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Proceedings ofthe Danish Institute at Athens • II

Edited by Seven Dietz & Signe Isager

Aarhus U niversitetstorlag Langelandsgade 177 8200 Arhus N © Copyright The Danish Institute at Athens,Athens 1998

The publication was sponsored by: The Danish Research Council for the Humanities. Consul General Gosta Enbom's Foundation. Konsul Georgjorck og hustru Emmajorck's Fond.

Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens

General Editor: Seren Dietz and Signe Isager Graphic design and Production by: Freddy Pedersen

Printed in Denmark on permanent paper

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The drawing reproduced as cover illustration represents Kristian Jeppesen's proposal for the restoration of the Maussolleion, in particular of the colonnade (PTERON) in which portrait statues of members of the Hecatomnid dynasty said to have been carved by the famous artists Scopas, Bryaxis,Timotheos, and Leochares were exhibited. Drawing by the author, see p. 173, Abb. 5, C. Surveys and Excavations in Chalkis, Aetolias, 1995-1996. First preliminary report

Edited by Contents:

Soren DietZ, Preface •234 -A Catalogue ofSelected Finds from the LazaWS KolonaS, hY Smm Dktz and Uzaros Kolonas Survey at Pangali, 1995-1996 • 272 by Theophanis Mavridis and Hege A.Alisoy Ioannis Moschos Chalkis in in AncientWritten and Sanne Sources and Early Modern Travel - Excavations at Pangali, 1996 • 280 Accounts 238 by Michalis Cazis Houby-Nielsen by Sanne Houby-Nielsen II. Surveys and Excavations 1995-1996. Excavations at Haghia Triadha, 1996 • 282 A Preliminary Report 255 by Soren Dietz and Ioannis Moschos

I. -A Catalogue ofSelected Finds from the Surveys and Architectural Measurings at Excavation at Haghia Triadha, 1996 • 287 Haghia Triadha and Pangali, 1995 • 255 by Soren Dietz by Ioannis Moschos and Sanne Houby-Niel

sen Bibliography and Abbreviations 312

-A Catalogue of Selected Finds from the Survey at Haghia Triadha, 1995 • 259 by Jonas Eiring

233 Preface

The Greek-Danish field project around usual type of"barbarian" Aetolian societies by the small village of KatoVassiliki began thought to be of the old fashioned ethnos during the summer of 1995 and was con type.3 Chalkis itself is supposed to be a link Soren Dietz tinued in 1996 and 1997.The present pre in the chain ofCorinthian strongholds and liminary report presents some ofthe main ("apoikiai") along the north-western results from the survey campaign 1995 and Greek coast,4 probably already established Lazaros Kolonas the first excavations carried out in 1996. before 800 B.C. During the earlier years of the the town fell to the

In Antiquity the area was named Chalkis1, Athenians.5 evidently meant the NOTE 1 a town in the coastland ofAetolia by the coastland when he used the term Aetolia. The literary evidences are gulf ofCorinth.The term Aiolis was used dealt with by Houby- by for the coastland (or for Whatever the precise meaning ofthe ter Nielsen pp. 238-254. parts ofit) which was not, strictly speak minology Aiolis, the coastal zone towards NOTE 2 ing, included in Aetolia until the end of the gulf ofCorinth (or Patraikos Kolpos as Der Kleme Pauli I, 182- the Achaian occupation in 366 B.C. and it is called today) is a specific geographical 183; Kirsten & Kraiker the succeeding creation ofthe Aetolian unit with a proper historical development 1967, 756 etal. league.2 Geographically this landscape ex compared to the landscape ofpresent-day NOTE 3 tends roughly from the Acheloos river and Aetolia. The choice ofChalkis as our joint Kirsten & Kraiker 1967, south ofMt. Arakynthos to the sea. Some topic of research was dictated by a wish to 756. scholars suggest that settlements in this re contribute to the study of the coastal zone gion were ofpolis-type in contrast to the in Antiquity and not least to a better NOTE 4 Kirsten & Kraiker 1967, 715.

NOTE 5 Thucydides 3, 102 and Houby-Nielsen pp. 238- 254.

Fig. \. Thearea around the modern village of Kato Vassi- liki.The site of HaghiaTria dha is seen in thefront.Pan gali in the background. (Photo Henrik Frost 1996).

234 understanding ofthe periods preceeding visible today. On the west side ofthe river the establishment ofthe powerful Aetolian Euvinos and Mt.Varassova — in ancient league. What was the character of the times called Mt. Chalkis —the large and Bronze Age societies? What was its Myce important site ofKalydon was situated. naean society like (Chalkis was one ofthe The temple area, the Laphrion and the five Aetolian towns contributing ships to Heroon, the so-called Leonteion, were ex the )?What was its development cavated by Konstantinos Rhomaios and to the Iron Age? How did a harbour town Frederik Poulsen during three campaigns function along the sea route to Southern in 1926, 1928 and 1932 and extensively Italy at the time ofcolonization? What published.10 Kalydon constitutes our most were societies like in Archaic and Classical important site ofreference, but it should times? What was the economic basis for be emphasized that the town itself has not life, what were the religious institutions been studied, except for a trial excavation like and what were the relations with the ofSotiriadis who reported the existence of remaining part ofthe Greek world? A pre Mycenaean walls and Mycenaean and liminary examination ofthe surface sherds Geometric sherds.11 For comparative rea before the project started indicated that sons an excavation ofthe Kalydon Acro the site of Haghia Triadha might be able to polis should have a high priority. As a cu contribute at least some answers to such riosity it should be mentioned that even questions. Poulsen and Rhomaios considered the possibility ofan excavation " ... in der There is general agreement that the an Nahe vonVassiliki ..., wo die alte aitolis- cient town of Chalkis was situated near the che Stadt Chalkis gelegen hat, ... "J2 Fi sea, in the valley defined by mountVaras- nally the town ofMakynia, the western sova (915 m.) to the West and Mt. Chlo- neighbour of Chalkis has been measured kova (1039 m.) to the East.6The territory and studied in recent years.13 ofthe city-state probably extends inland to the river Euvinos where it borders the ter The campaign of 1995 lasted from July 3 ritory of Kalydon. As for the more precise to July 28.The primary aims were: 1) to

NOTE 6 localization of the ancient town opinions, accomplish intensive surveys on both sites See Houby-Nielsen below. however, differ between the mound of 2) to carry out wall cleaning at the site of Haghia Triadha, east of KatoVassiliki and Haghia Triadha and 3) to measure and NOTE 7 the site ofKastro/Pangali (from now on draw plans ofarchitectural remains visible See Houby-Nielsen below. referred to as Pangali) at a plateau on the on the surface (Figs. 6 and 8). During the

NOTE 8 east slopes ofVarassova (Fig. 2), with the first campaign a grid of 10 X 10 m. square Noack 1916. majority ofscholars prefering the latter.7 and 20 X 10 m. in Pangali was laid out (be In a report from 1916, Konstantinos Rho low Fig. 6). NOTE 9 maios briefly mentions that the site of Paliouras 1985. Chalkis could well be identified with the The aim during the summer campaign of

NOTE 10 mound of Haghia Triadha.The results of 1996, from June 24 to July 26, was to carry Poulsen & Rhomaios the present project seem to indicate that out excavations ofstrategical points at 1927, Dyggve, Poulsen & Rhomaios was right. But still more data Haghia Triadha in order to get an impres Rhomaios 1934 and are needed for the final conclusion. sion ofthe stratigraphical situation and a Dyggve 1948. better idea of the architecture preserved Previous field work in the area was carried (below pp. 282-284). In addition a geolog NOTE 11 Praktika 1908,99. out by Noack8 who measured and pub ical survey was initiated aimed at a general lished plans and sketches ofPangali and A. description ofthe geology in the valley, NOTE 12 Paliouras who excavated and restored the with special reference to the study of Poulsen & Rhomaios three-aisled basilica Haghia Triadha erected changing shore lines from Antiquity up to 1927,4. on bedrock on the very top ofthe Acrop the present day.

NOTE 13 olis plateau ofthe mound.9 The work of Kolonas 198. Professor Paliouras on the church is clearly At Pangali intensive surface collecting on a

235 Final Neolithic site near the south en Surveying: Charalambos Marinopoulos, Poul- Fig. 2. Geodetic map of the ceinte ofthe Pangali was carried out in Erik Skovgaard and Christos Kolonas area around the modern vil 1995,and in 1996 (see below p.255-257, Pottery registration:Jofz

Project leaders: Lazaros Kolonas and Soren 1996: Dietz Project leaders: Lazaros Kolonas and Soren Field directors: Sanne Houby-Nielsen and Dietz Ioannis Moschos Field Directors: Sanne Houby-Nielsen and Archaeologists: Michalis Cazis, Efy Saranti Ioannis Moschos and Olga Christakopoulou Archaeologists: Michalis Cazis

236 Fig. 3. Participants in the campaign 1995 (photo July 1995).

Surveying: Charalambos Marinopoulos, Chris- iou, Eugenios Tsamis, Avgerinos Anastasopou- tos Kolonas los, Apostolis Zarkadoulas. Pottery registration:Jonas Eiring Students:Jctte Husum, Lisbeth Bredholt Geology: Kaj Strand Petersen Christensen, SineToft Jensen, JesperJensen, Ida Photography: Hans Henrik Frost Thuesen, Heidi von Wettstein, Theofanis Mav Conservation: Leonidas Pavlatos ridis, HegeA. Alisoy. Technicians: Spiros Pittas, Dimitris Evangcl-

237 Chalkis in Aetolia in Ancient Written Sources and Early Modern Travel Accounts. A Survey

Introduction ron, Olenos, Pylene, Chalkis, and Kaly by Sanne don.15 He does not give us any hint as to Chalkis in Aetolia is only occasionally their topographical relationship, but on Houby-Nielsen mentioned in ancient written sources. A grounds oflater authors, , Olenos briefsurvey ofthose few which do men and Pylene have been identified with ex tion Chalkis in Aetolia gives the following isting ruins in the western part ofAetolia impression: in the Homeric epics Chalkis while Kalydon and Chalkis were identified was a settlement located by the sea. In the with ruins in the eastern part.16This Aeto fifth century it is called a "polis" by Thu lia appears to have represented something cydides who also implies that it possessed a like a limit to the "civilized" heroic world. harbour, was situated opposite near At least, disgusting types such as king the river Euvenos and was of enough im Echetos were placed in the areas beyond it portance for the Corinthians and later for towards the northwest.17 the Athenians to wish to control it. Its har This is the only time Aetolian Chalkis is bour was still functioning at the time of mentioned by Homer. Here Chalkis is the "Social war" at the end ofthe third called "agchialon" which means something century B.C. as described by , like "hard by the sea",18 while Kalydon is who calls it Chalkeia. By the first century called "petreessan" meaning "rocky".19 In A.D Chalkis appears to have passed into most ofthe and the Odyssey, Aetolia oblivion. at least displays some con is equivalent ofjust Kalydon and Pleuron, fusion as to Chalkis' location and places it or Kalydon alone.20 Thus Kalydon is the both east and west ofPleuron, though al location for the popular story of the Kaly- ways near the river Euvenos and between Kalydon and Makynia. He also mentions that the town Chalkis was named after its mountain and sometimes bore the name NOTE 14 NOTE 15 Hypochalkis. In the second century A.D. I would like to thank warmly Ole //. 2.638-640. by contrast calls Chalkis an inland Thomsen for his help regarding anci ent lexiographers and Iannis Moscos NOTE 16 town causing later lexiographers to enter for his helpful comments on a previ Woodhouse 1897, 55, 63, 132-136, into long discussions as to its correct loca ous draft ofthis paper and for provi 157, see also n. 128. tion. Finally Statius seems only to use ding the photo used in Fig. 4. Regar Chalkis as a poetical device. ding the relationship between archaeo NOTE 17 logy and texts, I owe much to A. An- Od. 18.85, 21.308; see also Wace & The present paper is a preliminary account dren 1997.1 also owe a special thanks Stubbings 1962,294-295. to Mr. E.J. Finopoulos for having per of Chalkis' role in ancient written sources mitted me to use his photo ofthe map NOTE 18 and its rediscovery in post-antiquity. reproduced in Fig. 5 and to the staff at Translated by A.T. Murray (Loeb). the Dutch Institute in Athens for their Homer and Mythology help in this connection. Last but certa NOTE 19 inly not least I am most grateful for R. Translated by A.T. Murray (Loeb). Tomlinson's great effort to make my Homer mentions five Aetolian cities English readable. NOTE 20 which contributed no fewer than forty For the separate nature ofthis district, ships to the expedition against : Pleu see Bommelje 1988.

238 NOTE 21 donian boar hunt,21 and Pleuron the site of arouses his sense ofhonour regarding his 11.9.533-546. the fight between Aetolians from Kalydon Aetolian roots by mocking him for not and the obscure tribe called the Kouretes living up to ' and Oineus' reputa NOTE 22 tion. A very similar, though late story tells //. 9. 547-599. based in Pleuron.22 With the exception of the Aetolians and , whose how avenges an insult which NOTE 23 home city is not indicated, all Aetolians Achilleus had committed against an Aeto Andersen 1978,14-15. mentioned by Homer stem from the dy lian bloodrelative ofhis.28 The story is nasties of Pleuron and Kalydon. thought to go back to the Aithiopis, and NOTE 24 The glory ofKalydon is alluded to es thus to be pre-homeric.29 II. 4.399. pecially through the hero Diomedes, Kalydon also plays another important

NOTE 25 grandson ofthe king ofKalydon, Oineus, role in the Iliad, for Achilleus' wrath, his //. 23.470-473. and son ofTydeus who settled in Argos, refusal to fight at Troy, and the delegations and nephew ofMeleagros, the slayer ofthe with gifts to persuade him to fight are par NOTE 26 Kalydonian boar. Diomedes ranks among allelled with Meleagros' behaviour at Kaly n. 14.H7. the uttermost important heroes in the Il don when Kalydon was at war with Pleu

note 27 iad, so important that book 5 and part of ron. In fact Homer is so eager to show this //. 14.112-120. book 6 is devoted solely to the description parallellism that he seems to distort exist of his deeds in the battlefield (as book 11 ing versions ofthe war between Kalydon note 28 and book 20 describe those of the great and Pleuron to make it match the situation Quint. Smyrn. 1.716. heroes Agamemnon and Achilleus). Dio at Troy30

NOTE 29 medes, it is true, is normally presented as Other myths relating to Aetolia also For this discussion see An the son ofArgive Tydeus and not grandson centre on Kalydon. Herakles' wife dersen 1978, 19. ofAetolian Oineus.23 Nevertheless, there Deianeira was the daughter ofthe king of are a few episodes which show that Kalydon, Oineus (in other versions, ofthe NOTE 30 Willcock 1976, 109. Diomedes' Aetolian background was well- king ofAetolian Olenos),31 and the cen known to the Homeric audience and car taur Nessos' attempt to rape Deianeira NOTE 31 ried much significance. First ofall, took place at the river Euvenos, which Hyg.Faft. 31.33. Diomedes' father, Tydeus, is once called runs along the eastern side of the Kalydo "aitolios".24 Secondly, when Diomedes nian ridge coming from north-east.32 Even NOTE 32 wins the horserace in honour of Patroklos, the girl Kallirhoe, who committed suicide Strab. 10.2.19. he is referred to as "an Aetolian by birth, out ofpity for her admirer, and thereby NOTE 33 but lord of the Argives, the son ofhorse- gave her name to a spring at the Varassova, Paus. 7.21.11. taming Tydeus".25 Perhaps Diomedes' suc came from Kalydon.33 cess with horses goes back not only to his As seen from this survey, Aetolia is an father but also to his grandfather, Oineus, important area in the oral tradition and who in one place is called the "horse mythology ofEarly Archaic , but it man".26 is Kalydon and Pleuron which are the A third episode takes place when Dio mainstays ofthis Aetolia, not Chalkis. medes seeks to persuade Agamemnon and Chalkis' anonymity in ancient mythology Odysseus not to give up fighting. Obvi was to diminish the interest in Chalkis of ously Diomedes feels that he has to com later ancient writers and especially of early pensate for his youth with some powerful modern travellers and even scholars. argument in order to appear persuasive. To do so, he proudly and at length reminds his Written sources comrades ofhis great Aetolian ancestry, the kings ofKalydon and Pleuron.27 In his description ofAthens' wars with Finally,Diomedes' wounding of the god Corinth,Thucydides relates how the Athe is clearly provoked by the god's viola nians succeeded in taking Boeotia and tion ofDiomedes'Aetolian blood-ties. , made the Aiginetans surrender, and Thus, Diomedes attacks Ares, because the how an Athenian commander god is attempting to kill Periphas the "best of the Aetolian men" and because "... Tolmides, son of Tolmaeus, sailed

239 round the Peloponnesus, burned the dock emy coming to the assistance ofthat town yard ofthe Lacedaemonians, took Chalcis, he captured two warships with their crews a city ofthe Corinthians, and making a and afterwards took with its crew an Aeto descent upon the territory ofthe Sicyo- lian galley near Rhium".3H nians defeated them in battle".34 Chalkeia is no doubt equvialent ofChal The event can be placed in the year 455 cis.It can be deduced from Polybius' de B.C. Writing about a later development in scription that it was situated on the Aeto the same war,Thucydides describes how lian coast near Molykreion and Rhion. the Peloponnesians intending to march Apart from confirming our impression into Akarnania blocked the bay ofPatras from Thucydides of Chalkis as a harbour with their fleet, since town, this passage indicates that Chalkis was still an important town at the time of ".. .they observed that the Athenians were Polybius, and his mention of Rhion bearing down upon them from Chalcis (which is securely identified) in connection and the river Evenus.. ."35 with Chalcis indicates that the latter is sit uated in the area east ofthe Euvenos river. These passages certainly indicate, that the Chalkis Thucydides refers to was strategi The geographical works ofArtemidoros callyspeaking an important harbour town are not preserved, but from other sources which at one point was taken (or he is known to have studied and written founded?) by the Corinthians. Moreover them in Alexandria and to have had his we may infer that Chalkis was situated floruit around 104-101 B.C. His works somewhere near the Euvenos river. This were especially devoted to the countries information about Chalkis, however bordering on the Mediterranean and Eux- sparse, is especially significant, since Thu ine seas, and he seems to have travelled ex cydides,who served as a general in the tensively in these parts.39 With regard to Peloponnesian war, together with Poly Chalkis,Strabo mentions that he placed bius, represent the only writers who are the Chalkis mountain between the Ache likely to have actually seen Chalkis and the loos river and Pleuron. Doing so Artemi- Aetolian coast. dorus - again according to Strabo - con tradictedApollodorus who placed Kalydon The Greek historian Polybius was born between Pleuron and Chalkis. note 34 around 200 B.C. in Megalopolis to a rich Thuc. 1.108.5; translated by C. F. Smith 1980 (Loeb). and influential family, and till his thirtieth The Greek historian year was involved in political and military from Sicily wrote most ofhis work on NOTE 35 service, before politics took him to , Greek history in Rome at ' time. Thuc. 2.83.3; translated by Spain, Gaul and Africa. Polybius was there He is not least known for his accounts of C.F.Smith 1980 (Loeb). fore a warm defender of the Achaean Delphic oracles on colonial settlements League and anti-Aetolian to a degree that NOTE 36 and city-founding, since some of these Walbank 1972,12. distorted his account ofAetolian affairs.36 have been thought to render the original However,this anti-Aetolian attitude hardly oracles closely.40 One such account quotes NOTE 37 affected his geographical view ofthe Co the oracle given to Myskellos from Rhype Walbank 1957,1-6. rinthian gulf which he cannot but have in : known intimately37 In his description of NOTE 38 Polyb. 5.94.8; translated by Aetolian raids in Achaea, Polybius de "The far darter himselfpoints out to you; W.R.Paton (Loeb). scribes how do you understand him! Here isTaphias- sos,the unploughed, on your path, and NOTE 39 "...the Achaean naval commander made a there Chalkis; then the sacred land ofthe Bunbury 1883,61. landing at Molycria and came back with Kouretes and then the . Great is nearly a hundred captured slaves. Starting NOTE 40 the ocean to the left. But even so I would Fontenrose 1978,137-144; again he sailed to Chalceia, and on the en not expect you to miss the Lakinian cape, Malkin 1987,45-46.

240 nor Sacred Krimissa, nor the river Aisa- people's travel-stories.44 Secondly, Strabo ros."414I as a true stoic was very much guided by his admiration for the Homeric epics The landmarks ofthe first part ofthis sail which he conceived as an allegorical ing route are all situated in the bay ofPa- source ofgeographic information and thus tras and fully visible from the Achaean an ideal work for all geographers.45 Even coast. By referring to Chalkis, Diodorus though Strabo was perhaps more selective (or his source) is probably more likely to and critical in his choice of Homeric quo have in mind the mountain Chalkis than tations than hitherto thought,46 the fact re the city Chalkis.The "twin mountains" mains that he followed Homer closely in Chalkis and Taphiassos are commonly his description of Greece, and not least Ae mentioned together by Greek and Roman tolia. geographers (Apollodorus,42 Strabo, Pliny) Strabo first mentions Chalkis in book 9. and often referred to as important land He has treated the cities held by the west marks in later sailing routes —which in ern Lokrians, Amphissa and Naupactus. deed they are —as I will come back to Naupactus, he says, is near Antirrhion, and (compare Fig. 4).The "land ofthe Kou- still survives and he tells us that it had been retes" then is the marshy and fertile fields adjudged to the Aetolians by Philip. Imme which extend down from the site ofan diately after, Strabo states cient Pleuron and surround modern Mes- olonghi. Again, Pleuron is commonly des "Here [near Antirrhion], also, is Chalcis, ignated in mythical terms as land ofthe which the poet mentions in the Aetolian NOTE 41 Kouretes by Hellenistic and Roman writ Catalogue; it is below . Here, also,is Diodorus 8.17; translated by Parke and Wormell ers, as will be apparent below. In this way, the hillTaphiassus, on which are the tombs 1956, 69-70; quoted by the description ofthe sailing route in the of Nessus and the other Centaurs, from Malkin 1987,45. bay ofPatras refers to the most conspicious whose putrefied bodies, they say, flows geographical landmarks on the Aetolian forth at the base of the hill the water NOTE 42 and Akarnanian coast and it places Mt. which is malodorous and clotted; and it is According to Strabo on this account, they add, that the tribe is (Strab. 10.2.21). Chalkis west ofMt. Taphiassos and east of Pleuron. also called Ozolian. Molycreia, an Aetolian

NOTE 43 town, is also near Antirrhium"47. For a general introduction The description ofthe Aetolian coastal cit to Strabon, seeTozer 1893, ies by Strabo (68 or 54 B.C. to 21 A.D.) In book 10, Strabo begins with a descrip 1-47. represents the most extensive ancient writ tion ofEuboea and briefly mentions that

NOTE 44 ten source for this area. However, it is gen apart from Chalkis in Euboea, there is also Romm 1992,5. erally recognized that Strabo's seventeen a Chalkis in Aetolia and in .48 After Eu books on have to be read very boea he treats as promised earlier on,Akar- NOTE 45 critically, and that his geographical descrip nania and Aetolia, the remaining parts of Tozer 1893,44-45. tion of Greece is deplorably insecure as he calls these areas.49 He starts

NOTE 46 (books 8-10).43 Firstly, being born in Pon- out with a list ofAkarnanian cities, then Kahles 1976. tus, Strabo had no first hand knowledge of moves on to the Aetolian cities and moun Greece, and as far as can be reconstructed, tains. In this survey, Strabo is clearly fol NOTE 47 his travels in Greece were limited to lowing Homer, since he states that the Ae Strab. 9.4.8; translated by Rhodes, perhaps Kos and Samos, Corinth tolian towns are Kalydon and Pleuron and H.L.Jones (Loeb). and perhaps Athens. His most extensive only mentions the inland (later) cities Tri-

NOTE 48 travels were in his own country, the neigh chonion and Stratos in order to explain to Strab. 10.1.9. bouring states Cilicia and Cappadocia, his readers the extent of Old Aetolia. Like Minor and Egypt. Thus, his books on wise he only mentions Naupaktos and Eu- NOTE 49 Greece are mostly based on the works of palion to show the contrast of Old Aetolia Strab. 10.1.1. other historians, especially Posidonius and in comparison with the wider extent of

NOTE 50 on the above mentioned writers Artemid- Aetolia Epictetus.50Then, in a section Strab. 10.2.7. orus and Apollodorus, as well as on other about mountains, he emphasizes that near

