UNITED STATES SENATOR

Room 201, 850 Richards Street Honolulu, Hawaii

TO THE PEOPLE OF HAWAII On November 6th I shall vote for Dan K. Inouye for United States Senator from Hawaii. I shall do this with confidence since I have been closely associated with him and have had an unusual opportunity to evaluate his leadership. I observed his work when he served as Majority House Leader in the 1955 and 1957 sessions of the Territorial Legislature and during the 1959 session when we were colleagues in the Territorial Senate. Since August 22, 1959, we have been fellow workers in the Con­ gress of the United States. In all these contacts, I have found him to be most cooperative, exceedingly able, and completely dedicated to the well being of the people of Hawaii and of the na­ tion. Most important, Danny has grown on the job. He has done his homework. He has made his weight felt on committees. He has been recognized by being selected as a member on three Inter-parliamentary conferences. He was selected by Speaker McCormack as a House con­ feree on the vitally important Sugar Bill. He has made valuable contacts in Washington and has gained experi­ ences that could not possibly have been gained in any other way. These factors, plus his personal popularity, give him a most unusual background for immediate success as a United States Senator from Hawaii. I hope Congressman Inouye will be elected to the Senate. I shall vote for him and urge others to do so. Senator Long with Congressman Inouye Oren E. Long U.S. Senator WHO IS DAN K. INC

1. EXPERIENCED LEGISLATOR • First United States Representative from Hawaii (1959-1960) • Re-elected to the U.S. Congress (1960-1962) • Member, U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency (1959-1960) • Member U.S. House Committee on Agriculture (1960-1962) • Member, U.S. Senate-House Conference Committee on Sugar Legislation (1962) • Member, Democratic Congressional Campaign Com­ • Attorney at Law in private- practice (a former Ho­ mittee (1959-1962) nolulu Assistant Public Prosecutor) • U.S. Delegate to the Interparliamentary Union • Director, Central Pacific Bank • U.S. Delegate to the Mexico-United States Inter­ parliamentary Group 5. DEDICATED COMMUNITY SERVANT • U.S. Delegate to the Canada-United States Inter­ • Member or Officer of: YMCA, Honolulu Council parliamentary Group of Churches, Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, • Senator, Territorial Legislature (1959) Lions International (Kapahulu-Moiliili), World • Majority Leader, Territorial House of Representa­ Brotherhood, University of Hawaii Alumni Assoc., tives (1955-1959) Hawaii Pacific Homes, John Howard Assoc., Dis­ abled American Veterans, American Legion, Vet­ 2. NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED LEADER erans of Foreign Wars, 442nd Veterans Club and • Selected as one of the Ten Outstanding Young many others. ~ Men of the Year by the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce (1959) 6. E D U CA T IO N • Recipient of the Nisei of the Biennium Award, • Geo. Washington Univ. Law School, Juris Doctor JACL (1961) • University of Hawaii, B.A. in government and • Recipient of the Alumnus of the Year Award, economics. George Washington University (1961) • Hawaii Public Schools: McKinley High School, • Member, National AAU Board of Directors Washington Intermediate School and Lunalilo Ele­ • Co-Chairman of President Eisenhower's People mentary School to People Program Committee on Foreign Affairs in charge of Asian activities (1959-1960) 7. MARRIED to former Margaret S. Awamura

*Dear Congressman Inouye: In the aftermath of the maritime labor dispute, I want to take note of your tireless efforts to alleviate the threat to the economic well-being and the health, safety, and welfare of your con­ stituency caused by the interruption of shipping services to Hawaii. Your suggestions and your ready cooperation contributed in substantial measure to bringing about a settlement and restoring these vital services. With my personal appreciation, Sincerely, President Kennedy and Congressman Inouye at White John F. Kennedy House discussing the Hawaii-West Coast Shipping Dispute. WHAT HAS INOUYE DONE FOR HAWAII?

• Assisted in the Settlement of the Hawaii-West Coast Shipping Dispute* • Played a Significant Role in the Development of the East-West Center. The effective leadership of Congressman Inouye has helped to convince the Members of Congress that the East-West Center is and will continue to be an effective factor in the promotion of better understanding and peace between the United States and the Countries of the East. By the end of fiscal year 1963, the East-West Center will have received a total of S21,640,000 from the U.S. Congress. • Played Major Role in Enactment of 1962 Sugar Act. In recognition of his deep knowledge of the complicated problems of the sugar industry—and for his dedication to the well-being of this all-im­ portant industry—Speaker McCormack named Dan k. Inouye to serve as a member of the Senate-House Conference Committee on the 1962 Sugar Act. This appointment was almost unprecedented because the Speaker passed over fourteen senior members of the House Agriculture Com­ mittee. The 1962 Sugar Act is most favorable to Hawaii’s sugar industry since it affords much needed stability to our major industry. • Assisted in the Initiation, Advancement or Completion of Studies or Construction of these and Other Projects: BIG ISLAND: Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors; Wailoa Stream and Kau- mana-Punahoa Area Flood Control; Puukapu Watershed; and Hilo Lava barrier. OAHU: Honolulu, Barber's Point, Kewalo Basin and Ala Wai,Sen. and long Ka- and Rep. Inouye assist Vice- haluu Harbors; Palolo-Manoa Stream, Pupukea-Paumalu StreamPresident and Johnson Wai- in breaking ground mano Stream Flood Control; Waianae Nui and Waianae Iki forWatersheds; the East-West Center. Haleiwa and Waikiki Beach erosion projects. KAUAI: Port Allen Harbor; Nawiliwili small boat SUPPORTED LEGISLATION of national and in harbor; Wailua River, and Hanalei River Floodternational significance. A partial list would in­ Control, Kokee—under study by State andclude Federal the Ryukyu Economic Development Act, the governments. Philippine War Damages Claims Act, The Area Redevelopment Act, The Fair Labor Standards MAUI: Kahului and Lahaina Harbors (includingAmendments of 1961, The Housing Act of 1961, Maalaea Bay and Kalepolepo); Kihei River,the Ka- Foreign Aid Assistance Act of 1962, U.S. pur­ homa Stream and Iao Stream Flood Control.chase of United Nations Bonds, Federal Aid to MOLOKAI: Kaunakakai and Kalaupapa Harbors;Education, Health Care for the Aged as proposed Kawela Stream Flood Control; Molokai Irrigation.by the King-Anderson-Javits Bill, the Establishment of a National Wilderness Preservation System; LANAI: Manele Bay small boat harbor. Establishment of the Peace Corps, Establishment of a US Disarmament Agency for World Peace and ALL ISLANDS: Coast of Hawaiian Islands (smallSecurity, and many more. He has sponsored or boat harbor study); Coastal Waters Explosiveco-sponsored legislation which would or have pro­ handling facilities. vided; a grant of $6 million to the UH College of AND IN ADDITION to these projects, defenseAgriculture; the granting of certain tariff and tax spending and other federal assistance programsexemptions af­ for Hawaii-West Coast shipping lines; fecting our State—programs supported by Danpay K. raises for federal government employees; the Inouye—have a real or potential value transfer in excess of certain federal lands to the State of Ha­ of $500,000,000. The inclusion of Hawaiian Pine­waii; appropriations to complete the USS Arizona apples in the National School Lunch ProgramMemorial; is the Establishment of a Pacific Interna­ but one example. Dan K. Inouye has nevertional lost sight House on Sand Island (Trade Center); the of the importance of the economic, social,Establishment physical of a National Tropical Botanical and educational well-being of the people of GardenHawaii. in Hawaii; etc. “As your first Congressman, Dan Inouye has represented the State of Hawaii with distinction and effectiveness. His ability and personal qualifications have assured Hawaii that its ideals and interests are clearly heard in Washington. I know that his stature and influence will continue to grow in the years ahead.’’ John F. Kennedy President United States of America “I consider Dan Inouye one of the most effective members of Con­ gress that I know and I am proud to call him my friend.” Lyndon B. Johnson Vice-President United States of America “Congressman Inouye is one of the ablest members of Congress. He has made an outstanding name for himself. He enjoys my complete confidence, respect and friendship. Congressman Dan Inouye is truly a people’s congressman. He represents the people of Hawaii in an outstanding and courageous manner. He reflects great credit upon the People of Hawaii."John W. McCormack Speaker U.S. House of Representatives “I am delighted beyond words that Dan Inouye has decided to run for the U.S. Senate." His record in the Congress has been outstanding and during the period he had the privilege of representing the People of Hawaii in the U.S. House of Representatives, no one has been more diligent in looking after the interests of his State, more tolerant in his understanding of the problems of others, yet more undeviating in integrity and convictions than has I DanIndeed Inouye. the nation owes the State of Hawaii a debt of gratitude for sending Dan Inouye to Washington. We are very proud of the many and outstanding con­ tributions he has made to his State and our country. We need Dan Inouye and we want him in the U.S. Senate and I look forward to serving with him.” Mike Mansfield Majority Leader U.S. Senate | “Seldom have I seen a young man establish himself so firmly in the U.S. House of Representatives in a short time. Dan Inouye quickly gained the admiration and respect of his colleagues for his intense devotion to duty and his exceptional competence, lit is with reluctance that we see him leave the House of Representatives, but we find con­ solation in the knowledge that he will continue to serve the People of Hawaii and our Nation in the United States Senate in a manner that does credit to the highest standards and traditions of public trust.” Carl Albert Majority Leader U.S. House oj Representatives This brochure was prepared and paid for by the Volunteers for Inouye. Dr. K. B. Chun, Chau man. DAN INOUYE'S RECORD IN CONGRESS

In the short time allotted to me, I would like to attempt to correct and clarify certain wild and irresponsible statements made in reference to the fine record of accomplishment that has been compiled. Dan Inouye as a Member of Congress from Hawaii. Several days ago, the opposition ridiculed this fine record by saying that Dan Inouye has had only three of his bills enacted into law. Such a statement by the opposition points out two very important things, namely, that half-truths and distortions will be used by them in this campaign to get your votes, and secondly, that they and their candidate are obviously ignorant of the functions and operations of the House and Senate members of Congress.

Let me state for the record that Dan Inouye has had more than twenty of his bills enacted into law and this does not include the many private bills which eventually received the President's signature of approval. The fact of the matter is that many of Dan’s bills found life by incor­ poration through amendment to other bills and through co-sponsorship with others, Prestige and or effectiveness in Washington is not measured by the number of bills you can. have enacted under your sole sponsorship but by finding and utilizing a vehicle which would best assure enactment.

But assuming for the sake of argument that Ban Inouye was able to have only three of his bills enacted, let us again study the facts and attempt to straighten out the inferences intended by the opposition = Ban Inouye went to Washington in August of 1959 and was there hardly a month before Congress adjourned the first session of the 86th Congress» During the 86th Congress, more than 12,000 bills were introduced by a total of ^37 members of the House. Out of the 12,000 bills, only 277 of them wereenacted into law during the second session. Simple arithmetic will show you that if . ^ Dan Inouye could claim three bills out of 277, the conclusion would be that approximately 200 House members did not have even one enacted law to their

Introduction of bills and having them passed under your sponsorship is not necessarily the most effective way of doing things in Congress, At times . . it may be necessary and wiser to have a senior aad mere Influential member * sponsor your bill for with his influence, the chances for success are much greater. This is one of the political facts of life in Washington, D . C .

Dan Inouye has also been accused of "doing nothing for H a w a i i For me to ^ 1 enumerate his many accompiishments would take .more time than I have available and since there are other speakers dwai.ti.ng their turn on the platform., I will not endeavor to do so. I would like, however, to mention a few,

The maritime strike was an unfortunate matter and Dan Inouye was among the first to realize and appreciate the need for immediate action. As M s assistant in Washington, I saw him in almost daily contact with the White House and the Department of Labor regarding this problem. Protocol however prevented him from making public M s efforts and discussions for two obvious reasons % (l) any press releases should rightfully be issued by the White House or the Department of Labor, and (2) premature release of information could have possibly jeopardized the negotiations being con­ ducted by the disputing part ies , Dart Inouye predicted the settlement of the strike three days before settlement was announced. This, I think, should clearly evidence his closeness to the problem. President Kennedy and the then-Secretary of Labor Goldberg, personally expressed to Dan Inouye, their appreciation for his efforts and assistance in bringing about the final settlement. The opposition's yelling and screaming of "do nothing" suddenly seemed to be stilled by the disappearance of a political issue for them.

What else has Dan Inouye done? Aside from the many public works projects which he helped to bring to Hawaii, his role in the enactment of the Sugar Act and the inclusion of pineapples in the National School lunch program are worthy of mention because of the vital impact which these two industries have on the economy of Hawaii. He was a key man in bringing about a law which enables the Hawaiian sugar industry to plan for its future. He was a key man also in convincing the Department of Agriculture that pineapples were worthy and deserving of inclusion in the school lunch program despite many years of prior refusal. This opens for the pineapple industry a new market for their products in the face of mounting competition from foreign pineapple growers. What is good for the sugar and pineapple industries, and I'm sure you will agree, is also good for the sugar and pineapple workers and the Hawaiian economy.

The many contacts and friends he has made in Congress and in the Adminis­ tration are a valuable asset to Dan and to Hawaii if Hawaii is to receive that to which it is entitled. Hawaii has received favorable consideration from. Washington in many aspects...and much of that credit can be rightfully claimed by Dan Inouye.

He has represented Hawaii effectively and aggressively. He has compiled a fine and outstanding record notwithstanding the half-truths and dis­ tortions of the opposition. He can continue to represent your best interest and the best interest of Hawaii, but in order to do so, he will need your kokua and your vote. • • DAN INOUYE'S RECORD IN CONGRESS

In the short time allotted to me, I would like to attempt to correct and clarify certain wild and irresponsible statements made in reference to the fine record of accomplishment that has been compiled Dan Inouye as a Member of Congress from Hawaii. Several days ago, the opposition ridiculed this fine record, by saying that Dan Inouye has had only three of his bills enacted into laws Such a statement by the opposition points out two very important things, namely, that half-truths and distortions will be used by them in this campaign to get your votes, and secondly, that they and their candidate are obviously ignorant of the functions and operations of the House and Senate members of Congress.

Let me state for the record that Dan Inouye has had more than twenty of his bills enacted into law and this does not include the many private bills which eventually received the President's signature of approval. The fact of the matter is that many of Dan's bills found life by incor­ poration through amendment to other bills and through co-sponsorship with others, Prestige and or effectiveness in Washington is not measured by the number of bills you can have enacted under your sole sponsorship but by finding and utilizing a vehicle which would best assure enactment.

But assuming for the sake of argument that Dan Inouye was able to have only three of his bills enacted, let us again study the facts and attempt to straighten out the inferences intended by the opposition. Dan Inouye went to Washington in August of 1959 and was there hardly a month before Congress adjourned the first session of the 86th Congress. During the 86th Congress, more than 12,000 bills were introduced by a total of ^37 members of the House. Out of the 12,000 hills, only 277 of them were enacted into law during the second session. Simple arithmetic will show you that if Dan Inouye could claim three bills out of 277 the conclusion would be that approximately 200 House members did not have even one enacted law to their credit. D a n ss batting average under these circumstances would have been one of the highest in Congress.

Introduction of bills and having them passed under your sponsorship is not necessarily the most effective way of doing things in Congress. At times it may be necessary and wiser to have a senior and more influential member sponsor your bill for with his influence, the chances for success are much greater... This is one of the political facts of life in Washington^ D . C .

Dan Inouye has also been accused of "doing nothing for Hawaii." For me to enumerate his many accomplishments would take more time than I have available and since there are other speakers awaiting their turn on the platform, I will not endeavor to do so. I would like, however, to mention a few.

The maritime strike was an unfortunate matter and Dan Inouye was among the first to realize and appreciate the need for immediate action. As his assistant in Washington, I saw him in almost daily contact with the White House and the Department of Labor regarding this problem. Protocol however prevented M m from making public his efforts and discussions for two obvious reasons; (l) any press releases should rightfully be issued by the White House or the Department of Labor, and (2) premature release of information could have possibly jeopardized the negotiations being con­ ducted by the disputing parties. • •

.. 2 ■

Dan Inouye predicted the settlement of the strike three days before settlement was announced. This, I think, should clearly evidence his closeness to the problem. President Kennedy and the then-Secretary of Labor Goldberg, personally expressed to Dan Inouye, their appreciation for his efforts and assistance in bringing about the final settlement. The opposition's yelling and screaming of "do nothing" suddenly seemed to be stilled by the disappearance of a political issue for them.

What else has Dan Inouye done? Aside from, the many public works projects which he helped to bring to Hawaii, his role in the enactment of the Sugar Act and the inclusion of pineapples in the National School lunch program are worthy of mention because of the vital impact which these two industries have on the economy of Hawaii. He was a key man in bringing about a law which enables the Hawaiian sugar industry to plan for its future. He was a key man also in convincing the Department of Agriculture that pineapples were worthy and deserving of inclusion in the school lunch program despite many years of prior refusal. This opens for the pineapple industry a new market for their products in the face of mounting competition from foreign pineapple growers. What is good for the sugar and pineapple industries, and I'm sure you will agree, is also good for the sugar and pineapple workers and the Hawaiian economy.

The many contacts and friends he has made in Congress and in the Adminis­ tration are a valuable asset to Dan and to Hawaii if Hawaii is to receive that to which it is entitled. Hawaii has received favorable consideration from Washington in many aspects...and much of that credit can be rightfully claimed by Dan Inouye.

He has represented Hawaii effectively and aggressively. He has compiled a fine and outstanding record notwithstanding the half-truths and dis­ tortions of the opposition. He can continue to represent your best interest and the best interest of Hawaii, but in order to do so, he will need your kokua and your vote. G overnment spending continued. Lets take the harbor projects. These projects help to enhance the economic development of any area, Honolulu Harbor for one, Barbara's Point will, Kaunakakai will make Molokai a bread basket, Kawaihae has developed the western portion of Hawaii. The Kokee project will make it possible to open up the presently arid lands, the Molokai reclamation project will open up thousands of acres of land for new pineapple fields etc. Watershed projects will save soil thereby making it easier for agricultural enterprises. I look upon all the projects that I worked upon as investments in Hawaii's future« I'm sorry to see that my opponent is against ae-in these investments. In fact our national program such as federal aid to education is an investment and fe very important investment. The Democratic administration attempted this year to save over a billion dollars in the farm program. But because of the Republican opposition we were not able to push through an effective program. It should bapointed out that presently we are spending over a - billion dollars a year jilt to store surplus goods, wheat, com,1etc. 'We're paying farmers not to grow. On the other hand we do have federal spending in the form of compliance payments to our sugar industry. Without the compliance payments many of our pal plantations may go broke. In speaking of federal spending, one should looka^at the federal budget and see where our tax dollar goes. Approximately75p^of a dollar is for defense purposes. Ten cents out of a dollar is for the retirement of the debts we incurred in World War II and the Korean conflict. Appro ximately seven cents for veteran^benefitST'hospitalization, rehabilitation etc. Approximately four cents er for foreign aid, which is fif“§ssence Nati onal defense and national security. Approximately ei*-and 6^0 for agriculture^7 programs, such as paying for surplus storage, We're spending approximately one cent out of the dollar for educational purposes and most of the others come in very small,aajte|jories. If you want to have major savings and in our budget we will"have to cut down the military , which I am certain my opponent will not aggee with. We will have to forget the debts of World War II and Korea, t^is is an obligation we cannot set aside. We may have to cut down benefits for veterans, whieh my i iimujMHt'b inlwii—i i i □~rnt nim il'ii'i li 11111 TBU 111 ■ajmhnjft I'm certain he supports the veterans. The

The Sugar Act in a Capsule Up until now the Sugar Act was in operation on an annual basis. The new Sugar Act will run for four and a half years^, thereby giving our industry an opportunity of a making proper plans, long range investments, capital improvements, and bringing about genersuL stability in industry. ‘VtSecondly, upler thejold sugar law we *ewi an exceedingly gagg high quota which was completely unrealistic and which we were never able to meet because of either droughts or labor management disputes, or other acts of M t e . ¥ft* > ' The Sugar Act sets up i« an extaemely controlled form of agriculture enterprise. I have noted that my opponent is for free enterprise but if he is for the Sugar Act than he is contrary to his beliefs. Because under the sugar program, not only the growth of sugar is controlled but the actual production by tons is controlled^ Presently our quota is 1.100.000 tons. We have decided that for United States we need approximately 9.700.000 tons a year,for the people of tne United States i this is sufficient for national consumption. Under thaquota system, Hawaii knows that she has an adequate market and will receive an adequate price for her products. Without thequota, we may end up like all the wheat goxwaa a s ^ corn growers, and tobacco growers, where we will have great surpluses, low prices, and complete he«wac.Aa u -c c . As I was saying, under the old law we had an unrealistic ia high quota* Whenever we were unable to meet this quota and which happend all the time} the e w p i surplus or the deffeeit was automatically given to the beet sugar areas, so therefore, the beet sugar people expanded there industry atour expense. It should be noted that our major competitors are the beet growers on the mainland. Therefore, it is to our advantage to see to it that the beet growers do not get too big. This may sound selfish but we are protecting Hawaii's economic development. Under the new law, we have set up a realistic quota which we're cett certain Hawaii's sugar industry can meet. In the event %ha*-%hie they fail to meet this quota, theremaining defeict will not go to the beet areas as it did under the old law but go to the foreign areas. It should be pointed out that under the sugar act and under the quota system, the foreign areas do not compete with Hawaiian sugar. In the event we should exceed the present quota, we may dd~so^ Hawaii is the only place that enjoys this priviledge of going above or below the quota, the beet people cannot do that. Under the present law the compliance payments being presently paid to our sugar industries have been protected and will continue for at least four and a half years, more. The compliance payment briefly explained would be something like this. The processe»fof sugar pay a tax of 50¢ per hundred pounds to a special agricultural fund and from this fund we receive compliance payments. Because of the large i enterprise we find in h Hawaii , Hawaii act ally receives approximately 350 per hundred pounds in compliance payments. The smaller you are the more you receive the bigger you get the less you receive. T tX/Aj? There is a third aspect to the sugar bill that few people realize and this is the part that affects the refiners. Almost all of the sugar in Hawaai produced in Hawaii is refined a4 in Crockett, California at the C&H refineries. Under the old law it was possible for many foreign nations to ship in refined sugar or sugar ready for consumption at the table. Under the new law with a very few exceptions all sugar coming in from foreign sources must come in a raw state. Thereby giving our refiner additional business. Additional business of C&H will mean additional profits tofiur sugar industry, additional profits to our sugar industry will mean greater development for Hawaii My record will show that to a great extent I have supported the administration on most measures. I have supported these programs not because of the dictates of the administration, and I shall point out that the administration has never dictated to me, I supported these programs because I believed in them. I believed in federal aid to education, I believed in the health-eare e for the aged program I believed in foreign aid, I believed in a strong defense. I am not the type of politician that will oppose just for the sake of opposition just togive the semblance of independence to others. I fee^^hat the present administration is doing a goc# job and the programs worthy of support. However, there have been times when I have opposed the administration' program . One of the aewe most important instances is the-Sugar Act. In this instance I felt that the program of the adminstration was not in the best interest of our nation. It should also noted that although a Democrat*, I did support Mr. Eisenhower under the Republican administration more than 85$ of the time. That This did not necessarily make me a rubber stampMr. Eisenhower, But I felt that these programs were good adequate and in the best interests of the United States. ‘aI*.ifc§4*t M t When I felt that these programs were not in the best interests of the United States and of Hawaii^ I opposed them. ft*SS4*t4 It should be also noted that there are many^many a* Republicans who ^ ^ have gone *he-*4«e down the line and supported m Mr. ■fiAsyHl'lBwe*Kennedy program. This doesn't make them poor Republicans or Republican rubber stamps of a Democratic administration. I just think that *hy-awethey«re exercising there perogatives as representatives and doing what they think is in the a best interest of the United States.

