Notes and Inscriptions from South-Western Author(s): Marcus Niebuhr Tod Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 25 (1905), pp. 32-55 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624207 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 14:24

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I.-Introduction.

THE following notes and inscriptions represent part of the results of a journey made in the spring of 1904, supplemented and revised on a second visit paid to the same district in the following November. One iuscription from Korone, a fragment of the 'Edictum Diocletiani,' I have already published (J.H.S. 1904, p. 195 foll.). I have attempted to state as briefly as possible the fresh topographical evidence collected on my tour, avoiding as far as possible any mere repetition of the descriptions and discussions of previous writers. The literature dealing with this part of is not extensive. I give here a list in chronological order of the more important works in which its and antiquities are discussed, and append to each the abbreviated title which I shall use for purposes of reference. 1. iv. 34, 35. 2. W. M. Leake, Travels in the Morea, i. 428-448: London, 1830.1 [Leake.] 3. A. Blouet, ExpIdition Scientifizue de Morde,i. 9-18 and Plates 8-17: Paris, 1831. [Blouet.] 4. E. P. Boblaye, Becherches GJographiquessur les Buines de la Moree, 111-113: Paris, 1835. [Boblaye.] 5. Bory de St. Vincent, Expedition Scientifique de Mor6e. Section des SciencesPhysiques. Relation. Paris, 1836. [Bory.] 6. W. M. Leake, Peloponnesiaca, 195-197: London, 1846. [Leake, Peloponnesiaca.] 7. E. Curtius, Peloponnesos, ii. 165-172, 195-196: Gotha, 1852. [Curtius.] 8. C. Bursian, Geographievon Griechenland, ii. 172-175: Leipzig, 1868. [Bursian.] 9. J. G. Frazer, Pausanias's Description of Greece,iii. 445-456: London, 1898. [Frazer.]

I Leake's Morea was not published until 1830, taken twenty-five years previously, in 1805 and though the journeys to which it relates were 1806.

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For the geology of the district, Philippson, De-r Peloponnes, p. 355-377, should be consulted. A full bibliography is given at the end of this work (p. 611-616). It is a pleasant duty to take this opportunity of expressing my warm thanks to those who, either by their generous hospitality or by the un- grudging way in which they placed at my disposal their knowledge of local antiquities, contributed largely to the pleasure and success of my tour; especial mention is due to Mr. P. Torolopoulos, demarch of , Mr. C. Bebonis of Korone, Messrs. P. and N. Klappas of Kandianika, and Dr. D. Marcopoulos of Petalidhi.

II.- Methone.

Pausanias (iv. 35) tells us that Methone lay on the site of the Homeric and that it derived its name either from Methone, a daughter of Hliaa'ov, , or from the M6cOwvXitos which protected its harbour. It was given by the Spartans to the Nauplians who had been driven from their home for their philo-Laconian sympathies by Damocratidas of Argos, and remained undisturbed even on the restoration of the Messenians by . Subsequently it was desolated by a band of Illyrian corsairs, who, under pretence of trade, enticed to their ships and kidnapped a large number of its inhabitants. It was made a friee city by Trajan. To these facts we may add the abortive attempt of the Athenians to gain possession of Methone at the outset of the -an attempt in the frustration of which won his first laurels (Thuc. ii. 25)-and its siege and capture by Agrippa shortly before the (Dio Cass. L. 11, 3; Strabo viii. 4. 3). The only temples mentioned by Pausanias are those of Anemotis, 'the wind-stiller,' founded by Diomedes, and of : that which most attracted the traveller's notice was a well of bituminous water, which leads him into a long excursus on remarkable wells and springs. The modern town lies wholly outside and to the N. of the Venetian fortress, which is now uninhabited and is rapidly falling into ruin: it is situated on the southernmost spur of the long ridge of "Aryto9 NK6hXaoq2 which runs due N. from here and terminates above . The eastern wall of the fortress is built in part on ancient foundations, and considerable remains are left of the ancient mole running parallel to this wall from the rock which may be identified3 as the M60ovw 'XOo of Pausanias: this is joined to the mainland by a ruined bridge, and on it rises an octagonal tower, originally built to protect the harbour but subsequently used as a lantern and a prison. A mole built in 1895-6 runs eastward from the landing-place (Blouet, P1. 15, fig. II. E) through the extremity of the ancient jetty, thus completely cutting off the old harbour, which is too shallow to be of any use: to the N. of this mole sailing boats can approach close to the fortress, but the

2 Perhaps the ancient (Thuc. iv. 3Blouet, p. 12 ; Leake, p. 430. To'heXs 118. 4; Steph. Byz. s.v.). H.S.-VOL. XXV. )

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coasting steamers which call at Methone in the summer season have to anchor out in the bay. In the ruined chapel of 'Ayla to0(la within the fortress are eight small columns of white marble, one of shell conglomerate, a fluted Ionic column of black limestone, and a much damaged Ionic capital of white marble.5 On the top of a Byzantine capital with an ornament in relief on the two short sides is a late inscription (No. 1, below), the first which has been found at Methone. From the E. the fortress and town are approached by a bridge which rests on ancient foundations (Curtius, p. 170). Though scanty, this evidence seems to warrant our placing the ancient Methone on the site of the medieval fortress, and also, perhaps, of the modern town (see esp. Blouet, p. 12). Three other sites in the neighbourhood call for a few words of comment : (1) Gell (Itinerary of the Morea, p. 54) says: ' E. of Modon, about 2,700 paces from the city, is a place called Palaia Mothone, where are the vestiges of a city, with a citadel, and a few marbles. It is difficult to determine the date of the ruins.' The spot in question is about 13 miles N.E.6 of the modern town and lies in the valley of the upper Methone River and on the northern slope of the low ridge which forms the left bank of the river valley. The site still bears the name HaXact Meo<'7y, and a large ruined church near by as well as the quantity of stones everywhere in evidence seems to indicate that there was once a village here. But there are now no vestiges of antiquity to be seen, the walls which were pointed out to me as such being medieval. I was shown Pausanias'' bituminous well,' but my informants admitted that the water is perfectly sweet and clear! I think it is not impossible that at some time previous to the building of the fortress at Modon, the inhabitants, finding themselves too easy and accessible a prey to corsairs, may have migrated inland to this less exposed and better watered site, carrying with them the name of their town: in this case 'Old Methone' would be opposed to the new town of Modon. (2) The members of the 'Expedition de Morde' found on the shore and neighbouring hills, 2 kms. E.7 of Modon, many Roman ruins, proving the existence there of baths and factories of coarse pottery, as well as a small temple situated on an eminence above the sea (Boblaye, p. 113). Here also I failed to discover traces of antiquity. In about the position indicated, where the hills rise to the E. of the plain of Methone, stood the old chapel of "Ayto 'Hlaq on a low cliff above the shore. But about fifteen years ago the encroachment of the sea caused a landslip which carried away half of the chapel, the remainder of which lies wholly in ruins: it has been replaced by a new church on the eminence to the N., about a hundred yards from the sea.

4 Blouet, P1. 14, Figs. I, II. 6 Gell's loose use of the term East has led 5 The two capitals from Coron figured by Frazer to confuse this site with that referred to Bloii•t (PI. 17, Figs. II, III) iiow lie beside the by Boblaye (see below). 7 N. door of the church of MEI-ra~ypoPrts in the Boblaye's '2 kilometres a l'ouest de ]a ville' fortress at Modon. is obviously an error.