241 the mountain Arakynthos the inhabitants With regard to Apollodorus' placing of note 51 ofOld Pleuron founded New Pleuron, Chalkis near the Acheloos river alluded to Strab. 10.2.4-5; translated by H.L.Jones (Loeb). and he gives us the location ofthe former above, Strabo decides to reconcile both as "near Kalydon". His next interest is to traditions by imagining two Chalkis note 52 explain the location ofMt. Taphiassos (no mountains.53 Strab. 10.2.21. doubt due to its connection with the myth of Nessos) and Mt. Chalkis (no doubt due It is not known whether NOTE 53 to its connection with Homeric Chalkis). (born 23 A.D.) has ever been to Greece. Strab. 10.2.21. He says as follows: Only a small part ofhis Naturalis Historia, NOTE 54 dedicated to the future emperor Titus, Plin.HN4.l-32. "...above Molycreia are Taphiassos and deals with the , and it Chalcis, rather high mountains, on which is generally ofa very summary nature.54 NOTE 55 are situated the small cities Macynia and Apart from the sources Pliny himself men Kaszuba 1976, 1-8. Chalcis, the latter bearing the same name tions which are Theopompus, Isidorus, and NOTE 56 as the mountain, though it is also called Homer, he may have used Pomponius Plin. HN 4.2.6; translated Hypochalcis. Near Old Pleuron is the Mela and have had access to official lists of by H. Rackham (Loeb). mountain Curium, after which, as some privileged cities made under Marcus have supposed, the Pleuronian Agrippa and Augustus.55 In his very short NOTE 57 For Pliny's selectivity as a were named. description ofAetolia, we among other result of his ambitions to The Euvenos River .. .flows at first, not things hear that present the whole natural through the Curetan country, which is the universe, see Kaszuba same as the Pleuronian, but through the "The towns of Aetolia are Calydon on the 1976,5. more easterly country, past Chalcis and river Evenus seven miles and a halffrom Kalydon; and then, bending back towards the sea, and then Macynia and Molycria, NOTE 58 Strab. 7.7.5-6; 10.2.2-3; the plains of Old Pleuron and changing its behind which are Mount Chalcis and Paus. 5.23.3; 7.18.8; course to the west."51 Taphiassus. On the coast is the Promon 8.24.11; 10.38.4; Alcock tory ofAntirrhium, at which is the mouth 1993,132-145. And we are reminded that this is the river ofthe Gulfof Corinth."56 which forms the scene of the Nessos, He- rakles and Deianeira story. This description falls very nicely in line In short, Strabo does not give us a de with the information about Chalkis given scription ofAetolian cities as they ap by Thucydides, Polybius, Diodorus and peared in his own day, since he is mainly Strabo and may indeed reflect a common interested in locating those mentioned by source-dependency It is certainly very Homer. Nevertheless, in the above quoted strange, that Pliny in a list ofAetolian cit passages he seems to use Antirrhion as ies, mentions only the mountain Chalkis centre for his description which means and not the city. Likewise very strange is that his "above" and "below" means re his source, , writing only spectively "to the west of" and to the "east a short time before Pliny, who lists only of ".This gives us the following succession Naupaktos and Kalydon as Aetolian cities. of cities and mountains which fits well Perhaps these selective descriptions, what with the information gained from earlier ever their more or less sophisticated moti sources: (from west towards east) Old and vation,''7 also testify to the poor knowledge New Pleuron, Kalydon, Chalkis (mountain which Roman historians and officials and city), Mt.Taphiassos, Makynia, Moly- possesed of a ruinous Greek landscape, kreion and Antirrhion. However, Strabo's where all the important political and relig insecurity as to the geography of Greece ious institutions,and possibly a greater part and his dependence on earlier writers be ofthe resident population, had been trans comes clearly visible in a later list ofcities ferred to and Patras.58 and mountains according to which Pleu Before leaving Pliny,it should not be ron and Halikyrna were situated east of overlooked that according to Pliny one of the Euvenos river.52 the Echinades islands was named Chalkis:

242 "...offAetolia are the Echinades,Aegialia, ..."Chalkis, welcome port Among the Io Cotonis,Thyatira, Geoaris, Dionysia, Cyr- nian waves, and that proud river whose nus, Chalcis, Pinara, Nystus."59 head was shamed by wrestling Hercules."63

The Echinades are situated at the mouth From this passage, we learn that Statius of the Acheloos river, which forms the thought of Chalkis as a harbour, and lo border between Aetolia and Akarnania. cated it at the mouth ofthe Acheloos They became a subject ofintense interest, river, since the mention of Hercules is a both in antiquity and in modern times.60 clear allusion to the myth ofhow Herakles This was due to two circumstances. Firstly, wrestled with the river god Acheloos. No the islands were very important in the Ho doubt Statius is influenced by Artemidorus meric epics, especially Doulichion. Meges who was seen earlier on to have located led forty ships to Troy from Doulichion mount Chalkis near Acheloos.The term and the sacred islands Echinades,61 and "harbour" is rather influenced by Homer's Doulichion along with Zakynthos, Same adjective of Chalkis, "hard by the sea". and Ithaka were subject to Odysseus, and As a poet Statius had certainly no inten the majority ofPenelope's suitors came tions ofwriting accurate geography, and from Doulichion.62 Secondly, the islands thus his mention ofChalkis is not ofmuch represented a very interesting geological use to us. On the other hand, it does sup phenomenon. Due to the silting-up ofthe port the general impression we had from NOTE 59 Acheloos river, the islands gradually be Strabo, that Romans ofthe first century Plin. HN 4.54; translated came mainland. Strabo tells us that this A.D. had no clear idea ofthe city's location. by H. Rackham (Loeb). "new" land was called Paracheloitis, and was the subject ofmuch dispute between Dionysius Periergetes propably wrote his NOTE 60 Hdt. 2.10; Thuc. 2.102; the Akarnanians and the Aetolians, a dis geographic work,"Periigisis tis oikoume- Paus. 8.24.1 l;Ov. Met. pute which lies at the bottom ofthe myth nis", consisting of 1186 hexameter verses 8.580; Apollod.1.123 W, II ofhow Heracles overcame the Acheloos sometime around 124 A.D. in Alexandria. 50; Eur. IA 283-284. river, and thus made the Paracheloitis Like Strabo his source of inspiration came completely dry and as a price got married especially from Poseidonius, Kallimachos NOTE 61 //. 2.625. to the Kalydonian princess Deianeira.63 In and Apollonios and his favorite geography- view of these obvious Aetolian interests in book was Homer's works. Reaching NOTE 62 the "new" land, it is therefore not without northwestern Greece we hear of Ithaka Od. 1.245,9.24, 14.335, significance that one ofthe Echinades is and other islands 14.397,16.123,16.396, lands was called Chalkis. 19.292; Hymn in Apoll. 429. "...which the river Acheloos issuing from P.Papinius Statius who died about 96 A.D. Chalkis embraces with its silvern swirls." 66 NOTE 63 wrote his long poem about the war ofthe Strab. 10.2.14,10.2.19. Seven against Thebes in Flavian Rome ap Here we explicitly meet the concept that parently in the hope ofreplacing the Ae- Chalkis was a mountain near the Acheloos, NOTE 64 indeed the very one from which Acheloos Domimk 1994. neid as Rome's favourite poem.64The first four books describe the preparations of the springs. Again it is likely that Dionysios NOTE 65 war against Thebes. Tydeus, son ofOineus was influenced by Artemidorus' work. Stat. Theb. 4.105; translated in Kalydon, but settled in Argos, was one by Melville andVessey of the seven heroes who volunteered to We know little ofthe influential Roman 1992. support the Argive military expedition geographer Ptolemy's life, except that he

NOTE 66 against Thebes. In Statius' poem he is sup probably lived at the time ofMarcus Aure- Dionys. Per. 496. ported by the cities ofhis fatherland. In lius (161-180 A.D.) and that he had stud close imitation of Homer's catalogue of ied in Alexandria.67 Strangely enough, in NOTE 67 ships, Statius thus lists those Aetolian cities his books on geography, Chalkis figures in Taub 1993,7-8. which followed Tydeus. The cities are a list of inland cities in Aetolia, that is to

NOTE 68 Pleuron, Kalydon, Pylene, Olenos and: gether with Arax thos, Pleuron, Olenos, Ptol. Ocg.s. 243 3.14.13. and Kalydon.68

243 Ifwe are to believe Alexandrian scholia on Byzantine lexiographers and Apollonius Rhodius, the famous Ortygia cult in Ephesos and on Delos, and on an early modern travellers and island close to Sicily originated from the scholars Aetolian "titanic" Ortygia cult.69 In fact The existence ofan earlier, ancient settle scholia on Homer's Iliad locate this cult in ment on the Haghia Triadha hill was well- Chalkis.70 known to the builders of the Early Byzan tine basilica and fortification wall encir In summary, since Homer incorporated cling the upper part ofthe hill. For in or Chalkis in his list ofAetolian cities and der to build the basilica, the builders had placed it close to the sea, there seem to cleared the top ofthe hill ofancient settle have existed three main traditions in anti ment remains and when building the for quity as to what Aetolian Chalkis was and tification wall they narrowly followed and where it was located. According to the partly reused a Classical fortification wall.72 oldest tradition (Thucydidides, Polybius, Perhaps the bishop ofthe basilica even Strabo (his first list),Pliny, Diodorus), knew that he occupied the ancient site of Chalkis was a city and a mountain situated Aetolian Chalkis. At least Chalkis' exis near the Euvenus river. Combining the in tence was known to the Greek grammar formation given by these authors, we ob ian Stephanus Byzantinus who lived in the tain the following list ofcities and moun sixth century. Stephanus was the author of tains moving from east towards west: Mo- a lexikon,Ethnika, originally comprising lykreion, Makynia, Mt. Taphiassos, Chalkis more than fifty volumes which he had (city with harbour and mountain), Kaly dedicated to Justinian I. His main interest don and Pleuron.This tradition is likely to was to trace the origin ofplace names of be trustworthy, since at least two ofthe the oikoumene. Stephanus' geographic or writers may have actually seen Chalkis ientation is accordingly not very accurate (Thucydides and Polybius). as is evident in his treatment of Chalkis. The second tradition originates in the Under the heading "Chalkis" he lists the second century A.D.According to this, various Chalkis he knows ofstarting with note 69 Schol. Ap. Rhod. I. 419; see Chalkis was situated near the mouth of the Chalkis in Euboea, followed by Chalkis "a also Antonetti 1990,66, Acheloos river. It was either a mountain Corinthian city" and Aetolian Chalkis.73 196,263,283,302. (Strabo following Artemidorus, Dionysios Apart from separating between a "Corin Periergetes) or an island (Pliny) or a har thian" and an "Aetolian" Chalkis, he con note 70 Schol. II. 1.557. bour (Statius). fuses Chalkis in Euboea with Aetolian The third and latest tradition makes Chalkis, since he says that the former was NOTE 71 Chalkis an Aetolian inland city (Ptolemy). "also called Hypochalkis". Due to the RE III Chalkis no.7. Perhaps the first and second tradition same mistake, he places the Aetolian city nead not contradict each other too much. Halikyrna, likewise mentioned by Strabo, NOTE 72 If Pliny is right in listing an island at the on Euboea. Regarding Aetolian Chalkis, Dietz and Kolonas this volume. mouth ofthe Acheloos river by the name Stephanus relies on Dionysius Periergetes

Chalkis, we may presume that this island at and tells us that the river Acheloos issues NOTE 73 one time became mainland as was the fate from Chalkis and embraces other islands.74 Steph. Byz. Ethnika, "Chal ofother ofthe Echinades islands, and Much later, in the twelth century, Eus- kis". formed a mountain. At least, it is interest tathius, bishop of Thessaloniki, made a ing that one such island which has turned NOTE 74 commentary on Dionysius Periergetes' Memeke (1849) 1958 as into mainland is called Chalkitsa today.71 book on geography. Here Eustathius ex cribes this confusion to The next section surveys how the writ plains to us that the Chalkis, from which additions made by a copy ten traditions regarding Chalkis were re Dionysios says the Acheloos springs with ist or to some - to us ceived by Byzantine writers and early its silvern swirls, is a mountain.75 An anon unknown - source which Stephanus has read. modern travellers and scholars in ancient ymous commentator, however, says that history and archaelogy. the Acheloos which embraces the Echi NOTE 75 nades islands issues from the Aetolian city Eust. Dionys. Per. 496.

244 Fig. 4. The bayof ancient Chalkis in between Mts. Va rassova and Klokova (inAn tiquity called Chalkis and Taphiassos) seen from the hinterland of Patras. (Photo: The museum of Patras).

Chalkis.76 Nikephoros Blemmidos is more caught the eye ofthe hundreds ofpilgrims vaque, stating in his description of the who travelled to Jerusalem and passed Echinades (in a chapter on islands) that through the gulf ofPatras and Corinth or Acheloos issues from the earth of Chal stopped at Patras on their way southwards kis77. round the Peloponnese. Since trade in the From the thirteenth century we sud Mediterranean became controlled by Ital denly come across a direct source for the ian market towns in the ninth to tenth state of the episkepsis Baresobes (Varassova), centuries these towns established steady but unfortunately it tells us nothing about pilgrim routes running from especially ancient Chalkis. It is the metropolitan Venice via first the Dalmatian coast, then Ioannis Apokaukos who in 1218/1219 via the and then rounding writes that the harvest ofthe episkepsis the Peloponnese and onwards to Crete and Baresobes was destroyed by a storm, and Cyprus and finally Palestine. Some, how soon after he complains about the poor ever, also travelled along the gulf ofPatras state ofthe episkepsis.78 and Corinth, and then inland to Constan tinople. The pilgrims, however, did not pay

NOTE 76 The two mountains Varassova and Klo much attention to ancient monuments and Miillerus 1861,Anonymi kova, the ancient Mts Chalkis and Taphias sites which they passed on their way. In Paraphrasis, 416, 492-497. sos according to Diodorus, Strabo and their accounts and letters, they almost Pliny, completely dominate the view from never refer to any ancient monuments.79 NOTE 77 Miillerus 1861, Nicephori across the bay ofPatras (Fig. 4). In fact On the other hand, local residents in the geographia, 462, 30-35. these two huge mountains which fall dra vicinity ofthe Aetolian coast were not matically into the sea form the most con- completely uninterested in the antiquity of NOTE 78 spicious feature of the Aetolian coast and their land. At least the Spanish Jew Benja Soustal and Koder 1981, are visible all the way down to the Frank- min from Tudela, who stopped at Patras on 121-122. ish castle of Chlemoutsi at Kilini opposite his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1160-1173

NOTE 79 Zakynthos and are clearly visible from Ke- noted the existence ofa story that Patras Vin 1980,9,16-17. phallenia.They therefore cannot but have was founded by , one of

245 Alexander's generals,80 perhaps an attempt seventh. From the latter place a sketch on the part ofthe Jewish minority living made by him is preserved forming part of in Patras to legitimize their presence by the collection of Cyriac-manuscripts com reference to ancient history. About 250 piled by the architect Giuliano di San years later, when Nicola from Martoni, Gallo around 1500.The drawing shows the stopped at Patras in 1395, he noted that all harbour of Oiniadai and an inscription four walls ofthe bishop's palace were dec which even M.W. Leake and later the orated with an Ilioupersis.81 American excavations there failed to see.86 At this time, interest in Greek antiquity, From Oiniadai Cyriac moved on to ruins first and foremost manuscripts but also an at a place called Bozichista, which is prob note 80 cient geography, was about to take a real ably Pleuron and according to his diary he Vin 1980, 215; compare step forwards, especially in Italy, and this also reached Kalydon on the eight of Feb also Paton 1951. certainly also affected Aetolia. Within a few ruary, which he says was called Artos at his note 81 decades, the first foreign traveller known time.87 Vin 1980,50,215. to us, the remarkable merchant Cyriac of Cyriac did not visit Chalkis, but he no

Ancona (1391-1455), travelled through doubt knew of its existence from Homer, note 82 Akarnania and Aetolia and here carefully Ptolemy and Strabo and therefore may Bodnar 1960. recorded and identified ancient ruins.82 At well have looked for it. In his note-book, this time, Cyriac had already seen ofthe Cyriac has noted in that NOTE 83 Mac Kendrick 1952; As- temple ofHadrian in Kyzikos almost in "Homer mentions Kalydon as an Aetolian hmole 1957; Bodnar I960. tact, and other famous monuments, like city" referring ofcourse to Homer's list of wise almost intact, such as the walls ofMi Aetolian cities which includes Chalkis.88 NOTE 84 letus and the temple in Didyma.83The Ptolemy's must also have Bodnar 1960,28. enormous impression which these well- been known to Cyriac. It had been trans NOTE 85 preserved monuments must have made on lated already in 1410 in Florence89 and Bodnar 1960,24. him did not, however, lessen his interest m probably served as a stimulus for the travels the far less famous and more ruinous in Greece made by the Florentine priest NOTE 86 monuments ofAetolia and Akarnania, nor Christopher Buondelmonti in 1410- Ashmole 1957. did the fact that Cyriac's travel through 1420.9" Regarding Strabo, Cyriac is known these parts of Greece was accidental. He NOTE 87 to have admired Strabo greatly, and to have Weil 1903; Bodnar 1960, was originally headed for Athens via the had a personal copy made in Constantino 32. Corinthian Gulf, but a plague in Corfu ple in 1447.91 His travel experiences in had forced him to change travel plans and Egypt were clearly influenced by Strabo's NOTE 88 Maas 1913/1915,8 Fol.21; anchor at Arta, then the seat ofthe Nea accounts and adventures.92 It was most //. 2.638-640. politan prince Carlo II, and travel over likely also Strabo who "guided" Cyriac land.84 Cyriac's travel through Akarnania through Akarnania and Aetolia, since the NOTE 89 and Aetolia can be reconstructed more or cities he thought he saw correspond to Vin 1980, 133; Stoneman less in detail on the basis of letters which those mentioned by Strabo. If this is so, it 1987,22-36,305-306 he sent to friends, and by sections ofhis cannot surprise us that Cyriac especially (bibliography). Commentaria preserved in Carlo Moroni's was on the look out for Kalydon and NOTE 90 copies and finally from some entries in Pleuron on the Aetolian coast. As men Vin 1980, 133. Cyriac's diary (preserved in original).M tioned earlier on, these two cities were the From these sources it follows that on the only ones mentioned by Strabo in his ac NOTE 91 twelth ofJanuary 1436, Cyriac visited Ni- tual list ofAetolian cities. Mac Kendrick 1952. copolis and also thought he had seen Do- NOTE 92 dona (in reality some place near Arta), on Ptolemy's book on the Geography of Lehmann 1977. the eightteenth ofJanuary he was at Am- Greece became highly admired in the bracia (in reality Fidokastro). He pro Renaissance. It is especially this work NOTE 93 Bagrow and Skelton 1964; ceeded southwards reaching Amphiloch- which served as a basis for the earliest Tooley 1978. rian Argos (in reality Stratos) later in Janu maps of Greece with ancient place names, ary, then passed Palaio-Mani (Cassiope) and an early edition made in Bologna in NOTE 94 reaching Alyzia (Oiniadai) on February the 1477 carried a map ofthe Mediterra- Koster 1995, 206, IV,pi. F.

246 Styrq V&QM

Fig. 5. Detailfrom a map of Greece made by Nicolas So- nean.93 With regard to Chalkis, it is inter rinth stopping at Patras, Lepanto (Naupak- phiauos in 1544 and publis esting to see that on Renaissance maps tos), at that time aVenetian colony, Aegion hed byAbraham Ortclius in Chalkis is shown as an inland city,hereby and then Kirrha. From here his journey 1580 inAntwerp. It shows following Ptolemy's description (Fig. 5).94 took him to then Osios Loukas, Chalkis as an inland city After Cyriac had travelled through , Livadhia, Chaeronea, Orchomenos, due,probably, to Ptolemy's book on Greece. (From Koster Akarnania and Aetolia, he crossed back Thebes, Chalkis and Eretria in Euboea and 1995, cat. IV,pi. F). and forth over the gulf ofPatras and Co finally Athens.95 This route to Athens with

247 ancient cities as stepping stones was to be "But whether Gallata, or ruins ofanother come the standard route and thus resulted town, not far from thence towards Messa- in almost "standard" experiences and ad longia,which Sr Clement Hardy [consul ventures ofEuropean travellers in the sev ofMorea, resident in Patras] told me he enteenth and eighteenth centuries.96 saw here, be ancient Calydon, I cannot de- The first travellers to follow this route termin, unless I had seen them both." and show some kind ofinterest in Aetolia were the Frenchman Jacques Spon and the For Wheler and Spon the Mts Varassova Englishman George Wheler, mostly known and Klokova formed a dramatic view, but for their drawings and descriptions ofan were otherwise only ofinterest because cient monuments ofDelos and Asia Mi they offered the opportunity to locate Ka nor, Delphi and Athens. Both also wrote lydon.The reason was the sad story of the travel accounts.97 Spon and Wheler girl Kallirhoe from Kalydon and her tragic reached Patras in December 1675 from suicide told by . Both Wheler and where they planned to sail along the Co Spon repeat the story in their travel ac rinthian Gulf to Kirrha and travel overland counts and in their words the story cer to Athens.They had read Strabo and Ptol tainly does turn into a veritable Renais emy, but primarily used Pausanias as their sance romance.101 At a later point, when guide and had alreadybeen busy identify Spon and Wheler are waiting in vain for ing ruins along the coast of Elis by using good winds at the castle of Morea, they Pausanias. Just before their ship dropped actually cross over to the bay ofGalata at anchor at Patras coming from Zakynthos, Kryoneri immediately west ofVarassova to Wheler noted that: wait for an English ship anchored at Mes- olonghi, and Spon identifies the spring "To the other hand [fromAchaea], on the here as Kallirhoe's spring.102 They must Romanian shore, are two very high- thus have passed right by the bay ofChal peaked Mountains; the first ofwhich is kis and the visible fortification walls of called Gallata, from a Town behind it, bear Pangali and the Haghia Triadha hill. But note 95 ing that name: which Monsieur Spon their absorption with the tragic story of Bodnar 1960,32.

thinketh to be the ancient Calydon. Be Kallirhoe has overshadowed any interest in note 96 yond the other Mountain we had the two locating mythically speaking anonymous Literature in general on castles [Rhion and Antirrhion] at the cities such as Chalkis, and the ruins on early modern travellers to mouth of the Gulph in sight. OfCalydon Pangali and Haghia Triadha pass unnoticed. Greece: Simopoulos 1970- Pausanias telleth this sad love story..."98 79, Stonemann 1987;An- gelomatis-Tsougarakis Meagre as this attention is to the antiquity 1990; Eisner 1991. The mountains are of course Mt. Chalkis ofAetolia and in particular Chalkis, it is at and Mt. Taphiassos, today calledVarassova least an indication ofsome kind ofinter note 97 and Klokova, which were to be com est.Another 125 years had to pass by be Wheler 1682; Spon 1676. mented upon again and again by later trav fore the antiquities ofAetolia, including ellers.99 As stated byWheler, Spon identi note 98 Chalkis, became solidly planted as part of Wheler 1682,292. fied the Turkish village Galata on the west common European cultural inheritance. ern side ofMt.Varassova with the site of Richard Chandler, especially known for note 99 ancient Kalydon. Spon's argument was the his new edition of the Arundel Marbles Seeesp. Gell 1807,91; Po- similarity between the names Galata and from 1763,had passed the Aetolian coast uqueville 1828,11,113. Kalydon and Galata s location.100 By loca in 1766 when travelling home from Asia NOTE 100 tion Wheler probably meant location in Minor via Athens, Delphi and Galaxidhi Spon 1678,14. relation to Strabo whom Wheler and Spon and had even anchored at the mouth of allude to in other connections.Wheler, on the Acheloos river, but he never went NOTE 101 the other hand, was more inclined to iden ashore. His account ofAetolia is confined Wheler 1682,292-293; Spon 1678, 14-16. tify Kalydon with ruins which we know to a repetition ofStrabo's geographical re todayare identical to Pleuron, saying marks and myths surrounding the Echi NOTE 102 nades islands and the Acheloos river which Spon 1678,43.