Whatl propose to do as a United States Senator for the next six years.

Fist and foremost, the greatest problem facing the United Statesis not to not only retain, but to bring about true peace in this world. The approach that should be taken. 1. Maintain a strong military. (Look at my Memorial Day Address.)

The State of Hawaii should not be subservient to the federal government. However, the State of Hawaii should serve as a partner of thefederal government. By so serving as a partnees*, we can number one, work on the economic develppment of Hawaii. Here we break it down into several categories, No. 1-Agriculture. Althoughthe present sugar act is for fo r and a half years, it is obvious that there are many people wh that would like to amend this during the interim. It will be my job and the job of other Con re sional representatives to see to it that Hawaii's position as far as our major agricultural industries are concerned is adequately protected. No.2- We should see that the administratin continues this program of purchasing Hawaiian pineapples for use in the federal schools lunch program. The federal government is in a fine position to help our diversified agriculture especially in soil conservation* or water shed projects. We've already completed three, Pa the Waianae-Iki, Waianae Nui, and Puukapu. There are several pending now, one the Naalehu watershed project (check Hutchinson'yr/!Tn 8 1-'soil conservation committee in Naalehu has i d t complted this report. As soon as the report is completed I'm certain the Conrress will work upon it and I hope favorably. We have found that nature can be one of our best friends and at the same time one of our worst enemies. We have found that excessive rains can cause great flood damages thereby wiping away the precious top soil, secondly causing great erosion, thereby hurting our agricultural enterprises. Under the soil conservation program and watershed ;proj«ee*#--p=pa^*ams the federal government working in conjunction with the local authorird.es, at times the state and at times the local government, has set tip physical barriers or chanels or canals to divert these habit leaking waters, thereby retaining the precio s soil and b making it possible for agricultural ..Enterprises to continue without disasters. Just like to pdiiit out that the jdOll is very important to Hawaii, we don't have too much of thTaT~lyTiig_aroTind here.

There are several large projects that I would like to pursue. We havealready started on the Kokee project. The federal government is presently conducting the feasibility study as to the Kokee reclamation project. If this project should go through it will mean the irrigational of thousands of acres of presently arid lands, making it possible for our sugar industry to flourish and possibly diversified agriculture to be started in a big way on the idland of Kauai. This project could also mean a dual purpose. It could also mean hydro-electricity on the Kauai, much needed energy. There will be recreation uses. You'll have a reservoir there, you can have boating, fishing, swimming, etc.

On the island of Hawaii, I am convinced that federal government ea« in partnership with the local authorities could possibly set up a reclamation project for the HflmflViia area. As you know in the past several years, Hamakua area suffered from great deought and this may be the salvation for our industry there. In addition to these types of projects, I believe our congressional representatives should b see to it that we receive adequate funds to conduct soil analysis studies, to conduct, etc. etc. There is another major project that our congressional delegation should look into, this is a reclamation project for the Kula area. At the present time the soil conservation people are looking into this project with great interest. We have no idea of what the result of the e» studies will show.

As to better wk- interisland surface transportation it should be pointed out that the Department of Navy is presently conducting studies and trial runs^wi hydro ships. The results of these studies, may very likely assist our state in solving this serious problem of surface transportation.

Going back to pine^apples, at the present time because of the high tariff walls brought up by the Europeon marked common market, our pineapples are having great difficulty A being properly sold in Europe, As a result we have lost one of our major markets, which is West Germany. Aj^present the tariff is 25$ ad valorem price. With the limited authority that was recently granted to the President of the United States to negotiate on tariffs, I'm certain the only result can be good. The ©resident could possibly negotiate to lower the tariffs as to our pineapples^making it possible for ou^pineapples to compete with other pineapples for the European market. At the present time the tariff is too high for us to reasonably compete with other sources which have preferential treatment. I've been in contact with the State Department of Agriculture and officials of the pineapple industry in Japan looking for possible solutions in lowering the Japanese tariff on Hawaii pineapple. At the present time there is a 50$ tariff and as pointed out by the Japanese, this is to protect the pineapple industry in Okinawa, but we feel that there is an adequate market in Japan whereby Okinawan and Hawaiian pineapple can together compete without hurting each other. A few days ago I had conversations with men from Okinawa and from Japan proper, discussing this problem. All of them were hopeful that these tariff walls would be brought down.

Harbor Projects. We have three major harbor projects that have been instituted. They are presently in the amMf- study phase. It should be part of the Congressional program to follow this through to its completion. \ - First, the Hilo Seawall. The Hilo seawall study project will cost 1600',000*. The completed project may eventually reach a figure exceeding $25,000,OCX). Our congressional delegation should see to it that our federal contribution to this program will be as high as possible. This project w f M W a naturally will save not only property, but lives also. Second major project is ef on the island of Oahu at Barbaras Point. A With this harbor I am certain we can literally establish a new city in Leeward Oahu. With this harbor we can ease part of the congestion in Honolulu, ease our trans­ portation facilities and bring about greater efficiency. This should be a great move to the new rising area, the new population center in Leeward Oahu. 3 - The third major harbor project is on the island of Mo 1 okai,^Kaunakakaii Just recently the Pg&lip Works committee aqapMMMft authorized the project. 'This project will^cos4%.pproximately e e a M a w i ; $8,000,000. However, we will need appropriations for this, our Congressional delegation; should see to it that appropriations are^jrarf/fced as soon as possible. In addition to these %- projects there are many small ones and if you look in the yellow brochure you'll have all those. Q^ort Allen, Nawiliwili, Malaea, places like that. As your senator I will support the following national programss Medicare ( digest the program) Federal Aid to Education ( I have already given a speech-digest that; Strong defense - Continue public housing programs- Protection of the rights of individuals, whether they be captives of industry or workers in the field. In the area of international relations we should continue and possibly expand the activities of the Peace Corp, the East-West Center, our aid programs to the oppressed, hungry, and proverty sticken people.

Events of history have shown that the people living in Poland, Yugoslavia, are not necessarily sympathetic with the Communist cause. If we could give the present authority to grant aid tat\ese people under certain circumstances we may be able to take advantage of some of the cracks that we find in the Kremlin wall. To do otherwise, would mean to treat our friends as a enemies. At this time I am against the recognition or the admission of Eed China to the UN. To do this would be to place a stamp of approval on brutality and etc., etc. I realize that the Red Chinese supposedly represent a large segment of the world population. If the famine in Red China should become so bad that people were actually dying from starvation then I think the United State* should, purely as a humanatarian prtgfceet to permit the sale of food items, such as wheat and cornT to Red China. I should point out that with all the discussion we have been having about Cuba at this very moment the B. S. is selling food and drugs to Cuba. For political, psycholigical, and military reasons, it would be tragic if -nrnul we withdrew from West Berlin at this time. Our position would have to be abi|plutely;_ firm. We should do everything to give our friends and allies not only bouth-d'ast Asia but elsewhere in the world proper assistance so th^y can withstand and hold back the tide of Communist aggression, militarily and economically. This is where foreigh aid gets into the picture. Much of foreign aid is in the area of defense. Most people look upon foreign aid as purely a give away program where we give people money and give peopie food. But a proper analysis of the foreign aid budget will show that much of the money goes into armaments, military pay etc. Without this assistance the facts indicate that many of these nations would soon fall into the hands e# and become satellites of the communists. Much of the four billion dollars we spent for foreign aid is Sfcft actually left in the United States becaase purchases have to be made from American companies, such as tanks from General Motors, guns from Springfield, uniforms, from our cotton makers, food from our wheat growers and corn growers. Our national budget can be reduced by a deligent and a constant survey of all our activities. There is obviously waste going on in our government and our Qongress has been on its guard at all times. We have pointed out almost weekly areas of waste thate we have taken them out. Federal spending may look like just a whole waste of money but good federal spending could be proper investment. For example - When the federal govt, spent over a billion dollars under the G.I. Bill of fiights, this turned out to be one of the greatest investments the U. S. ever made in its citizens. As a result of the G.I. Bill of Rights we were able to develop tkis new generation of leaders we have in the United States. THE FACTS ON DAN INOUYE'S CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Dan's opponent and others connected with the opposition's

campaign have repeated charges that Dan's only accomplishments in

Washington were the return of Salt Lake Blvd. to the state, a resolution

authorizing presentation to Hawaii of the first 50-star U.S. Flag to fly

over the Capitol building in Washington and the Statehood Omnibus Bill,

referred to as "just a formality."

Of course these charges are completely false and either show a

deliberate attempt to mislead the people of Hawaii or an appalling

ignorance of the mechanics of Congressional procedures.. , ■fel 0/ /Pe/> There are 437 members ofy^teagress and during the Sybh Congress, which consisted of two sessions (the second probably will have adjourned by the time you read this) these 437 members introduced more than 12,000 bills.

Off these 12,000 odd bills, less than 300 were enacted into law

in the second session. This means that on the average, each Congress­ man sponsored and had adopted into law less than seven tenths of one bill.

On this basis alone, even if Dan had but three bills enacted into

law, he: is far ahead of the pack even though he was a freshman Congress­ man.

But the fact is that Dan had more than 20 of his bills enacted into

law— not counting many private bills which took care of personal immi­

gration problems and other matters. How Was This Done?

As any really good Congressman can tell you, it isn't the number

of personally-sponsored bills that count— it's what comes out of tl^e n

White House after the President's signature in the form of,,appropri­

ations for various federal projects ranging from the East-West Center to small boat harbor planning studies.

One of the political facts of life in Washington is that it is -fa Uif( st¥J< A4 a (ft i OJ'PH Ot f often much more effective to have a senior /frr-more 17 influential member (O' a hi tv>? /- r* r- ^ j f7r-* p «*■ -'p<» £ - v-v, , ft of Congress,to sponsor legislation because this gives the hard-working freshman Congressman more "insurance" for passage. It makes the chances

for success much greater.

The fact that Dan swiftly learned th$*^technique* and was able to use

effectively in the best interests of Hawaii is what really counts.

Naturally he received indispensable help from top Democratic House

leaders, who represent the Democratic majority in the House, because

he is on friendly, familiar terms with them.

Remember that the House, by long tradition, initiates all appro­ priations bills. This means that appropriations for Hawaii must be

approved by the House or the money will never be spent in Hawaii to

help the people of this state.

Here is a list of bills first introduced in the House— not the

Senate— which were passed and became law*

$21.6 Million for East-West Center HR 7500— Establishment of the East-West Center for Cultural and

Technical Interchange in Hawaii. Appropriations for the East-West - 3-

Center made to date: $10 million-1960; $3.3 million-1961j $8.3 million in 1962. Perhaps Mr. Dillingham should visit the Manoa campus and see the new East-West Center buildings under construction and ask some of the 249 students— including 202 from Asia— what THEI think of these appropriations•

The East-West Center rates top priority on Dan's future program in the Senate to insure that the institution grows through the years.

About 1,000 students will be enrolled there by 1966-67.

Remember that this center is a Democratic project, a brainchild of

Jack Burns and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. It is a positive accomplishment which shows the Democratic administration's faith in

Hawaii and its people in its program for world peace.

It is an important link in the search for international understanding led by the Kennedy administration.

But don't fail to remind listeners that the administration sought to cut the 1962 appropriation, slowing the pace of the program. Dan

Inouye stepped in and no cut was made because he went to bat for the

East-West Center program.

A House Sub-Committee found that progress of the East-West Center has been "rapid and praiseworthy."

Here is federal spending— the thing that Dillingham wants to cut— federal spending aimed at enhancing our international relations. Federal spending that broadens the foundations of our own University of Hawaii— federal spending that brings many economic benefits to Hawaii as well as - 4- through facility payrolls, reasearch projects, etc*

$6 Million UH Grant HR-H602— Granted interest on a $6 million grant to the College of Agriculture, University of Hawaii. A total of $2.2 million was appropriated in i960 and $3.7 million in JL962. The bulk of this money will go into the College of Tropical Agriculture and use of part of the funds endow professorships is now under consideration by the university's

Board of Regents. Another portion has been used to establish an engineering experiment station. This is not a physical plant but covers extensive research studies being conducted as part of the College of Engineering program.

j Interstate Defense V^|b(1 Million For Highways HR 11602— Included Hawaii in the Interstate Defense Highway System for the first time. The bill appropriates nearly $31 million to build nearly 50 miles of federal Interstate Defense Highways in Hawaii. The three main highways scheduled for construction are: H-l, from Barbers

Point to Aika Koaj H-2, from Pearl City to Schofield Barracks; and H-3, from Middle St. to the Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station in Kaneohe.

$4.2 Million for Studies AND CONSTRUCTION HR 12900;— This appropriates^bill earmarked $4.2 million to be spent in Hawaii by the Army Corps of Engineers as follows: $3.2 million, Molokai

Irrigation project designed to open up large arid lands in West Molokai to diversified agriculture and to boost pineapple production on the island.

$600,000, Hilo Harbor project. This coVers the construction of an expen­ sive model of Hilo Harbor for laboratory wave action studies, (Dan hopes to have the model built and tested in Hawaii rather than at the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers laboratory in Mississippi) for materials and foundations studies, oceanographic studies (storm wave analyses, etc.) and preli­ minary plans to protect Hilo from tidal wave (tsunami) action.

$200,000, Wailoa Stream flood control project on the island of Hawaii.

$100,000, study of coastlines in the islands for possible small harbor developments.

$60,000, study of Honolulu and Barbers Point harbor development and improvement projects.

$88,000-includes project studies at Barbers Point, Waikiki. Beach

(beach erosion), Kawainui Swamp in Kailue, and a Kihei, Maui, flood r~ ' ■ , control project study.

MORE FEDERAL PROJECT STUDIES

HR 764.3 — Authorized the A m y Corps of Engineers to make preliminary

surveys and studies of these projects:

Oahu— Kahaluu Harbor.

Hawaii— Lava Flow Barrier. Maui— Kahorna Stream Flood Controlj Maalaea Bay Deep Sea Harbor.

Molokai— Kaunakakai Harbor Project.

Lanai— Manele Bay Project.

Kauai— Nawiliwili Bay Project. - 6-

NEABLY $1 MILLION FOR MAUI

HR 7634— Construction of an enlarged turning basin in Kahului

Harbor. This 'will permit larger ships to service Maui.

Does this record sound like the product of a "do-nothing” Congressman?

Who can measure the total effect of these millions upon millions of dollars to be spent in Hawaii? One thing is certain, however; each of us in the entire state cannot fail to enjoy some of the benefits of these projects.

But this is not all— by any means.

Here are some other measures which helped Hawaii and its people— measures introduced in the House and finally signed into law by President

Kennedy while Dan was in Congress:

HR 10213— Lifted ceilings on home leans in Hawaii administered by Fanny

May (Federal National Mortgage Association. I

HR 12595— Provided for the permanent air lift of all first class mail from Hawaii. _ ^ /t ^ -

HR 9883— Provided pay. raises ior/federal government employees in Hawaii. Om JJ yffnt A, HR 1795 and HR 9043— Appropriated $150,000 for the USS Arizona War A Memorial.

HR 5630— Encourages the establishment of voluntary pension plans by self-employed individuals.

HR 7278— Removed restrictions on Kahului, Maui, airport lands to permit their sale, lease or exchange for improvement purposes.

But this is not all. Dan also assisted in (the passage of these bills in the Houses^

A $23*5 million authorization measure for a new federal building in

Honolulu.

A $1.9 million authorization bill for a public health clinic and quarantine station in Honolulu.

A bill increasing federal grants to the State of Hawaii. S< , *,4 jj There is more— much more.

Dan^ supported these bills in the interests of the people of

Hawaii and the nation:

The Peace Corps bill— a program which has since won world-wide acclaim.

The Area Re-development Act.

The 1961 Housing Act,

The 1962 Foreign Aid Assistance Act.

The U.S. purchase of United Nations bonds bill.

The resolution giving President Kennedy standby powers to call up 150,000 ready reservists.

Legislation to help the U.S. meet European Common Market competition.

There are many others, including some major legislation which failed of passage, such as the establishment of cabinet post to give the 125 million

U.S. citizens living in cities the same cabinet-level representation as the nation’s 13 million farmers.

Do-nothing Congressman???? Read On.

Here are sane bills Dan Sponsored which were last reported still pending in committees or on the House calendar: - 8-

Authorizing the Secretary of State to investigate and determine the feasibility of establishing a Pacific International House on

Sand Island*

Authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to m d e mortgage loans on leased land in Hawaii. 7

Three bills to assist the Kona coffee industry.

A bill to establish fair minimum wages in the sugar industry throughout the U.S. (Mainland growers often pay their employees much less than prevailing wage rates in Hawaii, making them more competitive.)

Giving Guam representation in the Congress through a resident commissioner.

Creating a National Peace Agency.

Authorizing a contribution to the government of the Ryukyu Islands to

compensate for use of private property and damage to same by U.S. forces prior to the Japanese Treaty.

ENough? There's still more MARITIME STRIKE SETTLEMENT

Dan was among the first to appreciate the need for quick action on

the maritime strike. He was in almost daily contact with the White House

and the Department of Labor on this problem.

But he could not make public his role in the controversy at the time because protocol— the traditional way things are done in Washington—

required that all press releases come from the White House and premature

disclosure of facts might have jeopardized negotiations. mi FACTS OK MS BKJUXE’S SSOQIIB

Ben*s opponent and others connected with the opposition's campaign have reposted charges that Dan’s only accomplishments in

Vaafcington sere the return of Salt Lake Slvd* to the state, a resolution authorising presentation to Hawaii of the first 50-star u».„ M a g to fly over the Capitol building in Washington and the Btatehood Ctetaibus Bill, referred to as "just a formality.”

Of oouree these charge are ccasplefceiy false and either aham a deliberate attempt to M islead the people of Hawaii or an appalling ignorance of the mechanics of 1 procedures*

There are 437 numbers of congress and during the 36th Congress, which consisted of two cessions (the second probably sill hare adjourned by the time you read this) these 437 members introduced more than 12,000 bills.

Of these 12,000 odd Mils, less than 300 ware enacted into law in the second session. This means that on the average, each Congress­ men sponsored and had adopted into law less than seven tenths of one bill.

On this basis alone, even if Ban had but three bills enacted into law, he :1s far ahead of the pack even though he was a freshman Congress­ man.

But the fact is that Den had more than 20 of hie bills enacted into law— not counting many private bills which took care of personal immi­ gration problans and other matters. J i l i £ if !i Hii l i li j f i Ji i i i ! The The fact that Ban swiftly learned this technique «a and able to use

^ I % • 3-

CanUr and* to date* $10 ailli9a~1960} 13*3 jdJQion-1961} $3*3 million la 1962* Perhaps Mr* S t U H a ^ m afcould visit the Kanoa csspus t nd m i the rst Bast-•■ test Z m & s r buildings under construction and ask some of

the 2A 9 studeats--including 202 f r m Asia— what THEX think of these

appropriations*

The Bss6-w«st Center rates top priority on Ban's future program

in the Ooaate to insure that the Institution grows through the years*

About 1,000 students Kill be enrolled there by 1966-67*

"tmnibor that this center is a Umo&e&tlc project, a brainchild of

Jack Burns and Tice President Xyntion B* Johnson* It Is a positive accomplishment shows the Democratic administration *s faith in

E m a i l and its people in its program for world peace.

It is aa important 11 in the search for internatloaal understanding

led by the Kennedy fttalnistration*

But don't fall to remind listeners that the administration sought

to cut the 1962 appropriation, slowing the pace of the program* Ban

Inouye stepped in and no cut was m d e beeauco he went to bat for the

Bast-West Jenter prograr..

A House S'db-JcsRlttee found that progress of the East-West Jenter

l»s been s*rapid end praiseworthy.*

to CU&—

federal pending aland at enhancing our international relations. federal

spending that broadens the foundations of our own University of Hawaii—

federal spending that brings many economic benefits to Hawaii as well as through faculty payroll*, reaaeareh |sejocts, «tc.

46 Million Hi Irant HH-11602— Granted interest on a $6 million grant to the JolLego

of Agriculture, University of Hawaii, A total of $2.2 million m s

appropriated in I960 and $3*7 million in 1962. The balk of this monsy will go into the Collage of Tropical Agriculture soft use of p~rt of the

funds endow professorship® la near under cmMderation by the university* s

Board of Itegeots. Another portion has boon used to establish an engineering

inqpcriment station. This is not a physical plant but oarers extensive

rossorob studies ^*1*^ conducted as part of the foliage of Engineering

program.