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM S.-W. MESSENIA. 35 - (3) Leake (p. 429) refers to the place called 'AytoF 'OvoVdptoo,1 miles N. of the town, 'an excavation in the rock, which, since it ceased to be a Hellenic sepulchre, has been a chapel or hermitage, as appears by the remains of some Greek paintings.' In fact there is here a series of caverns or grottos, partly natural and partly artificial: the roof of the largest of these is supported by pillars of the living rock, and in front of it are a number of graves cut out of the rock. In the principal grotto the frescoes are still discernible, though almost obliterated by the smoke of shepherds' fires. Around the western and northern walls are niches with rock-cut tombs, and similar graves have been hollowed out in the floor. Above these caverns, and also further S. on the slope of the hill towards Methone, are very extensive rock-cuttings, perhaps the quarries of the ancient city. Into the vicissitudes of Modon's eventful history in medieval and modern times I cannot here enter: but one important correction must be made. Blouet (p. 11) says that 'les remparts de Modon avaient ete eleves, en 1514, par ordre du sonat venitien,' and publishes the following inscription: 'D.O.M. Methonem communiri vallis moenus' et propugna(cu)lis terra marique mnandavit Senatus Antonio Lauretano Pro(viso)ri G(e)n(er)ali Armo(ru)m in Peloponneso, qui tanti operis curamr sustinens ad urbis et regni tutamnen fortiora munimenta erewit et clansit anno Salutis MDXIV.' This inscription, engraved on a block of dark grey marble, is now lying partly buried among the ruins of the church of 'Ayia Zo0ia (see above): the portion of it which I read is printed in italics. The date, however, on the stone is MDCCXIV, not MDXIV. In 1498 Modon was captured from the Venetians by Bajazet II and remained in Turkish hands until 1685, when it was recovered for the Republic by Morosini.9 In 1714 the Venetians strengthened the defences of the fortress, as is witnessed by the above-quoted inscription and by a second one on a white marble tablet let into the northern wall above the moat,10

ANTONII LAVRETANI EQV : GNLIS : ARM : IN PELOPONE REGIMINE ET CVRA ANNO MDCCXIV

'Antonii Lauretani Equ(itis) G(e)n(era)lis Arm(orum) in Pelopone(so) regi- mine et cura anno MDCCXIV.'

8 Probably McENvS, i.e. moen(ib)us. ex I jussu ill(ustiissi)mi et exc(ellentissi)mi 9 The following inscription belongs to this P[aul]i? Donati Provisor(i)s I Extr(aordinar)ii period : the slab on which it is cut, broken huius civ[itatis,] ho(minis ?) praestantis(si)mi I in two and defaced with plaster, is now im- et vigilant(i)s(si)mi, et ad [p]oster(itatis) memo- mured above a house door in Methone : 'A.D. riam.' MDCLXXXVIIII die xv I Augusti [M] V. IHoc 10 Just below the relief of a winged lion sacellum, dicat[um B](eat)ae Virgini Mariae de I shown at the extreme left of Blouet's engraving Salute Prot(e)c(t)r(i)ci no[strae, const]ructum (P1. 12, Fig. 1). fuit IIad a[ug]endam milita[ri]um devoctione(m) D2

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But these efforts were in vain, for in 1715 the Turks once more seized Modon, which they held down to the time of the Greek Revolution, when it was captured by the French under General Maison in 1828.

III.-Korone (Coron).11

The town of Korone lies on the northern slope of the spur on which rises the famous medieval fortress of Coron 12: to the E. there runs out into the Gulf a small headland, called Atha8td, the flat top of which is under cultivation but uninhabited. Within the fortress walls are still a number of inhabited houses, though the greater part of the area is occupied by gardens and small fields. The walls and towers were built more solidly than those of Modon, but the depredations made in the search for building stones have been severe. Boblaye (p. 112) speaks of a Roman tower and ruins inside the city, while the headland already referred to has a number of cisterns and the remains of walls and a staircase of Roman date, along with an immense accumulation of sherds. Marble fragments are very frequent in the fortress walls, and I was able to copy several inscriptions hitherto unpublished. One of these seems to point to a cult of (No. 2), and in connexion with this may be mentioned a small bearded head (ht. m.) of white marble, "115 found on the sea shore immediately S.E. of the fortress, which seems to represent either or Asclepius. The workmanship is rough, but not bad: heavy locks of hair fall over the forehead and down the sides of the head; the lips are slightly parted so as just to show the teeth between them. A large base within the citadel once bore a statue of Septimius Severus erected in 194 or 195 A.D. (No. 3), while a fragment of white marble contains a few items of the Edict of Diocletian in a Greek version (J.H.S. xxiv. p. 195 foll.). There are reports of inscriptions and marbles found at. a spot (Oo-b•rZdryKa) to the S. of the fortress, showing that the shores of the Bay of Memi were inhabited in antiquity : unfortunately only two of these were forthcoming on my visit, both very late and fragmentary (Nos. 4, 5). Immediately beyond the fortress on the W. lies the eminence called Tabouirior Bofirgos,"1 in which are many tombs cut in the rock, a rock-cut cistern and traces of an ancient or medieval road. To the N.W., about three-quarters of a mile from the town, many tombs have been found: one of these,14 opened about thirty years ago, contained 'a skeleton with the hands folded on the breast, on which lay a lump of unworked bronze'; on one wrist was a gold bracelet,

1 To avoid confusion as far as possible, I 1685 see Coronelli, Description de la Moree, wiite the ancient Kopwc-v (mod. Petalidhi) p. 30 foll. , the modern Kop-v4, (Coron) Korone. 13 This name seems to be a survival of the Matters are still further complicated by the Italian Borgo (see Coronelli's plans) : the term fact that the modern deme, which has Petalidhi Purgo given to this hill-top by Leake (p. 436) as its capital, is also called KopYvn. and Frazer (p. 449) is unknown. 12 For and plans of the fortress an account of '" At the Havay'fra, reppe'peta 'Aytou its history down to the capture by Morosini in O4•'os A7jur•7rplov.

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM S.-W. MESSENIA. 37 afterwards melted down into a ring still worn by the finder, while above the head was the epitaph (No. 6), proving the interment to belong to the second or third century A.D. and to be that of a priestess. A little way to the north of this spot is a chapel of "Aytov pto10,presumably the same where A~,-Ay Pouqueville (Voyage de la Grace, vi. p. 60) found a fragmentary Greek inscription and two Venetian epitaphs: the chapel is now plastered and whitewashed, and no trace of inscriptions remains. A large fragment of a white marble statue and a torso (ht. -36) now preserved in the B~zapXeZov were found on the beach below the N. wall of the fortress, and have almost certainly fallen down from the height above, which in antiquity was doubt- less the . All these indications point to a city of considerable size and importance as having occupied this site in antiquity, and we may safely follow Boblaye (p. 112), Leake (Peloponnesiaca, p. 195), Curtius (p. 167), Bursian (p. 174), and Frazer (p. 449) in identifying it with , a town which in ancient times gave its name to the Gulf as Coron has done during and since the Middle Ages. This agrees with the data given by the Tabula Peutingeriana (15 miles from Modon, 30 from ), and with Pausanias' statement of its distance (40 stades) from Colonides, which we shall see reason to place at Kastelia-Vounaria. The only dcifficulty is that caused by Pausanias' remark that it is 40 stades distant from Acritas: this led Leake (p. 443) to place Asine about halfway between Coron and Cape Gallo, which lie about 80 stades apart: later, however, as we have seen, he discarded this view, and all who have traversed the coast south of Coron are unanimous that no traces of a Hellenic settlement are to be found on it. It seems probable that by Acritas Pausanias means "Aryto9 An/t'7ptoS, the highest point of the mountain (1667 feet) of which Cape Gallo is the southernmost spur. Bory's identification of Asine with the site on the W. coast of the peninsula where the French expedition discovered considerable Roman remains (Bory, p. 316: see Blouet, p. 15 and Plate 16) does not require refutation. The Asinaeans, Pausanias tells us, were who originally lived in the neighbourhood of Parnassus: they subsequently inhabited Asine in the Argolid, whence they were driven by the Argives, and received from the Lacedaemonians a home on the ; probably the ancient name of the town was Rhium (Curtius, p. 168). They had a temple of and a sanctuary and ancient image of his son Dryops. When Asine received the name Corone and what caused the migration of the Coronaeans to this new home we cannot tell. Hierocles (647, 16) still distinguishes between Kopcovia and 'Ac-ivy, but in the thirteenth century the change has been made, and Asine is replaced by Korone.