248 fascinated him greatly103 He also gives us ple living in Mesolonghi he also makes an the history ofPatras, which he visited, and excursion to a locality called Kyra Eirini describes its ancient monuments and, like (New Pleuron) which he believes to be Wheler and Spon had done, recalls Oiniadai on account ofCyriac's and Pausanias' account ofthe yearly Strabo's description, and he makes a long Laphria cult, transferred to Patras from and thorough description ofthe ruins, the Kalydon, but he doesn't comment upon first to survive in modern history.When the location ofKalydon, nor any other Ae admiring the view from this site, he makes tolian city.104 Perhaps Chandler's silence is several topographical observations. Among due to the fact that his travel - along with other things, he corrects J. Spon who iden that of his travel comrades Nicholas Re- tified Kalydon with Galata, since Dodwell vett and William Pars - had been paid for (correctly) rather assumes the and arranged by the Society ofDilettanti in London.The specific aim of this society "...remains ofa city and Acropolis, com was to support the exploration ofthose posed ofmagnificent walls,constructed ancient buildings which Vitruvius and nearly in a regular manner..." other ancient writers had praised in order to enhance the contemporary architectural at the western banks ofthe Euvenos to be repertoire in England. From this perspec Kalydon. Moreover, Dodwell does not tive coastal Aetolia would have difficulties miss the chance to discuss and recall for us in catching the interest ofChandler having the myths surrounding the Echinades and no famous buildings commented upon by the Acheloos river, nor to discuss the true Vitruvius to offer.105 identity ofDoulichrion. Dodwell would no doubt have liked to A turning point in the history ofAetolia, enter into the interior ofAetolia since the and in particular the rediscovery of Chal history ofthat area kis, is the year 1805. In that year no less than three European scholars more or less "is imperfectly given by the ancients; sel independently and with varying success dom visited, and by no means ascertained actually inspected ruins in Aetolia and by the moderns".107 among other things took an interest in the location ofancient Chalkis and in the Moreover, he had been assured by ruins on the Varassova mountain.Without NOTE 103 doubt this new wave of interest in the to "two observing and learned travellers Chandler (1775) 1825, 341. pography ofAetolia (along with the Ionian [Pouqueville and Leake], indeed I believe islands and even Albania and Akarnania) the only ones who have visited those dis NOTE 104 owed much to a new interest in the Greek tricts in detail, that its mountainous tract Chandler (1775) 1825, landscape especially among painters and contains the remains ofmany small walled 337. poets in England and France who searched cities, and the ruins ofsome theatres, but

NOTE 105 for the "picturesque" and "original" no traces ofany temples".108 Introduction by R. Greece, the Greece put in chains by the Churton in Chandler Turks. It was a feeling for the Greek land But Dodwell feared very much the robbers 1825. scape as being picturesque if rich in an hidden in the mountains and on the cient ruinous temples and buildings, espe whole the inhabitants ofAetolia who he NOTE 106 For the discovery of the cially unknown ones, rather than well-pre believed to have inherited the rawness of Greek landscape, see Sto- served and famous ones.106 Such a land the ancient Aetolian peoples. Accordingly, neman 1987,136-145. scape is Aetolia. he was accompanied by armed men on his trip to Pleuron, since NOTE 107 Edward Dodwell stayed in Mesolonghi for Dodwell 1819,95. some days in February 1805 after having "...the roads we had to pass were some

NOTE 108 seen Zakynthos. Apart from studying the times infested with robbers; for the Aeto Dodwell 1819,96. habits, traditions and language of the peo lians ofthe present age are not much bet-

249 ter than those ofthe time ofPolybius, who hills, intermixed with plains and glens, well says that they neither maintained the laws suited to the positions ofthe forts and cit ofpeace or ofwar, but robbing both ies of ancient times. It is probable there friends and foes, were entirely devoted to were several in that space, particularly Ly- plunder. Thucydides does not give a much kirna and Makynia, which might be dis better character of these warlike robbers, covered at the present day, were the inhab and Livy calls them a restless, vain and un itants ofa less barbarous description.""4 grateful people".109 It is no doubt Strabo's second list ofAeto Dodwell leaves Mesolonghi on the four lian cities which Dodwel has in mind teenth of February and sails towards Patras when he places Halikyrna between Chal kis and Makynia."5 Nevertheless, "passing near the mouths of the Euvenos, Dodwell's contribution to the discovery of enjoyed a fine view ofMt Chalkis, rising Aetolia is his detailed description of Pleu majestically from the sea. It is said that ron, though he mistook it for Oiniadai, there are still some remains of the city of and his correct identification ofthe site of Chalkis, or Hypochalkis, at the foot ofthis Kalydon and the mountains ofChalkis and mountain."110 Taphiassos.

On the twentythird of February Edward E. Dodwell had met F.-C.-H.-L. Pouque- Dodwell left Patras and sailed towards Ga- ville,who served for severalyears as the laxidhi. His boat again passed the Varassova French consul-general ofAli Pasha in Arta. and Klokova, and now Dodwell writes For Dodwell, who had never been to Ae tolia before,Pouqueville seemed an expe "Strabo says they [Mt. Chalkis and Mt. rienced and learned scholar ofantiquities. Taphiassos] are very high; that which is This, however,is not the impression one nearest to Naupaktos is the loftiest, and is gets when reading Pouqueville's travel ac Taphiassos...It is evident from the counts. Pouqueville wrote twenty books geographer's words, that Chalkis is the about his travels in Greece, ten ofwhich note 109 mountain which rises from the Euve deal with Akarnania and Aetolia. In the Dodwell 1819,95. nos".111 latter books Pouqueville has managed to mislocate almost all ruins he saw in Aetolia note 110 His boat obviously passed by close enough and Akarnania, even though his references Dodwell 1819,111. for his guide to point out to him to ancient authors are sometimes impres note 111 sivelyextensive.The plain ofAetolia is no Dodwell 1819,125. "...that a fetid stream rises at the foot of exception. those mountains and enters the gulph."112 Pouqueville places Homeric Pleuron at note 112 the Euvenos river - perhaps due to the af- Dodwell 1819,125. Dodwell leaves it for his readers to con ormentioned list ofAetolian cities by NOTE 113 nect this evilsmelling stream with the story Strabo - and the later Pleuron at Arsinoe Dodwell 1819, 125. ofNessos'grave on the Taphiassos and the and Lysimachia, while he takes the actual evilsmelling Lokrians mentioned by ruins of Pleuron (at the kastro Kyra Eirini) NOTE 114 Strabo.113 to be Homeric Olenos."6 He dismisses Dodwell 1819,125. Dodwell's identification of the ruins near He then goes on to say: NOTE 115 Kurtaga as Kalydon, and instead regards Strabo 10.2.21; for a syste these ruins to be Krokyleia and later Agra- matic archaeological inves "I wished to land, and examine the coast gas on reference to Thucydides. When tigation of the ruins of between the two mountains, which is very looking in vain for Kalydon at Kryoneri Makyneia, see Kolonas little known; but so strong is the dread of and Galata in the delta west ofVarassova, 1994. robbers, that I prevail on no one to ac he "succeeds"in identifying the nearby NOTE 116 company me....Between the two moun village Hypochori with Homeric Chalkis, Pouqueville 1826,536- tains is seen a tract ofpointed and rocky perhaps because the village's name is si- 538.

250 mialar to Hypochalkis.Then, upon riding Leake had suggested an inversion oftwo around the Varassova and passing the vil of the sentences in the troublesome pas lage Mavromati, he maintains he saw Cy sage by Strabo"* in which way the topo clopean masonry here and believes these graphy ofsites indicated in this passage to be the site ofancient Kalydon. Pouque would fit the topographic informations ville was obviously not satisfied either with given earlier on and those given by other J. Spon's (correct) identification ofthe ancient authors."9This gave Leake the fol spring of Kallirhoe at Kryoneri, for he lowing sequence ofsites between Meso identifies Kallirhoe with a spring some longhi and Naupaktos: Pleuron, Halikyrna, where on the route between Mavromati Kalydon, Chalkis, Makynia and Moly- and the road leading around Klokova. kreion. Pouqueville does however come up In his fieldwork, Leake accordingly with two correct identifications of rele identifies the ruins at the Kyra Eirini as vance to Chalkis. For unlike Dodwell he New Pleuron,120 even locates the site of places Makynia west ofthe Taphiassos Ho meric Pleuron close by,121 identifies mountain (at Mamoulada) and Moly- Halikyrna with Roman baths near Pleuron NOTE 117 kreion at Rhion which is almost correct. at a site midways between Mesolonghi and Bernhardy (1828) 1974, One ought also to acknowledge that Pou Kurtaga,122 places Kalydon at Kurtaga and 655. queville appears to possess a true interest locates the sanctuary of the Artemis Laph-

NOTE 1 18 in the topography of all historical sites, not ria,123 confirms the evidence forVarassova Strabo 10.2.21. just in those starring in myths. as being without doubt Mt. Chalkis and Klokova the Mt. Taphiassos.124 And regard NOTE 1 19 Even though Pouqueville did not follow ing Chalkis, Makynia and Molykreion he Leake 1,109-110. Dodwell in his identification of Kalydon writes

NOTE 120 and Chalkis, he still followed the most an Leake 1835,1, 117. cient written tradition which placed Chal "And as there is no appearance ofan an kis at the Euvenos river near Kalydon. Not cient site between the river [Euvenos] and NOTE 121 all scholars were happy with this interpre Mt Varassova, we may infer that Chalcis or Leake 1835,111,539. tation. In 1828, G. Bernhardy wrote a Hypochalcis, the "Chalkis agchialon" of

NOTE 122 commentary on Dionysius Periergeta, and Homer, and the Chalceia of Polybius, Leake 1835, III, 533; com in what seems to be a highly passionate stood in the valley between the two pare Woodhouse 1897, defense on Dionysios as a trustworthy mountains, where is now the harbour 114. geographer he stated that it was no less called Gavrolimni. It would seem also, that than insane to locate Chalkis near Kaly the site ofMacynia was between Taphias- NOTE 123 Leake 1835 111,534. don, as did some sources. It had, he said, to sus and Molycreia, which at last, as I have lie near the Acheloos river."7 already remarked,125 was on the first rise of NOTE 124 the hills behind the castle ofRumili. I was Leake 1835,1,110-111. The identification accepted today ofthe informed at Patra, from whence the whole historical cities on the coastal plain ofAe of this coast is well seen, that there are still NOTE 125 some remains of a Hellenic fortress, now Leake 1835,11,150. tolia goes back to one man. On the thirteenth ofJuly, 1805, at 8.30 called Ovrio-kastro, between the moun NOTE 126 in the morning, the British colonel and tains, and some vestiges also on the eastern Leake 1835,1,111. former artillery officer at Constantinople side ofKaki-skala [Klokova] both ofthem Martin William Leake stepped out ofhis confirming the preceeding conjecture, the NOTE 127 former being Chalcis, the latter Maky- When nothing else is hired boat in the bay ofKryoneri, on the stated, see for their loca western side of the Varassova. He immedi tion,Woodhouse 1897. ately started to inspect the cool springs is suing from mountVarassova which so Several other current identifications of an NOTE 128 many had sailed by and commented upon cient ruins in Aetolia also go back to According to Bommelje Leake127: Pylene (which Leake placed at (1987, 107) modern and soon starts his thorough inspection of Stamna is the site ofanci Aetolian ruins, placing one after another the maritime end ofthe Kleisura ra ent Pylene. correctly on his map. vine),128 Proschion (ruins between Angelo-

251 kastron and Aitolikon),129 Lysimacheia,130 tioned in Ancient Authors Writ Large, in Angelokastron (at Konope) later called Ar 1788, he did not mention Aetolian Chal sinoe,131 Stratos and Oiniadai.132 kis, even though it was the wish ofthe au thor "to give the most accurate and satis Since the publication ofLeake's topo factory account ofall the proper names graphic work in 1835, an evergrowing which occur in reading the Classics".135 In stream ofenthusiastic travellers looking for view ofthe state oftopographic knowl "lost Greece" sailed pastVarassova and edge ofAetolia at Lempriere's time, this is Klokova. However, none of these travellers certainly to be excused. This situation appears to have noticed the ruins on Pan changed with the publication ofLeake's gali or Haghia Triadha nor to have taken work in 1835 in which ancient Chalkis an interest in Aetolia (or Akarnania) similar was equivalated with the ruins ofOvrio- to the way the aforementioned gentlemen, Kastro also called Pangali which from then or their predecessor Cyriac, had done. on became a standard identification.136 Ac Among the many, many travellers in the cordingly, Chalkis is identified with the nineteenth century who passed the coast Pangali ruins in H.G. Lolling's travel ac ofAetolia and described their travels in count from 1876-77 and in W Smith's books or letters, only few comment upon Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geogra this landscape.Those who do are often im phy of 1878.137Furthermore, in C. pressed by the magnificence ofthe Chalkis Wordsworth's book on Greece edited by mountain but do not attach any further H. F Tozer, scholar in ancient Greek geog comments on its ancient topography.133 raphy, of 1882, Mt. Chalkis and Mt. Taphi Mostly the trip past Aetolia only provokes assos are not only mentioned but also a repetion ofthe stories surrounding the dominate the view from Patras in an en Echinades and the river Acheloos.134 graving. The city Chalkis, however, is not This situation cannot only be explained mentioned. Only Thermon, Pleuron and with reference to the much feared Pasha in Kalydon figure as Aetolian cities.138 True Ioannina and the klephtes.As with several enough F C. H. Kruse and G. Becker had ancient authors (Strabo, Pausanias) whose regarded Strabo's Chalkis and Hypochalkis interest in ancient Greek sites follows the to represent two different cities and had importance of the sites in myths and his tory, so travellers wished to visit and expe rience the "great" historic sites ofancient note 129 NOTE 135 Greece. In addition, the negative view of Kirsten 1957, 33-36, places Proschion Lempriere (1788) 1984. at Palaiokastron in the middle ofthe the tribes ofAetolia which several ancient Kleisura ravine; Pritchett 1992, 7 n. 11 note 136 authors reveal,and which certainly was on the Zygos mountain (behind Pleu Leake 1835, 111. Bazm 1864 uses the seen above to have influenced Dodwell, ron). name Pangali for the same ruins; I cannot have stimulated the interest in an have not been able to see Bazin's acco NOTE 130 cient Aetolia. unt when writing this article, compare Leake 1835, 125,153; corresponds to however Woodhouse 1897, 108. Nor Pritchett 1992, map page 2. have I been able to check Brandstater Chalkis in early modern 1844 for his opinion on ancient Chal scholarly literature and recent NOTE 131 kis. In order not to create confusion Leake 1835, 125, 153;Bommelje 1987, the site ofPangali/Ovrio-Kastro will handbooks 77. from now on be referred to solely as The existence ofthe city Chalkis in Aeto Pangali, unless the name Ovrio-Kastro NOTE 132 plays a special role. lia not only escaped the notice ofmost Leake 1835,111,556. nineteenth century travellers to Greece, it note 137 also took a long time to penetrate into the NOTE 133 Lolling 1876-1877, 456; Smith 1878, works of scholars specialized in ancient Smart Hughes 1820,399. 600 no. 2; compare Biirchner in RE III, 2089, no. 5-6. Greece. NOTE 134 When J. Lempriere published his Classi Smart Hughes 1820, 399; Hobhouse note 138 cal Dictionary ofProper Names Men 1817,178-180;Williams 1820. Wordsworth 1882,310,340-342.

252 located Hypochalkis at the entrance of the ghia Triadha hill.143 In a briefnotice in the valley between Klokova and Varassova at Archaeologichon Deltion, he stated his the site ofthe village called Mavromati, disbelief in identifying ancient Chalkis but this theory did not stand for long.139 In with the Pangali remains due to lack of his pioneering book on Aetolia of 1897, traces oflong-time settlement. Instead he W.J.Woodhouse described the ruins of mentioned a Medieval circuit wall with Pangali in detail and praised the walls as towers on the low hill immediately east of "the acme ofAetolian military engineer the small fishing-town Vassiliki (the Haghia ing", far superior to those ofKalydon (a Triadha hill), and further noted the exis fact which puzzles him since Kalydon is tence oftwo prominent Hellenistic circuit more important in myths). On the basis of walls below the Medieval one with square this study Woodhouse was in no doubt and semi-circular towers barely distinquis- that these walls represented historical able above the ground. This site, Rhomaios Chalkis and occupied the site of Homeric wrote, was the seat ofthe proper settle Chalkis. He thought the city had been ment of Chalkis or Hypochalkis, and fur called Hypochalkis due to its location be ther added as evidence the existence of an low the mountain Chalkis and scolded abundance of pottery on the hill as well as Becker for having tried to adjust his loca tombs towards the north-west at the mod tion of Hypochalkis to Ptolemy's mention ern road. It is therefore no doubt this site of Chalkis as an inland city.140 F. Noack which Rhomaios and F. Poulsen had in certainly also appear to have regarded the mind when they, in their introduction to ruins ofPangali as representing ancient their preliminary report ofthe excavations Chalkis and made admirably accurate in Kalydon from 1927, mentioned earlier drawings ofthe two E-W running fortifi plans to excavate in Chalkis.144 cation walls and the visible buildings in S. Benton did either not know of the between them, as well as reconstruc existence ofthe settlement on the Haghia tions.141 Due to Woodhouse's and Noack's Triadha hill or had not considered the work on Chalkis, the fortification walls of possibility ofit having Mycenaean prede Pangali have later entered into studies on cessors. In her report ofMycenaean finds Greek fortification systems.142 from the Ionian islands from 1931/32, In 1916, the Greek archaeologist K.A. Benton still cited Mycenaean sherds found Rhomaios was the first person to note the at Kryoneri, west ofVarassova, for the existence ofancient remains on the Ha- probable site ofancient Chalkis.145 E. Kirsten, on the other hand, referred to Rhomaios' interpretation ofthe Haghia note 139 NOTE 145 Triadha hill in his travel account ofAetolia Kruse 1825-1827, 245; Becker 1857, Benton 1931/32,239. and Akarnania of 1941. Kirsten had visited 23. the Haghia Triadha hill and from its ap NOTE 146 pearance and location close to the sea, as NOTE 140 Kirsten 1941, 102 n. 4. Woodhouse 1897,109-113. sumed the site to have been founded in NOTE 147 Mycenaean times perhaps by people from NOTE 141 Hope Simpson and Lazenby 1970, Chalkis in Euboea on their way to Corfu Noack 1916,237-238 (with map). 107. and Italy.146 In their catalogue of Homeric sites, R. NOTE 142 NOTE 148 Lawrence 1979, see Chalkis in index. Od. 15.295; this line and the following Hope Simpson andJ.F Lazenby relied on two lines do not seem to belong origi Benton's identification of Homeric Chal NOTE 143 nally to the Odyssey,but are found in kis with the site ofKryoneri.147 Wace and Rhomaios 1916. the Hymn to , though in a dif Stubbings, in their Companion to Homer, ferent order and with some verbal va mistake Chalkis in the Iliad with the one NOTE 144 riations (Hymn.Horn.Ap. 425-427); for Poulsen & Rhomaios 1927, 3; com this debate, see Allen and Sikes 1904, which is mentioned in the Odyssey, which pare Kirsten 1941, 102 n. 4. 117; Stanford 1958, 251-252; van Thiel lies in Elis.148 Leekley and Efstratiou do 1991, 209; Dawe 1993,575. not appear to be acquainted with the site

253 of Haghia Triadha. In their survey ofAr cess in spite ofthe many travellers who chaeological Excavations in Central and passed through the and northern Greece they referred to Chalkis noted the Varassova, especially so when as located on the site of Pangali and made considering that the Classical fortification no reference to Rhomaios or the hill of walls on Pangali are highly visible from the Haghia Triadha.149 sea, as is the prominent low hill of Haghia Recently, S. Bommelje and P. K. Doom Triadha and its Byzantine walls and tow have made a provisional gazetteer ofAeto ers. Nevertheless, Chalkis was not asso lian sites. Here Chalkis figures with refer ciated with the Pangali-ruins until 1835, ences to both the Pangali and the Haghia and it was not until the end ofthe last Triadha site.150 century that a scholar actually inspected Aetolian Chalkis as a city has not been the ruins on Pangali. And not until the on included in recent handbooks which set set of this century was the site of Haghia out to discuss major geographical locations Triadha discovered and brought into con in Greece such as C. B.Avery's Handbook nection with Chalkis and Hypochalkis. on Classical Geography from 1972. Nor This situation was to a high degree evoked has Aetolian Chalkis made its way into the by Chalkis' lack ofany mythical anchor Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical age, since this caused Chalkis also to be Sites.151 Again one suspects that Chalkis' highly neglected in written sources in late poor role in ancient myths and written antiquity and thus later to be neglected by sources is the cause.Thus, Chalkis has been travellers to Greece. duly excluded from entering R.E. Bell's When travellers and scholars in the sev Dictionary ofClassical Mythological enteenth to nineteenth centuries did dis Geography. Only in the very recent hand cuss Chalkis, they generally never doubted book on Greek historical cities by S. Lauf- the location ofChalkis, but followed the fer is Chalkis mentioned, though Lauffer's most ancient tradition which placed Chal note 149 description ofthe ruins ofPangali and Ha kis near the Euvenos river, close to the sea Leekley and Efstratiou ghia Triadha is inaccurate.l52 and east ofKalydon. Only a few opposed 1980. this view and held on to the late tradition NOTE 150 Since Chalkis in Aetolia was added to the which made Chalkis a mountain, harbour Bommelje and Doom map of Greece by Leake, scholars have also or island near the mouth ofAcheloos and 1987,112. speculated on the etymological origin of certainly Ptolemy's view of Chalkis as an its name. Thus, Aetolian Chalkis figures in inland city failed to gain supporters after NOTE 151 Stillwell (ed.) 1976. H. F. Tozer's lectures on the geography of the middle ofthe nineteenth century with

Greece, published in 1873. Here Tozer one exception.This is a commentary on NOTE 152 states that etymologically speaking, the Statius' from 1992 in which the Lauffer 1989, 163-164. various places called Chalkis, including commentators explain their readers, that Chalkis in Aetolia, owe their name to the "the Aetolian port ofChalkis stood on the NOTE 153 Tozer 1873,127,376. existence of copper mines.133 Another and banks of the river Acheloos".156 Compare Strabo C 447 related theory is that Chalkis was founded who mentions copper mi by settlers from Chalkis in Euboea.154 It is the hope ofthe Greek-Danish co-op nes near Chalkis in Eu Apart from the similarity in name this the eration project that further archaeological boea. ory was founded on a remark made by exploration ofthe site of Haghia Triadha Strabo, according to which the Kouretes at and Pangali will promote not only the NOTE 154 Curtius 1876, esp. 217; one time settled in Chalkis in Euboea and understanding ofthe archaeology of Bakhuizen 1981; Antonetti later in Aetolia where they besieged the coastal Aetolia but also the way ancient 1990,64-67. land of Pleuron.155 myths and histories centering on Aetolia were constructed and functioned in anti NOTE 155 Strabo 10.3.6. Conclusion quity as well as after.

NOTE 156 In summary, the rediscovery of Chalkis in Melville &Vessey 1992 on post-antiquity has been quite a slow pro 4.105.

254 Surveys and Excavations 1995-1996.A Preliminary Report

Surveys and Architectural Measurings at Haghia Triadha and Pangali 1995 by Sanne The fertile valley between the two magnif created by a very pointed and steep ridge icent mountains, Mt.Varassova and Mt. running North-South.The ridge termi Houby-Nielsen Klokova, has long been identified as the nates at the coast creating a sloping narrow and location ofancient Chalkis (or Chalkeia or saddle about 200-250 m. wide and approx Hypochalkis) mentioned briefly in ancient imately 800 m. long which opens towards Ioannis Moschos written sources157.The Greek-Danish ar a small natural harbour.Two Classical for chaeological co-operation project began tification walls, the masonry ofwhich is its investigation in this valley in 1995 by trapezoidal-to-ashlar, run East-West cross urban surveys in two places situated close ing the ravine at a distance of 500 m. from to the sea, Pangali on the eastern slope of each other, the Southernmost one is situ Mt.Varassova and the Haghia Triadha hill ated around 250-300 m. from the sea (the on the plain.These two sites were the sole walls are indicated on Fig. 2).The walls places in the valley which were known to block the entrance from the sea and from contain extensive remains ofancient walls. the North utilizing the sides ofthe ravine The objectives in initiating archaeologi as natural fortification (Woodhouse 1897, cal investigation ofthe two sites by urban 106-112; Noack 1916; Lawrence 1979: in surveys were three-fold. Firstly, the surveys dex; Ober 1992, 165-167). In between the were meant to guide the choice ofplace two fortification walls, several foundation for succeeding excavation units. Secondly, walls from ancient large, rectangular build they formed the beginning of a long-term ings are visible (Fig. 6). plan to survey the whole ofthe KatoVassi- The survey was carried out between the liki Valley in an aim to study the relation two cross walls, an area which in many re ship between the ancient fortified sites at spects was ideal for urban survey,since no the coast and their natural hinterland. modern buildings or other human activ Thirdly, it was hoped that urban surveys ities impeded the work ofthe surveyors. on the Pangali and Haghia Triadha would Also the degree oferosion in the ravine it indicate the chronological span of human selfwas limited, and as the area was used as activity on the two sites and thereby give pastural ground for cattle and sheep, it was valuable information as to their functional relatively free ofmaquis and characterized relationship and hopefully settle the schol by a comparatively homogenous visibility. arly discussion as to the location of Ho Only the area to the South ofthe Western meric Chalkis and historic Chalkis, men extension ofthe Northern cross wall was tioned in the ancient written sources. so densely covered with maquis that sur NOTE 157 vey was impossible. Nevertheless most of For ancient written sour The site referred to as Pangali (first named this overgrown area is very steep being the ces mentioning Aetolian Chalkis, see Houby-Niel thus by Bazin 1864, 362) is situated on the lower part ofthe actual rise of the Varas sen pp. 238-254. Eastern slope of the Varassova in a saddle sova and therefore not likely to have been

255 integrated in the building activities of the fortress. Accordingly, the survey was kept to a ^ course 140-230 m. wide and 500-560 m. long course stretching beneath the pointed ridge in between the two cross walls 800/ 2000 1000/2000^ \ 1200/2000 thereby covering the area ofalmost all vis o ible buildings remains. Only one building, PAE,was left out due to the maquis (Fig. 6).The survey area had been plotted onto a 20 X 20 m. gridsystem. Since, however, V\ the 20 X 20 m. squares were felt to be too big for the surveyors to survey systemati cally, the survey was carried out in 20 X 10 m. rectangles.This allowed surveyers to walk in more even zig-zags and it facili tated an even speed and space-keeping of the surveyors. The speed of the surveyors t- was slow to normal walking as when mak CI ing country survey in order that results would be comparable with future survey of the hinterland.After each rectangle, the surveyors recorded the number ofsherds, tiles, flints, obsidian and other ancient ma terial while they only collected diagnostic examples.Each register sheet carried the name of the surveyor in order to keep trace ofpossible variation due to individ ual differences in registration. Having lo

256 «is:

,0% ,-;

fe

^1*

Fyj. 7. Hk siteof Haghia wall encircle its upper plateau (75 X 150 they may have terraced the area immedi Triadha in theforeground, m.) while ancient terrace walls encircle its ately outside the fortification walls. Pangali and Varassava in the lower part. The area within the terrace The survey was accomplished within a background (photo July walls and fortification walls formed the 1995). N-S/E-W grid system consisting of 10 X natural focus for the survey (Fig. 7).With 10 m. squares (Fig. 8). Otherwise survey the exception of the modest traces of a was conducted as at Pangali. camping place, the hill has been spared The general pattern of the survey mate modern building activity, and erosion is rial was the richness in tiles as well as in limited except for the steep slope towards pottery, the latter being even more numer the sea which suffers badly from erosion. ous than tiles in some squares.In compari As with Pangali,the hill is used for pasture son to Pangali, the chronological distribu and is thus covered mostly with grass and tion ofmaterial was far wider (see Eiring bushes giving a relatively even visibility of pp. 259-71 for samples ofthis material). around 70-100% on the upper part ofthe The concentration of material confirmed hill, while vegetation on the lower parts the impression stated above of a levelling were sometimes more dense. Finally, the ofthe upper plateau in early Byzantine constructors ofthe Byzantine basilica on times, since material was clearly more top ofthe hill have evidently cleared its plenty on the lower parts ofthe hill than surrounding ofancient buildings, just as on the plateau.