Interstate Defense $3.7 Hillioa For Highways ■ Kft iUtf>G2— Included Hawaii in the Interstate Defease Highway Dysteo

far the first time, The bill apjarcpriaies nearly $31 million to build

nearly 50 miles of federal Interstate Defense Highways in Hawaii. The

three main highways scheduled for construction are* U-X, from Barbers

Point to Aiks. Koaj H-2, from Pearl -ity to Bchofield Barracks | and 11-3,

from Middle St, to the Kaneohe Marine kaps Air station in Kaneohe.

$4.2 Killian for Studies AMD aHStSIKSXOK 151 12900— This appropriates M i l earmarked $4.2 to be spent

in Hawaii by the Arsy fosps of Hhglneer* as follows* $3.2 million, Molokai

Irrigation project designed to open up large arid lands in West Molokai

to diversified agriculture and to boost pineapple production on the island.

$600,000, Hilo Harbor project. This cobars the construction of an expen­

sive model of Hilo Harbor for laboratory ma m action studies, (San hopes • 5» to hses the nodal built and tested i n S e m U rather than at tha 0.3.

Athjt Oorpc of Engineers laboratory in Mississippi) for materials and foundations studies, oceanographic studies (stocm w w analyses, ete.) and prail- aimay plans to protect Hilo from tidal ucv* (tsunami) action.

$300,000, yajUUw Stream flood control project an the island of Hauell.

$100,000, study of coastlines in the Ifl***1# for poeetfrlo ^ 1 1 harbor dcrahpmts*

$60,000, study of Honolulu and Barbers Bolnt harbor derelopesent and inyrovnwit projects.

488,000-ir^ude* project studies at Barbers Point, WstkMcl Beach

(beach erosion), Kauainui 3 v m p in I&UUas, and a Kihed, Haul, flood control project studr*

MayCHS

m m FSP3UL HJOJEOf STCBX2S

HE 7 U 3 — Authorised the Arsy ^rps of Engineers to make preliminary survey end studies of these projects;

Qafawg«ii»i nn Harbor*

Bawaii->»Lrm T i m Barrior*

K « ^ — rshoaiB Stream Flood Jontrolf £&alae& Bay Deep Sea Harbor.

Holokal-~KaunakakBl Harbor Project. lenai— Haaels Bay Project. X a ^ — Nswilivtti Bay Project.

uiy. SZftRLX U MIIUCB H » Jtt©

HR 7634~C^strniotioa of so enlarged turning basin In Kahului

Harbor. This vlOI pemlt larger aisd^Ms to service Kaui.

#e*

Ones this record sound liku the product of a "do-nothing” Oongressaaa?

Who can isa&sure tho total offset of these will,Ions open will,long of dollars to be ^?eat in i&uaii? One thing is certain, howeverf each of oa in the entire state eanoofe fail to enjoy sane of the benefits of these projects.

But this is sot all— hr a*$T naans.

Here are seen other meaares ihid) helped Hawaii and Its people— measures introduced in the ISmse and finally signed into law by President

Kennedy while Ban was in Joagrestt

HE 10213— lifted ceilings oa hone lasns in Hawaii administered by fanny

Fay (Federal National Mortgage Association,

HE 12595— Provided for the psrtaaaent air lift of all first class m i l froK Hawaii*

HR 9333— -^ovided pay raises for federal governawnt csployeas in Hawaii.

HE 1795 and HR §043— Ajproprlatad $150,000 for the Ub* irisona War

Ifeaorlal,

HR 5&20— rr*oux*ag« the establishmnt of voluntary pension plana by self-aeplayed Individuals,

HR 727®— Reeeved restrictions m Kahului, Haul, airport lands to pensit their sale, learn or exchange for iggrovm s nt purposes.

3ot this is not all. is the passage of t>ni8 |B ttM Bgnni

A $23*5 wfTUfwn — -hi art JseaSUTC for % IKW federal teiliHi^ JUl

Honolulu,

A $1,9 raillioa authorisation M i l for « public health clinic and quarantine station in Honolulu,

A hill increasing federal grants to the State of Hsusli.

there is aere— isaeh acre,

Dan supported these M i l s In the interests of the people of

Hawaii end the nation*

The Peace Corps hill— a program *dsieh has since non vorldtadde aoolai2&. the Area .i»-

The 1961 Housing Act,

The 1962 Foreign Aid Assistance Act.

The U.S. purchase of United Stations bands Mil.

The resolution giMLng President Kennedy etandby powers to call up 150*009 ready reservists.

Legislation to help the U.S. meet 3tm>pmn Cosswn Merfeet coepetitioii.

There are many others* including same major lagislation vhich failed of passage* such as the establitt^eat of cabinet post to glee the 125 million

V» 3, citisen® living in oiti«s the same cabinet-level rapi^sentatiou as the nation*s 13 million farmers.

Do-nothing Congressman???? deed to.

Hare are sons Mil s Dan Sponsored which were last reported still pending in cosnittees or m the Bouse calendar* Authorizing th® Secretary of state to investigate sod determine the feasibility of establishing s I'acific International House on

Send Island,

Authorising the Secretary of Agriculture to m k * Mortgage leans on leaded \a.r>d i n

Three M i l s to assist the lone, coffee industry.

A bill to establish fsir Mirdiwaa wages in the sugar industry throughout the U.S. (Mainlastd growers often pay their osplcyees saaoh less than prevailing wage rates in Hawaii, waking thara mare competitive.)

(living Otesa representation in the fortress through a resident ocEtalsaioner,

creating a Hbtioaal Peace Agency,

Authorising & contribution to the g w t m m m t of the Ryukyu Islands to ooapeaaat# for use of private property ami damage to m m * by u,a, forces prior to the Japanese Treaty,

i&a^h? There's still mrc KAH1T3KS STRIKE 3ST LiIla2IT

Dan was araeng the first to appreciate the need for quick action on the m r i t d m strike, Ee was in alaoai daily contact with the -hit® House ared the Department of Labor on prohle»u

But he could not m k e public his role in the controversy at the tine because protoocd— the traditional way things are 4 a m i n Washington— required that all press releases ccrae frora th® Khite House and panssature ■ disclosure of facte Might have jeopardised aegotifttioaas. PATRICIA KIM'S SPEECH AT JOHN A. BURNS TESTIMONIAL DINNER, JULY 7TH, 1962

(Hilton Hawaiian Village Dome)

Because of the marvelous introduction, I feel I ought to go home right now while I'm ahead, because I am a speaker, vdthout authority, having just left the role of student at the University of Hawaii; and believe me, that diploma only gives me the right to say that I know very little.

I am also a speaker without a great deal of experience. The only credentials that I may lay before you is perhaps as much as four years of University discipline has passed on, an objective and honest appraisal of a man.

I am here tonight to pay tribute to John Anthony Burns; more that that, I am here to pay tribute to the vision of Hawaii that he and his contemporaries have. About a year ago I was given a choice of three topics by the Government Department at the University of Hawaii to research and write a thesis in fulfillment of an honors re­ quirement for graduation. Based on the criteria of interest, I chose the topic "The Contribution of John A. Burns to Statehood as Seen by Himself and His Friends" for, three reasons: first, I wanted to find out more about what I thought was one of the most significant events that had ever happened to Hawaii— the granting of state­ hood; second, I wanted to tell Jack Burns' story because from what I had learned and heard, he was not given the credit Hilly deserved by him as Delegate for this great achievement; and lastly, I was very curious to do research on a man whom I knew had a very definite place in Hawaii's political history, and whom I knew was also the cause of a great deal of controversy.

When I began research on this thesis, I knew very little of Jack Bums. when I finished, I knew who he was, I knew what he was, and I think m o m important, I knew about the vision of Hawaii that he had...for Hawaii and for her people, I don't think that I need go into any great detail about what the vision is most of us are very- much aware of it, having shared in it. Most of us, in fact, all of us are a part of it. The vision began 100 years ago as the dream of thousands of immigrants Who planted the seed of desire for the good life. It began in the spirits and miriis of the poli-racial groups-— the Chinese, the Japanese, the Filipinos and Hawalidhs, the Caucasians"— and those among these who had suffered the destruction of the himan spirit, who had buffeted despair and anguish. Poor beyond the imagination offDe­ generation to understand— tumbled into the polygot whirlpool of cultural differences, "left nothing but a will to survive, to find a good life for themselves and their children, the dream unfolded and was created in men and women whose spirits defused to accept the status quo. And at that time we know what the status quo was— it was an oligarchy...It was a political oligarchy, it was a social oligarchy, it was an economic oligarchy— a small, closed, tight-fisted elite which controlled the lives and destinies of the people of Hawaii. I am not able to make a valued judgement, but I would suspect, perhaps given the economic and social situation of these thousands of immigrants just coming to Hawaii, perhaps this was the only way- of life they could have lived.,

However, once they had acculturated and acclimatized themselves to the western way of life and, more important, to the American way of life— once they had gained enough education to make their own decisions, to have the right to create their own destinies, this oligarchy could no longer be tolerated— and it was'nt!

This is past history— and a vital part of the vision. It has been a very bitter history for some, but it has also been a very colorful history. Hawaii appears to be the only state in the Union with a history of a monarchy. It is one of the very few states that has a history of political revolution. Because of this, each one of us in this (room is part of the vision— each one of us shares a part of this dream. And Jthe vision will continue— it is felt by everyone in our community and voiced by a -few, like John A. Burns, who are willing to sacrifice their time and effort to communicate this vision, to express it, and to make ethers understand it. - 2-

The question of "what is the vision today" is very simple to answer. In my taped interview, fog my thesis with Mr. Burns, I was first introduced to the philosophy of people and government which has sustained him throughout the years. It is the philosophy I found in our capital that most impressed the Representatives and Senators, (That impressed them- enough to consider statehood For Hawaii). It made sense to them because Jack Burns lived and believed it and was able to communicate it. The philosophy is a very simple, one— and it continues the vision that I have been talking about. It cap be given to you in one sentence:

It is the principle of the people’s right to create their own future, to demand a responsible government, to exercise their own fundamental responsibilities. This is the vision of Hawaii that Jack Burns has— this is thevision that we are all a part of.

Today, with statehood and the vision that I have been speaking of, Hawaii's people have a great job before them. first of all, that they must create their own destinies because they have the responsibility to do this. There age many problems that face all of us— for instance, not many of us in the community pan say that we are truly informed— that we can express our opinions freely because we are informed. We know very little of national and international events. Political sophistication is slowly developing in the community today. It has come to the point where a Madison Avenue campaign does'nt quite overwhelm the electorate and they are able to think and able to express their opinions, and to evaluate. Perhaps our geographical isolation, the fact that we are rather an insular area away from the mainland has made for the fact that we are not fully informed, and so we have the responsibility to go out, preferably to take the initiative, and to become informed. What I am try­ ing to say is, in order to create their own destiny, Hawaii's people must care enough to be informed about things that are happening around them. They must care enough to be able to express and evaluate.

The second thing we must do in creating our own destiny is to take the initiative to aspire for greater things for ourselves and for Hawaii. Now that we have state­ hood perhaps one day Hawaii can contribute a Supreme Court Justice, a presidential candidate, great scholars, writers and other professional men & women. We must recognise thf abundance of talent and the wealth of ability that we pave in Hawaii, and we must make use of this talent and ability.

Lastly, we have a University that must be developed: and we cap be very proud of it. It has come a long way from the cow college it once was many, many years ago. We can be equally proud of the fact that the University was built by our tax dollars, by educators and administrators (who really aren't paid very much) and legislators who had the foresight to see that we needed an institution to refine the minds of our young. And most important tying these points together, each one of us must gain the concept of a "contributing citizen"— one who is willing to be active and who is going to participate in our community activities.

These are some of the problems which I think face the people of Hawaii today in creating their own destiny. They are problems that can be overcome. Once we have taken the initiative, the next thing to do is— and it is the second part of the vision of Jack Burns— to demand responsible government. We must demand the American tradition of character, integrity and public dedication. Just as we would not give a child a loaded pistol, just as we would not put an idiot before a button that would start the third World War and a barrage of atomic missiles, so would we not give an incom­ petent politician, an incompetent public official or even an incompetent govern­ ment worker any power whatsoever. And the people of Hawaii must learn to Remand. Altho we live in a technical and complex age of physics, atoms and IBM machines we must not forget that government is made up of people, and we must learn to demand frai these people the achievement of responsible government.

It is very hard to define responsible government. I can only say that it is not a pie-in-the-sky glittering generality" it is not an empty promise...It has never meant any of these things. If I were to define it, though, I would say responsible government means men and women dedicated and willing to be what we would really call public servants. It means adequate police protection: it means better education; it means laws that are fair and just, opportunities for our children, economic growth in the Island, and the teaching and imbuing of community values. Responsible goven m ent starts in the home, in the family, and goes out to the community through PTA meetings and public hearings. It ends in the legislative session or an administrator's office. Responsible government means people willing to be informed and willing to take the initiative to communicate, to argue, to express, to persuade and to be persuaded. Responsible government fourishes in differing opinions, attitudes and values. Responsible government means, most of all, integrity— yours and mine and the people we trust, hire and/or elect. Responsible government does not demand men pure of heart, clean of mind and body— does not ask for ivory-towered intellectuals or superhuman perfect beings— because there are no such animals, 1 eally. But it does demand fair, mature values, dedication to principle, belief in democratic participation, and the will to stand and not run scared while hypocricy and small minds flourish about you, I say again my generation doesn't know very much— we know really very little. We do know that it is much harder to live these days because life is no longer simple— but for those of us exposed to our role in the community and political life, we know what it is to want to be a "contributing citizen", to want to be informed— to want to participate.

I am here tonight to pay tribute to Jack Burns because I believe he exemplifies first, the integrity and spirit of the "contributing citizen" I speak of, When I began my thesis I didn't expect to be particularly impressed by the man. After I finished, I must admit I was very much impressed. In fact, I was inspired in many ways. I found the man responsible for statehood, responsible in large part for the East-West Center, to be a man of good will, high values and unassailable character. I ant not alone in this feeling. Again,because I say I speak without a great deal of authority, I thought tonight I would read to you a few excerpts from my thesis. These are excerpts from interviews I held in Washington, D.C. (When I was on the mainland a few months ago) with key legislators who had helped the statehood move­ ment....who were very, very crucial, in fact, to it. These were thing? they had to say about John Burns:

The first one is Representative Dan Inouye, and I asked him the opening question: "In the time you have been here on the Hill and through your conversations and ob­ servations, what are the things that you have heard about Jack Burns?" And. his reply was: "Jack B u m s reputation in Congress, by those who knew him as Delegate, was one of an honest and forthright man. His reputation grew out of his personality, the force.of Which did a great deal to void the fear of Communism in Hawaii," And this was one of the major issues that prevented many of our national legislators from seriously considering statehood for Hawaii.

A person who worked closely on Burn's staff said: "Jack Burns, while Delegate, proved to be a man of principle and conviction. More important, he was a man who has always believed in Hawaii's people as a "Resource of the nation," a man who has always believed Hawaii can be great. He is certainly not perfect, but no one can deny that he is a leader and no one can deny that he believes in a great state and that state is Hawaii."

Representative Aspinall, Chairman of the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, had this to say: "Mr. Burns had the unusual ability, again by virtue of his personality, to contact certain southerners who had been opposed to statehood for both Hawaii and Alaska because of the race issue (and this again was an issue which prevented many Congressmen from voting for statehood.) Men like Rayburn an d Johnson changed their minds about statehood because of Jack Burns. Congressmen were impressed by Burn's honesty, sincerity and integrity. His devotion to his religion, his wife, his high moral conduct brought the respect of Congressmen, something that is often very difficult to gain."

* Leo O'Brien, the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Territories before Alaska and Hawaii became states, had this to say: "One thing the Delegate accomplished that no other delegate prior to him had even attempted was to assure members of Congress that Hawaii would first work for Alaskan statehood— this took guts. It also took the realistic approach to a situation and a man who realized that if he was to bright statehood to Hawaii, he must first work for Alaska. Jack Burns was successful because both Houses of Congress trusted and had confidence in him. His most important achievement in Congress was the personal contacts he made, especially with men like Speaker Rayburn and Senator Johnson."

Actually, I have been trying to make three points this evening— The first is that I believe in the vision because I know that I am part of the vision..and so are you. I believe in it and I, too, very much want to create my own destiny, not only - 4- for myself but for others in Hawaii. Second, if I and others are going to fulfill the vision, we must demand responsible government— and this demand rests on the fact that you assume that those you elect, those that work for you, have integrity* those of you who recognize that government is made up of people whose values will make or break the structure of our great Republic. And third, the last point that I wanted to make was that I dor believe Jack Burns exemplifies the "contributing citizen" that I have been speaking of; he is a man of integrity. Perhaps I could best summarize what I have been trying to say by reading the concluding chapter of my thesis. It is very short and I think it sums up quite well the message that I would like to bright you tonight:

"As a student of political science this study has been a most revealing one for me. I have learned that I know little of the true nature of politics, and in a larger scope, very little of the true nature of our Hawaiian society. (I am one of the "politically unaware" that B u m s and fellow Democrats lament about.) I, too, have little conception of my fundemental responsibility and obligations to the Hawaiian polity. The vision of Hawaii contributing to the growth of our nation is a vision I have not shared.

"Perhaps if we can believe the sincerity of Jack Burns, and this is something I, personally do not question after this study, we can begin tp understand his philosophy whenever he discusses Hawaii's potential. Bums, the man, is certainly not extraordinary nor great, but he is an individual who believes in greatness and the potential for extraordinay contributions by Hawaii's people. John A. Burns has a definite place in the political history of the Hawaiian Islands. He is one of the miiny men— who has worked unselfishly for a principal and has held on tenaciously to a belief— who has dedicated himself to carrying out these principles and canmunicating these beliefs. 1'he question of credit for statehood is an import­ ant one, of course, but with statehood it has brought another question, one Jack Burps has often asked: — "Whom will we credit fo r Hawaii's fu tu re? "

I think I really don't have to go any further to answer this question. Again I say I am very happy to be here tonight to'pay tribute to Jack Burns because this- is a man I can appreciate.

Thank you.

PATRICIA KIM pays tribute to

The donorable J O H M A. BURNS Democratic Candidate for GOVERNOR of the State of Hawaii

Patricia Kim was born in Honolulu, graduated from Kahuku High School, graduated cum laude in Government from the University of Hawaii and was also presented the 1 % 2 UH Speech Department Award. She willattend the University of Michigan Law School this fall. Patricia is 21 years of age. TOM GILL 4104 ROUND TOP DRIVE HONOLULU, HAWAII

n

lsis\ ISSUES 1. Do you favor Presid ent Ke nnedy's proposal fo r medical care for the aged under Social Security? Favor the Prasident ' s Proposal 64.80 % Do not favor, the President'a proposal 15.78

Don't know 15.32

2. Do you favor federal aid to education as proposed by the Kennedy Admini stration?

Favor federal aid to education 76***0,

Do net favor federal aid to educ a lion 3.55 Don't Know

VI ■iPvwfiwrwfwiTm »■ Do '•■'c-o fceHave thl.S' 1? true?

Yes, there are too many lawyers 23. 59

No there are not too many' law ers 22.14

Don’t know 48.

4. Do you believe that our Representatives and Senators In Congress should speak out on International questions as well as questions which concern Hawaii? Or, should they confine themselves to questions which concern Hawaii only?

Should speak out on International questions

' Should concern theeselves only with, questions concerning Hawaii

don't know a -ft 5 . Do you believe that the Kennedy Adm in is tration needs ..the nearly fu ll support of our Congressional delegation?

Heeds the nearly full support 66.29

Don 't know Fact Sheet Introduction

The whistle will blow October 7 for the start of the 30-day drive for an Inouye victory in the general election in November.

This will not be a tea party. It will be a tough, hard fight and none of us can afford to let down for a minute.

We're up against a candidate known for his hard cam­ paigning and we don’t intend to sell him short. He has launched a drumfire attack against Dan and his "made in California" campaign has plenty of money and brains behind it.

Enclosed you will find a series of fact sheets for your information and use in the campaign. These have been carefully researched and documented. More such information will be on the way to you within a few days.

Every person that you can acquaint with the facts in this campaign is another possible voter for our candidate. And be sure to get this word, to the opposition whenever and wherever you can.

Dan will make his position clear on every major issue in this campaign. He will show that he is not a rubber-stamp— that he has not sold Hawaii short. He will show that he is a fighter, a leader and the only man who can best serve Hawaii and our country. He will show that his opponent is a right-wing conservative voice of the past— a past that is long dead in the land. DAN INOUYE AND THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION

Here in Dan's own words are M s comments on M s relationship with the Kennedy administration:

My record will show that to a great extent I have supported the administra­ tion on most measures- I have supported these programs, not because of the dictates of the administration, and I should point out that the administration has never dictated to me .

I supported these programs because I believed in them.

I believe in federal aid to education.

I believe in medicare— the health care for the aged program.

I believe in foreign aid.

I believe in a strong defense.

I am not a politician who will oppose measures merely to create an aura of independence around me— opposition for the sake of opposition,

I feel that the present administration is doing a good job— the programs are worthy of support.

However, there have been times when I have opposed administration programs. One of the most important cases on record is the Sugar Act where I sincerely believed that some of the administration proposals were not in the best interests of Hawaii or the nation.

And let's not forget that although I am a Democrat, I supported major administration proposals by President Eisenhower— a Republican— 85 per cent of the time. I felt that many of the Republican President' s proposals were adequate and in the best interests of the United States.

When I felt that some of President Eisenhower's programs were not in the best interests of our country, I voted against them.

It should be noted that many Republicans have gone "down the line" for President Kennedy's programs. Does this make them poor Republicans or Republican yes men for a Democratic administration?

Of course not!

These people are Just exercising their prerogatives as representatives and doing what they believe to be in the best interests of the United States. THE SUGAR ACT

Of all the laws passed by Congress this past year none was more important to Hawaii than the Sugar Act.