IV.- Kastelia- Vounaria.

There is evidence that the coast N. of Asine was inhabited in antiquity. A little distance to the N. of the hamlet of 'A'yia Tptdca the path crosses

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 38 MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD and has destroyed the edge of a mosaic floor, said to have a pattern ('a~rc gXe'la) on it and to be composed of tesserac of ten colours : those which I saw in the small exposed surface were white, light red, and dark red. Close by is a tomb built of large, roughly-cut slabs: the largest measured 1-5 x '6 x '13 metres, and is said to have been even longer when found, but to have been subsequently broken. In the church of"AytoQ Baoaietov at Ko~urot I was shown an ornate stele of hard white limestone with an epitaph (No. 7) and a smaller uninscribed one with acroteria; both of these were found in the ruins of a chapel near the village. Close to the sea shore some five miles N. of Korone are two striking eminences. The southern one is the higher, and rises to a sharp rocky peak crowned with a chapel of "Ay. 'HXlas: that on the N. is less steep, has a flatter top, near which stands a chapel of "Ay. 'Iodva'rv, and is locally known as rotXa or FovXd. On the western, or landward, side of these hills lies the village of Kastelia, and, somewhat S.W. of it, Vounaria. In 1886 a severe earthquake wrecked the former, and a considerable proportion of its inhabitants moved down to the plain immediately to the N. and there, close to the sea shore in a more convenient and better watered position, founded the village of Kandianika or, to give it its official title, New Korone. Half a mile further N. runs the river of"Ay. 'Av8pe'a9,with a hamlet of the same name slightly beyond it on the shore. This serves as a port for Longai, the capital of the deme, which lies well up on the hill-side to the N.W. Leake refers (p. 438) to Kastelia as an ancient site, but did not himself visit it: Bob]aye (p. 111) speaks of various firagments of architecture and sculpture as found 'sur le sommet de la colline de Kastd:ia.' I was shown a gravestone from the seaward side of 'Ay. 'HXmla (No. 8), and discovered in the earth at the eastern foot of FotvXa a flat, circular 'loom-weight' of reddish clay (diam. -11 m.) pierced with two holes near the edge, and a fragment of a catalogue of ephcbi (No. 9). This seemed to have fallen from above in one of the small landslips which frequently take place there, since the hill is composed of earth and the sea appears to be rapidly encroaching on it. Another inscribed fragment, probably belonging to the same stele, had been found at the same spot a few days previously, but had in the meantime been washed away by the waves. On the S.E. slope of '"Ay.'HXiar ancient tombs have been found. I saw one or two vases which came from this spot, and a terracotta representing a woman carried on the back of a silenus. The remains of late Roman or medieval buildings are considerable. On the N.E. slope of Goula are the ruins of a tower built of stones and mortar with large ashlar blocks at the quoins. Higher up is the mouth of a passage with plastered walls running into the hill: twenty years ago, I was told, it could be followed by a man walking upright for ten or twenty metres, but it has now fallen in and is blocked with earth and stones. On the top is a tower, about ten yards square, now entirely ruined, and just below is a vaulted chamber, originally consisting of two stories: its roof, which is on the ground

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM S.-W. MESSENIA. 39 level, is pierced with a skylight, and there is an entrance facing the sea, hidden and protected by a small forecourt. Pausanias' account of his route from Corone (Petalidhi) to Asine (Coron) is in outline as follows: 'Etc Kopdrq~l 6& c ~yGOr•,covra cTracbov9 7rpoeXOBvrt (315? 7)... e 7rTXet 'AoroXXvovaw9EYrtv tEpoV 7rpo? OaXdao"7 Tr Kopwovaiwvv opoP .. KetT-at 8 at e EOTLv KoXOovGt'e. \T 7rdXtLcaT? KoXkwvi&e9r't- V,*2Xoi 6OaX (? 8)... 6 ... ora&'Wov tfKpOV Trb do'o' KdeTat ['A8'7v\]irriOadoo' &8 rTeoaapdacovTardoLtv dI Koovlr8v de';aiVT7v `&i8 (? 12). In this narrative we miss all reference to the distance separating the Apollo temple from Colonides: we may fairly conclude that they were not far apart, a supposition borne out by the fact that Asine is really about 120 stades from Corone, the sum of the distances, as given by Pausanias, from Corone to the Apollo sanctuary and from Colonides to Asine. Again, the boundary is mentioned in such a way that we must suppose the sanctuary to have been within the territory of Corone, but close to that of Colonides. Now most topographers (Leake, p. 445, Blouet, p. 15, Bory, p. 326, the French Map of 1852, and the Austrian Staff Map of 1885) have placed Colonides at Korone (Coron), which is inadmissible as robbing us of the sole possible site for the important town of Asine, and removing Colonides about forty stades from the Apollo sanctuary, n hich is by these topographers placed at or above Kastelia. Boblaye's view (p. 112) that Colonides lay near the W. coast of the peninsula at Grizi may also be dismissed as violating the data of the problem. We are left (Frazer, p. 449) with two theories, that of Leake (Peloponnesiaca,p. 196) and Bursian (p. 173) which places Colonides at or above Kastelia and the Apollo sanctuary a little further N., perhaps near the river of "Ay. 'Av8pdas, and that of Curtius (p. 167), who retains the site above Kastelia for Apollo 15and sets Colonides near it but a little further inland. Of these two I accept the former, especially as I was told of 'houses with rltOdpta' and squared blocks of marble found in two adjacent fields near the left bank of the "Ay. 'Av~pe'a river, which may well have been in ancient times the boundary between Corone and Colonides, as to-day it divides the demes of A'tr-Ecaand KoXovw•Gev.It is true that the distance from Petalidhi is less than eighty stades, but we may notice that Pausanias expressly qualifies the number a and if 16 is in by •c, Heberdey right supposing that Pausanias sailed along this coast rather than traversed it on land, such a mistake is all the more intelligible. Colonides would then be just about the required forty stades from Asine and would be well described as ' on a height a little way from the sea ': these are just the two points that most strike the traveller who approaches from the north, the rapid rise from the plain of Kandianika to the villages of Kastelia and Vounaria, and the fact

• In his map of Messenia, however, Curtius bis Kastelia' for 'Drei Viertel wegs von Coron has followed a suggestion of Boblaye, and has bis Kastelia.' placed the Apollo temple considerably N. of 16 Dic Reisun des Pausanias (Vienna, 1894), Kastelia. In his note No. 41 (p. 195) we should p. 65 foll. of course read ' Drei Viertel wegs von

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 40 MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD that between them and the sea lie the eminences of "A/y. 'HXla4 and"A/y. 'ICoavvry,so that to reach the shore the inhabitants must descend into the plain to the N. of the villages. But I admit that this explanation has difficulties which can best, perhaps only, be settled by an appeal to the excavator's spade.

V.- Petalidhi.

