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9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203

Index

Acanthus, 130 , 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 /Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, , 51 160, 177 (king of ), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of by, 177; and, Agesilaus (), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture , 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; and, Aegimius, 22 84; in , 141; in Thessaly, (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by , 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as , , battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians, 53 99–102; Sphodrias affair and, 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 204

204 INDEX

Agesilaus II (cont’d) of, 88; in early Iron Age, 30; 100–1, 141; thrombophlebitis of, Lemnian and Imbrian settlers 141; victory of, at Coronea, 136 at, 32; as obe of Sparta, 9, 31; Agesipolis (king of Sparta), 86, 139 Spartan conquest of, 31; see also Agesipolis III (king of Sparta), 177 obe(s) Agesistrata, 167 Amyclaeum, 25, 26, 31, 35, 172, Agiads, 29, 93, 95 177 Agiatis, 169 Analipsi, 90 Agios Stephanos, 25 Anatolius (proconsul), 193 Agis I (king of Sparta), 79–80, 88, 93 Anaxandridas II (king of Sparta), 50, Agis II (king of Sparta), 113, 125, 54–5, 104 131; and, 124; at battle Andros, 65 of Mantinea (418 B.C.E.), 123, , 108 149; and, 97, 114, 123; Antigonus Doson (king of Macedon), Lysander and, 125, 127, 129, 131; 175, 176 king and, 129, 131; Antinous, 190 Sphacteria crisis and, 120 IV (king of Commagene), Agis III (king of Sparta), 161 188 Agis IV (king of Sparta), 17, 104, Antiochus of Syracuse, 35, 36, 79, 110, 165–7, 174 80 Agôgê: see citizen training Antipater (Macedonian regent), 161 agriculture, 7, 42, 161 Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius), Agrigentum, 161 183, 184 Alaric, 193 Apellai, 46, 47, 48; see also Alcamenes (king of Sparta), 32 Assembly Alcibiades, 108, 113, 124, 125, 126, Apia, 178 128 : Amyclaeus, 25; Assembly Alcidamus, 170 and, 48; Carneus (at Taras), 37; Alcman, 9, 10 Hyacinthius, 31, 37; statue of, Alcmeonids, 56 at Thornax, 53; temple of, at Alexander (prince of Judaea), 185 Geronthrae, 91; see also Alexander I (king of Macedon), 66 Apollodorus, 21–2 Alexander III (king of Macedon), Apollonius of Tyana, 186 160, 161 Aracus, 127 Amompharetus, 67–8 Aratus of , 166 Ampelius (proconsul), 193 /Arcadian(s): at battle of Amphares, 167 Mantinea, (418 B.C.E.), 149, Amphictyonic Council, 71, 159, 160, 150; and, 60, 189 115; Cleomenes III and, 175; , 11, 122, 153 Messenians and, 42, 145; receive Amyclae: Agiads and, 95; cult of Spartan territory, 160; see also Agamemnon at, 51; dedications by Lysander at, 130; “Dorianization” Arcadian League, 145, 146 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 205

INDEX 205

Archagetai: see kings of Sparta: in kings and, 56, 96; marching of, Great Rhetra 152–3; mobilization of, 66, 97, (king of Cappadocia), 185 106, 155–6; in, 89; year Archelaus (king of Sparta), 31 classes in, 106, 155–6; see also Archidamia, 167 ; ; navy Archidamus II (king of Sparta), 114, Artabazus, 69 119; Archidamian War and, 120 Artaxerxes (Great King of Persia), Archidamus III (king of Sparta), 22, 137, 146 101, 159 Orthia, sanctuary of: Archidamus IV (king of Sparta), 162 amphitheater at, 192; Artemis of Archidamus V (king of Sparta), 169 Aegiae and, 91; cheese stealing Areus I (king of Sparta), 162–4, 185 contest at, 172; Cleomenes III Areus II (king of Sparta), 174 and, 174; in fourth century C.E., Argeia, 93–4 193; lead votives at, 89; location Arginusae, battle of, 83, 126–7 of, 30, 39; victory dedications, at, Argolicus, C. Julius, 186 18, 171, 192; see also Alcman; Argos, grove of, 58 citizen training system; Endurance Argos/Argive(s): and, 116, Contest 123; Cleomenes I and, 57–8; Artemisium, battle of, 64–5 Cleomenes III and, 174; death of Asia Minor, 52, 70, 124–8, 132–3, Pyrrhus at, 163; defeatist 136, 189; see also Aeolians; for, 61; foundation of Messenian and, 41; Heraclids and, 22, Asine (Messenian), 41, 88 23; king Lycurgus and, 177; Assembly (Athenian), 57 Messenians and, 42, 145; Nabis Assembly, 111–14; army and, and, 178–9; Sparta and, 31, 51–2, 113–14; constitutional crises and, 117, 160; Thyreatis and, 160 104, 112–13; as court, 58; debate Ariobarzanes, 146 in, 113; in foreign affairs, 96, 113; , 57 in legislative procedure, 110–11, Aristodemos, 21, 34 164; in ’ Eunomia, 44–5; , 21 see also Apellai; ephorate/ephors; Ariston (king of Sparta), 50, 59 /Gerontes , 14–15; on ephorate, 14, Assembly, Little, 112 102, 105; on Gerousia, 102, 109; Athena Chalcioecus, sanctuary of, on helotage, 85; on kings of 39, 73, 165, 166, 193 Sparta, 93, 95; on land crisis Athena Syllania, 46, 47–8 at Sparta, 43, 49; on Spartan Athens/Athenian(s): Aeginetan women, 167 hostages and, 60; alliances of, army, 147–58; burial and, 157; in fourth century, 142, 146, development of, from Archaic 160; Arkteia festival at, 168; period to fourth century B.C.E., campaigns of, in Hellespont, 72; 147–51; equipment of, 154–5, Chremonidean War and, 163–4; 171; in third century B.C.E., 164; Cleomenes I and, 55–7; defeat of, 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 206