257 rr ewpeu iutpiin AflA TPIAAA KATO BAEIAIKHi: APXAlOAOriKO 1NCTIT0YT0 4ANIAI

+

Fig. 8. Map showing architectural remains seen on the surface ofHaghia Triadha. Grid system and structure names are shown on the plan (measured by Charalambos Marinopoulos and Poul Erik SkovgaardJuly 1995).

258 A Catalogue ofSelected Finds from the Survey at Haghia Triadha, 1995 byJonas Eiring Introduction See also Comments on Chronology below p. 269-271 What follows is a small selection ofsurface and wall-cleaning finds from the 1995 sur Catalogue vey campaign at Haghia Triadha. It is im portant to stress that the presentation is Fig. 9 preliminary, and that the compilation is somewhat arbitrary. Further study ofthe 3930/3050: pottery is required in order to present a fuller picture. Nevertheless some impor 1. Ring base (three joining fragments of tant observations could already be made a household jar). Semi-coarse, yellow during the first season ofthe project: Hu ish red (5YR 7/6) fabric with grey man activities continued - with some im coring. Surface waxy to the touch. portant interruptions - on the hill of D.13.H.2.4. Date: (Late) A. Haghia Triadha from the Early Bronze Age 2. Tripartite strap handle. Semi-coarse, to the .There followed a gritty, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) significant hiatus in the Roman Imperial gritty fabric. Dimensions: 4.5 X 3.2 X period, which lasted until the construction 0.9. Date: MH. ofthe Early Christian Basilica. 3910/3010: The local pottery sequences in this part of the country are very little known (com 3. Base ofa mug. Nearly flat underfoot. pared with e.g. Attica and the Pelopon Fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) nese). It remains to establish workable ty slightly porous fabric. Waxy surface pologies of the material:identifying local with worn brownish black slip out. wares as opposed to imported ones, deter D.10. H.1.5. Date: LH IIIC to G. mining the origin of the latter, and fitting the material into a chronological frame 3920/3010: work. In consequence, only very rough dates can be given here, and, pending the 4. Rim ofplate (?). Fine, reddish yellow final publication, even these will be subject (7.5YR 7/6) hard fired fabnc.Worn to changes. but glossy black "glaze". Shallow dou ble grooves under "glaze" at rim. Colour descriptions are stated in the cata D.22. Cf. OF XXIII, nos.Tl 11-116 logue according to the Munsell code.The (all dated between 330 and 320 B.C.). diameter (D.) is always given, in centime Date: Late 4th c. B.C. tres (when estimated - without decimal), 5. Rim of cup. Fine fabric. Worn brown when known, and other measurements as slip in and out. H. 1.6. Date: A. applicable.The word "glaze" is used as a 6. Base of a kantharos. Pedestal foot with conventional term. In the catalogue mouldings out, concave underfoot four/four number groups (e.g. 3930/3050) with central nipple. Fine pink (7.5YR (Fig. 9) denote collections in 10m X 10 m. 7/4) fabric. Polished surface with red squares (denoted by the coordinate of the dish brown slip in out. Faint traces of SW corner, compare Fig. 8) while three darker stripes out. D.6.0 H.3.1. Cf. CAPITAL letters (e.g., ABO)(Figs. 10-11) OF XXIII, 122 no. FB 21.Third denote collections in connection with wall Meeting, p. 190, pi.133. Date: 2nd half cleanings (Fig.8 and explanations above). 4th c. B.C.

259 Fig. 9. Selected finds from the survey at Haghia Triadha 1995.

260 7. Fragment ofa figurine or handle. Cir horizontal band on shoulder. D.37. cular in section. Fine, reddish yellow H.5.2. Date: A. (7.5YR 7/6) porous fabric. Glossy black paint. D.2.4 L.6.7. Date: G to A. 3890/3100:

3870/2980: 14. Shoulder fragment with root ofhan dle ofthin walled storage jar. Reddish 8. Small fragment from shoulder of yellow (5YR 6/8), gritty fabric with lamp. Mouldmade. Fine, hard fired white and red inclusions and few reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. mica. Traces ofred slip out. Three Small helices in relief at shoulder. horizontal grooves under "glaze". Di Date: (Late) HL. mensions: 10.0 X 9.0.Th.0.6. Date: A(?). 3950/3040: 3870/3110: 9. Body fragment with handle ofhand made jar. Fine, pink (7.5YR 7/4) flak 15. Rim ofpithos. Heavy everted rim, ing fabric. Pale, waxy very pale brown triangular in section. Bright yellowish (10YR7/4) surface. H.5.0. red (5YR 5/8) rather soft and gritty fabric. Mixed inclusions: shell, ce 3890/3030: ramic, pebble. D.int.c.50. H. 11.0. Date: C to HL. 10. Handle fragment with circular sec tion. Fine, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) 3770/3040: well fired fabric. Pale, waxy very pale brown (10YR 7/4) surface.Traces of 16. Thick strap handle, ovoid in section dark paint. H.3.6.W (of handle)2.0. with central ridge. Soft, pink (7.5YR Date:G (?). 7-8/4) fabric, with mica and white inclusions. Powdery surface. L.5.8. 3910/3020: W3.0.Th.l.8.Date:MH. 17. Everted rim with triangular section 11. Nozzle oflamp. Fine, reddish yellow from a jug. Slightly gritty, reddish yel (7.5YR 7/6) soft, slightly porous fab low (7.5YR 7/6) fabric.Traces of ric. Few small mica. Unglazed. Used. matt brown slip in. D.8.0. H.1.8. Date: HL. 3770/3100: 3820/3140: 18. Flat everted rim to belly of 12. Fragment oftriangular handle. Yellow krater/bowl. Well fired, slightly porous ish brown (10YR 6/4) gritty fabric yellow (10YR 7-8/6) fabric, with with small white inclusions. Grey light red coring and some small black core. Surface red (2.5YR 5/8). Di grits.Thin matt black slip in and mensions: 2.6 x 4.7 x 5.8. Date: MH. lower wall out. Painted radial stripes on top ofrim and a wavy horizontal 3900/3010: band in reserved area beneath rim out. D.25.5. H.5.0. Date: LHIIIC. 13. Rim to shoulder of a krater. Thick ened, everted rim. Fine, hard fired 3770/3010: fabric. Core light brown (7.5YR 6/4). Surface reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), 19. Base oflekane with projecting ring smoothed with thin pale slip. Glossy foot. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) brown slip in and on lip,and painted fabric with small grits and voids. Sur-

26l face worn and paler (7.5YR 7/6). 27. Fragment ofvertical strap handle with Flaking, rather glossy black "glaze" in. part ofwall preserved. Fine fabric. D.9.8. H.2.9. Date: C to HL. Handle yellow at surface (10YR 7/6), 20. Base ofbroad household basin with with wall ofvessel more compact and everted foot. Semi-fine, hard fired, light brown (7.5YR 6/4). Matt grey reddish yellow (5YR 7/6 to 2.5 YR to brown slip in and out. H.3.8. Date: 6/6) fabric with light red core. A few A(?). small mica. Surface smoothed with very pale brown (10YR 8/4) slip. 3770/3050: D.22. H.4.5. 21. Wide-bodied vessel with narrow ring 28. Strap handle with part ofwall pre base. Gritty, bright reddish yellow served. Granular, pink (5YR 7/4) fab (5YR 7/8) powdery fabric, with red ric with few small mica. Thin pale slip dish brown core (5YR 5/4). Small in out. H.4.4. Date: Prehistoric. mica, small dark and yellow grits and larger white inclusions. D.4. H.4.4. 3810/2980: 22. Flat base, probably closed shape. Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) core. 29. Everted hawksbeak rim and neck of Smoothed surface with very pale unguentarium. Semi-fine, gritty, red brown (10YR 8/3) slip.D.12.8. (2.5YR 5/8) fabric with few mica. H.2.4. Surface smoothed, reddish yellow 23. Large rolled handle, circular in sec (5YR 6/6). D.4.4. H.2.6. Date: HL. tion, with part ofwall preserved. Krater ? Fine fabric with pink core 3800/3020: (7.5YR 7-8/6). Surface reddish yel low (7.5YR 8/6). Flaking, glossy red 30. Hawksbeak rim and root of handle slip in and out. D.(handle) 1.8. H.6.3. from a lekane. Fine, well fired, reddish Date: G to A. yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric with redder coring ofhandle. Surface slipped pink 3810/3010: (7.5YR 8/4) with traces ofbrown paint in and darker painted decoration 24. Rim ofjug. Semi-fine fabric with out. Dint. 31.0. H.3.5. Date: A. light red (2.5YR 6/6) core, margins 31. Centre fragment with applied button yellow (10YR 7/6). Pale slip in and as knob from a lid. Semi-fine, porous, out. Horizontal rilling out beneath reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric rim. D.9.2. H.2.4. with mica and white and dark inclu sions (up to 1mm). Dimensions:3.4 X 3770/3030: 2.7.Th.0.5-0.6. Date: HL?

25. Projecting ring base ofjug. Light red Slope near the sea: dish brown (5YR 6/4) core. Margins and surface very pale brown (10YR 32. Rim oflarge echinus bowl. Gritty and 7/4). Surface smoothed with self-slip porous, unevenly fired, reddish yellow in and out. Painted dark brown hori (5YR 7/8) to grey fabric. Flaking, zontal band out above foot. Warped. metallic black "glaze" in and out, D.12.6.H.4.8.Date:C. rough to the touch from impurities. 26. Base ofplate. Fine, soft, reddish yellow Turning marks in out. D.27. H.3.5. Cf. (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Rather glossy, CORINTHVII,3,pl.2 no. 21. Agora brownish black "glaze" in and out, re XXIX, no. 1034. Date: 3rd c. B.C. served underfoot except for the inside 33. Rim of a small bowl.Well fired, ofthe ring foot, which is "glazed". slightly gritty and porous, reddish yel D.10.0.H.1.6. C. low (5YR 6/6) fabric. Good, glossy

262 black "glaze" in and out.Thin incision sin with flat, everted, uneven rim. under "glaze" beneath rim. D.6. Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric, H.1.5.Date:4thto3rdc.B.C. with mixed inclusions and voids up to 34. Small body fragment ofcup or bowl. 5mm across. Dint.55. H.9.6. Date: A? Unevenly fired, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (5YR Fig. 10 7/8) fabric. Fugitive but glossy black "glaze" in and out. Incised West Slope AAI: decoration out. Dimensions: 2.4 X 3.0.Th.0.2-0.3. Date: 3rd to 2nd c. 1. Flat everted rim to neck and (not B.C. joining) recessed base of jug (4 join 35. Hemispherical bowl. Fine, motley yel ing rim fragments, 2 base fragments, low (10YR 7/6) to light red (2.5YR several not joining body fragments). 7/8) soft fabric with small white and Thin walled cooking ware, gritty red red inclusions. Reddish brown to (2.5YR 6/8) fabric, with white and black slip in and out, glossy where black inclusions (up to 3mm across). preserved, but surface much eroded. Horizontal shallow grooves at neck. Pair ofhorizontal grooves beneath D(nm)9.5. D.(base)8. Cf. Agora XII, slightly thickened rim. D. 12. H 4.5. nos. 1698-1699. Third Meting, 113, Cf. Agora XXIX, nos. 324-327. Date: pi. 62 no.57. Date: 4th to 3rd c. B.C. Late 3rd to 2nd c. B.C. 2. Handle with part ofwall ofkantharos 36. Rim ofcarinated plate with flat with tripartite strap handle. Porous, everted lip. Soft, reddish yellow (5YR semi-coarse, brownish yellow (10YR 7/6) fabric. Misfired black "glaze", red 6/6) fabric with mica.W.2.7.Th.0.9- in patches. Carelessly thrown with 1.3.Yellow Minyan. Date: visible rilling out and finger marks. MHIII/LHI. D.c.26 (warped). H.1.6. Cf. Agora 3. Rim and shoulder oflamp. Shoulder XXIX, 757 (for a deeper version). with a slight inward slope towards Date: 3rd to 2nd c. B.C. central hole and overhanging flange out. Porous, reddish yellow (5YR South slope: 7/6) fabric. Good, glossy, but flaking, brownish black "glaze" at top. Lower 37. Flat sherd from floor with break to part "unglazed". D.9. H.1.9. Cf. How- wall preserved. Kalathos ? Fine, hard land 'type 16, variants': Agora IV,33- fired, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric. 35, pis. 4, 32. Date: Late 6th to early Thin brown wash in with three 5th c. B.C. painted matt black concentric bands. 4. Pedestal base with mouldings and The same decoration out, but poorly torus foot of cup. Hollowed under preserved. D.c.17. Date: A. foot. Fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric.Thin, glossy, brownish Near Basilica: black "glaze". D.5.6. H.3.9. Cf. OF XXIII, 48-51,'Klassische FuBschalen 38. Flat base of handmade cooking vessel. Typ II'. Date: 4th c. B.C. Coarse brown (7.5YR 5/4) fabric, 5. Fragment ofcircular handle with part burnt grey in patches. Mixed white ofwall oflarge basin. Semi-coarse, inclusions, some ofwhich may be cal- light red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with cite crystals. D.45. H.2.2.Th.0.8. Date: grey core. Few mica and small white Prehistoric ? inclusions. Surface matt with voids. D.(of handle)2.1. Dimensions: 10.0 X 3870/3110: 5.1.Th.0.8.Date:MH. 6. Rim oflarge handmade bowl/basin. 39. (Not depicted) Large coarse ware ba Flaring T-bone rim with applied dec-

263 Fig. 10.Selectedfinds from wall cleaning at Haghia Triadha 1995 (wall cleaning 1).

264 oration of a series of knobs beneath AAD: rim. Red (2.5YR 5/8) coarse fabric with white and dark inclusions. D.(es- 15. Projecting ring foot ofskyphos.Well timated)45. H.4.4. Cf.TIRYNSV, PL. fired porous reddish yellow (7.5YR 14,1. Date: EHII. 7/6) fabric with few mica. Glossy 7. Splaying base ofstrainer. Fine red reddish brown slip in and out. Brush (10YR 5/8) fabric. Flaking, glossy, marks. D 10.0. H.3.4. brownish black "glaze". D.6.5. H.5.1. 16. Body fragment of close shaped vessel. Date:C to HL. Well fired, semi- fine, reddish yellow 8. Low projecting ring foot of cup. Fine, (7.5YR 7/6) fabric, porous with mica pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4) fabric.Traces and white and grey inclusions. Painted ofred slip in. D.6.4. H.l .6. Date: A? dark brown decoration out: vertical band with series of oblique lines. Di ABD: mensions: 4.8 X 1.8.Th.0.4-0.5. Date: MH III. 9. Slightly thickened rim and belly of 17. Slightly recessed disc foot of cup. small bowl.Very pale brown (10YR Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. 7/4) fabric. Flaking glossy black "- Black "glaze" in and out, reserved glaze".Turning marks. D.7.0. H.2.7. underfoot. D.4.9.H.1.1. Date: C. 18. Projecting ring foot ofskyphos. 10. Tall vertical ring foot ofbowl. Soft, Slightly porous, reddish yellow pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Worn black (7.5YR 8/6) to grey fabric (very hard "glaze" in and out, glossy where pre from secondary firing). Dull black served. D.6.5. Cf. Agora XII, no. 803 "glaze" with impurities in surface, (for the tall foot). Date: 4th c. B.C. ? grey out from secondary firing. Re 11. Two joining fragments ofand offset, served band at base out and under slightly flaring, concave lip for a kan- foot. Two black painted concentric tharos. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR circles under foot. D.9.0. H.2.9. Date: 7/6) fabric. Glossy black "glaze" in 5th c. B.C. and out, misfired towards red on in 19. Rim with slightly thickened lip and side. D.13.0. H.3.4. Cf. OF XXIII, handle ofamphora. Compact, pale 121 no. FB 16. Date: 4th c. B.C. yellow (2.5YR 8/3) fabric. Fine paste with red and black inclusions up to ABO: 2mm across. Powdery surface. Rilling inside rim. D.c.10. H.5.4. 12. Handle and rim ofcooking pot. The 20. Fragment ofwishbone handle. Gritty, vertical strap handle is formed into slightly porous, brownish yellow projecting noose.Yellowish red (5YR (10YR 6/6) fabric, with small pale in 5/8) fabric, grey in patches. D.c.22. clusions. Dimensions: 5.2 X 5.4. Date: H.4.6.Date:HL. EH/MH. 13. Echinus bowl. Rim to belly. Slightly 21. Stemmed foot (broken at edge) and porous, very pale brown fabric (10YR part ofbelly of goblet (warped pro 7/4). Much worn Black "glaze" in file).Well fired, fine, porous, yellowish and out.Thin horizontal incisions red (5YR 5/6) fabric. Polished, pink under "glaze" out. Bevelled beneath (7.5YR 6-7/4) surface. D. (at base)c. rim. D.12.4. H.3.8. Date: HL. 8. D(ofstem)4.0. H.3.8. Date: LH I. 14. Rim with slightly inturned lip and 22. Projecting ring foot ofskyphos. belly oflarge echinus bowl. Fine, pale Overfired, porous, brittle, reddish yel yellow (2.5Y 8/4) to light grey fabric low (5YR 7/8) fabric. Core bluish with few mica. Much worn, brownish grey.Glossy black "glaze" with impur black "glaze" in and out. D.21.0. ities in and out. Reserved on foot out H.3.6. and under foot (cf. no. 18). D.10.5.

265 H.2.0. Cf. OF 23, no. SKS 14 5. Vertical handle with flat thumb-rest (460/50). Date: 5th c. B.C. attached at top (rim not preserved) of 23. Vertical handle near plain rim ofcup. kantharos. Fine reddish yellow Soft, reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) fabric. (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Metallic brownish Misfired, worn black "glaze" in and black "glaze" with marks from a out. D. (estimated) 10. H.3.7. Date: C. sponge. H.3.2. Cf.Third Meeting, 190, pl.133, nos. 6642, 6645, 6637, OF Surface near AAB: XXIII, nos. FB 16 sqq. Date: 4th c. B.C. (second half). 24. Figurine? (breaks at 'head' and around 6. Flaring rim with thickened lip of bottom). Soft, reddish yellow (5YR large bowl. Soft, slightly porous, very 7/8) to pale yellow (2.5YR 8/4) fab pale brown (10YR 7-8/4) semi-fine ric. L.4.3. H.2.5. fabric. Traces ofmatt, brown slip in and out. Dc. 47. H.3.4. Date: HL (?). Surface, 3050/4061: 7. Rim to belly with vertical strap han dle ofcup. Soft, fine, reddish yellow 25. Figurine (T-shape with breaks at three (7.5 YR 7/6) slightly porous fabric. points).The long leg is perforated at Matt, thick brownish black paint. break. Coarse fabric with dark greyish Rilling in. D.(estimated) 12 H.5.1. brown (2.5Y 4/2) core. Surface yel 8. Large handle with ovoid section. Fine, lowish brown (10YR 5/4) to red slightly porous, reddish yellow (5YR (2.5YR 5/8). Pale oatmeal inclusions. 7/6) fabric. Thick, matt dark brown Dimensions: 5.8 X 5.7 X 3.4. Date: EH. slip. H.(ofsherd)4.3.W(handle)2.1 X 1.5. Date: A. Fig.11 9. Conical figurine with breaks in both ends (Horse? The break at the thicker AAM: end with two holes, as iffrom legs). Handmade.Thick dark reddish brown 1. Flat everted rim and shoulder ofam paint. L.4.9. Date: A (?). phora. Fine reddish yellow (7.5YR 10. Horizontal handle with circular sec 8/6) fabric. Smoothed surface with tion from cup. Fine, soft, pink (7.5YR traces ofbrownish black paint at rim 8/4) fabric, worned glossy black "- and shoulder. Neck reserved with glaze". Row of cuttings on one side, three parallel red bands. D.12.4. inscription in retrograde on the other: H.5.8. | ].Th. (of handle) 1.0. Date: A. 2. Flat everted rim and neck ofam 11. Bevelled and tilted ring foot ofkrater phora. Fine yellow (10YR 8/6) fabric ? Porous, well fired, reddish yellow with few small black grits. Worn red (5YR 7/6) fabric. Thin, matt, brown dish brown slip at rim and out. ish black slip in and out. D 13.8. D.12.8. H.6.7. H.3.0. Date: A. 3. Plain, slightly flaring rim of cup. 12. Stemmed foot ofa kylix. Semi-fine, Traces ofcircular handle root beneath reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) powdery rim (not visible in section drawing). fabric. Few red inclusions up to 1mm Soft, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. across. Smoothed, yellow (10YR 7/6) Motley, brownish black "glaze". D.7.6. surface. D.4.8-5.1. H.5.6. Date: LH H.2.7. Date: 4th c. B.C. III. 4. Body fragment of cup or bowl. Red 13. Vertical strap handle. Fine yellow dish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Broad (10YR 8/6) to reddish yellow (5YR rilling and matt black "glaze" in. 7/6) fabric.Thick red slip (2.5YR Brown painted wavy band and thin 5/6).L.5.7.W1.6.Th.0.7. incision out. Dimensions: 2.7 X 3.1. 14. Wall and root of horizontal handle of Th.0.6.Date:A. close shaped vessel. Core and internal

266 Fig. 11.Selected finds from wall cleaning atHaghia Triadha 1995.

267 surface light red (2.5YR 7/8). Exter 20. Rim ofplate with thickened edge nal margin and surface yellow (10YR with mouldings. Powdery, reddish yel 7/6).W3.2. H.6.9. low (7.5YR 7/6) slightly porous fab ric. Fugitive brownish black "glaze" in AAF: and at rim. D.24. H. 1.6. Cf. Agora XXIX, p. 142. Date: Early HL. 15. Rather tall, carinated ring foot ofjar. 21. Tripartite strap handle from jug. Plain, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Semi-fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. Small white and red inclusions fabric with white inclusions, voids and few mica. D.9 H.2.7. and mica.Thin reddish brown slip. L.9.2.W.(of handle) 2.3.Th.l .2. Date: A AG: G(?). 22. Conical foot. Fine but gritty, red 16. From rim almost to base of small (2.5YR 6/8) fabric. Fugitive brownish bowl. Ring foot (broken off). Lip black slip.Surface much worn. D.4.2. rounded and slightly thickened. Fine H.1.9. pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric. Good, glossy black "glaze" in and out, red where AAO: thin.Thin double incisions under "- glaze" out beneath rim. D.8. H.3.3. 23. Rim to shoaulder ofjar. Slightly Cf. Agora XII, 133sq (for a discussion thickened rim, outturned from ofdate). Date: C. straight profile ofbody.Very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fabric, fine paste ABS: with large (up to 3mm across),angu lar,dark inclusions.Surface pale yel 17. Rim to belly with root ofhorizontal low (2.5Y 8/4). Handmade. Del4. handle of handmade bowl. Misfired H.5.5.Date:MH. grey,flaky fabric with white inclu 24. Offset rim (lip broken off) ofplate. sions and voids. Surface smoothed, Flaky, yellow (10YR 7/6) fabric. light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3), with Matt, brownish black paint imitating visible mica. D.21.5. H.6.7. Date: MH. black "glaze".Turning marks beneath rim out. Cf. Agora XXIX, p. 154. ABN: Dest.25. Date: 2nd to 1st c. B.C.

18. Flaring rim ofplate. Hard fired, pink ABF: (7.5YR 7/4) fabric with redder cor ing. Uneven and worn brownish black 25. Ring foot ofplate. Soft, slightly por "glaze" in and out. Mouldings in and ous, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fab one groove through "glaze". Careless ric. Surface eroded with very worn ly turned. D.24. H.2.5. black"glaze" in and out. Stamped pal- mette decoration in, rather large and ABA: sloppy. D.8. H.2.1. Date: 3th or early 2nd c. B.C. 19. Rim to concave shoulder ofbowl or jug. Cooking ware, reddish yellow ABR: (5YR 6/6) to light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric, with small white and 26. Rim to neck with root ofhandle near black inclusions. Burnt marks at rim. rim ofamphora/jug. Soft, slightly D9. H.2.7.Th.0.3. porous, semi-fine yellow (10YR 8/6) fabric. Light red core (2.5YR 7/8). Cleaning ofwall in 2990/4000: Flaking brown slip out. D.c. 11.5. H.8.5.Date:G?