All modern travellers have agreed in placing Corone at the modern village of Petalidhi. Pausanias speaks of it as lying &8vSet 70lo IIa~o'-ov cE// 7e 0 17 (iv. 34. 4), which must be the 'pbs 6aXao'oy c bb 7• pet 7' MaO•l modern Mt. Lyk6dhimo (3140 ft.). On the road thither from the mouth of the Pamisus is a place on the shore, not yet identified, sacred to Ino, who here emerged from the sea as the goddess Leucothea. Near it is the mouth of the Bias, but we have no means of determining which of the rivers of this coast-the River of Jori,1s Typhl6s, Velika, Skarias and Jane-bore this name.19 Corone was held to occupy the site of the Homeric and when Ag''eta, the Messenians were restored by Epaminondas it was founded by Epimelides of Coronea in , who called the place after his native city. His tomb was shown to Pausanias, who also saw at Corone a temple of Artemis 'Child- Rearer,' and Asclepius, as well as statues of these two last deities, Zeus Soter and Athena. Ancient remains are here comparatively numerous,20though subjected even to-day to sad depredation in the search for building material. The acropolis rises immediately S. of the present village. On the E. and S.E. it falls rapidly, almost precipitously, down to a ravine in which runs a small stream, but on the W. it is united by a saddle with the foothills of Lykodhimo. At this spot, known as Ho6pre, two tombs had been discovered side by side a few days before my arrival: they were formed of large slabs of limestone, but I was unable to see any of the objects which had been found in them. There are clear indications of the presence of other tombs in the immediate neighbourhood. On the southern and western sides of the acropolis are considerable remains of the foundation-courses of a Hellenic wall, doubtless

17 This reading seems preferable to the b7rb such statement in Leake, who, however, erro- 7r"opEL TraaOlac of some MSS. and the earlier neously says that the Velika 'flows into the editors, and to the rf proposed by Franz sea a little to the southward of Petalidhi' 'HjuaOia, (loc. and followed by Kiepert. cit.). Curtius himself at first (Bull. d. I 1841, 1i NTgop•itKa, NTropi'KKO roT0'rdt, so called front p. 43) wrote that the Velika 'senza dubbio e the village of Nrdo'pt on its left bank: Leake l'antico Bias,' but afterwards (Peloponnesos, ii. (p. 396) and Blouet (p. 18) write this name p. 164) suggested that 'der Bias ist vielleicht TCLvCro'pt(Djidj6ri, Gigiori). der heutige Djan6,' an opinion shared by Frazer 19 Blouet (p. 18) identifies it with the (Map V). NTropKica,but without giving his grounds : so 20 The fullest descriptions are those of Bory also Pouqueville (Voyage, vi. p. 55). Curtius (p. 332 foll.), Curtius (Bull. d. I. 1841, p. 43 (p. 195) speaks of Leake (p. 396) as seeing in the foll.) and Welcker (Tagebuch, i. p. 233 foll.). Velika the ancient Bias; but I cannot find any

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM S.-W. MESSENIA. 41 belonging to the fourth century B.C. Various marble fragments lie about, and in one field is the lowest course of a wall of ashlar masonry, while in another are some rock-cuttings, apparently for a small theatre-like building, perhaps a ovXevT-rptov or a small theatre. On the N.W. slope are several Roman brick buildings; one with two exedrae was perhaps a bath. I saw nothing of the sculptures described by previous travellers, but a large marble head from this acropolis is now in the house of Mr. C. Bebonis at Korone, and in Petalidhi I saw a stele m.) with a relief of a female (ht. "76 figure standing full-face: the upper part, and with it doubtless the inscription, is lost, but the relief is complete. The second field of discovery is the fertile plain which lies to the N. and N.W. of the Acropolis, and is partly occupied by the northern portion of Petalidhi. This seems to have been the main site of Corone in Roman times, when convenience rather than security became the first consideration. Here various foundations and architectural fragments have been found. One spot is called Aovrp6 or AovTrpdfrom the remains of a Roman bath; another has the name D'6pov,a survival of the Italian foro and perhaps indirectly of the Latinforum. Several white marble sarcophagi have also come to light here (Curtius, Bull. d. Inst. 1841, p. 44 foll.; Le Bas-Waddington, Mon. Fig. P1. 99, 100), and an inscribed herm (No. 11). I was also shown a small sepulchral relief of white marble and the base of a statuette, both found in the northern part of the village: the latter perhaps represented Ganymede and the eagle, though only a human foot and ankle and the talons of a bird are now left.

VI.-Inscriptions.

1. In the ruined church of 'Ayla 1ofila in the fortress of Methone (Modon). Block of white marble, originally a stele, converted later into a Byzantine capital. m.; breadth thickness -21 Height "76 m.; m.; height of letters -025 The ends "54from the foot of the stone. m. inscription "32 m.

NA Al OCFIOYAA Y PWMAIWNrIOYA( I1AI WCPWMAIWNYIOCTTA il WNTHCTTOAWC

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[yvjz](va)[al]a(p)[X]o r. 'lovX. A - - - ? 'Pw)aaWovP. 'JovX. [lEpe]b[v] atXt.r- -[Lep ?]wos "PcPwoaIov vibo, 1Era- T1j? Kai ('rp)OV r6Xe•o Ka-i-pa- 5 [T]rn-f}y T?79Xa/pwpoTdTL)9 'Ap- (ry)eiw 77VoXE(09Ka'I ay'covo06-T?7 [Iq3]a0--TG'wv KaIt Ne/.telw Kauc. Ho- [5]ir[o]yvvaa'lapXoq 'Iov/. [X]z[X]ap ovq'Iov,. Kauc. Mova-alov 10 [viL] yvIjvaEa'dpXovIKat rrpoa- (7)aroU vKa 7-aTppo Tv79i) •dXEOj Kat ot ovvadpavre9.

The letters are late in form and careless in execution, while the damaged state of the surface of the stone makes the reading difficult in many places and impossible in some parts of the left margin. This is probably the last part of an inscription on a statue base, of which the opening lines, containing the name of the person honoured, are now lost. The statue is erected by the gymnasiarch, the under-gymnasiarch, and the colleagues of the man commemorated. The gymnasiarch seemingly holds the office of iepekb 'PwouaIWv,a title which I cannot find elsewhere, and occupies a position of distinction. The under-gymnasiarch, Iuventius Caecilius Polycharmus, was probably a young man at the opening of his public career, and no titles are added to his name. The reference to Argos makes it seem that the inscription really belongs to that city rather than to Methone.

2. On a fragment of whlite marble built upside down into the south wall of the ruined church of 'Ayia fo0ta in the fortress of Korone (Coron). ANHA7I

3. In the fortress of Korone (Coron). On a base of bluish marble. Height -63 m.; breadth -65 m.; thickness not exactly ascertainable, as the stone is partly buried in the ground. The heights of the letters ('03-'039 m.) and the distances between the lines are very variable, but a great effort has been made to secure uniformity of letters in each separate line by means of ruled lines at top and bottom.

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AYTOKPATOPAKA, CAPAAOYKION CE TITIMIONCEOYH PO N n'EPTINAKA CEBACToN 5 HTOAICTONANEIKH TONEnTIcAABIOY CAIeI/ AAO-IECTOY KAI-PAMMATEOC AIAIOYq9/ INIAOY Ab'roKpdTopa Kal- capa AovcKtov 1e- =r1t1LOV e167pov lJEprivaK(a) ?) ,epraa-rv 7 7 OXtC TV VELK?7- TOV E67rt Xa ov latOi(Sa) Xoyto'Trov Kat ypa/zjiardoI AlXlov (D.. tvlov. The Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus reigned from 193 to 211 A.D., when he died at York. The absence of the titles Arabicus Adiabenicus, which he assumed in the summer of 195 (Clinton, Fasti Romani i, p. 196), proves that the present inscription falls within the first two years of his reign. Cf. the legend on coins of 193 and 194 A.D. (Eckh6l vii, 166-171), Imp. Cae. L. Sep. Sev. Pert. Aug., of which the title in the inscription is an exact translation. The name lat&L88a is an uncommon one. In Le Bas-Foucart 319 a certain KX. KatXtav 6" a (Messene) Tt/3. att018a pXtepepvb (rWiv 1Epacrrcov) 8tah /iov Kal is mentioned as defraying the cost 'EXXa8&dpX• of a statue of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 139 A.D. His stenmmais as follows: Tib. ClaudiusIFrontinus (1) I Tib. C1.Saethida Caelianus (2) Tib. C1.Frontinus Niceratus (3) Tib. C1.Saethida Cethegus Frontinus (4) (1) Consul suffectus (year unknown): ?Julian. Dig. iv. 2. 18. (2) Le Bas-Foucart 319 (Messene), quoted above; Foucart proposes to restore the name in C.LCG.1396 (): C.I.L. iii. 495 (Messene, 164 A.D.): C.LL. x. 1123 (Abellinum, on the boundary between Samnium and Campania). His cursus honorunt,Borghesi, (Euvres compleiesiii. 199 note. (3) C.I.G. 1133 (Argos), 1327 (Sparta) : C.LL. iii. 495 (Messeiie), x. 1122, 1124 (Abellinum). (4) C.I.L. x. 1124 (Abellinum), vi. 16440 (Rome). Foucart supposes that Tib. Claudius Frontinus married a Messenian lady of the rich and influential family of the (see below), and thus dat8i(at