206 INDEX

Athens/Athenians (cont’d) 131, 134; Pausanias (regent) and, by Sparta, 106, 129; envoys from, 73; and Cleandridas at Sparta, 66, 105, 113; First and, 118; Samian expedition and, and, 116–18; 53; Sphrodrias and, 100, 141 Four Hundred at, 124; grain bronze working, 43, 53, 90–1 supply for, 128; helot revolt burial(s), 17, 30 (465/5 B.C.E.) and, 76–7, 116; , 71, 72 Ionian revolt and, 58; of, 117, 129; Lysander’s Caeadas, 73 settlement for, 129–31; naval Caesar, C. Julius (dictator of Rome), raids of, on Laconia, 121–3; 183 Persian wars and, 61, 65, 65, 67; Callicratidas, 126–7 plague at, 120; Plataea and, 119; Calydon, 137 Second Naval Confederacy of, Caracalla (emperor of Rome), 192 140, 142, 159; Spartan envoys Cardamyle, 185 to, 119, 121; and, 183 festival, 63 , 21 Carystus, 65 /Octavian (emperor of Cassander, 161 Rome), 183, 184–5, 186 Castor: see Dioscuri Aulis, 132, 136 Caudus (island), 191 Avidius Cassus, 191 cavalry, 106, 107, 143–4, 151 Chaeronea, battle of, 160 Barbarian Ware: see Pottery: Chalcidians, 113 Handmade Burnished Ware Champions, battle of, 52, 148 Battus, 35 Charillus (king of Sparta), 31 Belminatis, 5 Charon of , 103–4 Boeotia: see Leuctra, battle of; Chersonese, Thracian, 72 Plataea, battle of; Thebes Chilon (ephor), 102–3, 108, 109 Boeotian League, 116, 118, 137, 140 Chilon, 177 boulê, 181 Chilonis (wife of II), : cenotaph of, 18; death 166 of, 122; as ephor, 108; musical Chilonis (wife of Cleonymus), knowledge of, 153; Thracian 163 campaign of, 11, 122; trial of /Chians, 124 Eurycles and, 184; see also chlaina, 101 Brasideioi Choerilus, 130 Brasideioi: at battle of Mantinea Chremonidean War, 163–4 (418 B.C.E.), 149, 150; Brasidas chrêstoi, 52 and, 78, 82, 85, 122; settlement Christians, 191, 193 of, at Lepreon, 122–3 Chryse, 168–9 bribery: Cleomenes I and, 55, , 191 57, 59; ephors and, 105; king , 72, 76, 77, 116, 117 Lycurgus and, 171; Lysander and, Cinadon, 85, 106–7 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 207

INDEX 207

citizen training: Aristotle on, 14–15; Commodus (emperor of Rome), 192 collapse of, 164; contests of, 171, common messes; see sussitia 172, 190; education and, 173; girls Common Peace, 146–7 and, 167; Herodes Atticus and, , 128, 136 188; Macedonian settlement and, Constantine I (emperor of Rome), 176; phases of, 171–4 (Classical), 192 174–5 (Hellenistic), 19, 190–1 Constantius (emperor of Rome), 192 (Roman); ’s Corcyra, 119 settlement and, 182; Plutarch on, /Corinthian(s): Athens 16–17; Pyrrhus and, 163; state and, 56, 129; baths of Eurycles control of, 15; theft in, 172–3; Herculanus at, 190; Cleomenes III see also Artemis Orthia, sanctuary and Antigonus and, 175; Corcyra of and Potidaea and, 119; destruction Clazomenae, 124 of, 182; in First Peloponnesian Cleandridas, 118 War, 116; in Peloponnesian Clearchus, 72 League, 51, 118 , 55, 56 , 133, 136–7 Cleombrotus (regent), 60, 66 , 191 Cleombrotus I (king of Sparta), Coronea, 136 100–1, 114, 140, 141, 143–4 correctores, 192 Cleombrotus II (king of Sparta), 166, Costoboci, 192 167 , 161, 163 Cleomenes I (king of Sparta), Creticus, M. Antonius, 183 54–61; as Achaean, 95–6; Aegina Crius, 59 and, 59, 113; alcoholism of, 60–1; Crocus Field, battle of, 159 Aristagoras and, 57; at battle of Croesus of , 10, 52–3, 113 Sepeia, 57–8; and, , 17, 84, 86, 173, 174 59–60; exile of, 60; , 31, 52 on, 11; and, 56–7; Cyrene, 35, 161, 189 and, 55–6; kingship and, Cyrus (Great King of Persia), 53 99; Maeandrius and, 55; Persian Cyrus (prince of Persia), 126, 131 threat and, 58–9; suicide of, 60 Cythera (island): Argos and, 52; Cleomenes III (king of Sparta), Athenian raid on, 121; Euryclids 169–71, 174–6; citizen training and, 185, 190, 191; as pirate base, and, 174–5; ephorate and, 103; 184; Xerxes and, 102 helots and, 83; Life of, by Cyzicus, battle of, 125 Plutarch, 17; on, 15 , 121, 122 Damonon, 18, 89 Cleonymus (regent of Sparta), 162, Damos, 49; see also Assembly; 163 Great Rhetra Cleonymus, 101 Darius (Great King of Persia), 61, Cnidus, 136 113 coinage, 16, 131, 174 decarchies, 128, 131 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 208