268 ABQ: Comments on chronology

27. Flat everted rim with two grooves on Bronze Age: top from lekane. Porous, pale yellow (2.5YR 7-8/6) fabric, with dark in Examples ofEarly Helladic pottery found clusions (up to 2mm across) and small during the survey include a figurine (Fig. white grits. Traces ofdark slip in. 10: 25)and a rim with plastic decoration D.26.0. H.3.0. Date: HL. found in the cleaning ofwall AAI (Fig. 10: 28. Body fragment with complete hori 6). Subsequent excavations in 1996 and zontal, circular handle. Jar. Porous, 1997 have confirmed the presence ofsub reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) fabric, stantial amounts ofEarly Helladic material. with grey coring and white inclu sions. Lustrous, flaking black paint The Middle Helladic pottery158 included out. D.c.35. D.(Handle)2.0. Date: G to two pots from the survey (Fig.9: 2 and A. handle, Fig. 9: 16). From the cleaning of 29. Vertical, slightly hollowed offset rim wall AAI came two handles (Fig. 10: 2 and of cooking pot. Bright reddish yellow 5). A fragment ofa handmade bowl came (5YR 6/8), thin walled cooking ware from wall ABS (Fig. 11: 17); a handmade with white and dark grits. D.31.0. jar from wall AAO (Fig. 11: 23). From wall H.5.0. Date: Late C. AAD there was a body fragment with painted decoration, datable to MH III AAH: (Fig. 10: 16). From the same wall came a foot, dated to the transiton to LH IA (Fig. 30. Part ofrim and belly ofink well. Car- 10: 21).Two triangular handles from coarse inated beneath shoulder, groove at ware vessels (Fig. 9: 12) and (Fig. 10: 20) shoulder, rim sloping inwards. Soft, were found during cleaning ofwall AAD. reddish yellow (7.5YR 7-8/6) fabric. Matt, slightly greenish black "glaze" The stemmed foot ofa late Mycenaean out, at lower part ofwall inside, and kylix was found in the cleaning ofwall around rim. D.4.0. H.2.4. Date: HL. AAM (Fig. 11: 12).The base of a mug, a 31. Thickened rim with mouldings at top surface find from the North slope of the of plate. Fine, soft, yellow (10YR 8/6) hill, is late Mycenaean or Dark Age in date fabric. Misfired black "glaze" (orange (Fig. 9: 3), and a bowl with painted stripes red to brown) in and out. D.16.0 on the rim and a wavy band on the exte H.2.8. Cf. OF XXIII, no.T 116. Date: rior (Fig.9: 18) should be dated to LHIIIC. Late C to early HL. 32. Large cup, or jug.Vertical, tripartite Geometric (?): handle with three horn-shaped pro- tomes protruding above rim, one to Surface finds that has been dated to the each side, the third towards the centre Geometric period include a handle (Fig.9: of the vessel. Fine, reddish yellow 10). One sherd from the northern area of (7.5YR 7/6) fabric, yellow (10YR the site have been dated tentatively to the 8/6) at surface. Cf. Curtius, E. & F Geometric period (handle: Fig. 11:21). Adler, (eds.), OlErg IV, Berlin 1890, Another, possibly Geometric, piece is ajug 201, pi. 69 no. 1298 (for a similar pro with uneven rim from wall ABR (Fig. 11: trusion on a handle in black ware, 26). NOTE 158 found at Olympia). Schauer, O, in The date of Middle Hella- Third Meeting, pis. 106-07; ead., in Some seemingly Geometric sherds, allow dic and Early Mycenaean Fourth Meeting, pis. 11-12 (the pro ing for local conservatism, could equally pottery is dependant on comparisons with the Ar- trusion on the inside also occurs on belong to the following period. A frag give sequences. See Zerner Hellenistic jugs). ment, either ofa figurine or handle, where 1978 and Dietz 1991. there is not much more than the surface

269 treatment to judge from, is one such case such bases can be dated to the fifth cen (Fig. 9: 7). A handle (Fig. 9: 23), as well as a tury (Fig. 10: 18 and 22). jug (Fig. 11: 28) are other examples. Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Pot Three sherds found at wall ABD are all tery"59: Classical, and probably from the fourth century: the rim ofa small bowl; a bowl Archaic and Classical: with a tall ring foot, a feature ofthat cen tury; and a kantharos with offset rim (Fig. Arguably Archaic are the following surface 10: 9-11).Without its base, the small bowl finds:an un"glazed" base fragment (Fig. 9: is not closely datable, but even when these 1), a slipped rim from a cup (Fig. 9: 5), a bowls are better preserved, the profuseness storage jar (Fig. 9: 14), and a handle (Fig. 9: ofthe shape and its many variations make 27). a Date complicated.This can be demon strated by a small bowl from wall AAG More definitely Archaic are a krater witli (Fig. 11: 16):Judging by the way the foot is banded decoration (Fig. 9: 13), a house attached, and the vertical profile, it ought hold bowl with a somewhat peculiar lip to belong in the first half of the fifth cen (Fig. 9: 30), and a flat base with concentric tury, but, on the other hand, the relative bands on both sides, presumably from a lightness ofthe wall points to a later date, kalathos (Fig. 9:37). possibly well into the fourth century.

Several sherds,found during cleaning of Classical to Hellenistic: wall AAM, are Archaic or Classical, but have not yet been dated more closely:two In the pottery classificaton, a large number everted rims from amphorae or jugs look of pots have been labelled 'Classical to late Archaic or Classical (Fig. 11: 1-2); a Hellenistic'. As previously mentioned, the body sherd from a cup or bowl with local typologies are little known, but there painted decoration is certainly earlier (Fig. is probably also a general conservatism in 11: 4).A handle and a fragment ofa fig household shapes, which makes them diffi urine (Fig. 11: 8-9) have both been placed cult to date precisely.Furthermore, some in the Archaic period on the somewhat thing which has been verified by two sub unsatisfactory basis ofthe surface treat sequent seasons ofexcavation, there seems ment, whereas the case for the inscribed to be a substantial amount of material and incised skyphos handle is more clear from the late fourth century, i.e. on the, (Fig. 11: 10).A slipped base is also thought stylistically arbitrary, dividing line between to be Archaic (Fig. 11: 11). 'Classical'and 'Hellenistic'. One example from the survey is the foot ofa kantharos Late Archaic or early Classical is a lamp, (Fig. 9:6), which finds good parallels in probably imitating an Attic type, dated to Elis and Patras in the late fourth century.A the late sixth century or early fifth, from small rim fragment from a black-"glazed" wall AAI (Fig. 10:3). plate bears resemblance to a series oflate Classical plates found in Olympia (Fig.9: Among the surface finds, the base of ajug 4).The small bowl (Fig. 9: 33) could have with banded decoration should be dated been manufactured either in the fourth or to the fifth century (Fig. 9: 25), whereas NOTE 159 the third century; an even wider margin The date ofArchaic, Clas the ring foot of a black-"glazed"plate should be given to the date ofthe ring sical and Hellenistic pot (Fig. 9: 26) is more likely to belong in the foot ofa lekane (Fig. 9: 19), as well as of a tery mainly depends on a following century. pithos rim (Fig. 9: 15). comparison (when possi ble) with pottery sequen ces from the Agora in The skyphos of Attic type was evidently a A jug from the cleaning ofwall AAI is Athens, Corinth and Elis. popular drinking vessel at the site: among thought to belong in the fourth or third See Bibliography and Ab the Classical sherds from wall AAD, two century: the cooking pot fabric is consis- breviations.

270 tent with such a date, as is the horizontal when, as here, only the rim is preserved, rilling of the neck, common on plain and but at least one ofthe two shows Hellenis "glazed"jugs ofthe period. Regrettably, a tic characteristics, with its thin wall and parallel that combines the two features has rather markedly inturned rim (Fig. 10: 13- yet to been found. From the same wall 14). came a pedestal foot, probably imported from Elis, which fits in quite well in the Three plates should be placed in the Early series oflate Classical cups (Fig. 10: 4). Hellenistic period: one from wall ABN at Also from AAI, and late Classical or Helle the southern edge ofthe site (Fig. 11: 18); nistic in date, is the base ofa "glazed" another from the northern area (Fig. 11: strainer (Fig. 10: 7). 20); and a third, from wall AAH.

Returning to wall AAM, some late Classi A date in the third century B.C. would cal or Hellenistic sherds include the rim of have to be guessed at for a large bowl from a cup (Fig. 11:3), which should share a wall AAM (Fig. 11: 6). A small vessel with fourth century date with a kantharos han an inwards sloping shoulder, and best de dle that can be dated to the latter half of scribed as an ink-well, must be third or the century (Fig. 11: 5). A cooking pot second century in date, albeit no parallels from ABQ should also be late Classical have been found (Wall AAH: Fig. 11: 30). (Fig. 11: 29). A lekane rim, found during the cleaning ofwall ABQ should also be from that pe Hellenistic: riod (Fig. 11:27).

Surface finds, which can be dated to the A Classical shape which continues into the Hellenistic period with some confidence, Hellenistic period is the plate with include the rim ofa large echinus bowl stamped palmette decoration. One such (Fig. 9: 32) and a plate (Fig. 9: 36). A date was found at wall ABF.The relatively large in the third or second century could also size ofthe palmette, and the careless design be claimed for a small sherd with incised ofthe stamp, would indicate a date in the decoration (Fig. 9: 34), as well as a bowl third century or later (Fig. 11: 25). with grooves beneath the rim (Fig. 9: 35). Two fragments ofHellenistic lamps were The plates with an offset rim are thought found (Fig. 9: 8 and 11). A small sherd with to have been produced from the middle of an applied button is the central piece ofan the second century B.C., and into the first. "unglazed" lid, probably Hellenistic in date A fragment ofa such a rim came from wall (Fig. 9: 31), as is the rim ofan unguentar- A40(Fig. 11:24). ium (Fig. 9:29). This selection offinds from the first season The cleaning ofwall ABO produced, ends with yet another question mark: a among other things, a couple ofechinus handle with horn-like 'wings' and a coni bowls. These are difficult to date closely cal protrusion inwards ?

271 A Catalogue ofSelected Finds from the Surveys at Pangali, 1995-1996

Introduction strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) fabric by Theophanis with mica and dark and white inclu Material from the Final Neolithic settle sions. Pale grey core. Badly worn, no Mavridis and ment at Pangali was collected during the traces ofslipped or burnished surfaces. HegeA.Alisoy systematic survey ofthe terrace in 1995 Decoration with two rows of dots and before the excavation in 1996.16()The which form an angular pattern. H.3.5. deposits were undisturbed by the later use W.4.0.Th.l.4. of the terrace in connection with the 3. Fragment ofa vessel. Semi coarse, yel fourth century B.C. fortification. In this lowish red (5YR 5/8) fabric with short presentation only pottery has been mica and black and white inclusions. treated. In addition, a fine series ofwell Grey core. Badly worn, traces ofslip defined small flint and obsidian tools was out. Decoration with a plain plastic collected on the surface. A trial excavation band. H.3.3.W.3.0.Th.l.2. was conducted in 1996. Material from the 4. (Not depicted) Fragment ofa big excavation has not been included in the open shaped vessel, possibly ajar. present study. It showed, however, that sev Semi-coarse, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) eral phases ofthe Chalcolithic/Final Neo fabric with white and black inclusions lithic period was presented in the settle and mica. Grey core. Thin slip in and ment (see Cazis p. 280). out yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and bur nished. Decoration with a plain plastic The pottery depicted on Figs. 12 and 13 is band. H.6.5.W.6.0.Th.l.3. a characteristic coarse ware material, often 5. Rim ofan open bowl with rather with a thin, slightly burnished slip. hemispherical body. Rim slightly Paint is very uncommon. The decoration rounded and out-turned. Semi-coarse, consists of"pointille" and plastic lists creat brown (7.5YR 5/6) fabric with white ing various right-angled and curvilinear and black inclusions and mica. Sur patterns.Thin rimmed open cups and faces slipped and burnished in and bowls are usual. Similar deposits are found out. D.18. H.2.8.W.2.7.Th.0.3. in the Peloponnese, for instance in the 6. Fragment ofan open shaped jar or pi Alepotrypa cave, Diros in Laconia161 and in thos. Semi-coarse, dark red (2.5YR the so-calledAttica/Kephala group.162 4/8) fabric with white and black in clusions and mica. Grey core. Surfaces For general comments see Introduction to slipped and burnished in and out. Eiring above p. 259. Decoration with a wide plastic band from which two thinner, curvilinear Catalogue bands begin. H.4.5.W3.4.Th.0.1. 7. Flat base ofan open shaped vessel. Fig. 12 (1995) Walls flaring outwards. Semi-coarse, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with NOTE 160 159 Cazis below p. 280. 1. Fragment ofan open jar. Semi-coarse, white, brown and black inclusions and

dark red (5YR 4/8) fabric with white mica. Same colour on the outside. NOTE 161 inclusions, small stones and mica. Grey core.Yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Papathannassopoulos 1996, Grey core. Thin buffslip and traces of on the inside. H.3.0.W.7,2.Th. 1,5. 222. polishing on surfaces in and out. Dec 8. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel. oration with a plain plastic band. Coarse dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric NOTE 162 Douzougli 1992; Lambert H.9,5.W6,5Th.l.O. with mica and white and black inclu 1981. For a recent survey, 2. Fragment ofa vessel.Semi-coarse, sions. Same colour in and out. Deco- see Alram-Stern 1996.

272 Fig. 12. Selected sherds from survey campaigns at Pangali in 1995 and 1996 (1997: no. 169).

273 ration with curvilinear cordon with red (2.5YR 4/8) slip. H.4.5.W.2.5. four dots. H.6.5.W.4.0.Th.l.2. Th.1.2. 9. Bevelled base ofan open shaped ves 15. A big strap handle, almost oval in sec sel. Applied coil in form ofa «ring» tion. Coarse, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) which goes around the base. Not well fabric with white, brown, and black fired. Coarse dark red (2.5YR 4/8) inclusions and mica. Brown (5YR fabric with inclusions of small and 5/4) core. Dark red (2.5YR 4/8) bur larger stones and mica. Slipped and nished slip. H.7.0.W.3.5.Th.l.O. smoothed in and out. H.4.4. W 10.0. 16. Rim ofa bowl with hemispherical Th.2.5. body. Thickened rim, flat on the top, 10. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel squarish in section, slightly inside probably a pithos. Not well fired. turned. Fine to semi-coarse, yellowish Coarse, yellowish brown (2.5YR 5/6) brown (10YR 5/4) fabric and core fabric with white, brown, and black with white, black and brown inclu inclusions and mica. Same colour on sions and mica. Possibly slipped and the outside, strong brown on the in burnished (very worn). H.3.2.W.2.6. side. Brown (7.5YR 4/3) core. Th.O.5. Slipped and burnished in and out. 17. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel. Decoration with two curved plastic Semi-coarse, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) bands with traces of a third which all fabric with small white inclusions and form an angular pattern. H.7.O.W.6.O. mica. Grey to black core. Slipped and Th.1.3. burnished, dark reddish brown (5YR 11. A small unperforated projection 3/3) in and out. Decoration with a (ledge lug) from an open shaped ves curvilinear plastic cordon. H.2.5. sel. Semi-coarse fabric with white, W.3.6.Th.0.6. black, brown inclusions and mica. 18. Thickened flat rim ofan open Grey core. Slipped and slightly mouthed jar. The rim is squarish in smoothed in and out. Dark red section. Badly fired, porous clay. (2.5YR 4/8) out, strong brown (5YR Strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), stone 5/6) in. H.3.2.W.5.7.Th.l.4. gritted fabric with inclusions of 12. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel smaller and larger stones and mica. with a big mastoid projection, oval in Pale grey to brown core. Dark red section and three plastic cordons (2.5YR 4/8,2) slip out. H.3.2. W.3.0. which begin from the base ofthe Th.1.3. projection. Not well fired. Coarse fab 19. Fragment ofan open shaped () vessel. ric with white and black inclusions Badly worn. Semi- coarse, dark red and mica. Black core. Red (2.5YR (5YR 4/8) fabric with white inclu 4/8) in and out. Slipped and slightly sions ofsmall stones and mica. Grey smoothed. H.7.2.W4.7.Th.0.7. core. Slipped and burnished. Decora 13. Bevelled base of a small, open tion with a wide curvilinear plastic shaped?) pot. Coarse, yellowish red band and four dots. H.3.2.W4.5. (5YR 5/8,5) fabric with black white Th.0.7. inclusions and mica. Pale grey core. 20. Flat base ofan open shaped vessel. Surfaces possibly slipped and bur Semi-coarse, brown (5YR 4/3,7) fab nished (very worn). D.8. H.l .9.W.l .3. ric with sporadic inclusions ofsmall Th.0.7. stones and mica. Grey core. Dark red 14. Strap handle, almost oval in section. (2.5YR 4/8) slip. Slipped and bur Not well shaped. Coarse, yellowish nished m and out. H.2.0. W.6.0. red (5YR 4/6) fabric with black, Th.0.9. white and brown inclusions and mica. 21. Fragment of an open shaped vessel, Grey to black core. Slipped and possibly a jar.Very well fired, fine to slightly smoothed surface with dark semi-coarse, dark red (5YR 4/8) fab-

274 ric with few inclusions of small stones on the top, squarish in section. From a and mica. Black core. Surfaces, red coarse open, vessel, probably a pithos. (2.5YR 5/6), slipped and very well Coarse fabric with white black inclu burnished. Decoration with knob sions and mica. Slipped and burnished from which three plastic cordons be red (2.5YR 4/8) out, strong brown gin. H.4.3.W6.9.Th.O,9. (7.5YR 5/6) in. Core: similar to the 22. An unperforated, tongue- like projec outer surface. Decoration: An almost tion. Coarse, strong brown (7.5YR circular cordon decorated with dots 4/6) fabric with white, black inclusions (pointille decoration), and opposite a and mica. Grey to brown core. Dark «plastic area» decorated with dot. red (2.5YR 4/8), slipped and bur H.4.5.W7.0.Th.2.5. nished surface. H.2.0.W4.5.Th.2.0. 6. Thickened rim, rounded, slightly in- turned from an open bowl. Coarse Fig. 12 (1996). fabric with white, black, grey inclu sions and mica. Grey core. Slipped and 1. (Catalogue numbers 1-4). Fifteen burnished, red (2.5YR 4/8). D.21. fragments ofa big pithos H.5.0.W5.0.Th.0.8. a) Fragment ofa big open pithos. Not 7. Thickened, inturned rim, flat on top well fired. Coarse fabric with from an open shaped vessel, probably white, black, brown inclusions and a bowl. Coarse, strong brown (7.5YR mica. Slipped and burnished on the 5/6) fabric with white, black, brown outside. Slipped and smoothed, inclusions and mica. Strong brown strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) on the core. Slipped and burnished in and inside. Grey core. Decoration: out. D.30. H.3.0.W3.5.Th.l.O. System ofcurvilinear plastic bands 8. Small biconical projection with per from which one curves heavily, pendicular hole. Coarse, dark red forming a plastic figure, almost oval (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white, grey, in shape. H. 22.0.W14.0.Th.l.O. brown inclusions and mica. Slipped b) Part ofthe same pithos. Descrip and burnished. H.2.O.W.2.5.Th.0.8. tion as above. Decoration: Part of 9. Inturned rim, rather flat on the upper two almost rectilinear and two cur side. From a big open bowl. Coarse, vilinear plastic bands. H.12.0. reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fabric with W.8.5.Th.1.3. inclusions of small stones and mica. c) Part ofthe same pithos. Descrip Grey core. Slipped and burnished. tion as above. Decoration: One D.40. H.5.0.W.4.0.Th.3.0. curvilinear plastic band from which 10. A big unperforated projection, raised two rectilinear ones begin. H.9.0. upwards. Coarse, red (2.5YR 4/8) W9.0.Th.l.2. fabric with white and black inclusions 169. Fragment ofa big vessel,possibly a pi and mica. Grey core. Slipped and bur thos with a big strap handle with nished. Decoration: three dots on the rounded edges. Not well fired. Coarse bottom surface. H.4.0.W5.0.Th.3.0. fabric with white, black inclusions 11. Fragment of a small, possibly closed and mica. Slipped and burnished, shaped vessel. Semi-coarse, very mica brown (10YR 4/3) out, dark red ceous fabric with small white and (2.5YR 4/6) in. From the base of the black inclusions. Slipped and bur handle two narrow curvilinear plastic nished, brown (7.5YR 4/3) out, dark cordons begin. H.14.0.W.l 1.0. reddish gray (5YR 4/2, 5YR) in. Th.0.8. (Surface find (27-6-97)). Grey core. Decoration with five trian gular shaped, small impressions. H.2. Fig. 13 C.W.5.0.Th.0.5. 12. Rounded, straight rim ofan open 5. Thickened outturned rim, very flat bowl with hemispherical body. Clay

275 I I I v) •

31

Fig. 13. Selected sherds from the survey campaign at Pangali inl996.

276 well lavigated. Fine to semi-coarse, sions and mica. Grey core. Slipped and brown (7.5YR 5/3) fabric with spo burnished. D.12. H.2.5.W2.0.Th.0.5. radic inclusions ofsmall stones and 21. Fragment ofan open shaped (?) ves mica. Brown to grey core. Slipped and sel. Coarse fabric with white, black burnished in and out. Decoration inclusions and mica. Dark red (2.5YR with one horizontal and two oblique 4/8), slipped and burnished in and incised lines. H.2.2.W1.5.Th.0.4. out. Decoration with two plastic 13. Fragments ofa big, open shaped ves bands which form an angular pattern. sel, possibly a bowl.With a triangular, H.2.5.W2.5.Th.l.2. unperforated projection. Coarse, yel 22. Rim ofan open bowl. Coarse, reddish lowish brown (10YR 5/6) fabric with brown (5YR 4/4) fabric with white, white, black inclusions and mica. black inclusions and mica. Grey core. Black core. Dark gray (7.5YR 3/1), Surface, slipped and burnished. D14. slipped and burnished. H.5.5.W6.0. H.2.3.W2.0.Th.0.4. Th.1.0. 23. Fragment ofan open mouthed vessel 14. Fragments ofa close shaped vessel (pithos?).The neck and the rim are with a small, almost cylindrical han flaring heavily outwards. Badly fired dle. Coarse fabric with white, black, clay.Very coarse, strong brown (5YR brown inclusions and mica. Black 5/8) fabric with inclusions ofsmaller core. Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) out, and bigger stones and mica. Grey slipped and burnished. H.4.0.W3.0. core. D.14. H.2.3. W.2.0.Th.0.4. Th.1.0. 24. A tongue shaped, unperforated pro 15. Thickened, rounded rim ofan open jection with oval in section. Coarse, bowl. Coarse dark red (2.5YR 4/8) dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with fabric with white, black inclusions small white, black inclusions and and mica. Pale brown core. Slipped mica. Grey core. Slipped and bur and burnished. D.33 H.3.0.W4.5. nished. H.l.5.W.4.5.Th.3.0. Th.1.0. 25. Inturned, rounded rim of a small, 16-17. Two fragments of a big shaped open, shallow pot with hemispherical open vessels.Dark red (2.5YR body. Coarse, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) 4/8) dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric fabric with small white and black in with inclusions of small stones and clusions and mica. Grey core. Slipped mica. Slipped and burnished. The and burnished in and out. D.4. H.2.0. core is greyish-brown. Decoration W.3.0.Th.1.0. with a plastic cordon on each of 26. Inturned, rounded rim of a small, the sherds. H.3.0.W.3.0.Th.1.0. closed bowl with hemispherical body. 18. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel. Coarse, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Coarse, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric fabric with white, black inclusions with black, white inclusions and mica. and mica. Grey core. Slipped and bur Grey core. Slipped and burnished. nished in and out (but worn). D.15. Decoration with a small mastoid pro H.3.5. W.2.0. Th.1.0. jection. H.3.0.W2.5.Th.1.0. 27. Rim fragment of an open bowl. Dark 19. Rounded rim ofa small, open shaped red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white, vessel with hemispherical body. black inclusions and mica. Grey- Coarse dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric brown core. Slipped and burnished in with white, black inclusions and mica. and out. D.13. H.2.0.W.l.5.Th.1.0. Grey core. Slipped and burnished. 28. Outturned, rounded rim of a small D.13.H.3.0.W3.0.T.1.1. open bowl. Badly fired. Coarse, dark 20. Rounded rim with a small knob of a red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white, small, open bowl with hemispherical black inclusions and mica. Grey core. body. Semi-coarse, dark red (2.5YR Slipped and burnished in and out. 4/8) fabric with white, black inclu D.15. H.2.0.W.3.0.Th.1.0.

