. The supply is for short duration and those have connections have to use booster pumps to withdraw water. The residents without water connection in ward 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15 and 19 are 16.67%, 26.67%, 16.67%, 33.33%, 20%, 20%, 36.67%, 10% and 3.33%, respectively.

USE OF WATER The information regarding use of water for domestic and other purpose was also collected and same is presented in Figure 6. Status of Water Supply at Hisar City 7

Figure 6: Use of Water Supply in Various Wards.

Generally water supply is used for domestic purposes but some people use it for other purpose also. The residents of Ward Number 10, 11, 18 and 19 use water for domestic and some other purposes while in remaining wards it is used only for domestic purpose.

CONCLUSION Based on information collected for assessing current status of the water supply in Hisar, following important observation/conclusions emerged:  Only 6 ward of Hisar City have water supply for one hour duration and above while remaining 14 wards have water supply for duration of less than one hour. The average water supply duration in forenoon and afternoon is 1 hour and 30 minutes, respectively.  The 84.24% respondents are satisfied with quality of water. However, majority of respondents of two wards are unsatisfied with water quality.  The 57.39% respondents of are satisfied with quantity of water of water supply.  The 85.83% households of Hisar city have water supply connection.  The 93.57% residents use water for only domestic purposes while remaining 6.43% use it for domestic as well as for the other purpose also.  All respondents of one ward are satisfied with level of service. Majority of residents in 8 wards are satisfied with level of service. Residents of one ward are 100% unsatisfied with level of service.

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