208 INDEX

Decelea, 124, 127 48; Spartans as, 20, 29; tribes of, , 72, 115, 117 23, 30, 33, 48, 147 Delphi: Aetolians and, 162; Doric dialect, 29 Agesilaus II and, 136; Alcmeonids , 55, 72, 104 and, 56; dedication by Lysander dyarchy, 93–4, 95, 171 at, 130; Great Rhetra and, 45; Dymae, 175 Heraclids and, 21; oracle of, and Dymanes: see : tribes of Cleomenes I, 57, 58, 60; oracle of, Dymas, 22, 23 and Demaratus, 59, 112; oracle of, and dyarchy, 93; oracle of, earthquake (465/4 B.C.E.), 7, 76–7, and Partheniai, 35; oracle of, and 115–16 Pleistoanax and, 118; oracle of, earthquake (365 C.E.), 193 and Pythioi, 97; oracle of, and Echemus, 21 tomb of Pausanias (regent), 73; Echestratus (king of Sparta), 31 oracle of, before Persian wars, Egypt/Egyptian(s), 24, 71, 75, 117, 61; , counterfeit, of and 147, 176 Lysander, 134; Philip II and, 160; eisphorai, 92 Phocians and, 117, 159; Tripod of eispnêlas, 173 Plataea at, 71; Tyrtaeus’ Eunomia Eleusinion, 39 and, 44; see also Amphictyonic /Elean(s), 113, 115, 146 Council Endius (ephor), 108 Demaratus (king of Sparta): Endurance Contest, 174, 189, 190, Cleomenes I, 55, 59–60, 99–100, 193 112; descendants of, in Troad, 62; engotêr/ekdotêr, 182 parentage of, 167; Xerxes and, 62, enômotia, 149, 151, 152 102 enômotiarchês, 150, 151 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 162 Epaminondas, 40, 142–4, 145, 146 (Athenian general), /Ephesian(s), 130, 132 120, 121, 150 , son of Eurydemos, 63, 64 Demosthenes (Athenian orator), 109 ephorate/ephor(s), 102–9; abolition Dentheliatis, 183, 186 of, by Cleomenes III, 169; Agis IV Diocletian (emperor of Rome), 192, and, 165, 167; army and, 66, 96, 193 105, 106, 131, 133; Assembly , 13, 20–1, 76 and, 96, 99, 108, 112; bribery Laertius, 102 and, 105; as democratic element, Dionysius of Syracuse, 146 105; domestic security and, 105, Dioscuri, 33, 70, 162; at Taras, 37 106–7; election of, 14, 105; Dorcis, 71 eponymous ephor of, 105, 108; Dorian invasion, 20, 22, 25–9; foreign policy and, 105–6, 129; see also Heraclids Gerousia and, 110, 167; Great Dorians: Apollo Hyacinthius and, Rhetra and, 104, 108; Hellenic 31; Eurypontids as, 95; homeland Coalition and, 71; helots and, of, 20, 22, 29, 116; Laconians as, 106; and, 107; in judicial 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 209

INDEX 209

procedure, 101, 107–8; kings Eurytus, 78 and, 54, 55, 95, 96, 99, 104; in Evagoras (king of ), 128 legislative procedure, 108, 110; Lycurgus and, 16, 101–4, 169–70; Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 179 in Macedonian settlement, 176–7; mobilization of troops by, 106, Gaius (emperor of Rome), 186 138, 140, 155; Pausanias (regent) Galerius (emperor of Rome), 192 and, 72, 73, 105; Peloponnesian Gargaphia spring, 67 League and, 104, 105, 129; Geraki: see Geronthrae powers of, over magistrates, 104; Geronthrae: conquest of, 32; prohibition of precious metal “Dorianization” of, 88; coinage by, 131; see also excavations at, 9, 24, 32, 90; Assembly; Gerousia/Gerontes in , 164 Ephorus of Cyme, 13; on destruction Gerousia/Gerontes, 109–11; of Helos, 32; on helots, 16, 76, Assembly and, 99, 112; 79–80; on pamphlet of king Cleomenes III and, 171; as Pausanias, 103; on perioeci, 88 deliberative body, 111; election epistoleus (secretary) of navy, 127, of, 17, 109; eligibility for, 109; 152 ephors and, 106, 167; in Great , 61 Rhetra, 46, 48–9, 109; in judicial : see Dorians: homeland of procedure, 106, 109, 167; kings Erythrae, 124 and, 11, 96–7, 104, 110; in Euboea (island), 117; see also legislative procedure, 110–11, Carystus; Eretria 165; in Philopoemen’s settlement, Eucleidas (king of Sparta), 171 182; in Tyrtaeus’ Eunomia, Eunomos (king of Sparta), 94 44; see also Assembly; ephors/ , 168 ephorate river, 5, 162, 172, 192; at Gorgo, 57, 66 Taras, 37 Gortyn, 32 Eurotas valley: exploitation of, 40, Great Rhetra, 45–9; in legislative 162; landscape changes in, 7; procedure, 110–11; Plutarch in late Bronze Age, 4, 25; on, 16, 45–7; Rider to, 46, 49; settlements in, 30, 42, 81; Tyrtaeus’ Eunomia and, 10, 45 topography of, 6–8; see also , 28–9, 31 agriculture , 85, 124, 131 Euryclea Games, 190, 192 Gymnopaediae festival, 144, 153, Eurycles, C. Julius (leader of 172 Sparta), 184–6, 187–8 Gytheum: Cleomenes III and, 176; Eurycles Herculanus, C. Julius, 190 Epaminondas and, 145; Laco and, Eurypontids, 29, 94, 95 186; Nabis and, 179; negotiatores : see and at, 183; Philip II and, 160; Eurysthene Romans and, 179; as Spartan Eurystheus, 20–1 port/naval base, 117, 182 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 210