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 44 MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD accounts for the presence of his two sons at Messene, and for the cognomen borne by his elder son and one of his grandsons. Perhaps a second member of the same family married a Roman of the Flavian gens. The name :at81asa, which is found only in the inscriptions above cited, should prob- ably be restored in Pausanias iv. 32 ? 2 * * * 8' dlavro 7rpeo~pTepov o'vra 84 oi obiK aVV aY Tt/Lat 7raph Mea0ov-lv evptwo-cov, ,yevoL/.vd XpliLa'cv 7rapXovutv aT'7 9lp(O. 7Tov Meoovolwv oi 7'XpTAaTa Ai8a1Z8v e•lC 6 yEveoOat 7roXXa EXEyo,, /ob ToV7Tot'ory elvva t vat rV7rtp7yao-vov 7"y Tr7?X?,7rpo6yovov 0calK to

,? Frazer retains the name Aethidas, and 22 The Latin term logista is found as a re- quotes (note ad loc., vol. iii. p. 434) Leake, translation of the Greek, and therefore only in Morea, i. 383 foll. 'In the village of Mavromati reference to those who held the office in Greek I find an inscription in which occurs the name communities: e.g. we have in C.L.L. ii. 4114 of Aethidas,' etc. There is no doubt, however, the same person referred to as curator civitatis that Leake misread the inscription G. 1318, (in and as civitatis (C.L Tcanensi•tm Apulia) logista Le Bas-Foucart 319). splendidissimae Nicomedensium.

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2782 Cyzicus (C.I.G. XofytUCrT7 C/ETa brvraTtKobV soe0Et(79 Kv?tK~1v2v 7ro6Xeow),Ephesus (C.L.G. 2977, 2987 b, Le Bas-Waddington 147 a, C.I.L. ii. 4114, Orelli 798), Eumeneia (C.LG. 3886 Magnesia ad dEr/oyta'TEV'aa), Maeandrum (C.I.G. 2912 Kpira'ov 'ArmtdpXov),Nicaea (C.I.G. v. Xoy•o•rt-EVovroNicoinedia ii. 3747, 3748, C.I.L. 4341), (C..G. 3771, 3773, C.I.L. 4114, v. 4341, vi. 1408, Orelli 798), Cidyessus and Synnada in Phrygia (Hiead, Hist. Num. p. 561, 569), Smyrna (Philostratus, Vitae sophistarum i. 19), and Tralles 2926 ica1 KTLeO7r rTT WaTrplOSo): in one (C.I.G. 0rV7EpTaTOr XoytT'r7 case (C.IG. 3497) we find a group of cities under one XOYLrG-Tr-XO•L•r-T?Ka T 1eXEvKcdaq IletLEpac9 Icai Kar' "Ia-ov Ka 'Paoro'o 7? T2YV 'AXeaav8pdeaq Tpaiav6ov KCa' Kat T7j KoXoWvelaq. The office also occurs wo6'eXEOq Tpo0•7•'oU-V in Egypt (.I.G. 508.5, 5090, 8610, Oxyrhynchus PaCpyri I. 42, 52, 53, 66, 83-87, Acta S. Didymi et Theodorae 304 A.D. ad 28 April) and Syria (C.LL. x. 6006; ? C.L.G.add. 4662 b). For further details regarding the curatores civitatium and Xoyto-Tra see Henzen, Ann. d. I. 1851, 5 foll. ; Degner, Quaestionis de curatore rei publicae pars prior', Halle 1883; Mommsen, R6m. Staatsrecht3 ii. 2. 857, 861, 1082; Marquardt, Rrm. Staatsverwaltung 2 i. 162 foll.; Dar.-Sagl. i. 2. 1619 foll.; Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Ph'rygia, ch. x ? 6; Liebenam, Philol. lvi. 1897, 290 foll.; Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. curatores iv. 2. 1806 foll. The phrase XO7YLCrTeOVrov70o 8eovV occurs in I.G. xii. 5. 758, C.I.G. and TO 1399, 2912, 3771, 3773, drl 70 8evo lt io'TpaT)7yOV Ty '7rpe•opevroV K•at e/ao-rov cKaGKai TO^ 86vo9 VOq TO7 XaLpWpOTa'TOV XO7CYtTOV ini 0.. 3747, 3748.70or daa7rob 7ob 70o• ha~rrpo~rdrov Xo11~7o• C.I.G.

4. On a block of white marble, of which the left margin is preserved. Found in the southern part of the modern town of Korone, and now in a house close to the chapel of Havayia 'EXeqo-rpta. Height -54 m.; breadth -2 m.; thickness -13; breadth of written surface m. The stone seems to "12 have been at some time converted into a Byzantine capital. SIOCEAKYA

,). NAEIAPX M- A I Anfl AEI F(d)Z'o?'AKVX[eivo4 vel sinr.--- yv] --- Ipvao•apX[o4 The inscription begins -265 m. from the top of the stone : the letters are late in form and careless in execution.

5. On a marble fragment in a field S. of the fortress of Korone. Height *2 m.; breadth thickness Parts of the and left are "17 m.; "315 m. top edges preserved. The surface is almost entirely destroyed, and the reading of several of the letters is uncertain. of ca. Height letters "015 m.; slight apices.

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NCIT rPINTO ? OICEE PO L. 3 rpWTo- -, L. 5 [K]otvo&, 5 OINOY L. 8 p:Xpt. \WiEAF ONAIK

6. On a fragment of a coluinella of bluish marble with slight indications of fluting. Found about mile N.W. of the fortress of Korone (0E'o-t9 - ITavaayia 7reptfepeltapA Aylov ArPyTrplov). AP XIAfn 'Apxtswo X P Y ln o Y Xpvo-trrTrov I E P E I A iperia [8th] re• ,yevov9 The letters, which are irregularly formed and have prominent apices, date probably from the 2nd century A.D. The 'ApXt8c* does not, so far as I am aware, occur elsewhere. nanme For the term lepe19, iEpera 8th ryvov9 cf. Collitz-Bechtel 4656 (Messene); I.G. xii. 2, 102, 116, (Mytilene); I.G. xii. 3, 494, 516, 522 I., 865 (Thera). A further example from Thera is afforded by the famous Testamentum Epictetae (I.G. xii. 3, 330 lines 58 foll.), rTa 8 lepa7reTav rTa Movr-c Ka't K 7rOW7pWtOW)P EXET doT7C ov 'Avspaypaay el &' 71i ca Ov/yaTrpo~ vi~o " rt'n7 oV0ro1, atEc 7wpeojv'raT'ro9 705ryoevov 70o 'Ert'reXela9. At Gythiona similar family tenure of the priesthood of Apollo is granted to Philemon and Theoxenus (Collitz-Bechtel, Sammlung 4567 1. 23 foll.) elvat avrov ltepet9 Kat~ V eL l3ov Kat elvat Ta T70if 'ATrdXXwvov 'yyovI aVrw 8tah airo~v Kat 78vr7a O TO9 icat rtlta yXyovo ooaetN,% KaaL ro• LEpe0IEPEv. Ka'Ta yvo tXd'pw'a •XXot v7rdpxet K.T.X. Maeandrius of Samos, to take an earlier instance, in offering to lay down the tyranny stipulates as one condition ( iii. 142) tipoo-iv ... a r al alet alpeGvlatb rW ot oKato' crar' Jetv /tvo0/Lvottt 70To AtLo 70rO'EXev9eplov, while Telines of Gela executed a successful coup d~r' Ire o0t1rd&yovot aiTro ipo bvTat TW6vOe&,v a6-ovrat (Herodotus vii. 153). See also C.L.G.2655 (Halicarnassus) with Boeckh's notes. The priestly families of Athens are discussed in Toepffer, Att. Genealogie, Bossler, De gentibus et familiis Atticae sacer'dotalibus,Martha, Les Sacerdoces AthJniens, etc. In 'E 'ApxatoX. 1892, p. 24 (Amyclaeum) vov' and xara occur ytp. th,~ yvov side by side with the same meaning. Cf. C.L.G.1353, 1355. 7. Found in a ruined chapel near the village of Ko .1rotin the deme Colonides, and now preserved in the church of "Ayo9 BaoieEtov. On an ornate stele of white limestone with pediment and acroteria. Height breadth thickness about ?82 m.; "45 m.; "065 inm.