277 29. Fragment ofa vessel. Coarse, dark red dark gray (5YR 3/1). Greyish brown (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white, black core. Decoration with two horizontal inclusions and mica. Grey core. Slip incised lines and below a pattern of ped and burnished in and out (very two oblique and two almost vertical worn on the inside). Decoration with crossing lines. H.2.0.W4.0.Th.0.5. nine shallow, oval grooves. H.3.5. 37. Narrow, oval strap handle from an W.2.0.Th.l.5. open shaped vessel (part ofthe body 30. Strap handle. Coarse, reddish brown preserved). Coarse fabric with mostly (5YR 4/4) fabric with inclusions of white inclusions and mica. Slipped stones and mica. Dark red to grey and burnished, yellowish brown core. Slipped and burnished in and (10YR 5/4) out, very dark gray out. H.3.O.W.2.O.Th.0.8. (2.5YR 3/1) in. Grey core. H.5.5. 31. Curved strap handle, with oval sec W.5.5.Th.0.5. tion. Not well fired and shaped. 38. Flat, thickened, inturned rim of a Coarse dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric closed bowl. Semi-coarse, dark red with white, black inclusions and mica. (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with small white, Grey core. Slipped and burnished. black inclusions and mica. Greyish Decoration with oval shaped dots brown core. Slipped and burnished. perimetrically around the handle. D15H.1.5.W2.5.Th.l.O. H.3.0.W5.0.Th.2.0. 39. Bevelled base ofa big open shaped 32. Recessed base ofan open vessel. vessel with outflaring walls. Coarse, Semi-coarse, dark red 2.5YR 4/8) dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with fabric with small white and black white brown inclusions and mica. stones and mica. Greyish brown core. Grey black core. Traces ofslip on Slipped and burnished in and out. worned surface in and out. D.25. D.16H.1.5.W.2.0.Th.1.0. H.10.0.W5.5.Th.2.0. 33. Thickened, straight rim, flat on top 40. Low, raised base (?). Dark red (2.5YR and square section. From an open 4/8) fabric with smaller and bigger bowl. Fabric: semi-coarse, dark red stones and mica. Grey core. No traces (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white and ofslip or burnish (very worn).Very black inclusions and mica. Grey core. unusual shape. H.2.0. W.3.0.Th.2.5. Slipped and burnished. D.33. H.2.5. 41. Bevelled base ofan open vessel. W.2.0. Th.0.5. Coarse, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) fabric 34. Thickened, rounded and slightly out- with white black inclusions and mica. turned rim from an open bowl. Semi- Grey core. Slipped and burnished. coarse, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) D15.H.5.0.W6.5.Th.l.2. fabric with white inclusions, small 42. Neck (?) with a flat, rounded and out- stones and mica. Grey core. Slipped turned rim ofa big and deep vessel. and burnished. Decoration with a thin Very porous clay. Strong brown horizontal cordon below the rim. (7.5YR 5/8) fabric with white, grey, D.20. H.2.5.W.3.3.Th.0.5. black, brown inclusions and mica. Pale 35. Biconical handle, almost oval in sec brown core. No traces ofslipped or tion. Semi-coarse dark red (2.5YR burnish. D.39. H.6.5.W6.0.Th. 1.0. 4/8) fabric with white, black inclu 43. Fragment ofa big, open shaped vessel, sions and mica. Grey core. Slipped and possibly ajar. Semi-coarse dark red burnished. H.2.5.W.3.0.Th.l.5. (2.5YR 4/8) fabric with white, black 36. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel, inclusions and mica. Grey core. Slip possibly a bowl. Fine to semi-coarse ped and burnished in and out. Deco fabric with sporadic white and black ration with four plastic bands formed inclusions and mica.,Well slipped and asafan.H.9.5.W8.0.Th.l.O. burnished in and out. Outside, dark 44. Bevelled base ofan open vessel. reddish brown (5YR 3/4), inside, very Coarse fabric with white, black inclu-

278 sions and mica. Grey core. Slipped and 46. Rim of a bowl with inturned rim and burnished in and out. Dark red (2.5 hemispherical body. Semi-coarse, yel YR 4/8) (outside), reddish brown lowish brown (10YR 5/6) fabric with (5YR 4/4)(mside). D.20. H.5.5. white, black and brown inclusions and W.6.0.Th.2.0. mica. Grey core. Surfaces very worn. 45. Fragment ofan open shaped vessel D. 16. H.2.0.W2.7.Th.0.4. with carinated body. Coarse fabric 47. Flat or slightly bevelled base ofan with white and black inclusions and open pot with walls flaring outwards. mica. Slipped and burnished in and Semi-coarse fabric with white black out. Grey core. Strong brown (7.5YR inclusions and mica. Grey core. Slip 4/6)on outside, dark red (2.5YR 4/8) ped and burnished, dark red (2.5YR on inside. Decoration with a row of 4/8) out and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) four dots. H.3.5.W5.0.Th.l .0. in. D.7. H.6.O.W.5.O.

279 Excavations at Pangali, 1996

During the systematic survey ofthe area not at hand and the site is rather inacces- by known as Pangali in 1995 (above pp. 255- ible). 258), a previously unknown prehistoric Michalis Cazis site was located at a small terrace on the The pottery is characteristic of the Final rocky SE flanks ofMt.Varassova,above the Neolithic period and probably also in eastern termination ofthe late Classical cludes pottery from the very beginning of fortification wall. The site consists of a the Early Bronze Age. It comprises coarse small upper and lower terrace above and at ware often, but not always, burnished. The a partly destroyed rock shelter. Each ter use ofpaint is very lmited. Decoration in race measures approximately 25 X 6 m., cludes rows ofsmall perforations and plas with a difference in altitude of7 to 8 m., tic ribs, creating rectangular and curvilin overlooking the sandy beach to the south. ear patterns. Open shapes seem to be prev Intensive survey of the site had produced a alent. They include cups and bowls ofsev considerable body ofpottery and stone eral types. Pithoi sherds are also present. In implements dating mainly from the Final general the pottery from the trench relates Neolithic period.163 very closely to the pottery from the survey In July 1996 a test trench was opened at made in 1995 and 1996. the upper terrace ofthe site. Here the de posit looked relatively thick and the sur Stone tools comprise several obsidian and face was free from rocks and/or vegeta flint blades, scrapers and core fragments, as tion. The trench (2x2 m.) was excavated well as by-products of chipping. Bone im to bedrock. The deposit was 1 meter thich plements include mainly perforating tools. and four strata 'were separated: stratum 1 (topsoil), stratum 2, and stratum 3 and 3a The only man-made structure recovered with remains of a hearth.The soil exca was a rather well defined hearth, found in vated was dry-sieved in order to obtain a stratum 3a immediately above bedrock. It maximum amount of data. measured approx. 1.5 m. in diameter and consisted ofvery hard burned earth and A fair amount ofsherds, stone and bone small peices ofclay as well as particles of tools was recovered during the excavation, fine gravel and charcoal. The small excava as well as a smaller number ofpalaeo bo tion did not bring to light any architectu tanical and palaeo zoological material ral structures. We hope such structures will NOTE 163 (wet-sieving, which would have been most come to light during forthcoming larger Mavridis and Alisoy appropriate could not be used as water was scaled excavations. pp. 272-279.

280 Fig. 14. Trial trench at Pan gali, 1996.

281 II. Excavations at Haghia Triadha, 1996

Fig. 15 shows the areas in which excava TX2.The trial trenches were dug down by tions were conducted during the 1996 to bedrock. campaign. Sections (A,B,C,F and Z) are 50 Soren Dietz m. X 50 m. Six square trenches (10 m. X 10 Excavations in trench F15.The trench was and m.) (F14,15,19,25/G11 and S9) within divided into four 5 m. X 5 m. subtrenches, three ofthese sections were opened. Only two on the southside of the Byzantine wall Ioannis Moschos smaller areas ofthe trenches were exca AAB (F15/SW and F15/SE) and two on vated down to bedrock, except for trench the northside ofAAB (F15/NW and F25, where bedrock was reached in level F15/NE).The two southern subtrenches 20-50 cm. below surface. In addition, two were excavated to the bottom ofstratum 2 m. wide trial trenches,T X 1 andT X 3, 1. In Fl 5/SW a 2 m. wide trench was were opened and one 1 m. wide trench, opened (from section 2990E) which was

Fig. 15. Excavation areas at HaghiaTriadha, 1996.

282 (Fig. 8) and larger parts were uncovered during the 1997 campaign.The foundation wall ACC, running at a straight angle to ABV rested on a fill which could be dated not later than the second/third quarter of the fifth century B.C. thus giving a termi nus post quern for the erection ofthe foundation. A section through the layers in F15 is seen on Fig. 22 (2990E).

Excavations in trench Gil. In this trench only the small area to the north ofthe Byzantine wall AAB between 3000E and the Byzantine tower AAL was excavated. Structure ACD is a foundation wall made oflocal sandstone, resting on bedrock (Fig. 18). A section is seen on Fig. 23 (3000E).

The limestone compartment walls ABY and AAM. The walls are seen on the plan Fig. 16, ABY is orientated almost N-S, turned slightly towards NE while AAM is orien tated SSW-NNE. Both are approximately 3 m. wide framed by walls of carefully adapted limestone ashlars.The ashlar blocks were quarried at Mt.Varassova. Ash lars from the coffer walls were reused in the Byzantine wall.Towards N, AAM ter minates in a square tower. The best pre served coffer wall ABY continued, towards Fig. 16. Architectural struc dug down to bedrock (Fig. 22 section S, below the Byzantine wall AAB (Fig. 19 tures in area F (14/15) and 2990E). No architectural remains were a-b).The centre was filled with stones and Gil (measured by Ch. found in this subtrench. soil (Fig. 20). A similar coffer wall AAD, Marinopoulos). terminating in a square tower was found On the northside ofthe Byzantine wall on the west slope ofthe mound (Fig. 6). AAB a heavy stone packing consisting of fallen stones from the upper courses ofthe According to typology, the large limestone Byzantine wall, was removed. The charac compartment walls are supposed to be a ter ofthe stone packing had been studied fourth century B.C. fortifications.The type carefully during the 1995 campaign. Exca ofconstruction and the dimensions are vation started below the stone packing. In similar to the Pangali walls likewise sug the subtrench F15/NW two courses of a gested to be fourth century B.C. construc substantial wall, ABV, constructed from tions. In late Classical times there were un- large (approx. 0.5 m. X 1.0 m.) ashlars of doubtly close relations between the old local sand stone were exposed (see draw town at the coast and the newly founded ing Fig. 16 and photo Fig. 17).The excava in the mountains.The large coffer walls tion around and to the north ofABV did were probably not constructed until after not supply an unambiguous date, but the the establishment of the in wall is evidently part ofa fifth century 366 B.C. B.C. perivolos framing the Classical acrop olis. Other parts ofthis alignment were Excavations in trench ¥25. In the eastern registered on the general plan from 1995 half ofthe trench, bedrock was reached a

283 Fig. 17.The ashlar wall ABV in F15from North. Fig. 18. The ashlar wall structure ACD in Gil. few centimeters below surface (Figs. 21-22) angle. In the southern area a level surface while in the western part a certain strati with flat slabs indicates the presence ofa graphy and architec-tural remains were courtyard. Concentrations oftiles and preserved. The structure ABX consisted of sherds were found in the NW and SW two parallel foundation walls running al parts ofthe trench. The structure ABX most exactly N-S. The walls enclose a cor should rather be dated to the fifth century ridor approximately VA m. wide. Towards B.C. than in the fourth century or Helle S,the western wall turns west in a right nistic period according to the finds (see below).

Fig. 19a-b. The lime stone coffer wall ABYand the Byzantine wall AABfrom NW.(Photo 1996).

284 3%»

• safest1. QSSSJr^v

Fig. 20. Trench F25 from West. (Photo 1996).

Fig. 21. Plan of trenches F25 and F24.

A Description ofSections. 2a. Clayish soil.Very pale brown (10YR Haghia Triadha, 1996 7/3). Many sherds and white lime stone inclusions. Section 2990E (Fig. 22) SECTION 3000E (Fig. 23) South ofwall AAB: 2. Clayish soil. Light yellowish brown 1. Surface layer. Humus, sandy soil with (2.5YR 6/4). Many sherds and tile. reeds. Light yellowish brown (10YR White limestone inclusions. A few

6/4). Some tiles. stones. 2. Sandy soil. Light olive brown (2.5YR 3. Compact clayish soil with less sherds 5/3).Tiles and stones. Fragments of than stratum 2. Pale yellow (2.5YR opus caementicium. 7/3).The level is excvated as stratum 2a. The soil is more grey and packed 3 in Gil. fragments ofopus caementicium. The stratum continues north ofthe wall SECTION 383ON (Fig. 24) AAB —termed partly "cleaning of wall ABV", partly stratum la. 1. Surface layer. Sandy soil,humus with 3. Clayish soil. Light gray (2.5YR 7/2). reeds. Greyish brown (10YR 5/2). Nu A few smaller stones (less than 40 cm) merous fragments oftiles. In the area towards the bottom ofthe layer. close to the wall AAB, a concentration Sherds, fragments of opus caementi ofstones (5cm to 20cm) is found. cium and characteristic white sand 1a. Clayish soil. Light brownish gray stone inclusions (as 3830N, stratum (10YR 6/2). Fragments oftiles and 2). sherds are numerous. Shells and a few 4. Hard clayish soil. Brown (10YR 5/3). smaller stones. Sherds and red sandstone inclusions 2. Clayish soil. Pale yellow (2.5YR 8/2). (2.5YR 5/6) (compare section Many sherds and frgments oftiles. 3830N, stratum 2). Characteristic fragments ofred sand stone (2.5YR 5/6)(compare 2990E, North ofwall AAB: stratum 3). Charcoal and burned clay.

285 Fig. 22. The section 2990 E.

Fig. 23. The section 3000 E.

Fip. 24.77if iedwi 3S30 N.

3. Clayish soil. Light yellowish brown 4. Clayish soil packing with larger stones (2.5YR 6/6). Stone (5 cm. to 15 cm.) (25 cm.) towards the wallAAB.Light concentration towards the Byzantine yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). Sherds wall AAB. Sherds an clay (reddish yel and clay. low (7.5YR 8/6). A Catalogue ofSelected Finds from the Excavations at Haghia Triadha, 1996 by Soren Dietz It should be emphasized that the following fabric. Smoothed surface. Inside survey of characteristic and diagnostic se painted in a black "glaze" colour (ap lected pottery found during the campaign pears rather matt).The paint on out is preliminary. Most stratigraphical units side is yellowish red (slightly lighter were redeposited during various phases of than 5YR 5/8)(Note! This is inten construction and thus did not represent tional not misfired). The same colour chronological units. As the chronological used for the circle below the bottom, development ofthe local pottery is badly while the dot in the centre is black. established, the date ofArchaic, Classical D7.H.2.3.Date:A (?) and Hellenistic pottery is based on com 3. Ring Base offish plate with a central parisons with better known sequences, es depression. Fine, rather soft reddish pecially from Athens (Agora), Corinth and yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. Smoothed to a certain degree from Elis (see alsoJonas surface.Traces ofblack "glaze" (appears Eiring, Introduction and Comments to rather matt). D.7. H.1.7. Cf. Labraunda Chronology p. 259). Furthermore it should 11,1, nos. 36, 56, 62. Date: 4th c. B.C. be emphasized that the examples depicted 4. Rim sherd of krateriskos with two do not usually represent the whole chron strap handles. Fine, soft reddish yellow ological range ofthe pottery found in the (7.5YR 8/6) fabric. Reddish brown contexts. An attempt to evaluate the (5YR 4/3) covering paint (preserved chronological range in the groups is pre on inside). Only traces preserved on sented in the introduction to the various outside). D.11.5. H.3.7. Cf. Barbouna units. 4, B48, no. 2. Date: 3rd c. B.C. 5. Collar rim of a mortar. Coarse tem Fig. 25 pered, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with 1-2 mm, brown and black, F15/ABV ABV is a sandstone ashlar wall angular stone inclusions. Smoothed in trench F15 (Section 2990E and Fig. 22). surface. D.33. H.3.9. Side wall: The diagnostic sherds depicted derive 1.2/collar: 1.87. Cf. Corinth XVIII, I, from a loose soil with rubble around the no. 639 (fig. 22 and pi. 58). Date: Early wall which came to light when the fallen 5th c.B.C. stones from the Byzantine fortification 6. Rim sherd ofbasin/mortar (?). Coarse wall were removed. The soil and the in tempered, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3) fab cluded sherds evidently derive from a land ric with many black/brown stone, and slide from the Acropolis. Date: Archaic to a few white limestone inclusions. Hellenistic. D.30 to 35. H.3.4. Date:- 7. Rim sherd of a lekane. Fine, soft red 1. Rim ofkrater. Fine, hard, reddish yel dish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fabric. Famt low (7.5YR 7/6) fabric, black "glaze" traces of reddish brown (5YR 4/3) (appears matt) on inside and rim and covering paint. Rounded rim and solid, covering zone on part of out horizontal handles, Cf. Agora XII side. Pink (7.5YR 8/4) slip on sur catalogue no. 1764 (fig. 21)(early face. Decoration in brown (7.5YR varieties to 525 B.C.)/local imitation 5/4) horizontal lines. D.17. H.3.4. Cf. (?) (Waregroup as no. 4). Date: A, be below Fig. 28: 4. Date: A (probably fore 525 B.C. early). 2. Torus ring foot ofskyphos.Very fine, F15/ACC/NW. The two cups were found hard, very pale brown (10YR 8/4) in a soil with charcoal and stones (ACC-3)

287 Fig. 25. Selectedfinds from various architectural structures in F15.

288 east ofABV.The layer rested on bedrock surface. Thin inatt brown slip on the and probably continued below the wall rim. Decoration:White and ABV. 30 sherds, all dated to the transition brown/black bands. Date: C/HL (?). MHIII/LHI, were found in the layer. 14. Lebes with vertical, square rim. Small white and dark inclusions. Reddish 8. Sherd ofmatt painted cup with yellow (5YR 7/6) surface. Date: - slightly concave, thin rim. Fine, soft 15. Plate/dish with flaring, down-turned pink (7.5YR 8/4) fabnc.Very pale lip. Carination on the moulded rim. brown (10YR 8/4) slip. Matt black Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6-7/8), paint (including a band on the inside sandy fabric with mica. D. (approx.) rim, not seen on pi. 1). Handmade. 25.H.l.l.Date:- Dll.H.5.4 (F96-210). Date: transi 16. Splaying ring base for bowl. Semi tional MH/LH. fine, light red (2.5YR 7/6) fabric. 9. Sherd of two-handled kantharos with Reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) soft sur rim, slightly concave on inside. Fine face with small inclusions. Date: - reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) fabric with 17. Ring base for bowl. Semi fine, pale small red inclusions. Pale yellow pinkish buff, gritty and sandy fabric (2.5YR 8/3) matt, slightly burnished (7.5YR 8/4). Smoothed surface. Dec slip: "yellow Minyan".Wheelmade. oration: matt brownish paint inside. D. D.10. H.5.6 (F96-209). Date: transi 5.4. H.2.5. Date:- tional MH/LH. 18. Handle fragment for a cup/kantharos. Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4) fabric. Deco F15/ACF Pit in SW corner of F15 with ration: traces ofblack "glazed" paint. concentration of tiles and sherds (section H.1.9. Cf. CorinthVII, 3, nos. 399- 2990E, STR 2 south ofthe Byzantine 408. 401. Date: 4th to 3rd c. B.C. wall). Date: the layer was deposited in Late 19. Neck and handle oflekythos. Fine, Roman/Byzantine times. soft yellowish pink fabric. Dull, flak ing, greenish/brownish black "glaze" 10. Rim sherd ofbowl. Fine, hard reddish below rim. Date: not earlier than 3rd yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric. Shining, c.B.C. dusky red (2.5YR 4/4) covering 20. Rim and handle offlange rim bowl. paint. D.21. H.2.5. Date: Late Ro Snake handle on outside. Reddish yel man/Byzantine. low (approx. 5YR 6/8), gritty to 11. Rim sherd ofcup. Fine, hard reddish sandy fabric with small inclusions. yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. Black/brown H.3.3. Date: HL. covering paint. D.12. H.2.9. Date: - 21. Rim of casserole.Yellowish red and 12. Rim sherd ofbowl or large jar. Hard, dark greyish buff, gritty fabric with fine reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fab small dark and white inclusions. D.23. ric. D.15. HAS. Date: - H.2.5. Cf. Corinth VII, III, probably casserole II, p. 125, no. 671 (146 B.C.). F15/ACA.The pit ACA is placed in the Date: HL. SW section of F15 where it filled up most 22. Rim fragment, handle of cooking pot. ofthe trench (not seen on section 2990E Angular white inclu- sions, yellowish south ofthe Byzantine wall).The deposit red/dark bufffabric. Date: - ofstones and pottery evidently derived from higher up the hill and was redepos- Fig. 26: ited after the construction of the Byzan tine wall. Date: mixed prehistoric, C/HL F15/2/NW. STR 2 east of the foundation and early Byzantine. wall ACC inTR F15/NW (above Fig. 16). It corresponds to STR 2 inTR Gil (sec 13. Rim sherd ofkrater. Fine, pale red tion 3000E).To the west ofACC the cor (10R 6/4) fabric. Pink (7.5YR, 8/4) responding level was called STR 2a (see

289 Fig. 26. Selected finds from F15.

290 below and section 2990E — Note! not the white grits. Smoothed, pinkish/buff same as STR 2a south ofthe Byzantine surface. D. (approx.)35 (inside). wall). Date: A/C, HL (compare also H.10.3. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 2030- F15/2/NW on Fig. 16). 2031. Date: "Common 5th c. type". 24. Neck and handle ofa lekythos with 1. Rim and handle zone (horizontal plastic ring around neck. Fine, reddish handle) from skyphos. Fine, soft red yellow (5R 7/6) fabric with reddish dish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) fabric.Traces yellow (7.5YR 8/6) slip. D 2.6. H. ofblack changing to red paint on in- 4.5. Date:- and outside. D.l 1.2. H.6.7. Local imi tation ofCorinthian. Date: A. F15/2a/NW. STR 2a to the west of the 2. Small hemispherical bowl (section foundation wall ACC inTR F15/NW preserved). Fine, soft reddish yellow (section 2990E). Clayish soil with sand and (7.5YR 7/6) fabric (waregroup as no. many tiles (and fragments ofwhite mortar 1). Traces ofblack and red (2.5YR from the Byzantine wall). Date: rich mate 6/8) paint on surface, in and out. D.9. rial mainly dated late 5th c. to HL. H.3.7. Cf. Agora XII, no. 901. Date: A, 500-480 B.C. 5. Flat base ofa closed shaped jar. Fine, 3. Kantharos (?) with high swung han hard light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fabric. dles. Fine, hard red (2.5YR 6/6) fab Smoothed surface, very pale brown ric with mica. Traces ofblack, lustrous (10YR 7/4). Sloppy black "glazed" paint on strap handle and bands covering paint on outside (not below where the handle joins the body. bottom). D.l 1.0. H.3.3. Date: - D.3.5 min. H. 6.5. Date: C (?) 9. "Casserole" with horizontal, circular 4. Carinated kylix with thin, flaring rim. handle near rim. Medium tempered Fine, hard reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) red (2.5YR 6/8) fabric with stone in fabric. Black "glaze" paint covering clusions (kitchen ware group). D.21. in-and outside. Misfired on outside, H.3.7. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1965 (con producing a red (10YR 5/6), slightly text 350-25 B.C.). Date: 4th to 3rd c. matt surface. D.l8. H.2.7. Cf. Agora B.C. XII, Cups tp. C, p. 91. Date: 525-480 10. Rim ofa plate.Very fine reddish yel B.C. low (5YR 7/6) fabric. Fine black 5. See below. "glazed" paint on in-and outside. 6. Close shaped vessel. Squat lekythos or D.20. H.1.3. Cf. Schilbach 1995 pyxis (?).Fine, soft reddish yellow ("klassischerTyp").Teller Typ III, var. (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Pale yellow (more B. Grooves below rim not until 425- creamy than 2.5YR 8/3) slip on sur 419/15. Date: 425-410 B.C. face. Dark, reddish brown paint. Co 11. Rim and horizontal, ovoid handle of a rinthian (rosette) (?). D.12. H.2.7. kantharos. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR Date: A. 7/6) fabric. Fine black "glazed" paint 7. Splaying base ofstand for louterion. on in-and outside. D.12. H.2.1. Cf. Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) soft fabric Agora XII, no. 349 (fig. 10 and pi. 16) with large inclusions. Decoration: (outturned rim after 400 B.C.). Date: stamped tongues on outer face of 4th c. B.C. base, groove above bevel. D. (approx.) 12. Rim from large louterion/perrirhan- 50. H.4.3. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 1854- terion. Medium tempered, pink 1855, pi. 89, p. 218 ff. with bibl. Date: (7.5YR 8/4) fabric. H.6.0. "Corin 600-575 B.C. thian fabric", Cf. Agora XII, fig. 16, 8. High stand for a coarse ware cooker nos. 1859 and 1869, p. 219; periran- (eschara). Light red (2.5YR 7/6), theria from Corinth XV. Ill, no. 2166, gritty, hard fired fabric with many an pls.76 & 121. Date: A. 480-470 B.C. gular dark/buff inclusions and small (Agora).