210 INDEX

Hadrian (emperor of Rome), Heraclid(s), 20–3; as aristocracy, 51; 189–90, 191 as distinct from Spartans, 95–6; , 133–4, 136 function of of, 29; Lysander (harmostês), 128, 140 as, 125, 134; Pausanias (regent) hatropampaides, 190 as, 72, 75; ties of, with , 55 hêbôntes, 106, 171, 172, 173, 174: Heraeum, Argive, 58 see also hippeis Herod (king of Judaea), 185 Hegesichora, 43–4 Herodes Atticus, 188–9 Hellenic Coalition, 10, 62, 66, Herodotus, 10–11; on army, 147, 70, 148; see also Delian 148; on bones of , 51; on League Chilon, 102; on Cleomenes I, 11, Hellespont, 62, 72, 127–8, 132, 146; 54; on Demaratus, 62; on ephors, see also Troad 103; on helots, 78–9; on kings, Helos, 5, 32, 80 93, 95, 97; on Lycurgus, 41; helot(s)/helotage, 76–88; as on Pausanias regent, 70, 74; attendants of , 78, 86, on Spartan women, 168; on 120; chattel slaves and, 81–2; , 64; on Thyreatis, 52 clothing of, 83; declaration of war Herulians, 192 against, 84, 106; degradation of, hippagretai, 106, 156 83–4; disappearance of 2,000 , 188 of, 11–12, 77–8; end of, 189; hippeis, 156; as domestic security Ephorus on, 16; at funerals of force, 107, 108; ephors and, 107; kings, 78; heilôteuein and, 88; hêbôntes and, 173; as honor Lacedaemonian League and, 180; guard, 65–6; at battle of Leuctra, in Macedonian settlement, 176; 144; at battle of Mantinea (418 manumission of, 82–3; in navy, B.C.E.), 149, 150; as royal guard, 152; offers of freedom to, 120, 66, 96–7; see also hêbôntes 145, 175; origin of, 79–80; in Hippias, 55, 56–7, 61 Partheniai story, 36; Pausanias Hippias of Elis, 173 (regent) and, 73; in Philopoemen’s tactics, 63, 148 settlement, 181; at Plataea, 66, horses: see Spartan(s): horse racing 69, 78, 79, 148; Plutarch on, 17; and relations of, with Spartans, 84–7; Hyacinthia festival, 31, 35, 66, religious practices of, 83; revolt 86–7, 153, 172 of (465/4 B.C.E.), 76–7, 138; at Hyacinthus, 31, 37 royal funerals, 98; at Sepeia, 58, Hylleis: see Dorians: tribes of 78; as servants, 60, 78, 81, 86; , 20–1, 22 settlement patterns of, 81, 83; Hysiae, battle of, 52 social hierarchy of, 83; as soldiers, 64, 78, 82, 85; Tegeans as ilai, 172 potential, 50; see also Brasideioi; inferiors (hupomeiones), 106, 145, Crypteia; Neodamodeis 164 , 162 inscriptions, 18–19, 187 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 211

INDEX 211

Ionians, 53, 57, 58, 61, 70, 71 Lakedaimôn/, 4, 5 Iron Age: colonization in, 33; Lacedaemonian League/League of pottery from, 27, 28; settlements Free Laconians, 180, 182, 184–5, in, 30, 32; sanctuaries in 42, 31 191 Isagoras, 55 Lacedaemonian(s), 4, 5, 24 Isthmian Games, 179 Lachares, 184 , 21, 62, 66 Laco, C. Julius (son of Spartiaticus), Ithome, Mount, 41 188 ivory working, 43 Laco, C. Julius (leader of Sparta), 185–6 Jason (high in Jerusalem), 185 Laconia, 4, 5–8; Athenian naval Jason of Pherae, 142, 144 raids on, 121, 123; in early Iron Jews, 185 Age, 30, 32; estates in, 191; Jonathan (Hasmonean ruler), 185 expansion of Spartan power in, 31–3, 39; Heraclid acquisition of, Kerameikos, 154 22–3; invasion of, by Aetolians, king(s) of Sparta, 93–102; army 169; invasion of, by Alaric, 193; and, 56, 96; Assembly and, 112; invasion of, by Antigonus Doson, defeatist oracle and, 61; divine 176; invasion of, by Demetrius descent of, 29; economic resources Poliorcetes, 162; invasion of, by of, 91–2, 98–9, 101, 102; firstborn Herulians, 192; invasion of, by as, 54; funerals of, 92, 98; Philip II, 160; invasion of, by Gerousia and, 97–8, 110, 111; in Pyrrhus, 163; invasion of, by Great Rhetra, 46, 48–9; judicial Romans, 179; invasions of, by powers of, 97, 168; lists of, 94–5; Philopoemen, 177, 179; invasions in Macedonian settlement, 176; of, by Thebes, 12, 82, 145, 146; Nabis as, 178; oaths of, with in late Bronze Age, 24–5, 26; ephors, 95, 96; perioeci and, 92; manufacturing centers in, 89–90; priesthoods of, 95; privileges of, roads in, 90, 97; surface survey in, 11, 96–8; proxenoi and 97; roads 9, 42, 52, 81, 89–90 and, 97; Spartan politics and, Laconian dialect, 190 98–102; and, 95; Laconian gulf, 5 symbolic elevation to status of, Laconian Institutions, 17 65–6; in Tyrtaeus’ Eunomia, Laconians, 4 44–5; votes of, 11; see also Lakedaemonioi, 4 Agiads; dyarchy; Eurypontids; Lakedaimonia (medieval), 194 names of individual kings Lakônia, 5 King’s Peace, 137, 142, 146 Lakônike, 4 klêros/klêroi, 50, 82, 165, 169; Lamian War, 161 see also land: distribution of Lampsacus, 127 Kopanaki, 81 land: Anaxandridas and, 54–5; kreodaites, 132 distribution of, 16, 50, 82; Kyllikyrians, 87 exploitation of, in third century 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 212