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MYPTI" XAIPETE oNA•If.N Xalpere. 'Ova•iwv, MlprTt, The letters are clearly and carefully inscribed, and belong to the first or second century B.C. The whole stele is inl an excellent state of preservation. The name 'Ovaat'ov occurs at Sparta (C.I.G. 1368), Berenice in Cyrenaica (C.LG. 5361), Aegosthena (I.G. vii. 209), Paros (LG. xii. 5, pars 1, 232) and Rhodes (I.G. xii. 1, 18). The gender of the name Mvpret is doubtful. It was borne by two Argives (Demosthenes xviii. ? 365, p. 324, Polybius xviii. 14, Harpocrat. s.v.; Theophrastus ap. Athenaeus vi. 254d), and also by the celebrated lyric poetess of Anthedon, the instructress and rival of Pindar. It occurs in I.G. ii. 3993, 3994, iii. 3291 (Attica), iv. 149 (Aegina), and xii. 1, 626 [?] (Rhodes), but in none of these cases is there any means of determining the gender.

8. Found on the eastern slope of the hill called "A7tov 'HAtlaqabove Kastelia. On a thin stone tablet; length -20 in.; breadth -20 in.; thick- ness m. "02 CYTTAOlA XAIPE

EirrXota, Xa'pe.

To the left of 1. 2 a leaf is incised, and below the inscription is a twig with four leaves. The letters are boldly and clearly, if somewhat irregularly, engraved. The name is a fairly common one: it occurs in Athens (I.G. iii. 61 A iii. B ii. ; 1280a), Rhodes (I.G. xii. 1. 671), Rome (LG. xiv. 1607a; C.L.G.6466), Lycia (C.I.G. 4299), etc. (C.I.G. 7309, 8514). EVirwXov9also occurs frequently, and E•VwrXolo(I.G. xiv. 1936) and Ebrhotwov (LG. vii. 3468) are each found

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 48 MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD once. EiV7rrXotawas a well known epithet of the Cnidian Aphrodite (Pausanias i. 1. 3; C.L7.. 4443. Cf. Farnell, Cults of the GreekStates ii. 689).

9. Found on the sea shore at the foot of the hill known as FotXa above Kastelia. On a fragment of a white limestone stele, of which portions of upper, right and left hand edges are preserved. Height tle "195 m.; bireadth-27 m.

EFlI FPAMMATEo EEYME rYMlr \ IAPXOYA< PATEoZTTo YE ENI\A ZLA MNAEAIRAPXoYA A E IJ zA -E KIA E?HBcl SX PHZ MIAA ]1Ant No0 API TIX

'E7rriypaliyuaTrdo( Eb~ev[iSa ?] 8E - yv/Ivao'tdpXov - oKpd7eo- 701oVevtCdSa [brroyv]pvaotdpXovu 8• A~efw- 5 [vo 70To 'A]XicKtaa. "EoqlPovt - -_- Xpyo-c~7[a - - - - 'AporiXov - - - ( T) c[XOV - --(C) Atoow[opta ?] The letters are well and clearly incised, and seem to belong to the second century B.C. In the first line we must restore E'?zev[i~a] or ElVY[o{ov]: the space is insufficient for iv. 1485, 1. and the name Eitpev[wvo9] (I.. 93), iEpeLvtov, borne by the celebrated r'hetorof Autun, is not found till the third or fourth century A.D. It is not possible to restore the first name in 1. 3.: either two or three letters precede the -o0pdTrov, but Bechtel-Fick (Griech. Personenna- men, p. 173-5) give no fewer than twenty-seven names which fulfil this condition. In 1. 9 Atoo-K[ovpl8a] might be the true reading: the names (see Pape-Benseler, and add I.G. iii. 1160, 1192, 1202, 1267 dAtrOKopov ?),

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM S.-W. MESSENIA. 49 and also but are AtoIo'dpto9 (Suidas s.v.) Atoo-cpa9 (CI..G. 1495) occur, very rare. Of the remaining names mentioned in the inscription Eevda'8a occurs at Corinth (LG. iv. 352), while is the name of two Corinthians evtd~7yr (cf. Pape-Benseler, W6rterbuch): /Ae&wOvis found only in I.G. vii. 299 23 and Cicero in Verr. act. ii. lib. 5, cap. 42 (where the better supported reading is Dexo), and as a title bestowed upon Sophocles after his death (Etym. Magn. s.v.): 'AXctd8a, appears to be unknown, though 'AXcld8a (I.G. xii. 1. 922) and 'AXKtd&87q(I.G. xiv. 5) occur: 'Aplo'rGXot is found at Thespiae (I.G. vii. 1742) and Hyettus (ibid. 2816), and 'Apto~rtxa, 'AptLo-rIXqat Tanagra (ibid. 799, 800): Xpao-tpdl8a?I cannot find elsewhere, though the name appears in the form Xpl.pL8a, in an inscription of Oetylus. A discussion of the office of the vbroyvvtvao-iapxo,by M. Glotz will be found in Dar.-Sagl. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 1679 s.v. Gymnasiarchia, together with a list of the places where the title occurs. To that list must now be added Argos (?) (No. 1 above) and Troezen (I.G. iv. 753 add. p. 381), while for Thera 24there is the further evidence of I.G. xii. 3, 338, 339, 342, 391a, 392A, [395], 517, and for Pergamum that of Inschr. von Pergamon 256, 323, 467, 468. The rypappaare6?of line 1 is probably the 7ypa//pparebv&fr0 cov rather than an eponymous magistrate: in the latter case we should expect the formula er7 - - oKcpaTdreoIC..X. rypa/.t.areToq E'/ev[18a], ryv.tvao-tapXoiVVro 10. Found near the village of Remoustapha in the deme Ai'trea. On a stele of hard white limestone, of which the upper part is lost. Height -26 m.; breadth -28 m.