Congressman Dan Inouye played an important role in drafting this vital legislation.

Not only is this law important to Hawaii1s $150 million sugar industry and the industry's 13,500 employees and their dependents, but it affects Hawaii's basic economy.

Each one of the 27 sugar companies in Hawaii and the people and businesses in the plantation communities depend directly and indirectly on provisions of this law.

Until the new act was passed, amending the old, there was no assurance that the industry would have the long-range stability which this type of agriculture requires.

In commenting on the Sugar Act, C. Hutton Smith, past president of the Hawaiian Sugar planters Association, said in his 1961 annual report:

"The importance of this legislation to Hawaii can not be over- emphasized. It must encourage and protect our domestic growers by providing for reasonable production goals, insuring equitable prices for sugar."

In reference to Congressman Inouye, Mr. Smith also said this: •

"We are especially pleased that Representative Inouye is on the House Agriculture Committee. He knows Hawaii intimately, and is completely conversant with our problems in sugar. We know he will continue to work diligently for Hawaii."

Dan Inouye lived up to this confidence in the work he did this past year as a member of the House Committee on Agriculture.

Because he "did his homework" he became one of the most informed men in Congress on the complexities of sugar legislation. In recognition of his knowledge of the problem, he was named to the House-Senate conference committee when the crucial time came to work out differences between the two branches of Congress. Eleven committee members who had more seniority were passed over to give Dan a seat at the conference table.

He was successful in obtaining amendments which put Hawaii in a more favorable position than it was formerly under the old law which gave Hawaii's sugar beet competitors the advantage. 2. THE SUGAR ACT

The federal government, through the Department of Agriculture, controls production and marketing of sugar in the United States.

Along with other domestic producers, the sugar companies in Hawaii receive government payments of 35 cents per 100 pounds of sugar produced. The cost of these payments by the government is offset hy a tax on refined sugar.

This arrangement enables Hawaii and other domestic producers to compete with foreign areas where workers are much lower paid and where sugar can he produced at lower cost.

But under provisions of the old law, Hawaii was given an unreal- istically high quota hy the Department of Agriculture. More often than not Hawaii was unable to meet the quota and sugar beet growers, competing in Hawaii's mainland market area, were permitted to produce--and to receive compliance payments for--the difference between what Hawaii produced and the quota limit.

Under the new law, which Dan helped frame, Hawaii has a more realistic quota, and if the islands should not meet the quota, the deficit would not he assigned to the beets but to foreign areas .

In supporting this measure, Dan opposed the Administration's version of the bill because he did not believe it would be fair to Hawaii as the law which was finally passed.

The new law extends to December 31, 1966, with respect to Hawaii, other domestic areas and the Philippines, and to December 1964, with respect to foreign countries.

This gives Hawaii's industry the opportunity to plan ahead and make new improvements and investments with some assurance of stability under the law.

The new Sugar Act is an extremely complicated piece of legislation and this report merely underscores some of the features which were of major importance to Hawaii. HAWAIIAN PINEAPPLE IN SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM

For the first time in history, the Department of Agriculture recently ordered $600,000 worth of Hawaiian pineapple products for distribution in the national school lunch program.

This was another accomplishment for which Congressman Dan Inouye deserves substantial credit. The Department of Agriculture initially announced it would accept bids for pineapple only in cube form. This would have put the industry at a disadvantage because of limited inven­ tories of this particular type of canned pineapple during the period when bids were to be called.

Dan Inouye intervened in behalf of the industry and helped convince the Department of Agriculture that the order should include chunks and tidbits as well as cubes.

The consequent purchase of 133,379 cases represented a welcome and substantial amount of new business for the industry.

Robert Cushing, president of the Pineapple Growers Association, said he hoped the Department of Agriculture will continue to request bids in future years to keep Hawaiian pineapple in the school lunch program.

The awards by the DA included Libby, McNeill & Libby, 69,211 cases; California Packing Corp., 39,688 cases, and Dole Corp., 24,480 cases.

The government's purchase price per case, based on delivery at West Coast ports, ranged from $4.86 to $4 .96.

Dan Inouye is also aware of the problems facing the pineapple producers as a result of foreign competition. Commenting on some of these problems, he said recently:

"Because of the high tariff walls erected by the European Common Market, our industry has encountered serious difficulties in attempting to sell pineapple in Western Europe. At present the tariff is 25 per cent of the ad valorem price. As a result, the industry has lost one of its major European markets— West Germany. This tariff is simply too high for us to be able to compete favorably with other pineapple producers.

"President Kennedy was recently granted limited authority to negotiate on tariffs and I'm certain the results can only be good for our pineapple industry. He may be able to negotiate a lower tariff on Hawaiian pineapple which will make fair competition possible within the European market.

"Japan levies a 50 per cent tariff against Hawaiian pineapple to pro­ tect the pineapple industry on Okinawa. I believe, however, that the market in Japan is such that Hawaii can compete with Okinawa in this field without hurting each other. 2. HAWAIIAN PINEAPPLE IN SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM

"For this reason, I recently talked with officials of the Japanese government and the Okinawan pineapple industry and all were hopeful that the harriers can he lowered.

"As pineapple is another one of our "Big three" industries (sugar, tourism-and pineapple), we must do everything we can to keep our pineapple producers strong and healthy." • •

PUBLIC WORKS

No one knows better than Congressman Daniel K. Inouye how vital federal public works projects are to the State of Hawaii because our state needs economic develop-* ment projects--especially on the Neighbor Islands.

He paid special attention to Neighbor Island needs during his terms of office. Here is the record of appropriations which Dan was able to get House approval for while he has, been in Washington:

1962

HAWAII

$600,000 Hilo Harbor tidal wave seawall protection study. This is the first step in a project which may ultimately cost $25 million or more. No one needs to be reminded that Hilo must never again bear the heavy losses in lives and property which it has endured in recent years..

$200,000 - Wailoa Stream Flood Control project study.

$20,000 - Kawaihae Harbor channel deepening study.

MOLOKAI

$3,200,000 - Molokai Irrigation Project. Now in its final stages of construction, this project will provide precious water to a large section of West Molokai for the first time in history, making diversified farming possible on a wide scale. It is hoped that this area will ultimately become the "breadbasket" for populous Oahu, cutting imports of fresh fruits and vegetables from the West Coast to a minimum.

MAUI

$17,000 - Kihei Flood Control project study.

OAHU

$60,000 - Honolulu and Barbers’ Point Harbor study projects.

STATE OF HAWAII

$100,000 - Hawaii Coastline study project to select small boat harbor project sites. This study will help aid Oahu and all the Neighbor Islands.

*****

1961

OAHU

$50,000 - Barbers’ Point Harbor project feasibility study. 2. PUBLIC WORKS

$10,000 - Honolulu Harbor channel study.

$6,000 - Waikiki Beach erosion study.

$5,000 - Kawainui Swamp reclamation study. The City & County of Honolulu recently voted, to acquire this area and will soon be seeking sizeable federal appropriations to reclaim this land and convert it into a beautiful park.

*****

The following project studies have been authorized but are still awaiting budgeting action:

Hawaii - Lava Plow Barrier.

Maui - Maalaea Bay Deep Harbor. Kahoma Stream Flood Control.

. Oahu - Kahaluu Harbor.

Projects previously authorized where funds have now been made available for studies by the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers:

Kauai - Nawiliwili Small Boat Harbor.

Lanai - Manele Bay Small Boat Harbor.

Molokai - Kaunakakai Harbor. EAST-WEST CENTER

The East-West Center on the University of Hawaii campus is a top priority project on Congressman Dan Inouye's program--now and in the future.

During his terms of office, the House of Representatives has approved appropriations totaling $21.6 million for the East-West Center program. These were appropriated as follows: i960 - $10 million; 1961 - $3.3 million; 1962 - $8 .3 million.

About 1 ,000 students will be enrolled at the East-West Center by 1966-67 and Dan hopes to help it grow through the years.

Remember that this Center is a Democratic project, a brainchild of John A. Burns, the present Democratic candidate for Governor, and Vice President Lyndon B . Johnson. It is a positive accomplishment which shows the Kennedy administration’s faith in Hawaii and its people in its program to advance the cause of international understanding and world peace.

A House subcommittee found this year that the progress made at the East-West Center has been "rapid and praiseworthy."

Hundreds of Asian students and senior scholars will leave this insti­ tution to go to other schools on the U. S. Mainland or to return to their homelands, carrying with them a well-rounded knowledge of the U. S. and its democratic institutions.

Is this the kind of federal spending the opposition wants to cut-- spending aimed at the enhancement of human relations, bridging the gulfs of human understanding?

Congressman Inouye said, "The East-West Center is one of the great steps forward taken by our nation in recent years . I am very proud to have played some part in the creation and advancement of this remarkable institu­ tion which has received so much well-deserved praise throughout the free world.

"Should we ever lose sight of the need for such an educational facility, then we have lost touch with the very freedoms we live and fight for." UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

Congressman Dan Inouye had to "battle in the House of Representatives to secure a $6 million land grant college aid appropriation for the

Universty of Hawaii. His "bill asked for $36 million in lieu of a land grant to the University of Hawaii matching grants given other state colleges and universities since the Morrill Act of 1862.

The Eisenhower administration opposed this grant on the grounds that t Hawaii had waived it under the terms of the Statehood Act. The Governor was reluctant to support it because he doubted the grant could be included in the Hawaii Omnibus bill and because he feared it would burden that bill with too many controversial items.

Although a $6 million grant was included in the Omnibus bill,

Congressman Inouye still had to battle for the allocation of the funds.

The money is invested by the State of Hawaii and the University receives the interest which averages Just under a quarter-million dollars a year.

The bulk of these funds is now being invested in the College of

Tropical Agriculture. Use of part of the money to endow professorships is now under consideration by the Board of Regents. Another portion is being used to finance engineering research conducted by the College of

Engineering.

All this adds up to a stronger university able to provide a better education for our children and to make valuable contributions not only to the State of Hawaii but to peoples throughout the Pacific Basin. HIGHWAYS

How many of you realize that highways costing more than $300 million are being built and will be built in Hawaii in this decade from i960 to 1970?

More than $240 million of this amount will come in the form of federal aid from Washington. For every $90 from the federal government, the State must put up $10 in matching funds. Most of these federal aid funds were not available.to Hawaii until i960 when the Congress included Hawaii in the Interstate Defense Highway System.

Until this point in time, Hawaii paid its full share of federal gas taxes without receiving the same benefits accorded other states.

Congressman Inouye introduced the bill to make these funds available. The proposal was not opposed by the administration and the bill later became a-part of the Hawaii Omnibus Act. The opposition has referred to this act as "just a formality"--more than $240 million in federal aid.

Here are the amounts Hawaii has already received or is scheduled to receive under this program through the 1963-64 fiscal year:

$1 2 .3 million in the 1961-62 fiscal year. $18.79 million in the 1962-63 fiscal year. $20 million plus in the 1963-64 fiscal year.

Nearly 50 miles of Interstate Defense Highways are already scheduled for construction on Oahu as follows: H-l, from Barbers' Point to Aina Koa; H-2, from. Pearl City to Schofield Barracks; and H-3, from Middle Street to the Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station.

Because other states had a four-year jump on us--they began partici­ pating in this program with the passage of the National Highway Act in 1956--we are behind schedule.

These highways will alleviate a serious traffic condition on Oahu. They are one of the major foundation stones in a national program designed to provide needed assistance to limited state economies.

An additional $5 million a year— to be matched on 50-50 basis by our state--is also provided for state primary and secondary highways on all the islands.

It's true that some--but not all--of this money is our own, coming back to us following payment of various federal taxes. But because we are a small state with limited resources, we must be ever' alert in the Congress to be certain that we receive a fair share of federal funds marked for distribution throughout the nation. USS ARIZONA MEMORIAL

For 20 years, the final resting place of the more than 1,000 dead buried in the rusting hulk of the USS Arizona was marked only by an

American flag atop the superstructure.

Despite a determined campaign by the Pacific War Memorial Commission, efforts to raise $500,000 for a permanent memorial to these honored dead fell short of its mark by $150,000. Dan Inouye did his part to secure a

$150,000 appropriation in the House and the bill passed the Senate and became law.

The USS Arizona-Memorial, a reality at last, was dedicated on

Memorial Day of this year It is indeed a fitting tribute t o the brave men of the Arizona and a silent reminder to all the world that they will never be forgotten. FOREIGN AID

Four cents out of every tax dollar goes for foreign aid spending. When we hear complaints about giving money to "foreigners" or people on the other side of the world, we tend to forget that much of our foreign aid money stays right here at home.

This is so because so much of our foreign aid spending is in the form of tanks made in Detroit, wheat and corn grown in the mid-west and western states, cotton for uniforms from our southern cotton fields, guns, electronic equip­ ment, jet fighters, tires--the list is endless.

Much of our foreign aid is spent for defense to defend our friends and to defend ourselves. In return we often receive concessions such as Strategic Air Command bases in Spain, Turkey and elsewhere. This is part of our defensive ring around the Communist world.

Without our help, many free nations might fall into the Communist orbit. V/e must do everything we can to give our friends and allies throughout the world the proper assistance so that they can help us hold back the tide of Communist aggression.

We are often criticized for giving some foreign aid to such countries as Poland and Yugoslavia. Congressman Inouye said:

"Events of history have shown that the people living in many nations within the Communist circle are not necessarily sympathetic with the Communist cause.

"Giving the President authority to grant aid to such nations, under certain circumstances, may enable us to take advantage of some of the cracks we find in the Kremlin wall.

"To do otherwise would be to treat our friends as enemies . We must keep the torch of freedom burning bright and keep hopes for freedom alive."

There are times when we become annoyed by positions taken against us by the leaders of some countries which have benefited from our foreign aid program. They may vote against us in the United Nations, for example.

Let us never forget that we believe in the freedom of man. We cannot expect to make these nations over into our own image. Many of these peoples have vastly different cultural backgrounds and are often just emerging from the dark ages.

We do not seek to turn these countries into satellites of the United States as Russia did with so many small nations.

Of course we hope to plant the seeds of democracy but we must remember how long it has taken our country and many of those in Western Europe and Asia to achieve the freedoms we enjoy today. (Not printed at Government expense) Congressional lleeord United States o f America PRO CEED IN G S A N D DEB.idFES OE THE S j tb CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Historical and Contemporary Aspects of U.S. Relations With the Philippines .1 SPEECH the upper as well as in the lower house stitution, and the transfer of sovereignty OP of the legislature. In addition, the Fili- after 10 years. piniz** bn of the government service in Independence was rapidly approach­ HON. DANIEL K. INOUYE the islands was accelerated. ing when the Japanese attacked the O F H A W AH Or August 29, 1916, the U.S. Congress Philippines in December 1941. The gal­ IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES app Hved the Jones Act, which contained lantry and assistance of Filipinos dur­ Tuesday, July 31, 1962 the first official promise of eventual in­ ing the war clearly demonstrated the dependence for the Philippines. This validity of America’s program of inde­ Mr. INOUYE. Mr. Speaker, America’s act declared in its preamble that it “has pendence for the Philippines, and also interest in the Philippines began in the always been the purpose of the people of showed the deep sense of friendship latter part of the last decade of the 19th the United States to withdraw their which unites our two peoples. Loyalty century. Since that time, extremely sovereignty over the people of the Philip­ to their bonds with the United States close ties have bound our two nations. pine Islands and to recognize their inde­ never wavered among the Filipinos. And While thrilled and elated at the news pendence as soon as a stable govern­ in no other country of Asia did Japanese of Commodore Dewey’s victory over the ment can be established therein.” The racist propaganda fall so completely on Spanish at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, Jones Act also reorganized the govern­ its face. few Americans could locate the islands ment. It provided for an elective senate With the crippling of the American without the aid of a map. And most of and gave the Philippine Congress full fleet at Pearl Harbor, the Philippines us probably fitted the description of Mr. legislative authority, limited only by the was cut off from any real assistance from Dooley, who commented that the Ameri­ powers of the Governor General and the United States. On December 22, can people did not know whether the the President of the United States. 1941, the Japanese launched their attack Philippines were an island or something In 1919 President Wilson, acting on on Lingayen Gulf, and American and to eat. Today their general form and Filipino forces began their famous rear­ position are known to every American the advice of Governor General Harri­ son, recommended that Congress ini­ guard action on Bataan. The retreat schoolchild. down the peninsula led to the fortress In the weeks preceding May 1898, tiate legislation giving complete inde­ pendence to the Philippines. However, island of Corregidor, which stands at the America’s policy toward the Philippines entrance of Manila Bay. At great cost, was being made by a small group of men, during the Harding administration, offi­ cial American encouragement of inde­ Corregidor was held until May 6, 1942, such as Admiral Mahan, Senator Henry after having resisted longer than any Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, and pendence waned. The Governor Gen­ eral under Harding, Leonard Wood, at­ area conquered by Japan in its southeast other advocates of the large policy. Nine Asiatic sweep. Throughout the Japanese months later, on February 6, 1899, the tempted to curtail the growing power of the native legislative body. This reverse occupation, Filipinos waged devastating U.S. Senate ratified by a vote of 57 to 27 guerrilla warfare. These actions tied the Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish- course frustrated many of the Filipino nationalists and had the effect of stimu­ down thousands of Japanese troops and American War and among other stipula­ greatly facilitated the American recap­ tions providing for American possession lating the independence movement both in the islands and in the United States. ture of the islands. of the Philippines. Despite some mis­ Most of the war devastation suffered givings about the morality of our becom­ The great depression gave further im­ by the Philippines occurred during the ing the rulers of this distant land, we set petus to this agitation for it brought into liberation campaign. American bombs out in good faith to raise living standards coincidence various Filipino and Ameri­ and artillery shells obliterated Filipino can pressures, which led to the inde­ in the islands and to prepare the Philip­ homes and factories, churches, and pines for inevitable independence. pendence legislation of 1933 and 1934. schools. Fierce ground combat between A permanent American commission The first Philippines Independence the retreating Japanese and the advanc­ was established in 1900 under Judge Act was passed by the American Con­ ing Americans brought further ravages. William Howard Taft, who in 1901 be­ gress in 1933, over the President’s veto. And thousands, Filipinos and Americans, came the first civil Governor of the However, it was not ratified by the guerrillas and civilians, men, women, islands. An important step in the move­ Philippines Legislature, which felt that and children, were killed, maimed, ment toward self-government was the it offered too little postindependence shattered. establishment , of a popularly elected as­ economic protection. Filipino desires Whole cities were in ruins. Manila sembly in 1907, as provided in the or­ were taken into greater consideration in was 50 percent wiped out; the city of ganic act, or Philippine bill, approved the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which passed Zamboanga sustained 90 percent destruc­ by Congress on July 1, 1902. the U.S. Congress on March 24, 1934, tion. On April 6, 1946, the House Com­ In 1913 a new Governor General, and was ratified by the Philippines on mittee on Insular Affairs of the U.S. Francis Burton Harrison, arrived in the May 1 of the same year. This act pro­ Congress filed a thorough report on the islands, and inaugurated a new era ofvided for an economic adjustment'pe­ situation in the islands. It concluded: Philippine self-government. Filipinos riod, the establishment of the Philippine The Philippines is the most devastated were given majority representation in Commonwealth, the drafting of a c n- land in the world. Years ot labor will be 653803—85384 2- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD necessary before the former physical condi­ on three pillars of mutuality. First is sand more were brought in 1946 to help tions in the islands can be restored. Com­ the bond of trade. While the Philip­ alleviate a temporary labor shortage. In mercial buildings, stores, modern office pines is no longer so heavily dependent buildings, factories, bridges, docks, transport all, some 125,000 Filipinos came to the facilities, utilities, communication lines, in on the American market as it once was, islands, although many returned to the fact, everything on which the Philippine economic relations between our two Philippines after a few years. Today, economy depended has been destroyed. countries remain very close, and about there are more than 69,000 Filipinos, half of the Philippines' world trade is many of whom are American citizens, On December 28, 1941, President still with the United States. living in the State of Hawaii. Roosevelt had proclaimed: The second pillar American rela­ The Filipinos represent the last of I give to the people of the Philippines my tions with the Philippi,, ’ s is our common the waves of immigration which have solemn pledge that their freedom will be re­ strategic objectives in the Far East and populated Hawaii. As the last group to deemed and their independence established and protected. The entire resources in men southeast Asia. The Philippines pro­ arrive, they were at a disadvantage in and materials of the United States stand vides a key anchor in our defense systdm raising their standard of living relative behind that pledge. containing Sino-Soviet expansionism in to the level of other groups in the is­ Asia. Likewise, our bases in the islands lands. But these immigrants showed On August 13, 1943, he further stated: and our military posture elsewhere in their ability to stand up under the hard We shall keep this promise just as we have the area are essential elements in the work of the sugar fields. They raised kept every promise which America has made defense of the Philippines. families, and they taught their children to the Filipino people. You will soon be redeemed from the Japanese yoke and you The third strong tie which unites the the importance of education. Today, the will be assisted in the full repair of the United States and the Philippines is our Filipino-Americans in Hawaii can boast ravages caused by the war. common outlook on many issues. Both members of the State legislature, of of our nations share a faith in freedom, county boards, and of all of the profes­ In fulfillment of its previous pledges a faith which leads us both to uphold sions. These men and women have dem­ the United States proclaimed the inde­ democracy in our domestic affairs and onstrated their devotion to the tenets of pendence of the Republic of the Philip­ to work at the international level to pro­ good citizenship through membership in pines on July 4, 1946. In addition, we tect freedom and to deter aggression in numerous civic organizations. Through kept our commitments to aid the post­ newly independent states. their personal and civic advancement of war economic advance and defense of Despite some disagreements, our co­ the ideals of American democracy, these the islands. Through the Philippine R e­ lonial record in the Philippines was an Filipino-Americans have made an impor­ habilitation Act of April 30, 1946, the exceptionally good one, and the relations tant contribution to the State of Hawaii United States undertook to compensate of our two countries are today on very and to the United States as a whole. property owners for damages suffered strong footing. I hope that they may Tomorrow, we will be considering H.R. during the war, and we appropriated $400 continue to be so. 11721, a bill authorizing the sum of $73 million for that purpose. By the Bell One of the factors which has con­ million for the payment of the balance Act of the same date we attempted to tributed to understanding between of awards for war damage compensation help the Philippines reduce its economic America and the Philippines over the made by the Philippine War Damage dependence on the United States through years has been an active, two-way com­ Commission under the terms of the Phil­ the gradual reinstitution of tariff sched­ munication carried on by the peoples of ippine Rehabilitation Act of April 30, ules, with full duties to be reached in the two nations. Americans of Philip­ 1946. H.R. 11721 embodies an American 1974. pine ancestry have greatly aided this promise to the Republic of the Philip­ Defensive arrangements have united effort, and I would like to take this op­ pines. As President Roosevelt so elo­ our countries since the signing of the portunity to offer a special commenda­ quently proclaimed in 1943, we have kept Military Bases Agreement in 1947. This tion to those Filipinos who settled in my and we intend to keep every promise pact gives the United States a 99-yearown State of Hawaii. which we have made to the Filipino peo­ lease over several important bases in the The Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Associ­ple. Let us not now set an unfortunate islands. The military partnership has ation experimentally introduced a few precedent by breaking this solemn prom­ been further strengthened by the Mutual Philippine families into the Hawaiian ise. Defense Treaty of August 30, 1951. Islands in 1906. After the cessation of I sincerely hope that my colleagues Since 1954, America and the Philippines Japanese immigration in 1907, sugar in the House will bear this solemn Amer­ have also been allied in the defense of planters began importing large numbers ican pledge in mind and grant favorable Asia through membership in the South­ of Philippine laborers. Many others consideration to passage of H.R. 11721. east Asia Treaty Organization, which, came on their own. The introduction of (Note: H.R. 11721 was approved by significantly, was formed in Manila. Filipinos was discontinued in 1932, be­ the House of Representatives on August U.S. relations with the Philippines rest cause of the depression, but a few thou­ 1, 1962, by a substantial majority.) 653803— 85384

U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0FrlC£;l962 HAWAII COPE, APL-CIO Room 205 Pier 8 Honolulu, Hawaii

Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #2

Ben says he is for "individual freedom". He says Government is "too big" and because of this, people are losing their individual freedom. Therefore, he proposes to cut government down to size! But where? He hasn't answered this question!