212 INDEX

land (cont’d) Lycurgus: Aristotle on, 15; army B.C.E., 162; exploitation of, in and, 157; common use of property Roman period, 191; inheritance and, 82; ephorate and, 102–3; rules and, 50, 164, 168; Messenian Gerousia and, 109; Great Rhetra wars and, 42–3, 44, 45, 50; and, 45; Herodotus on, 10; law of, Messenian, divided up, 42; regarding foreign women, 165; ownership of, 170; redistribution Life of, by Plutarch, 16; Polybius of, by Nabis, 178; in reforms of on, 15; in reforms of Cleomenes Agis IV, 165, 166; in reforms of III, 169, 170–1; in Roman period, Cleomenes III, 170; sale of, 50 186, 190; on, 13 Las, 181 Lysander (ephor), 165–6 late Bronze Age, 5, 24–7, 41; Lysander, 125–4; at battle of see also Aegospotami, 128; Agesilaus II Lechaeum, 137 and, 100, 132–3, 136; colony of, Leon (ephor), 108, 109 at , 131; Cyrus and, 126, Leon (king of Sparta), 95 127; death of, 133; Gylippus and, (king of Sparta): “Bust 131; as Heraclid, 125; king Agis II of,” 154; Cleomenes I and, 54, and, 125, 127, 129, 131; king 60; games for, in Roman period, Pausanias and, 129, 131, 133; 189; at , 62, kingship and, 93, 134; Life of, by 63, 64, 69; tomb of, 18 Plutarch, 17; as , 125–6; Leonidas II (king of Sparta), 104, pamphlet of king Pausanias and, 164, 165–6, 169 45, 103; power of, 128–30; Leonideia, 189 Ammon and, 131 (son of Agis II), 132 Lysanoridas, 168–9 Leotychidas II (king of Sparta), 59, 60, 70, 115 Macedon/Macedonians, 163; Lepreon, 123 see also names of individual Leuctra, battle of, 12, 143–4 kings Libanius, 193 (leader of Sparta), 177 Libya, 55, 131, 147, 161 Maeandrius, 55 Limnae, 9, 30, 39, 147; see also Magoulitsa, 8 obe(s) Malea, Cape, 5, 52, 177 Linear B, 5, 24, 28–9 Mani: see Taenarum, Cape Livia, 183 Mantinea, battle of (418 B.C.E.), 123, , 182 147, 149–51, 152 , 148, 150, 151 Mantinea, battle of (362 B.C.E.), 12, , 148, 149, 150, 151, 155; 146 see also Pitane: lochos of Mantinea/Mantineans: as ally of /Locrians, 62, 63 Athens, 123; constitution of, 175; Lucanians, 162 defeat of Machanidas near, 177; Lucius Verus (emperor of Rome), 191 destruction of, 137–8; at battle Lycurgus (king of Sparta), 177 of Mantinea (362 B.C.E.), 146; 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 213