07MIA ElTTNONEPYEJl I AETI Z -ArTo E ITTAP MIoY;Eo"y n rrOTAZ(Do I NAP M 0 I (EPAI IyTA ZAAMATP oE oH PHTrn AOONAP MOZTPIAKAITAIITA E PAl K A ITANA AANAETTITYX n 2 A E I E A A o0 1N A I M 0 TPIA IOl HI TAO o MON4 TI N TN Ol r4NHAr I AT A"TAPNoM E AIToTEI Z 1•E~iIE PAZTAAI ATPoZTo EB IAY 1ol1 A AN EZTOE"-I TAN M MION OOINAP o0Y TPI AN AnToAONTJ TAlo F P AVA T 1I74ANAEP1lT PA N TAY TAII •rl E2E N -TAAA. NAIlOINANANG E NTYTolIBIL5yIoIYTTo TONNAoN TA A\AMIATPoZ

23 According to Lolling's copy: Leonardos By a curious coincidence, however, C.I. C. 2461 (vol. cit. add. p. 744) reads as restored by Hiller von Gaertringen in I.G. 24 A'p•Cwvos. For Thera NI. Glotz quotes C.I.C. 2461: xii. 3, 517 does mention the tnroyulpwaotapxos. this should read 2466 (= L.G. xii. 3, 392 A). H.S. VOL. XXV. E

This content downloaded from 130.239.116.185 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:24:24 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 50 MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD - - [e]](c)oIav? ------pieZ ------e7rvov eLa(7ra ri ICar0E ~ irrtp 4 v6]-o' [ gov ?a]ytozo-oco bvros Oa4otvappoOr[PI]- 5 [as] Aijlepai'rc TsA5L4aaTrpo;, (0)>ipfrO [86] iKa ,ca& rv [X]- ct Ootvapp~o'rpta rat ltepal a, Xavt ~ , el ica 't Ootvapgpd- rtrvX^ooca, orpta roelot-7 7rp a'P TO'V V0you rot??v o 7 a[V]- Ta 7rapvolpeta~reoTd-arTQ 1)A itepc rawA[d]- 1 10 lParpo4, ro 8 I6818Lvtot7rpdavTrev rb d7rtd- yLtov aV a•7ro8ov Ta Oe- Ootvapp•or'rptav "rt iVt. vy 8 r7pav V raV.av ryp'.avrE9 or'rdXavXthLOav avO'vro Tro 01) vtot i"r rbvyvabV Ta; Ad~arpos.

The letters are small, but carefully engraved, and point to the latter part of the third or the first half of the second century B.C.as the date of the inscription. The forms of the AlOn are earlier than those of the mystery-inscription (ca. 91 B.C.),where they appear as A ZO~L2. The letters 0OTT0f are considerably smaller than the rest: of this dwarfing of TT I know no other example. We have here the close of a document regulating the observance of the sacred feast (e7mrvov1. 2) at a Demeter temple of the existence of which we first learn from the present inscription. All infringement of the rules is to be punished by a fine of 200 drachmas, which are to go into the sacred treasury. The thoinarmostria passes sentence, which she also executes in conjunction with the iepal and anyone else who happens to be present: if, however, she is privy to the offence or is herself the offender, the exaction of the fine devolves upon the 3i8vtot, who are also entrusted with the duty of having a copy of the ordinance engraved in stone and set up below the temple of Demeter. L. 1 We may perhaps restore [erl](K1)oo-lav: cf. the Andania inscription already referred to (Collitz-Bechtel 4689), 1. 39, where a chapter is entitled acoo-yoov•rav. L. 2 cf. loc. cit. 1. 95 8 A••-~vov lepoi -e'trvov. 'Ep*Fe Dor. future of p7r0o. The word is frequently used in a ceremonial sense, e.g. C.I.G. 2554 1. 77; 2556 1. 33, 35, 38: I.G. iv. 951 1. 79, 86. L. 4 eotvapy0daTpta, 'the mistress of the banquet.' The word occurs elsewhere only in C.I.G. 1435, 1436, 1439, 1446, 1451 [=Collitz- Bechtel 4522] ;25 Collitz-Bechtel 4689 1. 32; and in an unpub- lished inscription from Kalyvia Sochas (near Sparta). In the first two cases it is spelt Ovvaptdo-Trpta (cf. OvapXov I.G. vii. * Meister's restoration Oorvapudoarptaeli at the end of 1. 4 are perfectly plain on the [Aaaj]las must be abandoned, as the letters AP stone.

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1098, 2721, etc.), in the last it appears as -reivappdo'-rpla.26It may be shown, I think, with considerable probability that the title occurs only in connection with the worship of Demeter and Cora. The unpublished inscription referred to is a dedication to these goddesses; in Collitz-Bechtel 4689 the reference is ex- to 6 & and our present pressly "otvappouo-rpta ei Adtuar'po4, inscription plainly refers to the Demeter cult. This leaves us with C.1.G. 1435, 1436, 1439, 1446, 1451. Now (1) C.I.G. 1435, 1436, 1439 occur in a group of inscriptions copied by Fourmont '7IT3C0 ka/oXwpop9(in templo (1438, prope templum) Apollinis,' and consisting of C.I.G. 1402, 1407, 1434-39, 1443.27 That these were all found together is confirmed by their homogeneous character: all are honorary inscriptions on the bases of statues, and of the nine statues seven were certainly, all probably, those of women. Since, then, three of these (1402, 1439, 1443) have been rediscovered .at Kalyvia we are naturally led to see in Fourmont's 'templum Apollinis' the church of 'Aylia soOla at Kalyvia, or some site close by from which its stones were taken. But the late Dr. von Prott adduced strong reasons 28 for identifying this site with the 'EXevoalitov referred to by Pausanias (iii. 20, 7). He speaks of ' Weihungen an Demeter und Kora' (presumably the unpublished inscription above cited and C.I.G. 1434), ' die einmal ausdrticklich als 'EXevoi',tat bezeichnet werden' (Tsountas, 'E0. 'ApX. 1892 p. 26 No. 9). The probability seems to me to gain strength from the fact above noticed that seven of the nine inscriptions from the site copied by Fourmont-and, we may add, two of the three added by Tsountas, loc. cit.-are certainly in honour of women. (2) C.I.G. 1446 was found by Fourmont 'ar Bit'T?.' Where this is I do not know, but it is noteworthy that the inscription from 1. 5 to 1. 18 reproduces word for word one found at Kalyvia (Tsountas, loc. cit. p. 25 No. 8), and the two must therefore refer to the same woman, KXav8ta Aagoole'veta llparoXdov,29 who is expresslyreferred to as iepeta Kopa4v (3) C.I.G. 1451 was copied by Fourmont'Tr3 cXkaa/3oXopAl prope templum Ongae.' It also is now at Kalyvia. The refer-

26 For the representation of 0 by a in Laco- AEZAME nian inscriptions cf. ha'peirce (Collitz-Bechtel A()MAFR 4500), oiv (= Oeo'v,ibid. 4444, 1. 51), and various names with initial let-, 2L- (= e0o-), e.g. let- -OY/ - - - piA8js, ~eL'TreIos, 18eKTasC , liroros, etc. Per- [wrpoo]I ega/f[vov rb avd]lIAwca no(wAlou) I haps to a false analogy is due the ELof aeivap- (r)oD 28 (A)[v3p•s]. Athen. Mitleil. xxix. 1904, p. 7 foll. 1d•Arrpia.27 In C I. G. 1443 one line has been omitted : 29 The I , in Tsountas' first line is certainly, after 1. 5 we should read I think, to be restored [Kxav. Aa]Aoao[OdE'vetav 1nparoxdov]. E2