Let's see. Does he propose cuts in government missile spending, particularly in the Pacific where Dillingham controlled in­ terests have raked off contracts worth literally millions of dollars?

Or maybe he feels that the people have no right to be assured that the food they eat, the medicines they need are safe for human consumption. That food processors can adulterate at will. That drug companies can peddle their pills indiscriminately. Does he propose to get rid of the Food and Drugs Administration?

Or, does he feel that the people should be at the mercy of stock promoters and manipulators, and therefore, he would get rid of the Securities and Exchange Commission?

And what about public air transportation from city to city; state to state; nation to nation? Don't the people have a right to expect the best in safety on their travels? Does he propose to get rid of the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Federal Aviation Agency?

Does he believe the working men and women of this nation don't have a right to be fairly treated? To join unions if they want to? To be protected in this right? Does Ben propose the further slenderizing of Government by getting rid of the National Labor Relations Board?

We call on Little Ben to discuss specifics. Where and how does he propose such cuts in Government? Unless he is able to show us how, we cannot believe that big government means loss of freedom—— unless Ben believes that the people should be freed from the protection of their government, only to be placed at the mercy of big capital.

LET'S GET OUT THE VOTE FOR DAN INOUYE FOR UNITED STATES SENATOR.

Issuance confirmed HAWAII COPE, AFL-CIO Room 205 Pier 8 Honolulu, Hawaii

Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #3

Little Ben has stated on numerous occasions that he is for liberty and freedom of the individual; that he is completely against the further loss of freedom of the individual.

He further equates loss of freedom with increased federal spending——federal spending which the Congress, in its wisdom, may find necessary from time to time to implement.

Thus, he is saying in effect that we lose freedom if the federal government spends our taxes for water development and irrigation purposes; the construction of dams for water conservation and elec­ trification purposes; aid to education by providing funds for the con­ struction of more classrooms and better equipped schools.

All this talk by Ben of freedom for the individual is nothing but hogwash. This is so, because the other side of his mouth is preaching compulsory arbitration as the means of settling labor—management dis­ putes. What is compulsory arbitration? What is compulsory anything?

Compulsion is force, whether you like it or not— whether you agree or disagree. Is this the kind of individual; freedom you want? Ben surely wants it for us.

Let this man be consistent in his campaigning. Let his listeners exercise extreme care when they hear him. He is telling us exactly what his philosophies are——a hodge-podge that even he wouldn't be able to define. At least, they are anti—labor and anti—social welfare d ir e c t e d .

UNION MEN AND WOMEN: RAIN OR SHINE, VOTE THIS TIME! VOTE DAN INOUYE FOR US SENATOR!

Issuance confirmed HAWAII COPE, AFL-CIO Room 205 Pier 8 Honolulu, Hawaii

Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #4

Little Ben makes like he cares for the little people of Hawaii in his campaigning. He's our friend— our big brother. He would have us believe that he is sensitive to our problems and he sympathizes with th e m .

Let's again take a look at his record. What do we find? His record shows that:

He compared our people to rabbits in a Senate committee discussion on the need for more schools. He later apologized to the irate listeners.

He was against Welfare Department appropriations since the Territory would get nothing in return "except keep people from starving".

He charged that a bill to make November 11 — Veterans Day— a legal holiday to honor veterans was a "disgrace" and showed signs of "moral decadence" in the community.

He charged that Civil Service was a "Franken­ stein monster" and later, "a threat second only to the Communist Threat".

Rabbits??? There's a Republican fellow traveler of Little Ben running for Congress in Denver, C'oloradoj William Chenoweth is his name, who has been quoted as saying that old age pensioners are like: "prize pigs who eat more than their share at the public trough".

Come to think of it, General Ike's Secretary of Defense, Engine Charlie Wilson once compared the unemployed of our nation to kennel fed dogs— because they needed unemployment compensation benefits for their sustenance— instead of hunting for a living like bird dogs do.

Here, in little Ben, a candidate for responsible office, we find the kind of concern he has for our people: We are like rabbits! His fellow travelers compare our Senior Citizens to "pigs"— our unemployed to " d o g s " . Ben Dillingham (contfd) P a g e 2

This is the kind of contempt this man holds for our people.

BY NOW, YOU MUST BE CONVINCED YOU MUST GO OUT AND VOTE ON ELECTION DAY FOR DAN INOUYE F US SENATOR!

Issuance confirmed

I _ * e cto r HAWAII COPE, AFL-CIO Room 205 Pier 8 Honolulu, Hawaii

Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #5

BEN DILLINGHAM-GAMBLING-AND THE PIER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR HONOLULU HARBOR

Some of you may remember the Hawaiian Warrior football players who got involved in a little side bet by themselves. Ben Dillingham said: "It is one hundred per cent illegal—the re are no two kinds of gambling". He also said "even betting on yourself is running a very serious risk".

On December 17, he told the Honolulu Junior Chamber of Commerce that "I personally believe that professional football has a future in Hawaii but the gambling element will definitely ruin it if it is allowed to run loosely". From the Star Bulletin, December 18, 1947, Ben is quoted: "Gamblers in Honolulu have to be dug out and given the works".

Now what has all this got to do with public wharf construction in Honolulu? Well, read on and find out.

In early April 1949, less than two years after Little Ben made the statements above, he was a party to the steam roller movement in the Senate to pass the horse racing bill. In three days, the 9—men majority introduced and passed the bill on first, second and third readings, sill without a public hearing. Even the Star Bulletin got so mad about this that on April 11, 1949, a Star Bull said: ".....th e crowning exhibition of imperious disregard of parlimentary courtesy was their refusal to hold a public hearing prior to passage of the bill on third reading.

Furthermore, the Star Bulletin of April 13, 1949, carried a blistering letter from Joseph W. Bailey, President of Hawaii Baptist Con­ vention, which says of Dillingham: "We especially want to express the indignation we feel towards the one Senator from Oahu who played a major part in sponsoring this bill (horse racing) and driving it through the S e n a t e .

"Most of our people at the time of the election had confidence in Senator Dillingham since we believed he could be relied upon to cast his vote for the welfare of the Territory. Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #5 (continued P a g e 2

"So far as we are concerned, he has been weighed in the balance of statesmanship and has been found wonting".

Bailey also said of Ben's explanation of his "yes" vote "a cowardly subterfuge". And, continued Bailey, "we feel he prefers to be the cham­ pion of racketeers, gamblers and thugs which will turn this peaceful com­ munity into a resort for all that is evil".

Why did Ben push the horse racing bill even though he said that gamblers should be "dug out and given the works"? Very simple. Little Ben wanted to kill the bond issue for government pier development. Ben failed to do this and because of this he went to great length to get the Territory to pass a bill to buy Dillingham piers for $20 million dollars.

Said Fong (Star Bulletin 5/22/51): "This year he (Ben) and his lieutenants hounded almost every member of the House Finance Committee and myself and the vice speaker (Heb Porteus) to report out a bill already passed by the Senate to authorize the Territory to negotiate with him for his piers. The bill carried an appropriation of approximately $20 million dollars". Fong claimed his efforts to block Dillingham's moves saved the Territory $10 million dollars. Dillingham took Fongcon and Fong took a swipe at the Dillingham speech as "a speech of a cry baby who is unable to secure what he wants".

Furthermore, Fong also said in reference to Ben Dillingham: "Senator Ben Dillingham in the past 4 years has been guided by one thought and one thought alone— that is to wax richer and richer by setting the poli­ cies of the Legislature and pushing laws that will benefit his pocketbook. . . . . I ask you ladies and gentlemen of this House as to whether Senator Dilling­ ham has any other values aside from monetary gains"?

Because Ben Dillingham failed in his efforts to torpedo the harbor de­ velopment program, the people of Hawaii and of Honolulu in particular, have Pier 2 today.

Furthermore, Little Ben has been talking out of two sides of his mouth for so long he doesn't even know what he is. For example in the past two years he has described himself as follows: "lam a conservative"; I am a conservative liberal"; "I am a liberal but not a damn starry-eyed liberal"; "I am a Jeffersonian Democrat".

From what Fong said of Dillingham— and Fong was in a position to know— and from what Dillingham himself has said, let's really get out all of our votes for. "Dan Inouye for the U. S . Senate, Tom Gill and Spark Ben Dillingham Poop Sheet #5 (continued) P a g e 3

Matsunaga for the U. S. House, Jack Burns and Bill Richardson for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the State of Hawaii. — t*

LET'S PUT ALL OF THESE GOOD, COURAGEOUS DEMOCRATS OVER THE TOP ON NOVEMBER 6, 1962.

Issuance confirmed

Robert K. Hasegawa, Director (Not printed at Government expense)

United States Congressional R ecord o f America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 8 7th CONGRESS, CONGRESS, SECOND SECOND SESSION SESSION

A Tribute to Hon. Daniel K. Inouye

SPEECH but his left, and he repeated the oath A more recent accomplishment was OF of office. in an arena away from the House floor. There was no right hand, Mr. Speaker.He was a moving spirit in the settlement HON. LEO W. O’BRIEN It had been lost in combat by that young of the Hawaii shipping strike, a role at­ OF NEW YORK American soldier during World War II. tested by a letter of commendation from IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES Who can deny that, at that moment, President a Kennedy. Thursday, August 23, 1962 ton of prejudice slipped quietly to the We all recall the recent great prob­ floor of the House of Representatives. lems in enacting a new sugar law. The Mr. O’BRIEN of New York. Mr. Now, 3 years later, I can proudly re­gentleman from Hawaii did yeoman Speaker, as the 87th Congress moves port that high on the credit side of our work on that bill. Although he ranks into its closing days, Members experi­ vote in admitting Hawaii to statehood17th on the committee in seniority, it ence feelings of both anticipation and is the fact that Hawaii sentDa n iel is significant that he was one of four regret, anticipation of a return home to In o u y e to Washington. selected to serve on the conference com ­ relatives, friends, and neighbors, and re­ I have watched his comparatively briefmittee. Hawaii, as one observer noted, gret that many of our friends in the career here with far more than academic“batted 1,000 percent,” achieving long- House will not answer the first rollcall of interest. I wanted him to succeed, not range stability for that important crop the 88th Congress. because of his political affiliation but be­and winning a framework in which it Some of those who will leave have cause he was to be a living symbol of can and will flourish. been the victims of the fortunes of po­ what we did when we added the 50th Through his earnest efforts, the United litical life; some are retiring after long star to our flag. States is moving forward with a great, years of service and some will seek in I say now, cooly and dispassionately,and exciting experience in its cultural November election to different spheres that CongressmanI n o u y e ’s record here, contacts with Asiatic peoples. I refer of public trust. his impact on the rest of us, his zeal to the East-West Cultural Center at the We say farewell to all of them andand energy have surpassed by a thou­University of Hawaii, in which we have wish them all the best in the days ahead.sandfold my greatest hopes. invested $20 million and from which I should like to pay a special tribute It is not easy for a young man to be untold benefits will flow. It is significant at this time to one of those who will the first Representative of his State in that Mr. In o u y e has received every dol­ leave this Chamber soon because he hasthis historic body. It was not easy for a lar requested from a committee which been chosen by his party as a candi­young man to come here as the first per­ is hardly extravagant. date for the U.S. Senate. I refer to the son of his ethnic origin to serve in either CongressmanIn o u y e has been drafted Honorable D a n ie l K. In o u y e , of Hawaii. House of the Congress. repeatedly for missions abroad, where My motives are twofold. First, be­ He must have been aware that whathe has stood as a living symbol of true cause I have found in the first Member he said and did would attract far moreAmericanism. He is a member of the of the House from Hawaii a warm andattention than if the words and deedsInterparliamentary Union—the first delightful friend. were those of any other Member. De­ freshman Congressman ever to serve. My second reason, I hope, will be spite this pressure he did indeed come, He was an American delegate to the understandable to my colleagues. Only see, and conquer, not only our critical United States-Mexico Parliamentary a few years ago, it was my rare privilegejudgment but our hearts. Conference and to the United States- to serve here as floor manager of the Three years is a short space in whichCanada Conference. Under President bills which made Alaska and Hawaii theto accomplish much here. Freshmen are Eisenhower, he was cochairman of the 49th and 50th States of the United supposed to yield to their seniors, to be President’s people-to-people program, States. seen and not heard. But, when you arein charge of the Far Eastern program. Tuesday last was the third anniversarythe only voice of your State in this House In 1960 he was selected by the U.S. of the admission of Hawaii. Today isand when that State is new and facedJunior Chamber of Commerce as the third anniversary of one of the most with the problems of newness, you can­ one of the 10 outstanding young men of dramatic and moving scenes ever to oc­not “age in the wood.” the year. cur in this House. The record will show that D a n iel During his 3 years, he has seen to it On that day, a young man, just electedIn o u y e has accomplished for his State, that the millions of dollars in water­ to Congress from the brand new State, in 3 years, more than many of us mightshed, reclamation, harbor, and airport walked into the well of the House and expect to accomplish in a decade. projects allocated to his State have been faced the late Speaker Sam Rayburn. Permit me to recite a few of those spread to the several islands to assist in The House was very still. It was accomplishments. the development of the whole State. about to witness the swearing in, not His first task was to seek, for his new I hope I have painted a portrait of only of the first Congressman from State, important concessions in the so- the complete Congressman, zealous in his Hawaii, but the first American of Jap­called statehood omnibus bill. Through efforts for his State and outstanding in anese descent to serve in either House his personality, hard work, and sagacitythe national arena. If not, I missed my of the Congress. he carved a legislative milestone, win­goal because I believe Daniel Inouye “Raise your right hand and repeat af­ning for his State an additional $6 mil­has set a standard which waves high ter me,” intoned Speaker Rayburn. lion in lieu of land grants customarilyabove the average and normal. The hush deepened as the young granted new States, but not available We wish him well in the days which Congressman raised not his right hand to Hawaii. lie ahead. 656328— 85702

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 962 (Not printed at Government expense)

United States Congressional R ecord o f America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 8 7thCONGRESS, SECOND SECOND SESSIONCONGRESS, SESSION

A Tribute to Hon. Daniel K. Inouye

SPEECH but his left, and he repeated the oath A more recent accomplishment was OF of office. in an arena away from the House floor. There was no right hand, Mr. Speaker.He was a moving spirit in the settlement HON. LEO W. O’BRIEN It had been lost in combat by that young of the Hawaii shipping strike, a role at­ OF NEW YORK American soldier during World War II. tested by a letter of commendation from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Who can deny that, at that moment, President a Kennedy. Thursday, August 23, 1962 ton of prejudice slipped quietly to the We all recall the recent great prob­ floor of the House of Representatives. lems in enacting a new sugar law. The Mr. O’BRIEN of New York. Mr. Now, 3 years later, I can proudly re­gentleman from Hawaii did yeoman Speaker, as the 87th Congress moves port that high on the credit side of our work on that bill. Although he ranks into its closing days, Members experi­ vote in admitting Hawaii to statehood17th on the committee in seniority, it ence feelings of both anticipation and is the fact that Hawaii sentDa n iel is significant that he was one of four regret, anticipation of a return home toIn o u y e to Washington. selected to serve on the conference com ­ relatives, friends, and neighbors, and re­ I have wratched his comparatively briefmittee. Hawaii, as one observer noted, gret that many of our friends in the career here with far more than academic“batted 1,000 percent,” achieving long- House will not answer the first rollcall of interest. I wanted him to succeed, not range stability for that important crop the 88th Congress. because of his political affiliation but be­and winning a framework in which it Some of those who will leave have cause he was to be a living symbol of can and will flourish. been the victims of the fortunes of po­ what we did when we added the 50th Through his earnest efforts, the United litical life; some are retiring after long star to our flag. States is moving forward with a great years of service and some will seek in I say now, cooly and dispassionately,and exciting experience in its cultural November election to different spheres that CongressmanIn o u y e ’s record here, contacts with Asiatic peoples. I refer of public trust. his impact on the rest of us, his zeal to the East-West Cultural Center at the We say farewell to all of them andand energy have surpassed by a thou­University of Hawaii, in which we have wish them all the best in the days ahead.sandfold my greatest hopes. invested $20 million and from which I should like to pay a special tribute It is not easy for a young man to be untold benefits will flow. It is significant at this time to one of those who will the first Representative of his State in that Mr. In o u y e has received every dol­ leave this Chamber soon because he hasthis historic body. It was not easy for a lar requested from a committee which been chosen by his party as a candi­young man to come here as the first per­ is hardly extravagant. date for the U.S. Senate. I refer to the son of his ethnic origin to serve in either CongressmanIn o u y e has been drafted Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, of Hawaii. House of the Congress. repeatedly for missions abroad, where My motives are twofold. First, be­ He must have been aware that whathe has stood as a living symbol of true cause I have found in the first Member he said and did would attract far moreAmericanism. He is a member of the of the House from Hawaii a warm andattention than if the words and deedsInterparliamentary Union—the first delightful friend. were those of any other Member. De­ freshman Congressman ever to serve. My second reason, I hope, will be spite this pressure he did indeed come, He was an American delegate to the understandable to my colleagues. Only see, and conquer, not only our critical United States-Mexico Parliamentary a few years ago, it was my rare privilegejudgment but our hearts. Conference and to the United States- to serve here as floor manager of the Three years is a short space in whichCanada Conference. Under President bills which made Alaska and Hawaii theto accomplish much here. Freshmen are Eisenhower, he was cochairman of the 49th and 50th States of the United supposed to yield to their seniors, to be President’s people-to-people program, States. seen and not heard. But, when you arein charge of the Far Eastern program. Tuesday last was the third anniversarythe only voice of your State in this House In 1960 he was selected by the U.S. of the admission of Hawaii. Today isand when that State is new and facedJunior Chamber of Commerce as the third anniversary of one of the most with the problems of newness, you can­ one of the 10 outstanding young men of dramatic and moving scenes ever to oc­not “age in the wood.” the year. cur in this House. The record will show that D a n iel During his 3 years, he has seen to it On that day, a young man, just electedIn o u y e has accomplished for his State, that the millions of dollars in water­ to Congress from the brand new State, in 3 years, more than many of us mightshed, reclamation, harbor, and airport walked into the well of the House and expect to accomplish in a decade. projects allocated to his State have been faced the late Speaker Sam Rayburn. Permit me to recite a few of those spread to the several islands to assist in The House was very still. It was accomplishments. the development of the whole State. about to witness the swearing in, not His first task was to seek, for his new I hope I have painted a portrait of only of the first Congressman from State, important concessions in the so- the complete Congressman, zealous in his Hawaii, but the first American of Jap­called statehood omnibus bill. Through efforts for his State and outstanding in anese descent to serve in either House his personality, hard work, and sagacitythe national arena. If not, I missed my of the Congress. he carved a legislative milestone, win­goal because I believe Daniel Inouye “Raise your right hand and repeat af­ning for his State an additional mil­$6 has set a standard which waves high ter me,” intoned Speaker Rayburn. lion in lieu of land grants customarilyabove the average and normal. The hush deepened as the young granted new States, but not available We wish him well in the days which Congressman raised not his right hand to Hawaii. lie ahead. 656328— 85702

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0FFICE:I962 (Not printed at Government expense) C ongressional Record United States o f America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 8 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Health Care for the Aged

SPEECH of age. The annual rate per 1,000 per­fewer assets. Four out of 10 families