INDEX 213

re-amalgamation of, 145; stoa of mikkichizomenoi, 190 Eurycles Herculanus at, 190 Mindarus, 125 Marathon, battle of, 61 Minyans, 32, 33–5 Marcus Aurelius (emperor of Rome), Misenum, Treaty of, 184 191 Mistras, 194 , 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 Mithridates (king of ), 183 Mariandynians, 87 mnoionomos, 83 Maussolus, 146 mora, 137, 150, 151, 157 Megalopolis, 146, 159, 175, 176 mothax, 125, 126, 127, 174 Megalopolis, battle of, 161 mothôn, 86 /Megarian(s), 116, 117, 119, , battle of, 70 122 Mycenaean Period: see late Bronze Melos/Melian(s), 32, 129 Age Menelaeum, 24, 25, 39, 177 Myron of Priene, 83 (king of Sparta), 70; see also Menelaeum Nabis (king of Sparta), 15, 177–9 : in army of Agis III, nauarchos (navarch), 125, 152 161; in army of Cleomenes III, Naupactus, 77, 116, 120 176; in army of Leonidas II, 164; navy, 136, 151–2, 178, 179; see also in navy, 152; in Philopoemen’s Aegospotami; Lysander; navarch settlement, 181; in reforms of Agis Nemea River, battle of, 136, 151 IV, 164; in reforms of Nabis, 178; Neodamodeis, 82, 85, 106, 149, 150 at Tearless battle, 146 Nero (emperor of Rome), 186–7 , 41 Nichoria, 80 Messenia/Messenian(s): ally of Nicomedes, 116 Arcadians, 42, 145; ally of Sparta, , 184 178; archaeological evidence from, nomophulakes, 181 42, 80–1, 83; and, nothoi, 86 22; dyarchy and, 93–4; fertility Notium, 126, 130 of, 5, 40, 42; as helots, 42, 43; history of, 18; independence of, Ôbai: see obe(s) 146, 147, 160; liberation by obe(s), 8–9, 46, 48, 148; see also Epaminondas, 40; liberation of, Amyclae; Limnae; Pitane 145; Messenian wars and, 39–42, Octavian: see Augustus/Octavian 44; Pylos and, 120, 121; as (emperor of Rome) recipients of Spartan territory, Oenophyta, 117 160; revolt of (465/4 B.C.E.), 76–7, Oinous, 88 116; Spartan treaty with Tegea oliganthrôpia, 164–5, 168, 174 and, 52; as spear-won land, 23 Olympia, 102, 162 Messenian wars, 10, 35, 37, 40–2; Olympic Games, 63, 100, 170 land crisis and, 43, 49; Marathon Olynthus, 86, 138 and, 61; origin of helots and, 79 oral tradition, 94 , 161 (Arcadian), 123 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 214

214 INDEX

Orchomenus (Boeotian), 142 Asine, 41; on Messenian history, Orestes, 21, 50–1 18; on Myron of Priene, 83 Orestheion, 149 Peace of , 122–3 Oxyrhynchus historian, 12 Pedaritus, 156 Pellana, 24 paides (age grade), 171, 174 , 51; decisions paidiskoi (age grade), 171, 172 of, 118; dissolution of, 145; paidonomos, 106, 171, 172 meetings of, 56–7, 105, 113; Pamisus valley, 80, 81; see also reform in army of, 141 Messenia/Messenian(s) Peloponnesian War, 119–28; see Pamphyloi: see Dorians: tribes of also Aegospotami, battle of; Agis Pamphylus, 22, 23 II; Alcibiades; Archidamus II; Panhellenion, 189–90 Brasidas; Lysander; Mantinea, Parnon, Mount, 5, 40, 52, 81, 194 battle of (418 B.C.E.); Pausanias Partheneion: see Alcman (king of Sparta); Sphacteria crisis Partheniai, 35–6 Peloponnesian War, First, 116–18 Parthian wars, 191 (king of Sparta), 177 patrion politeuma, 176 Penestai, 87 patronomos, 171, 176, 188, 190, pentêkontêr/pentêkostêr, 151 191 pentêkostys, 149, 151 Paullus, L. Aemilius, 182 Pergamum/Pergamenes, 179 Pausanias (king of Sparta): Agis II , 77, 118, 119, 120 and, 129, 131; Athenian perioeci ( perioikoi), 88–92; settlement of, 131; Cleomenes III Achaean League and, 179; as and, 169; death of, 134; Lysander artisans, 89–91, 155; festivals and, 129, 131, 133; pamphlet of, of, 89, 91; kings and, 91–2, 98; 16, 45, 49, 103, 134; trials of, loyalty of, to Sparta 89, 145; in 131, 133 Macedonian settlement, 176; Pausanias (regent), 66, 67–75; origin of, 32, 80; at battle of adoption of Persian dress by, 71; Plataea, 66, 148; at Pylos, 120; at Byzantium, 72; at Colonae, 72; in reforms of Agis IV, 165; in death of, 73; dedications by, 71; reforms of Cleomenes III, 170; in Great King and, 72; helots and, reforms of Nabis, 178; settlements 73, 77; at battle of Plataea, 67–9; of, 33, 81, 88–91; status of, 4, 88; private war of, 72; recall of, 71, at battle of Thermopylae, 148; 72; on, 70, 71, 74; see also Lacedaemonian League/ tomb of, 11, 18, 73; tyrannical League of Free Laconians intentions of, 70 Persian wars, 10, 62–70 Pausanias (travel writer), 17–18; on Persians: Agis III as agent of, 161; citizen training system, 182; on Croesus of Lydia and, 53; expansion of Spartan power, 31, diplomacy of, 58; Egyptian revolt, 32, 88; on land crisis during 117; Ionian revolt from, 57, 58; Messenian wars, 43; on Messenian Pausanias (regent), 70, 72; 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 215