291 13. Rim sherd of carinated cup. Fine red black "glaze" - traces seen on foot. dish yellow (7.5YR 7/8) fabric. Black D.4.2. H.2.3. Date: - "glaze" paint on surface appears rather 23. Lid with concave knob. Flat top with matt). D. 11. H.5.8. Date:- string marks. Soft, reddish yellow to 14. Section ofsmall hemispherical bowl. pink (7.5YR 8/6 to 5YR 8/4) sandy Fine, very pale brown (10YR 8/4) fabric. Fugitive (?) matt, brownish fabric. Black "glaze" paint in bad qual black "glazed" paint on outside. ity covering the inside. Black, hori D.l0.4. H.4.4 (F96-129). Date: 5th c. zontal line on outside, below rim (not B.C. seen on Fig. 26). D.l 1. H.3.9. Date: C. 24. See above. 15. Large bowl with everted rim. D.31. 25. Body sherd ofa Corinthian (?) sky H.12.0. Date:- phos (the section on the drawing pi. 2 16. Ring base ofopen shaped vessel, bowl is too steep). Fine, soft very pale (?) Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) brown (10YR 8/4) fabric. Smoothed fabric. Fine black "glaze" on in and- surface on outside. Dark brown paint, outside. D.12. H.3.2. Date: - worn down to reddish yellow (5YR 17. Ring base ofa skyphos. Fine, very 7/6). Decoration with pendant semi pale brown (10YR 8/4) fabric. Fine circles and horizontal, parallel lines. black "glazed" paint on in and out H.5.2. Date:- side. D.5.5. H. 1.5. Cf. Agora XII, no. 26. Rim to belly of large basin. Plain rim 588 (et al.). Date: probably last quarter on top. Coarse, light reddish brown of5thc.B.C. (2.5YR 6/4) fabric with angular in 18. Thin walled sherd with two pierced clusions (1-3 mm). Surface smoothed, holes. Medium tempered pink (5YR pinkish buff. D. (approx.) 38. H.7.7. 7/4) fabric. H.5.7. Date:- Cf. CorinthVII, 2, no. 277/281 (pis. 24. See above. 82, 110). Date: A. 27. Offset, triangular rim oflarge basin. F15/2/NE. STR 2 east ofthe foundation Mouldings on outside oflip. Gritty, wall ACC (continuation of F15/2/NW) is medium tempered, yellowish pink described as a hard packed, clayish layer fabric with yellowish red core. D. with many sherds. In contrast to STR 2a (above) 60. H.12.3. Date:- (above) there are almost no tiles. Date: 6th- early 5th c. B.C. Fig. 27:

19. Torus ring foot ofskyphos. Flaking F15/2/NW. Date: Early A to HL. black "glazed" paint on in and out side. Fine, pink (7.5YR 7/4) unevenly 1. Vertical, thin rim ofjar. Fine, pink fired fabric. D.6.8. H.1.9. Date: End (7.5YR 8/4) fabric with very small 6th to 5th c. B.C. dark impurities. Traces of thin slip, 20. Offset ring foot from a small bowl. reddish brown on outside. D.20. Thin, dull brown to black slip on in H.2.6. Date: A/C. 6th to 5th c. B.C. and outside. Soft fine, pink (7.5YR 2. Rim sherd ofskyphos. Very fine, soft, 8/4) fabric. D (approx.) 5. H.12.0. pale yellow (2.5YR 8/3) fabric. Date:A/C. Creamy, pale yellow, smoothed or 21. Ring base ofjar/bowl (?). Dull brown slipped surface on outside.Vertical paint on outside. Pink (7.5YR 8/4 to zig-zag decoration in pink (YR 7/4) 7/4) fabric. Inside smoothed. D.l3. below rim. Traces oflustrous black H.2.3.Date:A/C. paint on inside. D. (approx.) 15. H.2.5. 22. (the drawing is upside/down). Stem Local imitation ofCorinthian. Date: from a close shaped vessel, probably a 7th c. B.C. neck handled amphora (?). Fine, red 3. Rim sherd of hemispherical bowl dish yellow (5R 6/6) fabric. Covering with thickened, rolled rim. Fine, pink

292 u. * V

7° '1\

\y

\ vi (7.5YR 8/4-8/6) fabric, with small into this STR which was redeposited from soft inclusions. Brown slip on inside. higher up the hill - at an earlier date than Painted decoration in matt brown the pit ACA. Date: A/C to HL (mainly) - colour, horizontal bands on rim and early Byzantine. belly. Date: A (?) 4. Flat, everted rim of krater. Traces of 9. Rim sherd ofa lid. Fine, soft, pinkish circular, horizontal handle. Fine, soft, bufffabric. Brick red slip on in and reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fabric. outside. Horizontal bands painted on Parallel, radial lines on top ofrim. in and outside (incisions not seen on Black paint on inside and traces of drawing). D(approx.)16. H.1.2. Date: black paint on outside. D (approx.) A/C. 36. H.3.6. Cf. Berbati-Limnes, p. 191, 10. Rim of casserole. Cf. Corinth XVIII, fig. 11, no. 46 (Subgeometric). Date: I, no. 660 for rim. Date: Early 3rd c. 7th c. B.C. B.C. (?) 5. Shallow echinus bowl with thickened 11. Flat, thickened rim ofbowl. Soft, pink rim and groove below lip. Fine, soft, (5YR 8/3) fabric. Black "glazed" light red (2.5YR 7/8) fabric with few paint on in and outside. Horizontal inclusions. Hard, glossy black "glaze" groove on outside, below the rim. D. paint on in and outside. Cf. Agora (approx.) 25. H.3.0. Local waregroup. XII, no. 821. Date: Late 5th. to early Date: A/C. 4th c. B.C. 12. Flaring ring base ofa lekane (?). Por 6. Flat, everted, slightly inturned rim of ous and gritty, sandy, light red (2.5YR krater/lekane. Fine, soft, reddish yel 7/8) fabric. Flaky,brownish black low (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Black paint "glaze" on inside. D.9. H.4.0. Date: on inside and traces ofpaint on out 4thc.B.C.(?) side. Decoration with parallel, radial 13. Small trefoil Oinochoe. String marks lines on top ofthe rim. D. (approx.) below bottom. Pinkish buff, unevenly 25.H.2.8.Date:as no. 4. fired fabric. Dull, fugitive brownish 7. Flat, flaring rim from a hydria (?). black "glaze". D 4.0. H. 1.8. Cf. Co Fine, very pale brown (10YR 8/4) rinth VII,III, cat. no. 274-275 (274: fabric with a pale brown (10YR 6/3) 350 B.C/275: 3th c. B.C., first quar core. Traces of a dark slip on outside. ter) Date: 4th c. (second half)/3rd c. Traces ofblack paint on top ofthe lip (first quarter) B.C. and a black, horizontal band on the 14. Low, flaring ring base oflekane. Semi inside. Shallow, horizontal grooves on fine pink/reddish yellow (5YR 7/4 to outside below rim. D. (approx.) 16. 7/6) fabric with small dark and white Date: A. inclusions. Smoothed, pink (7.5YR 8. Bowl or smalljar. Horizontal groove 8/4) surface. Black "glaze" on inside on inside rim, and horizontal grooves and out. Date: HL/ 3rd c. B.C. on outside indicating the transition 15. Disc foot ofoinochoe. D.3.6. H.1.8. between the concave rim and the Cf.no. 13. globular body.Very fine, reddish yellow 16. Base ofa household jar. Medium tem (7.5YR 7/6) fabric.The outside sur pered, light red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric face and the inside of the rim is cov with predominantly white inclusions. ered with a rather matt, reddish brown D9.2.H.3.1.Date:- (5YR 4/3) paint. D (approx.) 15. 17. - H.7.5.Cf. for fabric, Fig. 9:7 (Gil/ 18. Small, vertical ring foot ofa bowl. 2/NW). Date: (4th.-) 3rd c. B.C. Groove at transition to belly. Semi fine, very pale brown (1OYR 8/3 to F15/2/SW STR 2 inside the Byzantine 8/4) sandy fabric. Dull brownish black fortification wall is a sandy soil with tiles "glaze" on inside. D.4.4. H.1.5. Date: and stones. The pit ACA (PI. 1) was cut HL(?)

294 19. Stem from a cup. Fine black "glazed" 1995,Tf. 18,9 (T9).TellerTyp I ("ar- paint, reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) fab chaischerTyp"). Date: Before 460 ric with light reddish brown (2.5YR B.C. (could be 6th c.B.C). 7/4) core. Horizontal grooves on out side ofbase. Stamped palmette pat Fig. 28: terns on bottom inside. D.4. H.2.3. Cf. Agora XII, no. 445. Date: Early F15/3/SW. See Fig. 27 for description. 5th c. B.C. (?) 20. Upper fragment ofan Elian Lekythos. 1. Rim sherd of postgeometric kotyle. Moulding where the conical neck Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fab joins the body. Stamped decoration ric.Very pale brown (10YR 8/4) bur on shoulders, vertical leaves and con nished slip on outside. Decoration in centric circles ("peacock feathers"). red paint, meanders and parallel, hori- Fine, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) sontal lines (F96-173). Cf. Corinth fabric. Thin black "glazed" paint on XV, III. For hatched meander see no. outside. D 0.9 (inside neck). H.3.1. 36 (LG).The more elaborated syntax Cf. Sinn 1978,Type I, grave lb: fig.l, and the inside indicates a date in no. 14 and pi. 24,2, no. 14. Grave IC: EPC. Date: 7th c. B.C. fig. 1, no.5 and pi. 24,3, no. 15. Date: 2. Small globular jar with everted thin Late 5th c.(-4th c.) B.C. rim. Fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) 21. - fabric. Black, lustrous paint on inside. 22. Rim sherd ofdish or plate (?) Un Pink matt slip on outside with reddish evenly fired, pink to light grey, porous brown paint. D.13. H.2.2 Date: 7th c. fabric. Black "glazed" paint on outside. B.C. D (approx.) 30. H.1.6. Date: A/C. 3. Small globular jar with thin, almost 23. Fragment ofa "Christian lamp" (?) vertical rim. Very fine, hard, pink Fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fab (7.5R 8/4) fabric.The surface is ric with a few very small grits. Mould smoothed on in and outside. Inside made decoration, palm tree, duck et. paint, red (10R 5/8) lustrous. Outside al. H.1.3. Date: 6th/7th c. A.D. paint, dusky red (2.5YR 3/4) lustrous. 24. Rim ofa large pithos.Very coarse fab D.10. H.3.3. Date: 7th c. B.C. (?) ric (inclusions 1-10 mm), dark to 4. Small globular jar with thin, almost black. Reddish brown wash on out vertical rim. Fine, hard, reddish yellow side and at top of the rim. D. (approx.) (5YR 7/6) fabric and smoothed sur 50.H.11.8.Date:- face. Dusky red (10YR 3/2), brown and black, rather matt paint. D.9. F15/3/SW STR 3 inside Byzantine wall H.2.8. Cf. Same waregroup as Fig. 25: (section 2990E). Clayish fill with smaller 1 (F15/ABV). Date: 7th c.B.C. stones and many sherds. Byzantine sherds 5. Rim sherd oflustrous painted (Myce were all found near the wall.This might naean) alabastron with running spiral indicate that a foundation trench was cut motif. Medium fine, reddish yellow through STR 3 even if no changes in the (5YR 7/8) fabric with quite a few fill were noted. Mixed stratum redeposited. white (limestone) inclusions. Matt, Date: Prehistoric (EH, MH and MYC), G, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) slip. A, C, HL and early Byzantine. Black/brown lustrous paint. Hand made. D.12. H.2.4. Date: LH I/IIA. 25. Feet offigurine. Fine, light red 6. Body sherd with part of circular, hori (2.5YR 7/6) fabric. Black "glazed". zontal handle ofa Corinthian kotyle. H.2.5. Date: A. Fine, soft, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) 26. Rim sherd ofblack "glazed" plate. fabric. Decoration in red (2.5YR 5/8) Fine, light red (2.5YR 7/6) fabric. D. paint. H.3.9. Cf. GGP, P1.21,e, p. 104 (approx.) 20. H.0.7. Cf. Schilbach (EPC: 720-690 B.C.) Date: 7th c.

295 Fig. 28. Selectedfindsfrom F15.

296 Fig. 29. Mattpainted jar no. 12. Sherd ofkantharos or cup with 16fromtheMHIII/EHI everted rim. Fine tempered, reddish layer F15/4/SW yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabnc.Thick, burnished slip in same colour. D.l2.0. H.3.4.Yellow Minyan. Date:Transi tional MHIII/LHI. 13. Closed shaped jar. Medium tempered, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) fabric with white inclusion and silver mica.Very pale yellow (more creamy than 2.5YR 8/2) slip on the outside.Very pale brown vertical bands (10YR 7/4), changing to red (when the colour is worn). H.3.7. Cf. Dietz 1980, fig. 46 and 47 (no. 35). Date: LH IA. B.C. 14. Large krater with outfalling, thick 7. Body sherd ofa cup with traces ofa ened rim, flat on top ofrim. Very hard handle. Fine, pink (5YR 8/4) fabric. fabric, gray core with white inclusions Red (2.5YR5/6) paint on inside with between reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). a red (2.5YR 6/8), horizontal line. Traces ofred (2.5YR 5/8) colour on Black/reddish brown lustrous paint on rim and inside.Traces ofhorizontal outside. D.9.0. H.2.8. Date: LH III bands in "lustrous", very pale brown (wheel-made). (10YR 8/3) paint. D. (approx.) 40. 8. Rim sherd ofEH T-rim bowl. Coarse, H.4.2. Polychrome Mainland (com red (10YR 5/8) fabric with white in pare Kirrha).Wheelmade. Date: LH I. clusions. Relief decoration below the 15. Large, open bowl or plate/basin. T-rim. D. (approx.) 30. H.4.2. Date: Coarse, medium tempered fabric with EH II. black core between light red (10R 9. Body sherd ofbowl. Fine, light red 6/8). Brown and black stone inclu (10YR 6/6) fabric. Pink (7.5YR 8/4) sions. D. (approx.) 50. H.2.9. Hand slip. Colours on outside: black (upper made. Date: - band) - white (central band) - yellow 16. Rim sherd ofmatt painted jar with ish red (5YR 4/6)(lower band).Yel thin, everted rim.Vertical strap handle. lowish red surface on in and outside. Medium tempered, reddish yellow H.3.9. Date: 7th c. B.C. (?) (5YR 6/8) fabric with white inclu 10. Body sherd ofa cup. Fine, hard, red sions and mica. Burnished, smoothed dish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. Black, surface. Traces ofmatt paint at strap lustrous paint on in and outside. handle and below rim (Fig. 29). D.15. H.2.8. Date: 7th c.B.C. H.6.5. Handmade. Date:Transitional 11. Rim sherd ofEH T-rim bowl. Coarse, MH III/LH I. red (10R 7/6) fabric with black and 17. Flat, disc shape base from bowl (?). white inclusions. D. (approx.) 30. Medium tempered fabric with light H.4.2 Date: EH II. reddish brown (5YR 6/4) core.Yellow (10YR 7/6) slip on outside. D.8. F15/4/SW Hard clayish soil. Clearly de H.3.0. Date:Transitional MHIII/ posited before the construction ofthe LHI. Byzantine wall and probably before Helle nistic times (section 2990E). Date: EH, F15/1/SE. Clayish, greyish brown surface MH, transitional MH/LH, Mycenaean, soil with humus (section 3000E). Several A/C (black"glazed"). small sherds. Date: C, HL, early Byzantine.

297 18. Rim and handle ofa chytra.The rim TX 3/1/ACH. Finds from the trial trench is bevelled on inside. The strap handle to the North of F15 near the foundation has a central ridge. Orange to red wallACH. (10R 5/6), gritty fabric with rather large, irregular white inclusions. Date: 25. Miniature cup. Complete section pre C/HL (?) served. D.2.5. H.l .5. (F96-177). 20. Part of neck, thickened rim and strap Date: - handle ofan amphora. Medium tem pered, pale pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric. Fig. 30: Smoothed surface. D. (approx.) 9. H.3.9.Date:HL (?) ABX-1/F25/2/NW.ABX-1 is a concen 21. Cylindrical base ofan amphora. Me tration of sherds in the NW section of F25 dium tempered, pale pink fabric. near foundation ABX. Dates: C. Probably Smoothed surface. D.3.0. H.4.4. Date: deposited in late 5th - early 4th c. B.C. (one Byzantine sherd is considered a late 26. Kantharos (?) with high swung strap intrusion). handles. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric with few white inclusions. 1. Part ofpedestal kylix with mouldings. Thin brown slip on the inside. Date: - Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/3) soft fabric. Black "glaze" paint preserved on in- F15/2/SE. Approximately as STR 1 but and outside. Thin brown slip seen on with inclusions ofwhite mortar from the outside. Decoration: Incised circle Byzantine wall construction (section with "eggs" and festoons inside floor. 3000E). Date: HL and early Byzantine. H. 3.5. Cf. 3rd Hell. Conf. 162, pis. 90 and 98, nos. 5-6 (450 to 1st half of 4th 19. Hemispherical skyphos/kantharos. c. B.C.). Schilbach 1995,"Klassische Thin, simple rim. Incised line below Fussschalen Typ II" (390-340 B.C. in rim. Fine, rather hard, reddish yellow Olympia). Date: Late 5th to 4th c. (1st (5YR 7/6) fabric. Dull, faded greenish half) B.C. black "glaze" on in and outside. 2. Neck and shoulder ofElian lekythos. Applied white dots on outside. West Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/3), soft fabric. slope tradition. Date: (4th)- 3rd c. B.C. Matt brown slip on outside (black 22. Plate with flaring rim, moulded on "glaze" ?). Incised decoration on top. Fine, pinkish buff hard fired fab shoulder with small concentric circles ric. Brownish black "glaze" on inside ("peacock leaves") and ribbed leaves. and on top ofrim. D (approx.) 40. H. 4.1. Cf. 3rd Hell. Conf., p. 165- H.2.0. Date: 2nd c.B.C. 166, pis. 95-96, nos. 35-43. Agora XII, 23. Small offset ring foot (cup or sky no. 1142 (425-400 B.C.). Sinn 1978, phos). Fine, soft grey fabric. Worn, 50-82. Date: Late 5th-early 4th c. B.C. dull, greenish to brownish Black "glaze" on inside, outside and under F25/1/NW Surface STR in F25, NW bottom. D.6.2. H.l .7. Date:- section. Date: C, HL. 24. Small vertical ring foot ofbowl/cup ("Ringfussschale"). Fine, soft grey fab 3. Rim sherd oflekane. Broad, flaring, ric. Fine, hard fired pink to grey fab everted rim with carination. Medium ric. Worn, dull red/black slip inside. tempered, gritty fabric with a light Thin black line at base. D.3.2. H.1.0. red (2.5YR 7/6) core. Small white Date: HL (?) and dark inclusions. Reddish yellow 27. Flat ring base ofbowl (?).Semi fine, (5YR 7/8) surface. D (approx.) 37. pinkish bufffabric. Surface lighter. H.3.8 Date: HL Traces ofblack "glaze" on inside. 4. Rim to belly ofstraight sided cup D.10.4. H.2.2.Date:- with simple, everted rim. Fine, pink

298 14 17 18 16

15

19 20 21

23 ¥ 24 22

26

25 f==H 30 32

cm r;--%> 31 29

Fig. 30. Selectedfinds from F25.

199 (7.5YR 8/4) fabric. Matt dark red slip Fine pink (7.5YR 8/4) on outside, on outside, lighter red on inside. reddish yellow on inside. Black D.6.9. H.4.2. Date: HL "glazed" paint. D14. H.0.9. Date: - 12. Ring foot of household bowl. Semi F25/2/NW The excavated material from fine fabric with light reddish brown the NW corner of F25 derives from the (5YR 6/3) core. Surface smoothed, STR (2) in which the structure ABX was pale gree- nish buff. Black "glazed" found (section 2990E (3890-3900)).The paint on inside with two concentric layer contains plenty of tiles and sherds. incised circles in the bottom. D.5.2. Date: C (5th and 4th c. B.C.), HL, early H.1.9. Date: - Byzantine. 13. Pedestal foot ofcup (?). Conical reces sion under base. Fine, very pale brown 5. Flaring rim, flat top with shallow (10YR 8/4) fabric. D.3.8. H.l.8. groove ofa plate/bowl (?) Rather Date: - fine, gritty fabric with small white in clusions and reddish yellow (5YR F25/l(2)/NE.The level was reported as 7/8) core. Surface, sandy, reddish yel STR 2 but corresponds to STR 1 in low (7.5YR 8/6).Traces ofbrownish F25/NW The level rests directly on bed red slip on outside. D (approx.) 20. rock. Remains were preserved in grooves H. 1.2. Cf. 3rd Hell. Conf, no. 11708, in the rock. Date: HL and early Byzantine. pp. 50-51 and pi. 19, g. Date: 3rd c. B.C. (3rd to 4th quarter). 14. Knob from a cooking pot lid (?) Me 6. Small hemispherical bowl. Fine fabric. dium tempered, rather soft, reddish Inner surface, reddish yellow (7.5YR yellow (5YR 7/6) to light red 8/6), outer surface more yellow (2.5YR 6/6) fabric. D.3.2. H.l .0. (10YR 8/6). Matt, brownish black "- Date: - glaze" on in and outside. D.8.6. H.2.4. 15. Simple ring foot ofbowl. Fine, soft Date : C (?) fabric with a few small white inclu 7. Straight sided, hemispherical small sions. Traces ofa thin, reddish brown bowl. Fine, soft pinkish white (2.5YR slip on outside. Finely incised spiral 8/2) fabric. Matt, thin, dark brown inside bottom. D.4.2. H.l.4 (F96-17, slip on outside. Date: C (?) 2). Date:- 8. Completely preserved loom-weight with incised figures and symbols on F25/l/SW.The surface layer is seen in sec all four sides and below bottom. tion 2990E. Date: Prehistoric, C, HL and Semi-fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4), sandy early Byzantine. fabric with small inclusions. H.5.5 (F96-56). Date: C/HL 16. Rather tall ring foot, slightly bevelled, 9. Rim and belly ofstraight sided cup. from bowl. Fine, pinkish bufffabric. Slightly convex profile. Fine, soft, pink Flaking black "glazed" paint on out (7.5YR 8/4) fabric with small grits. side. D. (approx.) 9. H.3.4. Date: foot Traces ofbrownish, red slip on in- type: 2nd to 1st c. B.C. and outside. D.l 1. H.4.3. Date: HL 17. Flaring ring foot ofkotyle/skyphos. 10. Fragment ofa low, slightly flaring ring Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/6) fabric. Glossy foot ofhemispherical bowl. Fine, pale black "glaze" on in- and outside. D. buff (10YR 8/4) gritty fabric with (approx.) 7. H.l.5 (F96-13,4). Date:- small black inclusions. Dull, brownish 18. Flaring ring foot ofkotyle/skyphos. black "glaze" on in-and outside and Fine pink (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Worn, below bottom. D.5. H.3.6. Date: HL thin brown slip on outside. D.7.4. 11. Fragment ofa lid with tapering pro H.3.7. Date:- file and inturned rim. Pink (2.5YR 19. Rim ofconvex lid. Fine, reddish yel 8/4) to light red (2.5YR 7/8) fabric. low (5YR 7/6) fabric.Worn black "-

300 glaze" on in-and outside. Horizontal (F96-35). Cf. CorinthVII; III, no. 698 grooves. D.l5.0. H.l.4. Date: - (250 B.C.). Date: 3rd c.B.C. 20. Low, flaring ring base ofa "Corin 30. Vessel with carinated section ("Mush thian" kotyle/skyphos. Fine, pale room jug" (?)).Reddish yellow (5YR pinkish buff fabric.Worn brownish 7/8) soft, porous fabric. Glossy slip on black "glaze" on in and out(?) side. outside, yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Reserved band on foot. (F96-13,2). to black. D(approx.)15. H.l.6 (F96- Date: A/C 78.1). Cf. Agora XII, Nos. 162 cont. 21. Concave base and part ofbelly ofjar. Date: Last quarter of 5th c. B.C. Reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fabric 31. Stem with recessed torus base from with more red, reddish yellow (5YR cup. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) 7/8) core. D.6.8. H.2.7. Date:- fabric. Surface, worn reddish yellow 22. Female mould made head/face from a (7.5YR 8/6). Fine glossy black vertical strap handle. Small jug ? Red "glaze". D.4.8.H.2.5 (F96-72). Date: dish buff (7.5YR -) soft, slightly por 5th to 4th c. B.C. ous fabric.Thin, glossy black "glaze". 32. Low stem with moulded torus base. H.3.5 (F96-3). Date: 3rd to 2nd c. Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4) fabric with B.C. few small grits. Brownish black 23. Thin walled lid with inturned rim. "glaze" on in-and outside. D.4.4 Fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fab (F96-70). Date: 5th to 4th cent. B.C. ric. Worn, matt flaking black "glaze" on in and outside. D (approx.) 11. Fig. 31: H.0.7. (F96-13,5).Date:- 24. Fragment ofplate with incurved, F25/2/SW (See Fig. 30) thickened lip and ring foot. Pinkish buff to grey fabric. Brownish black "- 1. Cup (?) with thin, convex profile and glaze" on in and outside. D (approx.) groove below the rim.Yellowish pink 20. H.2.5 (F96-13.1). Cf. Schilbach (5YR -) soft fabric with very few vis 1995.Tf. 21,1 (T32). "TellerTyp III, ible inclusions. Black "glaze" on in var. A ("Klassischer typ"). Date: 440 and outside. D (approx.) 15. H.5.7. B.C.toHL. Date: HL 2. Plain ring foot, convex profile for F25/2/SWThe same layer as in F25/2/NW bowl/lekane. Medium tempered, pink with many tiles and sherds (Fig. 15, 21 and (7.5YR 8/4) gritty/sandy fabric with section 2990E).The structure ABX con small inclusions (mica). Matt, flaking tinues in the SW part ofthe trench and is greenish black "glaze" on inside. Date: embedded in STR 2 (as in the NW cor Late C/HL. ner). Date: C, HL, early Byzantine. 3. Small, everted ring foot for skyphos. Fine gritty, pale bufffabric. Brownish 25. Lid with biconical knob. Light reddish black "glaze" on in and outside. D.6.0. brown (2.5YR 6/4) fabric with white H.2.3.Date:A/C and dark inclusions. H.2.2. Date: - 4. Small, convex ring base for a small 26. (F25/2:ll). Cf. 3rd Hell. Conf. pi. bowl (?). Pink (5YR 8/4) hard fired, 19,g(no. 11.708). Date: 3rd c. sandy porous fabric. Reddish brown B.C./(more likely) first quarter of2nd slip on inside. D.4.4. H.2.8. Date: - c.B.C. 5. Inwards, thickened rim, rounded pro 28. Small cylindrical knob of lid. Cook file with mouldings from a lekythos. ing ware with yellowish red (5YR Pale, pinkish buff, sandy fabric. Rim 5/6) fabric and small white inclusions. painted with matt black "glaze". H.1.8. Date: - D7.8.Date:- 29. Flat knob for lid (?).Traces of reddish 6. Ring foot ofa plate. Semi fine grey brown slip on outside. D.1.9. H. 1.7 fabric.Thin, dull Black "glaze".