OP sons indicates that the aged spend 2,332with the head of the family 65 years HON. DANIEL K. INOUYE days in the hospital as compared to 883of age or older have either no assets days for those under 65. And hospital­readily convertible to cash or less than O F H A W A I I ization is more frequent. According to $200 in such assets. Third, these studies IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES competent studies, 9 out of 10 persons show that the aged have less insurance Thursday, August 23, 1962 past age 65 are hospitalized at least once,protection. Only about half of the Mr. INOUYE. Mr. Speaker, may I while 2 out of 3 are hospitalized two or aged have some minimal hospital insur­ declare at the outset, very forcefully andmore times. And, furthermore, hospi­ ance as compared to over 70 percent without equivocation, that I do not favortalization for the aged lasts longer. Theof younger people. The insurance the socialized medicine. As some of my col­ average hospitalized person over 65 staysaged have is usually expensive, limited leagues know, I once had a great ambi­in the hospital twice as long— 14.9 days—and restrictive, and frequently can be tion to become a member of the honored as compared to the average younger per­canceled at the option of the insur­ medical profession but due to certain son— 7.6 days. ance company, or such policy excludes circumstances of the war, this cherished Second, studies made by the U.S. De­ preexisting conditions. Fourth, for career was nipped at its bud. However, partment of Health, Education, andthose groups among the aged who need you may be assured that there is, andWelfare show that older people havethe most protection, the proportion with there will always be, a very soft spot in higher hospital and medical costs thaninsurance coverage is even lower. Less my heart for the medical profession. younger people. For example, the aver­ than 33 percent, for example, of the As a legislator, I have always main­age yearly private spending for hospitalaged families with annual income less tained an open mind on all legislativeand medical care for the aged is nearlythan $2,000 have any sort of hospital matters, but I am certain you will agreetwice as much as other people. Halfinsurance while only 30 percent of the with me, Mr. Speaker, that the time must of the aged couples, where one or the aged with chronic disabilities have hos­ come when a legislator must take a posi­other is hospitalized, spend over $800 per pital insurance. And, finally, a study of tion for or against any legislative mat­year for medical and hospital care; and,social security beneficiaries disclosed ter. My legislative reputation is not one further, among the unmarried or single that of all those aged persons who in­ of hedging. I have always felt that afteraged who are hospitalized half have hadcurred medical and hospital costs during listening to the pros and cons of any leg­ medical or hospital bills of over $600the year, only 14 percent of the aged islation and digesting the evidence in­ in 1 year. couples and 9 percent of the single aged volved, I should have the political cour­ Third, the U.S. Census and the U.S. persons had any of their expenses cov­ age to take a position, even if such posi­Department of Health, Education, andered by insurance. tion may result in the loss of precious Welfare reports indicate, too, that the Fourth. According to the recent cen­ votes at the ballot box. aged are less able to pay for medical andsus, there are approximately 17,800,000 In the case of the King-Anderson- hospital care due to several reasons, butpersons in the United States who are 65 Javits bill, commonly referred to as the primarily to the fact that older peopleyears of age or older. And studies indi­ medicare or health care bill, may I sayhave less income. These studies indicate cate that because of great advancements that I would have voted for this measure,that two-person families with the headin the science of geriatrics, this number had I been given the opportunity to do of the household 65 years or older, havewill continue to increase as years go by. so. My reasons for taking this position a median income of $2,530 per year whichThe King-Anderson-Javits bill will pro­ are manifold. is less than half of a younger two-personvide health and hospital insurance for First, and according to studies madefamily whose median income is $5,314nearly all of the aged. On the other by the American Hospital Association per year. hand, the present Kerr-Mills medicare and the U.S. National Health Survey, it It should be noted also that aged per­program will provide health and hospital is definitely shown that older people re­ sons living alone have a median an­protection for only an approximate 1 quire more hospital care than youngernual income of $1,050 as compared topercent of the aged persons in the State people. Persons over 65 years of age, for $2,570 for persons under 65 years ofof Hawaii. The national coverage for the example, use nearly three times as muchage living alone. Second, these studies aged under the Kerr-Mills program is hospital care as persons under 65 yearsclearly indicate that older people haveless than 1 percent. 656523— 85712 2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

That, in brief, defines the problem con­ ices and items for health care and this,only to comprehensive care. One State fronting the senior citizens of our Nation I feel, is only proper. For those re­ limits benefits to only 6 days in the today and for those of us who, inevitably, quiring hospitalization, skilled nursing hospital. will become the senior citizens of tomor­ home care, home health care and out­ Opponents to the enactment of the row. It is a problem which we cannot patient diagnostic care, any item or serv­King-Anderson-Javits proposal have ignore but compels us as a nation to de­ ice that would not be included if furn­ been very consistent with their incon­ vise solutions for its alleviation. It is to ished by a hospital to an inpatient is notsistencies. For example, when the this end that the King-Anderson-Javits covered. Excluded from the benefits of Forand bill was introduced in the 86th bill is directed, and briefly, would pro­ the bill are such things as private ac­Congress, they cried that the Federal vide the following: commodations— unless medically neces­ Government was encroaching upon the First. Hospital service for 90 days for sary; physicians’ or surgeons’ services sacred privileges existing in the doctor- each illness, subject to a deductible except one where it is customarily a hos­ patient relationship. When the pay­ amount paid by the patient of $10 a daypital service in the fields of pathology, ment of medical fees was excluded from up to 9 days. The minimum amount radiology, physical medicine—rehabili­ the provisions of the King-Anderson- deductible will be $20 and the maximum tation—or anesthesiology and interns’ orJavits bill, they reversed their attack amount $90. residents’ services; private duty nursing and criticized it for not paying doctors Second. Nursing home service after care; any item for use at home after dis­bills, dental bills, or medicines and drugs transfer from hospital up to 180 dayscharge from the hospital; services thatoutside the hospital. which includes parttime nursing care are not generally provided by skilled Although many have argued that the provided by or under the supervision of nursing facilities; diagnostic services not King-Anderson-Javits program would a registered nurse or licensed practicalcustomarily furnished by the hospital to interfere with the doctor-patient rela­ nurse; physical, occupational, or speechits outpatients for the purpose of diag­ tionship, or with the free choice of doc­ therapy; medical social services; andnostic study; and in the case of home tors, I should point out that my study supplies such as drugs, biologicals, and health care, anything more than part-of the bill indicates that there is no in­ appliances. time care or drugs and biologicals. terference with doctor-patient relations. Third. Outpatient hospital diagnostic On the other hand, the Kerr-Mills pro­ Every patient would have free choice of services, as may be required, subject to gram which is now in effect, has manydoctor, who may charge any fee desired, the first $20 deductible amount for each limitations which make the programand hospital or nursing home from diagnostic study. woefully inadequate and ineffective. Forwhich he would receive care. The bill Fourth. Home health services of up to example, as of December 1961, only 4 outspecifically provides that the Govern­ 240 visits during the calendar year, in­of 1,000 aged in the United States werement will not provide care or offer any cluding nursing care and therapy. Thesereceiving any assistance under the Kerr- service, or suggest any physician or fa­ services are furnished by a home health Mills program. All but the poorest were cility. However, the Government will agency or by others under arrangements left out. People who have more than set up means for paying for an aged made with it pursuant to a plan estab­a minimum income get no benefits and person’s hospital care by a small tax lished and periodically reviewed by a some States have no benefits at all. Atlevied through his working years. As physician. the end of 1961 only 19 States were pay­you know, under the King-Anderson- In order to meet various objections ing Kerr-Mills benefits. Under this pro­ Javits program, those covered under so­ raised to provisions and omissions con­ gram, an aged person must pass a pov­cial security would set aside approxi­ tained in the original King-Anderson erty test before he can get help and in mately $1 a month toward this program. bill, the King-Anderson-Javits bill has, many States, such as Massachusetts, hisIt is similar to the payment of insurance additionally, included provisions for the spouse and his children must also passpremiums. When and if the need arises payment of health insurance benefits for such a test before help will be extended after age 65, the patient will receive the persons who are not insured under the to him. Studies have shown that be­ services, not as a charity, but as a old-age and survivors insurance or rail­cause of limited State tax resources andright—a right because he paid for it road retirement, thus bringing its bene­ high cost of good quality service, these during his working years. By this fits to those who would otherwise not States have been forced to use facilities means, the patient does not lose any of have been qualified under the originalthat endanger health and safety. his American individuality. He does not King-Anderson bill; provisions for the As you know, the Kerr-Mills pro­ have to subject himself to humiliation use of approved organizations, selectedgram is a Federal and State grant pro­and loss of pride by proof of his poverty, by the providers of services, in the ad­ gram financed by general taxation, andnor does he have to suffer the fear and ministration of the program; provisions can best be defined as being a charity anxiety of bankruptcy. The King- for an option under which beneficiaries program. The patient himself does not Anderson-Javits bill has been labeled as could receive the health benefits through in any way contribute for the receipt socialized medicine, or at least a big step private insurance, group practice, andof benefits. This is a charity program toward it. According to all evidence, I other voluntary plans instead of the Gov­paid for by all taxpayers. Under thisam inclined to believe that this is not ernment plan; and several new and ex­program, however, 92 percent of the socialized medicine. I believe the ac­ plicit provisions to assure that the Fed­ Federal funds are presently being spent cepted definition of socialized medicine eral Government would not interfere in in three States—New York, Massachu­is one where doctors work as employees the practice of medicine or the opera­ setts, and Michigan. In only six States of the Government and the Government tion of medical institutions. are Kerr-Mills benefits now being paid owns the medical facilities. As the pro­ The King-Anderson-Javits bill does to 1 percent of the population over 65. posal is written, I, for one, cannot see not make any pretense at providing allThe benefits are not uniform and range how it is socialized medicine in any way, except the necessary and essential serv-in States from acute or emergency careshape or form. 656523— 85712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 3

Under the King-Anderson-Javits pro­ I find that there is no comparison be­ family. Then too, millionnaires over 65 gram, the Government does not provide tween these two programs. In Britain, are in a real sense having the medical a single medical service but provides for example, the Government provides costs borne by public funds because basic hospital insurance for the aged,medical and hospital care to the entiremedical deductions on tax returns, for and these hospital services would be paid population. Under our proposal, the them, result in a tax reduction equal to for in much the same way that BlueGovernment would provide only basic most— as high as 91 percent— of their Cross or HMSA now pays. The bill spe­ hospital insurance to a limited groupmedical expenses. We should note also cifically provides that the Government with special needs. the fact that aged persons with annual would in no way control, regulate or Many persons opposing the King- incomes of $10,000 or more constitute interfere with the practice of medicine Anderson-Javits bill have indicated thatonly 3 percent of the eligibles. Should or the administration or operation ofprivate insurance can meet the needs ofthe 97 percent be sacrificed because the participating hospitals. Further, thethe aged. Studies made available to3 percent would also be receiving bene­ bill specifically provides that the Gov­ Members of Congress, however, indicate fits? Furthermore, I doubt if too many ernment will in no way dictate as tothat private insurance cannot extend themillionaires will be satisfied with re­ what fees, if any, the doctor will chargebasic coverage to most of the aged. On ceiving the minimal benefits provided for his patients—the doctor may chargeFebruary 6, 1960, Dr. Basil C. MacLean,in the measure. nothing or he may charge as much aspresident of the National Blue Cross As­ Others argue that the program will he wants. This is a matter of privatesociation, said: cost too much. Under the provisions of relationship between the doctor and pa­ A lifetime’s experience has led me at least the bill, this program will cost each par­ tient. It should be noted, however, that to conclude that the costs of care of the ticipant approximately $1 a month, or the Kerr-Mills program provides for the aged cannot he met, unaided, by the mecha­roughly 3 cents a day. I am certain payment of doctor fees and in this sense nism of insurance prepayment as they exist that for a workingman or working- could be labeled as an inroad to social­today. The aged simply cannot afford towoman, a contribution of about $1 buy from any of these the scope of care that ized medicine. a month is no sacrifice. However, an is required, nor do the stern competitive illness in old age without this pro­ It has been argued that the King- realities permit any carrier, whether non­ gram could well be a catastrophe. The Anderson-Javits program is an openingprofit or commercial, to provide benefits wedge to a broad Government health which are adequate at a price which program is does not add any burden on program. First of all, the proposal isfeasible for any but a small proportion ofthe general revenues because it would considered an essentially complete one, the aged. pay for itself. It would further cut down designed to meet the above average on public assistance programs that State May I add at this point also that con­ health bills of our senior citizens. It and Federal governments would other­ trary to the argument that the proposal will serve as a base around which private wise have to carry. would ruin private insurance, I believe supplementary protection can expand And one final criticism which needs to that it would instead be benefited. With and there will be no need to go further be rebutted, namely, that the program patient protection assured under the than the present proposal. It should would result in an overutilization of program, aged persons could use what be pointed out also that any extension of hospital and nursing home services. I funds they have to supplement their this program would have to be legislated sincerely believe that the King-Ander­ medical insurance coverage. Without by Congress, and as I indicated earlier, son-Javits bill, in anticipation of this the burden of insurance of high cost I am absolutely against socialized medi­ problem, has met it with three rather insurance programs, Blue Cross or cine. If I were convinced that the adequate safeguards: HMSA could hold down their rates and American people did not need or want First. The attending doctor must cer­ sell their insurance to more people suc­ the King-Anderson-Javits program, I cessfully. I firmly believe that private tify that the services is needed before would be the first to vote against it. any service will be paid for. Only the health insurance would therefore thrive Critics also claim that the proposal with the enactment of this bill, just as attending doctor can decide when a pa­ would lead to Government control and private life insurance was strengthenedtent should be hospitalized. I, for one, yet it should be noted that our Govern­ with the original Social Security Act 26 am willing to rely completely upon the ment has assisted its citizens in meet­ years ago. competency and integrity of the attend­ ing their health needs since 1789. As ing doctor to determine whether a pa­ Let us examine a few more arguments you may know, we have many health tient requires hospitalization or not. against the King-Anderson-Javits bill. programs ranging from veterans’ pro­ Second. The institution or the hospital I have received letters indicating that grams to hospital assistance programs. any governmental hospital plan shoulditself sets up a committee to review all The Federal Government has contribut­ be limited to the needy. Some, for ex­ admissions. After 30 days continuous ed funds to assist in the construction of ample, ask “ Why should we help mil- service, it again reviews cases to deter­ hospitals and finances 55 percent of our lionnaires?” As I pointed out earlier, mine if further treatment is required. country’s medical research—no one has the major goal of the King-Anderson- Third. Because of the types of serv­ refused this aid on the ground of Fed­ eral control, and I am sure you will agreeJavits bill is to pay benefits to all persons ices covered, such as outpatient, nursing with me that to date no bad results haveas a matter of right, rather than forcehome, and diagnostic services, I believe been shown. Many have argued too thatthem through the indignity of proving that there would be no financial incen­ the King-Anderson-Javits program will their poverty. I believe that we should tive to use a higher cost service than is result in all the problems and abuses do everything to prevent dependency and required. found in the British system. In read­ not deal with it after it has arisen and I admit that there will naturally be ing the proposal and comparing it to thethen only at the price of humiliation andan increase of aged entering the hos­ British national health service system,deprivation for the aged person and hispitals if this program is enacted. Under 656523— 85712 4 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the provisions of the proposal these aged to pay for our parents’ hospital bills in need not impose upon your children nor persons will get needed treatment which the event of their need but to do so would plead poverty in order to meet your they have long put off. I do not believe be to deprive our children and our own health needs at age 65? that this is overutilization. In fact, Ifamilies from those things which they Let me, in closing, once again reiterate am certain you will agree that this isotherwise would have received. If my that as long as I am a Member of the proper utilization. parents were to succumb to illnesses of Congress of the United States I will We Americans are a proud people andlong duration, I know that I will be able stand up and vote against any program I know that all of us rightfully feel thatto care for them. As a Member of Con­ that will provide for socialized medi­ we have a responsibility in promoting gress, I earn $22,500 per year; I receivecine. To me, the doctor-patient rela­ the welfare of our families and our par­a pension as a retired Army officer; Itionship, like the lawyer-client relation­ ents. This pride, however, has in much have no children—but, how many can ship, is a sacred one and should be too many instances caused considerablesay that they are as fortunate as I am?outside the interference scope of any grief and deprivation. We would all likeAnd would you not like to say that you Government agency. 656523— 85712

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0FFICE:1962 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

V

COMPILED BY THE SENATE LIBRARY

UNDEB THE DIRECTION OF FELTON M. JOHNSTON SECRETARY OF THE SENATE RICHARD D. HUPMAN LIBRARIAN

Revised July 12, 1962

Printed for the use of the Office of the Secretary of the Senate

"UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

85654' WASHINGTON : 1562

------This information is compiled to serve Senators in the senatorial campaigns in 1962. R evisions will he issued as necessary. CONTENTS

Page United States Senate, 87th Congress, 2d session______1 State Primary Elections, 1962, by States______3 State Primary Elections, 1962, by dates______5 Nominees for U.S. Senate, 1962______7 Votes Cast for Senators in 1956, 1958, and 1960______8 Recapitulation of Votes, Election of November 8, 1960______9 Electoral votes for President and Vice President, and popular votes for presidential and vice presidential electors, 1960______10 Political Divisions of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives 12 Population of the United States and Apportionment of Membership in the House of Representatives, 1950-60______13 Governors of the States and Territories______14 General Election Date______15 Federal Constitutional Provisions Governing the Election of Senators 15 Statutory Provisions Governing Federal Elections______16 Federal Corrupt Practices Act _____ 17 Hatch Political Activities Act______22 Federal Voting Assistance Act of 1955 ______29 The Pendleton Act (i.e., Civil Service Act)______39 Civil Rights Act of 1957______42 Civil Rights Act of 1960______42 Political Activity of Federal Officers and Employees______49 Rule VI, Standing Rules of the Senate (credentials)______52 The Democratic Party: Officers of the Democratic National Committee______54 Executive Committee______54 Senatorial Campaign Committee______54 Congressional Campaign Committee______54 National Committeemen and Committeervomen______55 Chairmen of the State Central Committees______55 The Republican Party: Officers of the Republican National Committee ______59 Executive Committee______59 National Senatorial Committee _____ 60 National Congressional Committee______60 National Committeemen and Committeewomen______60 Chairmen of State Central Committees______61 nt

UNITED STATES SENATE 87th Congress, 2d Session

L y n d o n B. J o h n s o n Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate

C a b l H a y d e n , President pro tempore of the Senate

F e l t o n M. J o h n s t o n , Secretary

J o s e p h C . D u k e , Sergeant a t Arms

E m e r y L . F r a z i e r , Chief Clerk

R o b e r t G. B a k e r , J. M a r k T r i c e , Secretary for the Majority. Secretary for the Minority. Democrats In roman; 64—Republicans in italics; 36

N a m e Residence . Commencement Expiration o f se rv ice o f term

Putney, V t______Jan. 10 1941 Jan. 1963 Gordon Allott______Lamar, Colo______Jan. 3 1955 Jan. 2 1967 Clinton P. Anderson_____ Albuquerque, N. Mex. Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2 1967 Juneau, Alaska______Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1967 J. Glenn Beall______Frostburg, Md ______Jan. 3 1953 Jan. 2 1965 Wallace F. Bennett______Salt Lake City, Utah. Jan. 3 1951 Jan. 2 1963 Alan Bible ______Reno, N ev______Dec. 2 1954 Jan. 2 1963 J. Caleb Boggs. ______Wilmington, Del____ Jan. 3 1961 Jan. 2 1967 Joe H. Bottum 2 _____ Rapid City, S. Dak__ July 9 1962 Jan. 2 1963 Quentin N. Burdick 1____ Fargo, N. Dak______Aug. 8 1960 Jan. 2 1965 Prescott Bush______Greenwich, Conn____ Nov. 5 1952 Jan. 2 1963 John Marshall Butler____ Baltimore, Md______Jan. 3 1951 Jan. 2 1963 Harry Flood B yrd--____ Berryville, Va______Mar. 4 1933 Jan. 2 1965 Robert C. Byrd______Sophia, W. Va______Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Howard W. Cannon_____ Las Vegas, N e v ____ Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Homer E. Capehart_____ Washington, Ind____ Jan. 3 1945 Jan. 2 1963 Frank Carlson ______Concordia, Kans____ Nov. 29 1950 Jan. 2 1963 John A. Carroll-______Denver, Colo______Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2 1963 Clifford P. Case ______Rahway, N.J______Jan. 3 1955 Jan. 2 1967 Dennis Chavez______Albuquerque, N. Mex_ M ay 11 1935 Jan. 2 1965 Frank Church______Boise, Idaho.______Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2 1963 Joseph S. Clark______Philadelphia, Pa____ Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2 1963 John Sherman Cooper____ Somerset, K y ______Nov. 7 1956 Jan. 2 1967 Lebanon, N.H ______Nov. 8 1954 Jan. 2 1963 Carl T. C u rtis______Minden, Nebr ______Jan. 1 1955 Jan. 2 1967 Everett M cKinley Dirksen- Pekin, 111______Jan. 3 1951 Jan. 2 1963 Thomas J. D odd______West Hartford, Conn. Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Paul H. Douglas______Chicago, 111. _____ Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2 1967 Henry Dworshak______Bur lev, Idaho ______Oct. 14 1949 Jan. 2 1967 James 0. Eastland______Doddsville, Miss____ Jan. 3 1943 Jan. 2 1967 Allen J. Ellender______Houma, L a ______Jan. 3 1937 Jan. 2 1967 Clair E n g le______Red Bluff, Calif Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Sam J. Ervin, Jr______Morganton, N.C ____ June 5 1954 Jan. 2 1963 Hiram L. Fong______Honolulu, Hawaii___ Aug. 21 1959 Jan. 2 1965 J. W. Fulbright ______Fayetteville, Ark____ Jan. 3 1945 Jan. 2 1963 Barry Goldwater______Phoenix, Ariz______Jan. 3 1953 Jan. 2 1965 Albert Gore ______Carthage, Tenn_____ Jan. 3 1953 2 1965 Ernest Gruening______Juneau, Alaska__ Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1963 Philip A. Hart______Lansing, M ich______Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Vance Hartke______Evansville, In d __ __ Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2 1965 Carl Hayden______Phoenix, Ariz_____ Mar. 4 1927 Jan. 2 1963 See footnotes on following page. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN" INFORMATION