INDEX 215

Peloponnesian War and, 124, 125, Polybius, 13, 15, 109, 177 126, 127; see also King’s Peace; Polycrates, 53 names of individual Great Kings Polydorus (king of Sparta), 46, 95 Perusine War, 183 , Cn., Magnus, 183 phaineromerides, 167 Pompey, Sextus, 184 Phalanthidae, 36 Poseidon Taenarius, shrine of (Cape Phalanthus, 35, 36–7 Taenarum), 82, 169 Pharis, 32, 88 Poseidon Taenarius, shrine of Pharnabazes, 125 (Sparta), 73, 77, 87, 166–7 Pharsalus, 142 Potidaea, 119 Philip II (king of Macedon), 159–60 pottery: at Amyclaeum, 28, 31; Philip V (king of Macedon), 177, Dorian invasion and, 26, 27–8; 178 Handmade Burnished Ware, Philippi, battle of, 183 25; Laconian, at Cyrene, 35; Philopoemen (general of Achaean Laconian, as evidence for culture, League), 177, 179, 181 32; Laconian, production of, in Phlius, 138 early Archaic period, 89; Laconian Phocis/Phocian(s), 62, 63, 64, 116, red-figure, 90; Laconian, at , 142, 159–60 37; Laconian, at Taras, 37–8; in Phoebidas, 102, 139 Limnae, 30; at Messene, 41; on Phoenicians, 34, 136 Thera, 34 phoinikis, 154 Procles and Eurysthenes, 21, 22, 33, phrouron phainein: see army: 34, 93–4 mobilization of Prothoos, 114, 143 , 17, 166, 169 proxenoi, 97 , 100–1, 129 Prytanis (king of Sparta), 31, 94 Pitane, 9, 11, 148, 192; see also psêphos, 68 obe(s) Psychiko: see Sparta: in Bronze Age Plataea, battle of, 67–9, 71, 148 II (king of Egypt), 163 Plataea/Plataean(s), 61, 119, 142 Ptolemy III (king of Egypt), 175 Platanistas Grove, 190 Ptolemy IV (king of Egypt), 176 , 13–14, 61, 86, 172 Pylos, 121, 124, 150; see also Pleistarchus (king of Sparta), 66 Sphacteria crisis Pleistoanax (king of Sparta), 99, Pyrrhiche, 153 118, 116 Pyrrhus (king of ), 163 Pliocene era, 6 : see Delphi Plutarch, 16–17; on army, 153; on Pythioi, 97 Gerousia, 109; on Great Rhetra, 45; on helots, 84; Spartan mirage rhetra, 45; see also Great Rhetra and, 189; on Theopompus and /Rhodians, 83, 136, 179 Polydorus, 95 Rome/Roman(s), 162, 178–9, 181, polemarchos, 97, 150, 151 183; see also names of individual Pollux: see Dioscuri generals and emperors 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 216

216 INDEX

Sacred Band: see Leuctra, battle of resources of, 33; Palaikastro Sacred War, 159–60 region in, 8; perioecic cities, 88; Salamis (island), 127 Persian Stoa at, 18; Platanistas Salamis, battle of, 65, 66 Grove at, 190; territory of, Samos/Samian(s): Athenian fleet at, after invasion of Philip II, 160; 124; Heraia Lysandreia at, 130; Thucydides on, 8, 11; as unwalled Laconian pottery at, 37; revolt of, settlement, 39; villas in, 191; walls against Athenians, 118; siege of, of, 161–2, 178, 181; warrior by Lysander, 129; Spartan bronze graves at, 98; see also acropolis; bowl at, 53; Spartan naval Artemis Orthia, sanctuary of; expedition against, 51, 53, 55 Athena Chalcioecus, sanctuary , 53 of; Poseidon Taenarius, shrine of Sciritae, 149, 150 (Sparta); Limnae Sciritis, 5 Spartan mirage: agôgê and, 190–1; , 61, 89 in Hellenistic period, 164, 170; Second Sophistic, 189 Herodotus and, 9, 10; in Roman , 52, 90 period, 189; Thucydides and, 12 Sellasia, battle of, 176 Spartan(s), 4, 164; agriculture and, Sepeia, battle of, 57–8 161; as allies of Rome, 183, 191, Sestos, 131 192; Archaic funerary practices Sicilian Expedition, 123–4 of, 98; as artisans, 89; as badly Sicily, 55 governed, 43; colonization and, sickles, 19, 171 32–6, 38, 42; constitution of, Sicyon, 123 13–14, 181–2; decline in citizen Simonides, 70 population of, 85, 122, 142, 148; Slavs, 194 domestic security service, in Sons of Heracles: see Heraclids Roman period, 192; Euryclids and, (king of Sparta), 94 184–7; foreign policy of, 50–3, Soulima valley, 81; see also 62, 140, 178; Gaius and, 186; Messenia/Messenian(s) Great Rhetra and, 46, 47, 48; Sparta, 4, 8, 9–18; at, 50, hegemony of Laconia and, 31–3, 177; Alaric and, 193; altars to 38; hegemony of Hadrian at, 190; Aphetaid Road and, 51, 52, 137, 171; helot revolt at, 18; Augustus at, 184–5; (465/4 B.C.E.) and, 77; as Homoioi, bathhouse in, 166; in Bronze Age 95; horse racing and, 65, 170; 24, 25, 30; cenotaph of Brasidas Jews and, 185; Lacedaemonian at, 18; Christians at, 191, 193; League and, 182; League of as commercial center, 193; Corinth and, 160; in Macedonian Flamininus and, 179; as free city, settlement, 176; manpower of, 66, 182, 186–7; gardens near, 172; 79; and, 61; gymnasium at, 190; in Iron Age, as member of Achaean League, 4, 30; Livia at, 183; monuments 15, 111, 179–80; Messenian and buildings in, 9; natural independence and, 159, 160–1; 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 217