301 ] *

7

P- tr^

T 11 10

s 13

A 14 15 16 17

18 I 19

20 21

22

23

Fig. 31. Selectedfindsfrom F25.

302 Stamped palmette pattern on inside 16. Flaring, pedestal base ofa cup. Porous, bottom. D.5.0. H.l.6. Date: - gritty fabric, yellowish red with yel 7. Ring foot ofa bowl. D.5.0. H.l.9. lowish, grey core. D.6. H.2.8 (F96-4). Date: - Date:LH III. 8. Thin rim and handle with ovoid sec 17. Vertical, triangular rim and almost tion ofa cup. H.3.9. Date: - horizontal shoulder ofa Chytra (?). 9. Vertical strap handle from a cup. Fine, Fine, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) soft reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) soft fabric. fabric with grey core and a few small Worn, reddish brown to black slip on dark and mica inclusions. D. (approx.) outside. H.l.6. Date: A/C. 28. H.2.5. Date: Byzantine (?) 10. Attached "snake handle" of Hellenistic 18. Simple, straight rim ofskyphos/kan- cooking ware body sherd. Date: HL tharos (?).Reddish yellow (7.5YR 11. Bird fibula. Bronze. H.2.3. L.5.3. 7/6) soft, slightly porous fabric. Date: Byzantine. Brownish black "glaze" on in and out 12. Thickened rim, neck and almond side. Incised line below the rim. D.9. shaped, vertical handle of an amphora. H.4.3. Date: 2nd c.B.C. Medium fine, reddish yellow fabric with small dark grits and mica. D.10. F25/1. Surface layer in trench F25. H.8.2. Date: Late Roman (?)/Byzan tine (?). 19. Everted, flat rim ofa plate. Fine, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) soft fabric. F25/1/SE. STR 1 in the Southeastern part Greyish brown, thin slip on outside. oftrench F25 was a surface layer placed in D.19. H.2.1. Date: HL. grooves in the bedrock. Dates: Prehistoric, 20. Lid. Myc,A, C, HL and early Byzantine. 21. Small echinus bowl. Fine yellow (10YR 7/6) soft, slightly gritty fabric. 13. Elian lekythos with narrow neck, ver Matt brown slip on in and outside. D. tical handle and oval section. Pale, 9.6. H. 2.3. Cf. Corinth XVIII, I, no. pinkish buff (partly grey),soft, com 88 (early 4th c. B.C.). CorinthVII, III, pact fabric. Brown, glossy worn black no. 55 (4th c. B.C. last quarter). Date: "glaze" on outside.Vertical ribbing by 4th c.B.C. incised grooves on outside. H.2.4. Cf. 22. Low, flaring, pedestal base ofa cup. 3rd Hell. Conf., pp. 188-90, pis. 130- Fine, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) to 32 and pi. 139 (from Patras).3rd Hell. gray,soft fabric. Flaking brownish Conf, p. 49f. no. 1, fig. 15, pi. 10a black "glaze" on inside. D.4.2. H.2.2. (fabric: 5YR 7/4). For decoration cf. Date: - Sinn 1978, p. 61, Gruppe IC, p. 71, fig. 23. Flat base with deep, concentric 7, no. 19, p. 60, fig. 1, no. 15. Sinn grooves below bottom ofa mortar. Grp. IC. Date: Late 5th (-4th) c. B.C. Coarse, pink (7.5YR 8/4) hard fired 14. Ring foot offish-plate with part of fabric with black inclusions. Outside central depression offloor preserved. smooted, inside, tempered with black Very soft,pinkish buff fabric with gravel. D. (approx.) 16. H.5.3. Date: - small white inclusions and mica. Brownish "black "glaze"" on outside F25/2. and below foot. D.8.6. H.l.7. Date: 4th to 3rd c. B.C. 24. Rather deep, small bowl with in- 15. Offset ring foot with trapezoid sec turned rim. Fine, very pale brown tion ofcup. Fine, pale, pink to buff, (10YR 8/4) soft fabric. Traces ofthin soft fabric. Brownish, black, glossy slip brown slip on outside. D.10. H.2.8. on in and outside and below bottom. Date: late C/HL Reserved zone above foot. D.9. H.2.4. 25. Inturned rim ofthin walled echinus Date: A bowl. Fine, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6)

303 soft, slightly gritty fabric with white S9/2/NWThe kylix stem was included in inclusions. Dull, brownish black the concentration ACB (see above). "glaze" in and out. D. (approx.) 6. H.l.8. Date: Late C/HL 13. Base and part ofstem ofMycenaean kylix. Medium tempered, pink (5YR Fig. 32: 7/4) sandy fabric with small dark and white inclusions. D.5.4 H.3.2 (F96- S9/ACB.ACB is a concentration of tiles 73). Date: LH III. and sherds in the NW corner of trench S9 (NW) also included in trench Txl, STR 1 S9/1. Sandy, greyish-brown surface layer in (Fig. 15 and section 3830N (3080-3090) trench S9.Date: HL and early Byzantine. between 3080E and 3084E). Date: A(?), C and HL. 9. Slightly everted rim, hollowed on in side ofa jar/chytra. Coarse, light red 1. Thin, everted rim ofbowl. Horizontal (2.5YR 7/8) porous fabric with grooves on inside near rim. D.23. white, gray and black inclusions. H.3.7. Date: HL (?) D.l 1.8. H.4.1. Date: - 2. Flaring rim with split lip (grooved) of 10. Triangular rim of pithos. Coarse, pale a hydria (?) Medium tempered, pale buff, porous fabric with large dark, pinkish buff fabric with very small angular inclusions (fabric as tiles). D. white inclusions and red grits.Thin, (approx.) 40. H.5.5. Date: HL (?) dull brownish black "glazed" paint on 11. Everted, horizontal rim with groove outside and at rim. D.20. H.4.2. Cf. ("concave collar"). Medium tem Agora XII no. 1586 (425-400 B.C.) pered, light red (2.5YR 7/6) fabric Date: C with small white and red inclusions. 3. Thin rim and part ofa vertical handle Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), gritty ofa cup. Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4) soft surface. H.3.6. Cf. Knossos UM fabric.Worn black "glaze" on outside. H16.19 (200-175 B.C.)(as Jonas Eir- D (approx.) 10. H.l.9. Date: Late C (?) ing informs us). Date: Post 200 B.C. 4. Ring base ofa bowl. Gritty, pinkish 12. Pedestal base ofglass goblet (?) Yel red slip on inside. D.5.6. H.l.9. Date: - lowish green. D.4.8. H.2.3. Date: 5th 5. Part ofrim and belly ofa casserole to 6th c.A.D. with horizontal, circular handle. D. (approx.) 33. H.3.7 (F96-93). Date: HL S9/1/NE. Surface layer S9. Dates: C, HL. 6. Small, flaring ring foot, thin floor. Semi fine, pink (5YR 8/4) soft fabric 14. Low ring base with horizontal, con with small white grits. Matt black centric grooves on outside ofphiale. "glaze" on inside. D.5. H.2.7. Date: D.4. H.l.4. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 520- HL (not late). 21. Date: A/C. 7. Fragment af a cyma with moulded frieze of egg and dart. Coarse, white (S9/1/NW see Fig.29). (10YR 8/1) fabric with small red and larger black, angular inclusions.The Txl/l.Txl is a 2 m. wide trial trench surface is pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2). (south of3830N) in trench S10 from H.6.8. Date: A/C. 3090E to the Byzantine wall (Fig. 15 and 8. Short stem, low base of an unguentar- section 3830N). STR 1 is the surface STR ium (or amphoriskos). Bright, light in the trench.Date:A(?), C, HL and early red (approx. 2.5YR 7/8) fine or semi Byzantine. fine fabric. Flaking,reddish brown black "glaze" on outside. H.5.2 (F96- 15. Thickened rim ofplate. Pierced hole 113). Cf. 3rd Hell. Conf, pi. 147, b through the wall partly preserved. Date: 3rd to 2nd cent. B.C. Fine, soft, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6)

304 Fig. 32. Selected finds from Txl and S9.

305 fabric. Covering black "glazed" paint. a few terracotta inclusions. Dark D. (approx) 20. H.l.0 Date: Late brown "glazed" paint on circular han C/HL. dle, on rim and band inside. D. (ap 16. Inturned, slightly thickened rim ofa prox.) 22. H.2.6. Date: - glass beaker. Pale, yellowish green glass 24. Flaring base and floor of bowl. Black with few impurities (F96-101). Date: "glaze" with painted decoration on 5th to 6th c.A.D inside. D.10. H.5.4 (F96-170). Date: - 18. Centre of a lid with mushroom knob, 25. Cup with splaying lip and ring foot. pierced through the wall. Medium D (base) 6.0. Date:- tempered, pale yellow (5Y 8/3) gritty fabric with large voids. H.2.8 (F96- Fig. 34: 81). Date: A/C. Txl/4 (A).The lowest level in trench Txl Txl/2. (see also Fig. 15).Yellow clayish —STR 4 was packed with big stones in a layer (section 3830N). Rich in sherds. blackish earth (section 3830N). Dates: LH, Date: A, C, HL. A.

17. Vertical rim of a dish/plate. Fine, soft, 1. Part ofrim and concave collar ofan reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.Very amphora. Fine, rather soft, reddish yel pale brown (10YR 8/4) slip on out low (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. Clear wheel side. Matt red (10R 5/8) paint on in traces on inside. Reddish brown (ap and outside. D (approx.) 20. H.2.0. prox. 5YR 4/4) matt paint on outside Date: Late Roman/Byzantine (?) with white, horizontal band. D.ll. 19. Flaring rim and ring foot ofa plate H.9.3. Date: Early A (?). (profile preserved). Fine, hard, reddish 2. Body sherds ofa bowl (?) Fine, hard, yellow (5.5YR 7/8) fabric. Dull reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric. brown paint on surface. Bands in pale Black "glazed" paint on inside and yellow (2.5Y 8/4) paint on inside. D lower zone ofoutside. Upper bands 25. H.3.1. Cf.West Slope tradition. painted in reddish yellow (lighter than Date: HL. 7.5YR 7/6)(broad bands) and reddish 20. Thin, slightly outturned rim and part yellow (7.5YR 6/6). H.3.5. Date: A. of belly of a cup or bowl with cari- 3. Rim sherd ofa cup. Fine, reddish yel nated section. Fine, hard, reddish yel low (7.5YR 7/6) fabric with mica. low (5YR 7/6) fabric. Red (2.5YR Red (10R 5/6) matt paint covering 6/6) paint (slightly lustrous) on out the inside, black (lustrous) paint on side. Reddish brown paint on inside. outside decoration. D.9. H.2.1. Date: D.l0. H.5.4 Date:- Early A (?) 21. "Glazed" nozzle oflamp. Fine, reddish 4. Base ofkotyle.Very fine, soft, pale yel yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric. Dark low (2.5Y 8/3) fabric. Pale yellow brown, rather matt "glazed" paint on (creamy) slip on outside and below outside (except below nozzle), black bottom. Outside paint, shining/lus "glaze" paint on inside (very open trous dark, reddish brown (5YR 3/4). shape lamp). D. (approx.) 6. H.2.6. Traces of covering paint on inside. Date: Late C/HL. Concentric rays under bottom. D.5.5. 22. Small, flaring ring foot ofa plate. H.l .7. Cf. Corinth VII, I, 176 and 179 Fine, light red (2.5YR 7/8) fabric. (PC). Date: Early A. Covering black "glazed" paint on in and outside. Traces ofpalmette pattern Txl/1 (A). Eastern part oftrench Txl. See on floor. Date: Attic 4th c. B.C. also Fig. 15. 23. Rim and handle of a bowl with hori zontal, circular handle at rim. Fine, 5. Rim sherd (with double grooves) ofa reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric with plate/dish (?). Fine, very pale brown

306 Fig. 33. Findsfrom sions. Hatched band on lower body Gil/2/NW. Fig. 34, (very faint). D. (min.) 6.5. Date: Early nos. 13 and 14. A.

F19/la/SW.Trench F19 is situated west of F15.The subtrench /SW was excavated outside (W) the Byzantine wall. STR la is the surface stratum, greyish-brown soil with mortar inclusions, towards the Byzan tine wall. Dates: C and HL.

9. Flaring thin rim ofa plate. D.22. H.1.0. Date: 3rd to 2nd c. B.C. 10. Moulded, pedestal base ofa cup/kan- tharos (?) D.4.1. H.2.0. Cf.Thompson, Hesp. 3, 1934, 337-338, no. B17. Re- dated by Rotzoff to mid 3rd c. B.C. Thomson and Rotzoff, Hell. Pottery & Terracottas, Princeton 1987, p. 6. CorinthVII, 3, p. 79, no. 404, pis. 15 and 52 (275 B.C.) Date: 3rd c. B.C.

F19/2a/SW Stratum 2 in trench F19 is sit uated just above bedrock. Date: C and HL. (OYR 8/3) fabric. Covering black "glazed" paint. D (approx.) 12. H.1.0. 11. Cf.Schilbach 1995,Tf. 29, 1,2,3 Date: Late C/HL. (Til6- 118)."TellerTyp II ("klassi- 6. Ring base and floor ofa plate. Fine, sche Typ") ("fruhhellenistische reddish yellow (2.5YR 6/8) fabric. Form")," aus der letzten beiden Traces ofblack "glazed" paint. Pal Jahrzehnten des 4.Jahrhunderts ....". mette decoration on floor. D.9.6. Date: 4th c. B.C. last quarter. H.2.2. Cf.The ring foot points to wards 3rd c. B.C. (BSA suppl. 21, pp. F19/3a/NW. A thick clayish, greenish- 101-102, pi. 81, no H12.21: Attic, late brown layer on the bedrock was separated 4th to early 3rd c.) Date: Late C/H. from STR 2a in F19/NW Many tiles, sherds and pieces ofbronze were found in Tx2/3 (A).The trial trenchTx2 is situated the layer. Date: C (?) and HL. in section T, on the terrace below and east ofthe Byzantine wall.The upper part of 12. Two pieces ofbronze. One, a triangu the area was excavated previously. STR 3 lar arrow head. Hollow filled with was placed below the upper parts offoun lead.The other is a sheet ofbronze. dation ABL - in the eastern part ofthe Arrow head: L. 1.15 X 0.71. Piece of trench —resting on bedrock. Dates: A and sheet:1.2 X 0.9 (F96-158). Date: - LH. G11/2/NWTrench Gl 1/NW was exca 7. Thin walled skyphos/kotyle with vated to the north offoundation wall horizontal handle preserved. Pale, ACD until the line 3920N (Fig. 15). STR pinkish buff, porous fabric. Traces of 2 is seen in section 3000E.The soil is hard brown slip on in and outside. Date: packed yellowish clay with sherds. Dates: Early A. 7th c.B.C. G, A, C and HL. (see also Fig. 23). 8. Body sherd ofa skyphos/kotyle. Pale bufffabric with yellowish pink inclu- 13. Almost vertical, offset rim and part of

307 upper belly of a skyphos. Fine, pale 21. Everted ring base. Groove at transition yellow (5Y 8/2) fabric. Reddish between base and belly. Fine, pink brown slip on inside. Four horizontal (7.5YR 8/4) soft fabric with very bands on outside of rim.Vertical small inclusions.Thin red paint below stripes and metope decoration on foot. On in and outside fine glossy upper belly. D.15. H.2.8. Cf. Corinth brownish black "glaze". Lower part of VII, 1, nos. 157-158, fig. 18, pi. 22 and foot reserved. D.9.6. H.3.5. Date: A. Corinth XV, 3, pi. 60, nos. 1447-1448. 22. Everted ring base and part of belly of Date: 7th c. B.C. (the vertical rim a bowl. Fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4) soft might indicate a date in LG). fabric. Worn (brick) red (2.5YR 5/8) 14. Everted rim, part ofbelly and part of slip changing to black. D.11.2. H.3.6. a horizontal handle with circular sec Date: A (?) tion ofa skyphos. Fine, pink (5YR 7/4) fabric. Warn reddish yellow Fig. 35: (7.5YR 8/6) surface. Brownish black slip on outside. Reserved band on in Txl/2 (A). (See also Fig. 32). Eastern part and outside. Panel at handle zone. ofTxl/2 towards the Byzantine wall. D.12. H.3.5. Cf. GGP, PI. 9d. Date: LG Layer with many sherds. Date: Prehistoric la (mid 8th c. B.C.) (EH),LH,G,A,CandHL. 15. Everted, flat rim, steep shoulder zone and part ofbelly ofa krater. Fine, pink 1. Rim sherd ofa large storage vessel. (5YR 7/4) fabric. Matt, dull, brown Coarse, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) ish black slip/painted stripes on out fabric with a few traces ofsilver mica. side. Pale pink stripes on outside be The rim is flat on top. Horizontal low rim. D 15.4. H.4.1. Date:- wavy line in relief on upper part of 16. Everted, thickened, flat rim ofa belly. D (approx.) 50. H.l0.2 (F96- krater. Semi fine, pink (7.5YR 8/3) 153). Date: - fabric with a few impurities.Very pale 2. Thin rim of a cup.Very fine, soft, very brown (10YR 8/4) surface. Brownish pale brown (10YR 8/4) fabric. Pale black paint. On outside: row ofdots yellow (creamy) burnished slip on below horizontal band on lip. Inside: outside, slightly more reddish on in broad band below rim. D.29.6. H.4.5. side. Light red (approx. 2.5YR 7/8) Date: - paint only partly preserved. D.8. H.l .8 17. Body sherd of a closed vessel. Semi (F96-196). Corinthian (PC ?). Date: fine, pink (7.5YR 8/4) gritty fabric 7th c. B.C. with white inclusions and voids.Worn 3. Slightly splaying base ofa sky brown painted decoration with dog phos/kotyle. Fine, hard, pale yellow tooth pattern. H.2.5. Date: Local (5Y 8/2) fabric.Very pale brown Geometric (?) (10YR 8/4) matt slip on outside - 18. Body fragment ofa bowl (?) Fine, with decoration in dark, lustrous pink (5YR 7/4) fabric with dark red paint. Same on inside and below bot inclusions. Brown slip on inside. Thin tom. D.6.2. H.3.2. Corinthian ?. Date: brown paint on outside with horizon 7th c.B.C. tal bands and dots between bands pat 4. Body sherd ofa cup.Very fine, soft, tern. H.5.5. Date: Geometric (?) pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3) fabric. Pale 19. Square, thickend rim ofhouse hold yellow (2.5Y 8/3) burnished slip on basin. Coarse, pink (7.5YR 8/4) hard outside. Black "glazed" paint for deco fired, sandy fabric with large inclu ration on outside and for cover on in sions. D. (above) 55. H.5.5. Date: - side. Cf. Corinth VII, 2. PI. 17 and 36, 20. Ring base and part ofbelly ofa black no. 187. Middle Corinthian. Date: 7th "glazed" bowl. D.12.5. H.4.3 (F96- c.B.C. 204). Date: A/C (?)

308 o

U

u. t- Fig. 35. Selectedfinds from Txl, S9 and Gil.

S9/1/NW Sandy, greyish-brown surface Horizontal grooves on inside neck. soil in trench S9. Date: C and HL (?). Medium tempered, yellowish red, soft porous fabric. D.9.2. H.20.0. Date: - 5. Rim, neck and handle ofan amphora. 6. Tall, plain vertical ring foot. Bevelled

310 body, flat floor with irregularly 7. Outfalhng, thin rim ofa krater.Very pierced holes. Floor coated with oxid fine, hard, reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) ised lead. Remains of oxidiced iron in fabric. Pale yellow (2.5YR 8/4) the holes. Coarse, pink to light red paint/decoration on in and outside (5YR 8/4-2.5YR 7/6) fabric with and on top ofrim. D. (approx.) 30. small to very large black/grey inclu H.7.0 (F96-194). Cf.West Slope tradi sions. D (approx.) 25. H.l2,4. Cf. tion. Date: HL. Agora VII, PI. 88, no. 1850. Date: - 8. Ring base ofhemispherical cup. D.6. H.5.3. Date:- G11/2/NW 9. Rim sherd and handle of a hemi spherical kylix (?) D.l 1. H.6.6. Date: -

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313 Wace,A.J. B. & Stubbings, F. H. 1962 Wheler, G. 1682 Woodhouse,WJ. (1897) 1973 A Companion to Homer. London. A Journey into Greece, In Company ofDr. Aetolia. Its Geography,Topography and An Spon of Lyons. London. tiquities. NewYork. Walbank, EW 1957 A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Willcock, M.M. 1976 Wordsworth, C. 1882 Oxford. A Companion to the Iliad. Based on the Greece. Pictorial, Descriptive & Historical. Translation by Richmond Lattimore. Chi A new edition revised, with notices of re Walbank, EW. 1972 cago —London. cent discoveries by H.F.Tozer. London. Polybius. Berkeley - Los Angeles —London. Williams, H.W 1820 ZachosK. 1987 Weil, R. 1903 Travels in Italy, Greece, and the Ionian Is Ayios Dhimitrios:A prehistoric settlement . Ein Beitrag zur Nordgriechi- lands. In a Series ofLetters Descriptive of in the Southwestern Peloponnessos.The schen Reise des Cyriacus von Ancona Manners, Scenery, and the Fine Arts. Eding- Neolithic and Early Helladic periods. Ann (1436). In: Beitrage zur Biicherkunde und burgh Arbor (diss Boston University). Philologie August Wilmanns zum 25. Miirz 1903 gewidmet. Leipzig. 341-354. Vin,J. PA. van der 1980 Zerner C. 1978 Travellers to Greece and Constantinople. The beginning ofthe Middle Helladic pe Wells B. & Runnels C. (eds.) 1996 Ancient Monuments and Old Traditions in riod at Lerna. Ann Arbor (diss). The Berbati-Limnes Archaeological Survey Medieval Travellers'Tales. Istanbul. 1988-1990. Sthlm.

314 Bibliographical Abbreviations:

Agora IV: Howland,R.H. Greek Lamps and Their Survivals. Princeton 1958. Agora XII: Sparkes, B.A. & L.Talcott Black and Plain Pottery ofthe 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. Princeton 1970 Agora XXIX: Rotroff, S. Hellenistic Pottery. Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material. Princeton 1997 Barbouna 4: Haggl.&FosseyJ.M. 1980 The Hellenistic Nekropolis and Later Structures on the Middle Slopes, 197-77. Uppsala (Acta Univ. Upsaliensis. BOREAS). Corinth VII, I: Weinberg S.S. 1943 The Geometric and Orientalizing Pottery. Cambridge Mass. Corinth VII, III: Roger Edwards G 1975 Corinthian Hellenistic Pottery. Princeton. Corinth XV, III: Newhall Stillwell A. and Benson J.L. 1984 The Potters' Quarter.The Pottery. Princeton, New Jersey. Corinth XVIII, I: Pemberton Elizabeth G 1989 The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore.The Greek Pottery. Princeton, New Jersey. Eust. Paraprh. Eustathii Commentarii ad Dionysium periegetam, ed. C. Miiller, GGM II, 201- 407. Paris 1861 Nik. Blemm., Geogr. Nikiphorou tou Blemmidou geographia synoptiki, ed. C. Miiller, GGM II 458- 468. OF XXIII Schilbach.J., Elische Keramik des 5. und 4.Jahrhunderts, Berlin 1995 TirynsV Tiryns. Forschungen und Berichte. BandV. Gercke P. - Fiesel G, Grabungen in der Unterstadt von Tiryns von 1889 bis 1929. Mainz 1971. 3rd Hell. Conf. V EmorifioviKT] auvavrr/on y\a xr\v eXXr\viaxiKt] KepafiiKt], XpovoXoyn/xeva ovvoXcx-epyaoxtjpia, [24-27 Eenxepfipiov 1991 OeooaXoviKr)], AOrjvai 1994. 4th Hell. Conf. A' EmcrriiuoviKTJ ovvdviricjri yia xyv eXXnvioxiKrj Kepa/uiKri' XpovoXoynfieva avvoXa-epyaoxrjpia, [MvxiXrjvn, MapxioC, 1994], AOtjva 1997.

General Abbreviations:

A Archaic B Byzantine C Classical PC Protocorinthian COR Corinthian EA Early Archaic EH Early Helladic G Geometric HL Hellenistic MH Middle Helladic LH Late Helladic

D. Diameter H. Height L. Length Th. Thickness W Width TR Trench STR Stratum

315 9i£

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