Name Residence Commencement Expiration of o f service term

Bourke B. Hickenlooper. _ Cedar Rapids, Iowa.. Jan. 3 1945 Jan. 2,1963 J. J. Hickey 2. ___ Cheyenne, W y o ____ Jan. 3 1961 Jan. 2, 1967 Lister Hill ______Montgomery, Ala___ Jan. 11 1938 Jan. 2, 1963 Spessard L. H olland.. Bartow, Fla ______Sent. 25 1946 Jan. 2, 1965 Roman L. Hruska______Omaha, Nebr ______Nov. 8 1954 Jan. 2, 1965 Hubert H. Humphrey ___ Minneapolis, Minn.. Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2, 1967 Henry M Jackson Everett, Wash ___ Jan. 3 1953 Jan. 2, 1965 New York, N.Y ... Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2, 1963 Olin D. Johnston______Spartanburg, S.C ___ Jan. 3 1945 Jan. 2, 1963 B. Everett Jordan_____ Saxapahaw, N.C____ Apr. 19 1958 Jan. 2, 1967 Rochester, N.Y Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 Estes Kefauver ______Chattanooga, Tenn.. Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2, 1967 Robert S. Kerr . . ___ Oklahoma City, Okla. Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2, 1967 Thomas H. Kuchel______Anaheim, Calif.. _. Jan. 2 1953 Jan. 2, 1963 Frank J. Lausche______Cleveland, Ohio.. _. Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2, 1963 Edward V. Long 3 . . . Bowling Green, M o .. SeDt. 23 1960 Jan. 2, 1963 Oren E. Long ______Honolulu, Hawaii___ Aug. 21 1959 Jan. 2, 1963 Russell B. Long______Baton Rouge, La___ Dec. 31 1948 Jan. 2, 1963 Warren G. Magnuson___ Seattle, Wash__ . Dec. 14 1944 Jan. 2, 1963 Mike Mansfield______Missoula, M ont.. .. Jan. 3 1953 Jan. 2, 1965 Eugene J. M cCarthy____ St. Paul, Minn.. Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 John L. McClellan __ Camden, Ark___ Jan. 3 1943 Jan. 2, 1967 Gale W. McGee .. ____ Laramie, Wvo . . Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 Pat McNamara______Detroit, M ich __ Jan. 3 1955 Jan. 2, 1967 Lee Metcalf. ______Helena, Mont______Jan. 3 1961 Jan. 2, 1967 Jack M iller.______Sioux Citv, Iowa____ Jan. 3 1961 Jan. 2, 1967 A. S. Mike Monroney____ Oklahoma City, Okla. Jan. 3 1951 Jan. 2, 1963 Wayne M orse.__ ___ Eugene, Oreg______Jan. 3 1945 Jan. 2, 1963 Thruston B. M orton.. . . Glenview, Ky _ . Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2, 1963 Frank E. Moss______Salt Lake Citv, Utah. Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1065 Karl E. Mundt______Madison, S. D ak____ Dec. 31 1948 Jan. 2, 1967 Maurice J. Murphy, Jr.2.. Portsmouth, N.H ___ Dec. 7 1901 Jan. 2, 1967 3 Edmund S. Muskie.. .. Waterville, Maine___ Jan. 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 Maurine B. Neuberger __ Portland, O reg ____ Nov. 9 1960 Jan. 2, 1967 John 0. Pastore______Providence, It.I _ _ Dec. 19 1950 Jan. 2, 1965 James B. Pearson2 Prairie Village, Kans. Feb. 5 1962 Jan. 2, 1967 Claiborne Pell. _____ Newport, R .I ______Jan. 3 1961 Jan. 2, 1967 Winston L. Prouty______Newport, Vt______Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 William Proxrnire______Madison, W i s ._____ Aug. 28 1957 Jan. 2, 1965 Jennings Randolph______Elkins, W. Va...... Nov. 5 1958 Jan. 2, 1967 A. Willis Robertson _____ Lexington, Va______Nov. 6 1946 Jan. 2, 1967 Richard B. Russell____ Winder, Ga______Jan. 12 1933 Jan. 2, 1967 Leverett Saltonstall______Dover, Mass______Jan. 4 1945 Jan. 2, 1967 Hugh Scott______Philadelphia, Pa__ _. Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 George A. Smathers_____ Miami, Fla______Jan. 3 1951 Jan. 2, 1963 Benjamin A. Smith I I 2. . Gloucester, Mass____ Dec. 27 1960 Jan. 2, 1965 Margaret Chase Smith____ Skowhegan, M ain e.. Jan. 3 1949 Jan. 2, 1967 John Sparkman. ______Huntsville, Ala___ _ Nov. 6 1946 Jan. 2, 1967 2 , 1965John Stennis ______DeKalb, Miss ______Nov. 5 1947 Jan. 2, 1965John Stuart Symington ____ Creve Coeur, Mo____ Jan. 3 1953 Jan. 2, 1965 Herman E. Talmadge___ Lovejoy, Ga______Jan. 3 1957 Jan. 2, 1963 Strom Thurmond _____ Aiken, S.C______Nov. 7 1956 Jan. 2, 1967 John G. Tower * . ______Wichita Falls, Tex. . June 15 1961 Jan. 2, 1967 Alexander W iley..______Chippewa Falls, Wis. Jan. 3 1939 Jan. 2, 1963 Harrison A. Williams, Jr. Westfield, N .J_____ Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965 John J. Williams. ______Millsboro, Del ___ Jan. 3 1947 Jan. 2, 1965 2, 1965Ralph Yarborough ______Austin, Tex______Apr. 29 1957 Jan. 2, 1965Ralph Milton R. Young. ______La Moure, N. Dak__ Mar. 12 1945 Jan. 2, 1963 Stephen M. Young______Shaker Heights, Ohio. Jan. 3 1959 Jan. 2, 1965

» Elected June 28,1960, to serve unexpired term. 8 Appointed by Governor to fill vacancy and to serve until next election as provided by law. 3 Elected Nov. 8,1960, to serve unexpired term. ‘ Elected M ay 27,1961, to serve unexpired term. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 3

STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS, 1962, BY STATES (General election in all States, Nov. 6, 1962)

Primary election F ilin g State dea d lin e Senators whose terms expire In 1963 P rim a ry R u n o fI ■ d a te da te

Alabama ______Mar. 1 M ay 1 M ay 29 Lister Hill (D ). Alaska______M ay 1 Aug. 14 Ernest Gruening (D). Arizona______July 12 Sept. 11 Carl Hayden (D). Arkansas______M ay 2 July 31 Aug. 14 J. W. Fulbright (D). California______Mar. 30 June 5 Thomas H. Kuchel (R). Colorado. ____ July 28 Sept. 11 John A. Carroll (D). Connecticut2... (3) (3) Prescott Bush (R). Delaware _ (4) (4) Florida______Mar. 6 M ay 8 M ay 29 George A. Smathers (D ). Georgia______M ay 5 Sept. 12 Herman E. Talmadge (D). (D) (D) Hawaii______Sept. 6 Oct. 6 Oren E. Long (D). Idaho______Apr. 21 June 5 June 26 •Frank Church (D ). Illinois______Jan. 22 Apr. 10 Everett McKinley Dirksen (R). Indiana______Mar. 29 May 8 Homer E. Capehart (R). Iowa______Mar. 31 June 4 Bourke B. Hickenlooper (R). Kansas______June 20 Aug. 7 Frank Carlson (R). James B. Pearson (R).7 Kentucky______Apr. 4 May 29 Thruston B. Morton (R). Louisiana______June 1 July 28 Sept. 1 Russell B. Long (D). Maine______Apr. 2 June 18 Maryland______Mar. 5 May 15 John Marshall Butler (R). Massachusetts___ July 31 Sept. 18 Benjamin A. Smith II (D ).7 Michigan______June 19 Aug. 7 Minnesota______July 17 Sept. 11 Mississippi______Apr. 6 June 5 June 26 Missouri______Apr. 24 Aug. 7 Edward V. Long (D). M ontana______Apr. 26 June 5 Nebraska ______Mar. 16 May 15 Nevada______July 18 Sept. 4 Alan Bible (D). New Hampshire.. July 26 Sept. 11 Norris Cotton (R). Maurice J. Murphy, Jr. (R ).7 New Jersey______Mar. 8 Apr. 17 New M exico_____ Mar. 6 May 8 New Y ork______Aug. 6 8 Sept. 6 Jacob K. Javits (R). North Carolina__ Mar. 16 May 26 June 23 Sam J. Ervin, Jr. (D ). North Dakota 9__ M ay 17 June 26 Milton R. Young (R). Ohio______Feb. 7 May 8 Frank J. Lausche (D). Oklahoma______Mar. 2 May 1 M ay 22 A. S. Mike M onroney (D ). Oregon______Mar. 9 May 18 Wayne Morse (D). Pennsylvania_____ Mar. 12 May 15 Joseph S. Clark (D ). Rhode Island____ June 30 Sept. 11 South Carolina___ Apr. 13 10 June 12 June 26 Olin D. Johnston (D). (D) (D ) June 26 (R) South Dakota.. Apr. 21 June 5 Joe II. Bottum (R).7 Tennessee_____ June 4 Aug. 2 Texas______Feb. 5 May 5 June 2 See footnotes on following page. 4 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS, 1962, BY STATES— Continued

P r im a r y e le ctio n F ilin g State dea dlin e S en a tors w h o s e te rm s e x p ire In 1963 P rim a ry R u n o f f 1 date date

U tah11...... July 10 Sept. 11 Wallace F. Bennett (R). Vermont______Aug. 1 Sept. 11 George D. Aiken (R ). Virginia______Apr. 11 July 10 Washington______July 13 Sept. 11 Warren G. Magnuson (D). West Virginia____ Feb. 3 M ay 8 Wisconsin______July 10 Sept. 11 Alexander Wiley (R). Wyoming______July 12 Aug. 21 J. J. Hickey (D ).1

I Runoffs are required in these States when no candidate wins a m ajority in first primary. 3 Under Connecticut law, nominations are made b y party conventions. Any unsuccessful candidate for a nomination who receives at least 20 percent of the convention vote may require the nomination to be settled at a primary election. Such primaries are usually held on the 8th Wednesday following the last day of that party’s convention. 3 Dates for Connecticut party nominating eonventionsare: Republican, June 4-5; Democratic, July 13-14. * Nominations for U.S. Representatives are made at party conventions usually held in August. * The Republican primary date has not been set. * In Indiana candidates for U.S. Senate are chosen b y convention, while primary selects House candidates. Dates for the party nominating conventions were: Republican, June 19; Democratic, June 22. * Appointed by Governor to fill vacancy and to serve until next election as provided by law. * In New York candidates for U.S. Senate are chosen by convention. Both the Republican and Dem o­ cratic conventions will be held Sept. 17-19. * Dates for State party conventionsin North Dakota are: Republican, M ar. 29-31; Democratic, Apr. 12-14 1° Filing deadline in South Carolina set by State party conventions. II Dates for State party conventions in Utah are: Democratic, July 28; Republican, Aug. 4. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN' INFORMATION 5

STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS, 1962, BY DATES (General election in all States, Nov. 6, 1962) s or State Senators whose terms expire G o v e r n o rs w h o se term s e x p ire a ry in 1903 (class III) in 1963 o r earlier

10 Illinois______Everett M. Dirksen(R)._. 17 New Jersey____ 1 Alabama ______Lister Hill (D )______John Patterson (D). 1 Oklahoma______A. S. Mike Monroney (D). J. Howard Edmondson(D). 5 Texas______Price Daniel (D). 8 Florida______George A. Smathers (D)__. 8 Indiana 1______Homer E. Capehart (R). 8 New M exico___ Edwin L. Mechem (R). 8 Ohio______Frank J. Lausche (D)__ Michael V. DiSalle (D). 8 West Virginia... 15 M aryland______John Marshall Butler (R). J. Millard Tawes (D ). 15 Nebraska ______Frank B. Morrison (D). 15 Pennsylvania__ Joseph S. Clark (D )_ .. David L. Lawrence (D ). 18 Oregon______Wayne Morse (D)____ Mark O. Hatfield (R). 22 Oklahoma 3____ 26 North Carolina. Sam J. Ervin, Jr. (D)_. 29 Alabama 3_____ 29 Florida 3______29 Kentucky______Thruston B. Morton (R)_. Bert T. Combs (D). 2 Texas 3______4 Iow a______Bourke B. Hicken­ Norman A. Erbe (R). looper (R). 5 California. Thomas H. Kuchel (R). Edmund G. (Pat) Brown (D ). 5 Idaho______Frank Church (DJ____ Robert E. Smylie (R). 5 Mississippi______5 Montana______5 South Dakota____ Joe H. Bottum (R)4__ Archie M. Gubbrud(R). 12 South Carolina___ Olin D. Johnston (D). Ernest F. Hollings (D). 18 Maine______John H. Reed (R). 23 North Carolina3... 26 Idaho 3______26 Mississippi3______26 North Dakota____ Milton R. Young (R ).. William L. Guy (D). 26 South Carolina 3 10 Virginia______28 Louisiana______Russell B. Long (D ).. 31 Arkansas______J. W. Fulbright (D ). _ Orval Faubus (D). 2 Tennessee______Buford Ellington (D). 7 Kansas______Frank Carlson (R). John Anderson, Jr. (R ). 7 Michigan______John B. Swainson (D). 7 Missouri______Edward V. Long (D ). 14 Alaska______Ernest Gruening (D). William A. Egan (D).3 14 Arkansas3______21 W yoming______J. J. Hickey (D)*_ Jack R. Gage (D). 1 Louisiana 3_____ 4 Nevada______Alan Bible (D ) ______Grant Sawyer (D). 11 Arizona______Carl Hayden (D)_____ Paul Fannin (R). 11 Colorado______John A. Carroll (D )__ Stephen L. R. McNichols (D).J 11 Minnesota______Elmer L. Andersen (R). 11 New Hampshire... Norris Cotton (R)____ Wesley Powell (R). Maurice J. Murphy, Jr. (R )J 12 Georgia 8______Herman E. Talmadge S. Ernest Vandiver (D ). (D). lotea on follow ing page. S4— 5 2 ------2 6 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

STATE PRIMARY ELECTIONS, 19S2, BY DATES—Continued

Date o f State Senators whose terms expire Governors whose terms expire primary in 1963 (class III} in 1963 or earlier

Sept. 11 Rhode Island ____ John A. Notte, Jr. (D). 11 Utah______Wallace F. Bennett (R) 11 Vermont______George D. Aiken (R ).. F. Ray Keyser, Jr. (R). 11 Washington______Warren G. Magnuson (D). 11 Wisconsin______Alexander Wiley (R )_„ Gaylord A. Nelson (D). 18 Massachusetts____ Benjamin A. Smith II John A. Volpe (R). (D).< Oct. 6 Hawaii______Oren E. Long ( D ) ____ William F. Quinn (R) .* Connecticut6_____ Prescott Bush (R)_____ John M. Dempsey (D). Delaware 7______New York 8______Jacob K. Javits (R ) ___ Nelson A. Rockefeller (R).

i U.S. Senators are nominated at the State convention and not at the primary election. * R u n o ff. * T e r m s e x p ire in D e ce m b e r 1962. * Appointed by Governor to All vacancy and to serve until next election as provided by law. * The Republican primary date has not been set. * Under Connecticut law, nominations are made b y party conventions. A ny unsuccessful candidate for a nomination who receives at least 20 percent of the convention vote may require the nomination to be settled at a primary election. Such primaries are usually held on the Stti Wednesday following the last day of that party’s convention. f Nominations for U.S. Representatives are made at party conventions usually held in August. * In New York candidates for U.S. Senate are chosen by convention. Both the Republican and Demo­ cratic conventions will be held Sept. 17-19. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

NOMINEES FOR U.S. SENATE, 1962

State D e m o cra t R e p u b lic a n

Alabama ______Lister Hill* James Martin, Montgomery. Gadsden. Alaska ______Arizona______Arkansas______California______Richard Richards.____- Thomas H. Kuchel,* Los Angeles. Anaheim. Colorado_____ - Connecticut_____ Horace Seeley-Brown, Jr., Pomfret Center. Florida______George A. Smathers* Emerson Rupert, Miami. St. Petersburg. Georgia______H a w a ii______Idaho______Frank Church*______Jack Hawley, Boise. Boise. Illinois______Sidney R. Yates______.Everett M. Dirksen,* Chicago. Pekin. Indiana______Birch Bayh______Homer E. Capehart,* Terre Haute. Washington. Iowa______Elbert B. Smith. - ___ Bourke B. Hickenlooper,* Ames. Cedar Rapids. Kansas______Kentucky______Wilson Wyatt ______Thruston B. Morton,* Louisville. Louisville. Maryland______Daniel B. Brewster______Edward T. Miller, Glyndon. Easton. Massachusetts___ Missouri______N evada. ______New Hampshire- New Y ork______North Carolina__ S a m J. Ervin,* Jr ____ Claude L. Greene, Jr., M o r g a n t o n . Robersonville. North Dakota___ P. W. (William) Lanier, Jr___ Milton R. Young,* Fargo. La Moure. Ohio______Frank J. Lausche* . - John Marshall Briley, Cleveland. Perrysburg. Oklahoma______A. S. Mike M onroney*__ __ B. Hayden Crawford, Oklahoma City. Tulsa. O r e g o n ..______Wavne Morse*______Sig Unander, Eugene. Portland. Pennsylvania____ Joseph S. Clark*______James E. Van Zandt, Philadelphia. Altoona. South Carolina___ Olin D. Johnston*— _____ W. D. Workman, Jr., Spartanburg. Columbia. South Dakota____ George S. M cG o v e r n .___ __ Joe II. Bottum,* Mitchell. Rapid City. Utah______Vermont_ ___- Washington______Wisconsin______W yoming______

•Incumbent. 8 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

VOTES CAST FOR SENATORS IN 1956, 1958, AND 1960

(T ie figures show the vote for the Democratic and Republican nominees, eicept as otherwise indicated. Com piled from official statistics]

V o te

Total vote State 1956 1958 1960 ca st in 1960

D e m o c r a t R e p u b lic a n D e m o cra t R e p u b lic a n Democrat Republican

330,182 389,196 164,868 *;554,081 f 40,939 7,299 } 38,041 21,937 ^ 59,978 \ 26,045 23,464 170,816 107,447 129,030 164, 593 331,679 68,016 377,036 * 377,485 2,445,816 2,892,918 2,927,693 2,204,337 319,872 317,102 331,752 380,428 * 724,531 479,460 610,829 554,841 410, 622 72,152 82, 280 96,090 98,874 194, 564 655,418 386,113 155,956 541,094 576,140 1 576,495

149,096 102,781 139,448 152,648 292,096 1,949,883 2,307,352 2,530,943 2,093,846 1 4,632,796 871,781 1,084,262 973,636 731, 635 543,156 635,499 595,119 642,463 1,237,582 333,939 477,822 388,895 485,499 1 888,592 / *473,140 *538,505 } 444,830 644,087 1,088,917 I 499,922 506,903 .1...... 335,564 432,228 109,698 1 641,928 172, 704 111,522 159,809 256,890 416,699 420,108 473,059 367,142 384,931 1,362, 926 488,318 1,050,725 1,358,556 12,417,813 1,216,966 1,046,963 1,669,179 1,548,873 * 3,226, 647 608,847 535,629 884,168 648,586 1 1,536, 839 61,039 244,341 21,807 266,148 1,015,936 785, m 780,083 393~847“ 999,656 880, 576 1,880,232 174,910 54,573 140,331 136,281 276,612 185,152 232,227 245,807 352, 748 598, 555 N e v a d a ______50,677 45,712 48,732 35,760 New Hampshire. 90,519 161,424 114,024 173, 521 287,545 966,832 882,287 1,151,385 1,483, 832 * 2,664,556 New Mexico..... 127,496 75,827 190,654 109,897 300,551 N e w Y o r k ______"*”3,265,159" ’ 723’ 933' * 2,709,950 2,842,942 North Carolina.. 731,433 367,475 431,492 184,977 792,491 497,964 1,290,455 North Dakota___ 87,919 155,305 84,892 117,070 O h io ...... 1,864,589 1,660,910 1,652,211 1,497,199 459,996 371,146 474.116 385,646 1 864,475 / *422,024 * 345,464 1 767,581 396,849 335,405 I 412,757 343,009 1 755,875 Pennsylvania____ 2,268,641 2,250,671 1,929,821 2,042,586 222,166 122,353 275,575 124,408 399,983 f *245,371 South Carolina.. \ 330,167 »330,269 I 230,150 49,695 / ...... South Dakota___ 143,001 147,621 145,261 160,181 305,442 317,324 76,371 594,460 234,053 1 828,519 587,030 185,926 1,306,625 926,653 1 2,253,784 152,120 178,261 112,827 101,471 52,184 103,101 59,536 64,900 317,221 506,169 1 622,820 685,565 436,652 597,040 278,’ 2 7 l' / 381,745 263,172 West Virginia____ 4 373,051 4 432,123 } 458,355 369,935 \ *374,167 * 256,510 1 828,292 W is c o n s in ...... 627,903 892,473 682,440 510,398 58,035 56,122 60,447 78,103 138, 650

* Includes the vote for various other candidates. * For unexpired term ending Jan. 3,1961. * Total vote received, as candidate had one or more other party endorsements. i F o r full term ending Jan. 3,1961, RECAPITULATION OF VOTES CAST FOR UNITED STATES SENATORS (TERMS BEGINNING JAN. 3( 1961), ELECTION OF NOV. 8, 1960

S tate D e m o cra t R e p u b lic a n S ocialist- S ocialist Prohibition Independent B la n k O th ers S ca tterin g Write-in Total L a b o r W o rk e rs

A la b a m a . 389,196 164,868 554, 064 A la sk a...... 38,041 21,937 59,978 A rk an sas______377,036 377,485 C o lo ra d o______331,752 389,428 3,351 724,531 D e la w a re______96,090 98,874 194,964 G eorg ia______57G, 140 355 576, 495 I d a h o...... 139,448 152, 648 292,096 Illin o is...... !, 530,943 2,093, 846 8,007 4, 632, 796 Io w a ...... 595,119 642, 463 1,237, 582 K a n sa s______388, 895 485, 499 14,198 888,592 K e n t u c k y ______444,830 644, 087 1,088,917 $