INDEX 217

musical knowledge of, 15, 153; Taucheira, 37 Persian herald and, 58–9; Plutarch Taygetus, Mount, 5, 6, 7, 8, 33, 194 on, 16; religious scruples of, 68; in Tearless battle, 145, 146 Roman civil wars, 183–4; social Tegea/Tegean(s): conflict with customs of, 11; state secrecy of, Spartans, 31, 43, 50, 115; 11, 149; Taras and, 36; unrest Epaminondas and, 145; in among, 10, 43, 191; war with Heraclid myth, 21; at battle Thebes of, 141–6; wealth among, of Mantinea (418 B.C.E.), 149; 43, 44; see also army; Assembly; oligarchy at, 123, 145; as place of citizen training; coinage; Damos; exile, 115, 134, 166; at battle of ephors/ephorate; Gerousia; Great Plataea, 67, 68; Spartan treaty Rhetra; helot(s)/helotage; kings with, 52 of Sparta; names of individual Tegyra, 142 festivals; oliganthrôpia; Teleclus (king of Sparta), 31, 32 Panhellenion; Spartan mirage; , 21–2, 23 sussitia; women Tempe valley, 62 Spartiaticus, C. Julius (leader of (island), 115 Sparta), 186 Thebes/Theban(s): attack on Plataea Sphacteria crisis, 82, 83, 120–1, by, 119; as birthplace of , 122, 157, 151 33; Boeotian hegemony of, 116, Sphaerus of , 174, 175 142; cavalry of, 69, 132, 143; Sphodrias, 100–1, 140–1 defeat of Spartans by, 1; at Spithridates, 133 Delium, 122; Demetrius Sthenelaidas (ephor), 108, 114 Poliorcetes and, 162; destruction , 13, 15–16, 82, 103 of Athens and, 129; envoys at Sulla, P. Cornelius, 183 Assembly, 113; invasion of sussitia: contributions to, 50, 164, Laconia by, 12, 82; Linear B 170; entry into, 173; helots in, Tablets at, 5; at battle of Mantinea 84; kings’ portions in, 97; in (362 B.C.E.), 146; Peloponnesian Macedonian settlement, 176; in League and, 51; prominent, reforms of Agis IV, 165, 174; executed after battle of Plataea, in reforms of Cleomenes III, 174; 70; proposed Spartan garrison in, theft from, 172 133; relations with Sparta after synarchia, 181, 182 Peloponnesian War, 136; seizure Syracuse/Syracusans, 124, 146, 161 of acropolis (Cadmea), 102, 114, 139; at battle of Thermopylae, ta deka aph’ hêbês, 156 62, 64; war with Sparta, 141–6; Tachistolaos, 91 see also Epaminondas; Leuctra, Taenarum, Cape, 5, 18, 161, 177, battle of 182, 194 , 65–6, 113 Tanagra, 117 Theodosius (emperor of Rome), Taras/Tarentum (), 32, 35–8, 193 162; see also Partheniai Theopompus (historian), 83 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 218

218 INDEX

Theopompus (king of Sparta), 41, tribes and, 30, 147; Eunomia 44, 46, 95 of, 43, 44–5, 95; land crisis Thera (island), 32, 34, 72 and, 49, 170; on Messenian , 129, 130 wars, 40–1; on Messenians as Thermopylae, battle of, 62–4, 148 helots, 80; on public funerals, /Thespians, 62, 64, 140, 98 142, 148 Thessaly/Thessalians, 60, 62, 65, Vapheio, 25 142, 159 Vasiliko, 81 Thibron, 161 Vespasian (emperor of Rome), 187, Thirty Years’ Peace, 118, 119 188 Thorax, 127, 131 Thornax, 53 wealth, 13–14 , 122 women, 167–9; Aristotle on, 14; as , 125 heiresses, 97; inheritance of land Thucydides, 11–12; on army, 147, and, 50, 164; Lemnian, as wives 149–51; on city of Sparta, 8, 11; of Spartans, 34; marriage and, 16; on Dorian invasion, 22; on helots, physical education of, 16; power 76–8; on Pausanias (regent), 70, of, 14; Pyrrhus’ invasion and, 163; 74 Spartan, as wives of Minyans, Thuria, 185 33; unmarried, as mothers of Thyrea/Thyreatis, 5, 52, 57, 89, 189 Partheniai, 35, 36; see also names Tiberius (emperor of Rome), 186 of individual women Timaea, 124 Timagenes, 91 xenêlasia, 32, 106 Tisamenus (son of Orestes), 22 Xenopeithia, 168–9 Tisamenus (state prophet), 106 Xenophon, 12–14; on army, 147, Tissaphernes, 124, 136 150, 151; on cavalry, 151; on Tolmides, 102 citizen training system, 172, 173; Torone, 122 on dances, 153; on ephorate, Trajan (emperor of Rome), 189 103; on kings of Sparta, 93; tresantes (“tremblers”), 144, 157–8 pro-Spartan bias of, 12; Plutarch triakades, 157 and, 17; on Sphodrias incident, Trikorythos, 20, 21 100 Triphylia, 32, 34 Xerxes (Great King of Persia), 62, , 7 63, 64, 65, 73 Troad, 57, 62 Troezen, 65 Zeus: Agetor, 96; Ammon, 131, 134; trophimoi, 92, 174 Lacedaemonius, 96; Messapeus, Tyrtaeus, 9–10; on army, 147–8; 39; Syllanius, 46, 47–8; Uranius, Dorian invasion and, 29; Dorian 96 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 219 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 220 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 221 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 222 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 223 9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 224