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ence to a clt r a qOea e eva-eela leads us a priori to connect the woman named in it with the cult of Demeter and Cora. Since we have thus connected the title of Ootvapzto-rpta with the worship of these two goddesses, we may argue inversely that since the term is found in four (C.I.G. 1435, 1436, 1439 and the unpublished text) or possibly five (? C.I.G. 1451) inscriptions from Kalyvia and must be restored in a sixth (Tsountas, 'E0. 'ApX. 1892, p. 25, No. 8), the source from which those stones were derived is very probably the 'EXevalvtov. L. 5. r is a modification of -, the usual sign for drachma in Attics3 inscriptions: it recurs at Cnidus (Brit. lMus. No. Dccxcv) and Thera (1.G. xii. 3. 327 1. 14 corrigenda). At Lindus the sign L is found (Brit. Mus. CCCLVIII),and * at Pergamum (Inschr. von Perg. 374 D 7): this latter sign usually denotes the denarins, which was equal in value to 11 Asiatic drachmas, and is so used in the inscription cited (B 22, 25, C 13, D 5, 9). = O'?p'7T 6?Jpai7T, the contraction of a + e = q being Doric (Boisacq, Dialectes Doriens p. 64 foll.): 'nachjagen (verfolgen),' For this explanation I am indebted to Prof. U. von Wilamowitz. Cf. the term 'pursuer' in Scotch law. There is no room on the stone for the OllpTrw[-[av] which we would expect. L. 6. We must probably write lepal rather than lepat, and identify these officials with the lepal of the Andania inscription (cf. Le Bas-Foucart, Explic. No. 326a, p. 168): they are sharply distinguished from the priestesses (i6peat), as the lepol from the epet(. From the use of the feminine TrcV dxc 6a ~'arervX•w^ca we may conclude that only women were admitted to the sacred ' banquet: cf. Collitz-Bechtel 4495 1. 10, Apa-?8v oadetL -rapEaraT. Freiherr Hiller von Gdrtringen has suggested to me that the occasion may have been a Thesmophorienfest. Cf. Aristoph. Thesmophor. 1150, oa 87 dvpd6oatv ob etiTby el-opaiv b'pyta ae-uv? Oeatv^,and ibid. 655 foll. = L. 8. HoatoIt wpoa-s: I do not know a parallel for this use of the active of 7rpoaol-rt, though in the middle it often = 'allow,' 'approve. L. 10. Blvitot. The title occurs elsewhere only at Sparta to denote the five annual officers who acted as overseers of the youths. It is written l18eot or 818vot in Laconian inscriptions, 3it.aitot in Pausanias (iii. 11, 2; 12, 4), 83edtot in Anecd. Oxon. ii. 290, Suidas, Eustath. and Phavorinus, and •/e8tatot in Fourmont's spurious inscriptions. The spelling here used, /3ivtot, does not

30 It is also found in Thera (I. G. xii. 3, 327, 1. 144). In papyri various signs are used, K L 1-3~ j

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elsewhere occur, but is etymologically the correct one, the word being connected with 18viot i.e. Ft8vuot, 'witnesses.' The digamma is here, as often in Laconian inscriptions, represented by ,8; cf. Miillensiefen, De tit. Lacon. dialecto p. 47 [177] foll. L. 12. 'Ev. This is the first certain instance of dv = elV in Doric. 'A Dorensiunm usu alienumn' (Van Herwerden, Lex. Dialect. s.v.). 'Ev 4d68tov was read, though somewhat doubtfully, by Foucart (Le Bas-Foucart 157a 1. 50), but rejected by Mylonas (B. C. H. 1894, p. 143). Meister restored d[v] 7-v aialva (Collitz- Bechtel 4560 1. 4), but afterwards altered this to d[v] rov ailJva (ib. Nachwort, p. 146). The present instance, however, admits of no doubt.

11. In Petalidhi on a white marble herm found to the north of the village, now preserved in the courtyard of the house of Bacalketo IF. Breadth m.; thickness m.; MoKdKco. "30 "225 height (without head) 1-83 m. Published in minuscules only by W. Kolbe, Sitzb. d. Berl. Akad. 1905, p. 53. AA6M6T6IXIOCC CATTAPAFAAON IPONI MI-ICvE CHNH'TYNOIC 1

TONH-IPA

'ABE T~ reLXLOE a Ipon y trap' 'I0povJ a lyXadv[d Meoa'A vr) (vvoiIMc KUELVo yX • o •'av vioV 'ApIa-WmvoC Mea-uvlosol fiS' dparEtrv),[

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10 'Am/'Ta9, 7rap7)Vfl ?1 Xa"XEV)Qc) (7r)arePv qbatAz[,v(8)6 'E'XX~heaut ltv ryyvovI ya cO' Jqpap-(9)at 15 Ec re Atj ooojIopmwv clT rTEia' 'HpaiKX6.ovq.l 20 'HpaKcXetL•vjApJLo6veticov 7 0Xtls. 7"rv The letters are large (average height -025 m. in the epigram, -02 m. in the subscription) and, though irregular, show signs of careful engraving. They belong most probably to the second century A.D. 'This wall-girt Messene, hard by 's glorious sanctuary, with public honours glorified me the son of Messenian Ariston and lovely Ageta, whose ancestral home was Sparta: and we tell the Greeks that we have won great honour of race both front the Dioscuri and also from .' The name of the man commemorated, being unsuited to elegiac verse, was added in an iambic senarius: the same expedient is resorted to in Kaibel, Epiygr.graec. 751, 886. The reference to Messene and the absence of any mention of Corone make it highly probable that the stone was originally set up at Messene. A Publius Aelius Harmonicus was honoured by the Messenians with a statue erected at Olympia (Coltitz-Bechtel 4659), and the name is frequently found at Sparta, usually with the names Tiberius Claudius prefixed (Collitz-Bechtel 4481; Le Bas-Foucart 173a, 176; C.I.G. 1249 col. iv, 1260, 1346; Sparta Cat. No. 432). A Claudia Ageta is found at Amyclae (Brit. Mius. CXLII.) and Memmia Ageta at Sparta (Collitz-Bechtel 4479). The claim to be descended from Heracles and the Dioscuri often finds expression in Laconian inscriptions, e.g., Le Bas-Foucart 174, 245; C.I.G. 1353, 1355; 'E0. 'ApX. 1892 p. 24. In two cases descent is traced from the Dioscuri alone (Le Bas-Foucart 245b: B.C.H. xxi p. 209), in one from Poseidon (C.I.G. 1374).

12. Petalidhi (Corone), in the house of Dr. D. Marcopoulos. Upper part of a stele of hard white limestone. Height -5 m. ; breadth -43 m.; thickness -1 m. The inscription begins -28 rn. from the top of the stone.

AFAe nN AFAOKAHE AAMAPXO ETTlFENH2

NIK.QNETT ITE A H KAER.NAYIAAMO 5 TTOAfhN APMOAIO1

'Ay';4ov 'AgyaloKX?9 A dai#apXOV 'Er-yE!vr- N/Kcv KXtov 'ErrLr'Xr] Avo-i~atoc 5 IHohwv 'A p~p6&os

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The letters are well and carefully formed : the hastae are thickened consider- ably at the ends, terminating in rudimentary apices. The character of the writing and the absence of Roman names seem to point to the first half of the second century B.C.as the date of the inscription.

13. Petalidhi (Corone), built into the wall of the house of A. KovrOo- 8~r)/fTrpoJrrovXo0. Large limestone slab: height *63 m.; breadth -53 m.;. thickness -1 m. The inscription has been published by Koumanoudes iv. 104), Petrides v. 907), and Meister (Collitz- ('ABjvatov p. (IIapvaro-a6•v p. Bechtel 4683). I repeat it here because the only copy that has appeared in uncials, that of Petrides, is rightly characterised by Meister as 'sehr mangelhaft.' A FA G AITYXAI E Tr, FP AMMATEO TfON YN E APfNNI A TOPDY TOYA OkAEIAAETOY••AEO OHKOI

The letters are careless and irregular: those of 1. 1 are somewhat larger than those of the succeeding lines. The inscription was never completed. M. follows K. in reading NtLKdropo9 in 1. 1, but the name is suspicious and P. rightly gives Y as the last letter of the line. Whether the fifth letter of the name is really a T written by an error for F or a r which resembles T owing to a damage of the stone, I cannot decide. The inscription is dated in 'the eighty-ninth year.' It is uncertain whether the era is reckoned from the defeat of Andriscus (148 B.C.), from the destruction of Corinth (146 B.C.), or from the organization of the province of Achaia (145 B.C.): see Foucart's note on Le Bas-Foucart 116a and Meister's on Collitz-Bechtel 4689 1. 10. In any case this inscription belongs to about the year 57 B.C. MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD.

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