L ou isia n a______432, 228 109, 698 541,928 INFORMATION CAMPAIGN M a i n e .. . 159,809 256,890 416,699 Massachusetts... ,050, 725 1,358, 556 5,735 2,794 77,691 2,417,813 M ich ig a n . , 669,179 1, 548, 873 1,565 3,282 2,273 1 1,465 3,226,647 M in n e so ta______884.168 648,586 4,085 1,536,839 Mississippi______244,341 21,807 266,148 M isso u ri______999,656 880, 576 1,880,232 M o n t a n a______140,331 136,281 276,612 N e b ra sk a . 245, 807 352,748 598,555 New Hampshire. 114,024 173,521 287, 545 N e w J erse y______,151,385 1,483,832 3,599 11,784 > 13,956 2,664,556 N e w M e x ic o ____ 190,654 109,897 300, 551 North Carolina.. 793, 521 497,964 1,291,485 O k la h o m a . 474,116 385,646 4,713 864, 475 O re g o n ...... 412, 757 343,009 755,766 Rhode Island___ 275, 575 124,408 399,983 South Carolina.. 330,167 102 330,269 South Dakota... 145,261 160,181 305,442 T en n essee______594, 460 234,053 828, 519 T e x a s______,306, 625 926,653 >20,506 2,253,784 V irg in ia . 506.169 >115,501 622,820 West Virginia... 458,355 369,935 828,292 W y o m in g . 60,447 78,103 138, 550

T o t a l . 18,547,250 14,894,867 18,906 15,066 19,265 8,064 77,691 151,431 1,515 4,646 33,661,010

i Independent American Party vote. N o t e .— B lank and void ballots excluded from all totals. * Conservative Party vote. > Constitution Party vote. Source: “ Sfafiafics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8,1960,” < Includes 88,718 votes for Independent Democrat and 26,783 votes for Social Democrat. compiled from official sources by Benjamin J. Guthrie under the direction of Ralph R* Roberts, Clerk of the House of Representatives. CO ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT, AND POPULAR VOTES FOR PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS, ELECTION OF NOV. 8, I960

Electoral votes Popular votes for electors

S ta te J o h n F R ich a rd H a rry F . N a tio n a l K e n n e d y M . N ix o n B y r d o f D e m o cra t R e p u b ­ P r o h ib i­ States C o n se r­ S ocialist- S ocialist B la n k W rite -in O th ers S ca tter­ T o t a l (D e m o ­ (R e p u b ­ V irginia lica n tio n R ig h ts v a tiv e L a b o r W o rk e rs a n d v o id in g crat) lica n ) INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL

A la b a m a . ____ 324,050 237, 2,106 4,367 i 1,485 236 670, 225 A la s k a______29,809 30, CO, 762 A r iz o n a ...... 176,781 221, 469 398, 491 A rk a n sa s______215,049 184, 23,952 428, 509 C a lifo rn ia...... 3,224,099 3,259, 21,706 1,051 6, 500,578 C o lo ra d o______330, 629 402, 2,803 572 736, 246 Connecticut______C57,055 565, 1,222, 868 D e la w a r e______99,590 96, 195, 963 F lo r id a ______748,700 795, 1, 544,180 G e o rg ia...... 458,63S 274, 239 733,349 H a w a ii ...... 92,410 92, 184, 705 I d a h o ...... 138, 853 161, 300, 450 Illin o is______2,377, 846 2,368, 10,560 15 4, 757,409 I n d i a n a ...... 952,358 1,175, 6,746 1,136 2,135,360 I o w a ______550, 565 722, 230 634 1,273,810 K a n s a s______363,213 561, 4,138 028, 825 K e n t u c k y . 521,855 602, 1,124, 462 L o u is ia n a______407,339 230, 169, 572 807, 891 M a in e ...... 181,159 240, 421, 767 M a r y la n d . 565, 808 489, 1,055, 346 Massachusetts___ 1,487,174 976, 1, G33 3,892 26,024 31 2, 469, 480 M i c h i g a n ...... 1,687,269 1,620, 2,029 1,718 4,347 * 2,306 3,318,097 M in n e s o t a ______779,933 757, 3,077 *902 1,541, 837 Mississippi...... 108.362 73, «116,248 298,171 M is s o u r i______972,201 902, 1, 934,422 M o n t a n a . 134,891 141, 456 391 277,579 N e b ra sk a ______232,542 380, 613,095 N e v a d a______54,880 52, 107,267 New Hampshire. 137,772 157, 295, 701 N e w J erse y...... 1,385, 415 1,363, 8,708 4,262 11,402 2, 773,111 N e w M e x ic o _____ 156, 027 153, 777 570 311,107 N e w Y o r k ______«3, 830,085 3, 446, 14,319 88,996 256 7,380,075 North Carolina.. 713,136 655, 158 1,368,556 North D akota... 123,963 154, 278, 431 O h io ...... 1,944,248 2,217, 4,101, 859 O k l a h o m a ...... 3 70 ,111 633, 903,150 O re g o n ...... 367,402 408, 775,462 32 2,556,282 2,439,956 7,185 2,678 440 5,006, 541 Rhode Island...... 4 258,032 147,502 405, 534 South Carolina... 8 198,129 188, 558 1 386, G88 4 128,070 178,417 306, 487 11 481,453 556,577 2, 458 11,304 1,051,792 24 1,167,932 1,121,699 3, 870 175 8 18,169 2,311,845 U ta h ...... 4 169, 218 205,361 100 374,709 V e r m o n t...... 3 69,186 98,131 167,317 12 362,327 404,521 4,204 397 771,449 9 599,298 629,273 10,895 705 8 1,401 1,241, 572 West Virginia...... 8 441, 786 395,995 837, 781 12 830, 805 895,175 1,310 1,792 1, 729,082 W y o m in g ...... 3 63,331 76, 551 139,882 AT A CMAG" INFORMATION CAMPAIGN"FACTUAL

T o t a l...... 303 219 15 45,919 44,623 12,912 46,478 39,541 1,064 310,174 932 68,836,385

1 Independent Afro-Amcrican Party. 8 Constitution Party. 2 Includes 539 votes for Independent American Party and 1,767 votes from Tax Cut P a r ty . N ote .—Blank and void vote excluded from all totals. s Industrial Government Party. S ou rce: “ Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1900,’* * Unpledged Democratic elector vote, who later agreed to support Senator Byrd. compiled from official sources by Benjamin J. Guthrie under the direction of Ralph It. * Includes 406,176 vote for Liberal Party. Roberts, Clerk of the House of Representatives. 12 FACTUAL, CAMPAIGN" INFORMATION

POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE U.S. SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRE­ SENTATIVES FROM 1855 (34TH CONG.) TO 1961-62 (87TH CONG.) ( All figures reflect immediate result of elections)

S en a te House of Representatives

Congress Num­ N u m ­ R e ­ b e r o f R e ­ b e r o f D e m o ­ O th er V a ­ D e m o ­ O ther V a ­ p u b li­ R ep re­ p u b li­ Sena­ crats pa rties cant ca n s crats pa rties ca n t tors senta­ cans tiv es

3 4 t h .. ______1855-1857 62 42 15 5 231 83 108 43 3 5 t h ...... 1857-1859 64 39 20 5 237 131 92 14 3 6 t h ...... 1859-1861 66 38 26 2 237 101 113 23 37th ...... 1861-1863 50 11 31 7 1 178 42 106 28 2 3 8 th ...... 1863-1865 51 12 39 183 80 103 3 9 t h ...... 1865-1867 52 10 42 161 46 145 4 0 t h ...... 1867-1869 53 11 42 16349 143 1 4 1 s t...... 1869-1871 74 11 61 2 243 73 170 42d ___ ...... 1871-1873 74 17 57 243 104 139 43d ___ ...... 1873-1875 74 19 54 1 293 88 203 4 4 t h ...... 1875-1877 76 29 46 293 181 107 4 5 t h ...... 1877-1879 76 36 39 1 293 156 137 4 6 th ...... 1879-1881 76 43 33 293 150 123 14 4 7 t h ...... 1881-1883 76 37 37 2 293 130 152 11 4 8 th ._ ...... 1883-1885 76 36 40 325 200 119 4 9 th ._ ...... 1885-1887 76 34 41 325 182 140 60th ...... 1887-1889 76 37 39 325 170 151 6 1 s t...... 1889-1891 84 37 47 330 156 173 1 6 2 d ...... 1891-1893 88 39 47 2 333 231 14 6 3 d ...... 1S93-1S95 88 44 38 3 3 357 220 126 8 6 4 th ...... 1895-1897 88 39 44 5 357 104 240 65th ...... 1897-1899 90 34 46 10 ----- 357 134 206 16 1 66t h ...... 1899-1901 90 26 53 11 357 163 185 67th ...... 1901-1903 90 29 56 3 2 357 153 198 5 1 5 8 th ...... 1903-1905 90 32 58 178 207 5 9 th ...... 1905-1907 90 32 58 3S6 136 250 6 0 th ...... 1907-1909 92 29 61 2 380 164 222 6 1 s t...... 1909-1911 92 32 59 1 391 172 219 62d___ ...... 1911-1913 92 42 49 391 228 162 6 3 d ... 96 51 44 1 435 290 127 18 6 4 th ...... 1915-1917 96 56 39 435 231 193 3 6 5 th ...... 1917-1919 96 53 42 1 435 210 216 66t h ...... 1919-19*21 96 47 48 1 435 191 237 6 7 t h ...... 1921-1923 96 37 59 435 132 300 68t h ...... 1923-1925 96 43 51 2 435 207 225 3 6 9 t h ...... 1925-1927 96 40 54 1 1 435 183 247 5 7 0 t h ...... 1927-1929 96 47 48 1 435 195 237 71st___ ...... 1929-1931 96 39 56 1 435 163 267 7 2 d ._ ...... 1931-1933 96 47 4S 1 435 1 216 218 1 7 3 d ...... 1933-1935 96 59 36 1 435 313 117 7 4 th ...... 1935-1937 96 69 25 2 435 322 103 10 7 5 th ...... 1937-1939 96 75 17 4 435 333 13 7 6 th ...... 1939-1941 96 69 23 4 435 262 169 7 7 th ...... 1941-1943 96 66 28 2 435 267 162 7 8 th ...... 1943-1945 96 57 38 1 435 222 209 7 9 th ...... 1945-1947 96 57 38 1 435 243 190 8 0 th ...... 1947-1949 96 45 51 435 246 1 8 1 s t ...... 1949-1951 96 54 42 435 263 171 1 82d___ ...... 1951-1953 96 48 47 1 435 234 199 8 3 d ...... 1953-1955 66 46 48 2 435 213 221 8 4 t h ...... 1955-1957 96 48 47 1 435 232 203 8 5 th ...... 1957-1959 96 49 47 435 234 201 86t h ...... 1959-1961 68 64 34 436 283 153 8 7 th ...... 1961-1962 100 64 36 437 262 175

* Democrats organized House, due to Republican deaths.

S o u rce : Official List of Members ofthe House of Representatives of the United States, 87th Cona., co m p ile d by Ralph R. Roberts, Clerk of the House of Representatives. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 13

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND APPORTIONMENT OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1950-60

Apportionment State 1950 census

1960 1950 Gains Losses

A la b a m a ______266,740 3,061,743 A la s k a ______266,167 128,643 A r iz o n a ...... 302,161 749, 587 A rk a n sa s . 786,272 1,909, 511 C a lifo rn ia______717,204 10, 586,223 C o lo ra d o______753,947 1,325,089 Connecticut _____ 535,234 2,007,280 D e la w a r e . 446,292 318,085 F lo r id a ______951,560 2, 771,305 G e o rg ia ______943,116 3,444,578 H a w a ii______632,772 499,794 I d a h o ...... 667,191 588,637 I llin o is______081,158 8. 712,176 I n d ia n a______662, 498 3, 934,224 I o w a .. ______757, 537 2,621,073 K a n s a s...... 178, 611 1,905,299 K e n t u c k y . 038,156 2,944,806 L o u is ia n a______257, 022 2, 683,516 M a in e ______969,265 913,774 M a r y la n d . 100, GS9 2,343,001 Massachusetts... 148, 578 4,690,514 M ic h ig a n ______823,194 6,371,766 M in n e s o ta ______413,864 2,982,483 Mississippi...... 178,141 2,178,914 M is s o u ri______319,813 3,954,653 M o n t a n a______674, 767 591,024 N e b r a s k a .. ______411,330 1,325,510 N e v a d a . . . 285,278 160,083 New Hampshire 606,921 533,242 N e w Jersey______066,782 4,835,329 N e w M e x ic o ____ 951,023 681,187 N e w Y o r k . 782,304 14,830,192 North Carolina. 556,155 4,061,929 North Dakota.. 632,446 619,636 O h io ______.706,397 7,946,627 O k la h o m a______328,284 2,233,351 O re g o n ______768,687 1,521,341 Pennsylvania... 319,366 10,498,012 Rhode Island___ 859,488 791,896 South Carolina.. 382,594 2,117,027 South Dakota... 680,514 652,740 T e n n e sse e ______.567,089 3,291,718 T e x a s...... 579,677 7,711,194 U ta h ...... 890,627 688,862 V e r m o n t ______389,881 377,747 V irg in ia______,966,949 3,318,680 W a s h in g to n _____ ,853,214 2,378,963 West Virginia... ,860,421 2,005, 552 W is co n s in . ,951,777 3,434, 575 W y o m in g ______330,066 290, 529

T o t a l . 179,323,175 151,325,798 435 437

•Includes one member each assigned to Alaska and Hawaii after apportionment. Source: Bureau of the Census.

85654— 62 ------3 14 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

GOVERNORS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES

P o ll- T e r m o f Expiration State or territory C a p ita l G o v e rn o r tics service o f te rm S a la ry (years)

A la b a m a _____ Montgomery^,.. John Patterson.... _ D. • 4 J an . 1963 *$25,000 A la sk a ___ Juneau ...... William A. Egan...... 1>. • 4 D e e . 1962 * 2 5 ,0 0 0 A r iz o n a ___ Phoenix ... __ Paul Fannin______...... R. > 2 J an . 1963 18,500 A rk a n sa s______Little R ock..... Orval Faubus ______.... D. > 2 J an . 1963 * 10,000 California ___ Sacramento...., Edmund G. (Pat) Brown.. D. • 4 Jan . 1963 *40,000' C o lo r a d o ______D e n v e r ______... Stephen L. R. M cNichols. D. M D e c . 1962 20, 000' Connecticut ... H a rtfo rd_____ ... John N. Dempsey______D. » 4 J a n . 1963 • 15,000 D e la w a r e______D o v e r ______Elbert N. Carvel ______D. • 4 J a n . 1965 1 7,5 00 F lo r id a ...... Tallahassee_____ Farris Bryant______D. • 4 J a n . 1965 • 22,5 00 G eorg ia______... Atlanta ..... S. Ernest Vandiver______D. • 4 J a n . 1963 * 12,000 H a w a ii______H o n o lu lu ______William F. Quinn ______R. 64 D e c . 1962 *2 5,0 00 I d a h o ______B o is e ______Robert E. Smylie ______R. 64 J a n . 1963 *12,500 Illinois — Springfield______O tto K e m e r ______D. 64 J a n . 1965 *30,000 In d ia n a______Indianapolis____ Matthew E. Welsh ______D. a 4 J a n . 1965 * 1 5 ,0 0 0 I o w a ______D e s M o in e s ____ Norman A. Erbe ______... R. 62 J an . 1963 * 20,000 K a n s a s______T o p e k a ______John Anderson, Jr______... R. 62 J an . 1963 * 1 6 ,5 0 0 K e n t u c k y ______F ra n k fo r t______Bert T. Combs ______D. a 4 D e c . 1963 *18,000 L o u isia n a______Baton Rouge .... Jimmie II. Davis______1_). a 4 M a y 1964 * 20,000 M a in e______A u g u s ta ______John II. Reed______R. e 4 J a n . 1963 * 10,000 M a r y la n d______A n n a p o lis______J. Millard Tawcs______... D. « 4 J a n . 1963 * 1 5 ,0 0 0 Massachusetts___ B o s to n ______John A. Volpe______.... R. 6 2 J a n . 1963 2 0,000 M ic h ig a n ______L a n s in g ..______John B. Swainson______D. * 2 J a n . 1963 *22,500 M in n e s o ta______S t. P a u l . Elmer L. Andersen ______R. 62 J a n . 1963 19,000 Mississippi------J a c k so n______Ross R. Barnett______D. “ 4 J a n . 1964 *25,000 M is s o u ri______Jetlerson C ity... John M . Dalton______.... D. a 4 J a n . 1965 *2 5,0 00 M o n t a n a______H e l e n a . . . .______Tim M. Babcock ______U. 64 J a n . 1965 *14,000 N e b ra sk a ______L in c o ln ...... Frank B. Morrison ______D . 6 2 J a n . 1963 * 14,000 N e v a d a ______Carson City ____ Grant Sawyer______D. 64 J a n . 1963 *18,000 New Hampshire.. C o n c o r d ______Wesley Powell______R. 6 2 J a n . 1963 15,500 N e w Jersey______T r e n t o n ...... Richard J. Hughes______D. «4 J a n . 1966 *30,000 N e w M e x ic o ______S an ta F e______Edwin L. Mechem ______R . « 2 J a n . 1963 * 17,500 N e w Y o r k ______A lb a n y ______Nelson A. Rockefeller______R. 6 4 J a n . 1963 350,000 North Carolina... R a le ig h ...... Terry Sanford ...... D. a 4 J a n . 1965 *25,000 North Dakota ___ B is m a rck ______William L. Guy ______D . 6 2 J a n . 1963 ‘ 10,000 O h io ______C o lu m b u s ______Michael V. Di Salle______D. « 4 J a n . 1963 *25,000 Oklahoma ... Oklahoma City. J. Howard Edmondson____ D. a 4 J an . 1963 *15,000 O re g o n ----- S a le m ______Mark 0. Hatfield______R. « 4 J a n . 1963 * 17,500 Pennsylvania____ H a rrisb u rg ______David L. Lawrence______D. a 4 J a n . 1963 *35,000. Rhode Island____ P r o v id e n c e _____ John A. Notte, Jr______D. 6 2 J an . 1963 15,000 South Carolina... C o lu m b ia ______Ernest F. Hollings ______1). o 4 Jan. 1963 * 15,000 South Dakota ____ P ie rre ______Archie M. Gubbrud ______R. « 2 Jan. 1963 * 13,000 T e n n e sse e ______N a s h v ille ______Buford Ellington ______I). a 4 Jan. 1963 » 12,000 T e x a s______A u s t in ______Price Daniel ...... D. 6 2 Jan. 1963 * 25,000 U t a h ...... Salt Lake City.. George Dewey Clyde ______R. 6 4 Jan. 1965 * 12, 00a V e r m o n t ______M o n t p e lie r _____ F. Ray Keyser, Jr______R . « 2 J an . 1963 * 12,500 V ir g in ia ______R ic h m o n d ______Albertis S. Harrison, Jr ___ n . * 4 Jan . 1966 * 20,000 W a s h in g to n ______O ly m p ia ______Albert D. Rosellini ______1). 6 4 Jan. 1965 * 15,000 West Virginia ____ C h a rle sto n______William W . Barron______1). • 4 Jan. 1965 * 17,500 W is c o n s in ______M a d is o n ______Gaylord A. Nelson ______D. 62 Jan. 1963 * 20,000 W y o m in g . C h e y e n n e ______Jack R. Gage *______D. 64 Jan. 1963 * 15,000-

COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO

Puerto Rico ______S a n J u a n . Luis Munoz Marin. P .D .e 6 4 Jan. 1965 * 10,600-

TERRITORY

G u a m •...... A g a n a . William P. Daniel. D. 6 4 * 19,000

ISLAND POSSES­ SION

A m e r ica n S a m o a 7. P a g o P a g o______H . R e x L ee______D. (*) * 15,775 Virgin Islands «... Charlotte Amalie. Ralph M . Paiewonsky.. D. ( d) *19,000

« Cannot succeed himself. h N o lim it. « Can serve two consecutive terms. <* Indefinite term. • Use of executive mansion and fund for maintenance and expenses. • Executive mansion furnished. • N o executive mansion; nominal appropriation for expenses. • Acting Governor. • Popular Democrat Party. • Governors nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 2 Appointed by Secretary of Interior. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

GENERAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER 6, 1962 The election of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates to Con­ gress is held the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in every even-numbered year (act of February 2, 1872, 17 Stat. 28, as amended by act of June 5, 1934, c. 390,48 Stat. 879; 2 U.S.C. §§ 1, 7).

FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE ELECTION OF SENATORS The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. (Amendment X V II.) When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appoint­ ments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. (Ibid.) No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. (Art. 1, § 3, cl. 3.) The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legis­ lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. (Art. 1, § 4, cl. 1.) Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and quali­ fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; * * *. (Art. 1, § 5, cl. 1.) No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, * * * who, having previously taken, an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legis­ lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrec­ tion or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to tho enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. (Amendment XIV, § 3.) The terms of Senators shall begin at noon on the tim’d day of January in the year following their election. (Amendment X X , § 1.) 15 16 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his continuance in office. (Art. 1, § 6, cl. 2.) * * * No Senator or Representative, * * * shall be appointed an Elector. (Art. 2, § 1, cl. 2.)

STATUTORY PROVISIONS GOVERNING FEDERAL ELECTIONS Federal Corrupt Practices Act: February 28, 1925, ch. 368, §§ 301- 319, 43 Stat. 1053, 1070, as amended, 2 U.S.C. §§ 241 et seq., and 18 U.S.C. §§ 591, 597, 599, 602, 609, and 610. Hatch Political Activities Act: August 2, 1939, “ to prevent pernicious political activities,” ch. 410, 53 Stat. 1147, as amended, 5 U.S.C. § 118i-r and 18 U.S.C. §§ 594, 595, 598, 600, 601, 604, 605, 608, 609, 610, 611. The Pendleton Act, also called the Civil Service Act: January 16,1883, ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403, as amended, 5 U.S.C. §§ 632, 633, 635, 637, 638, 640-642, and 40 U.S.C. § 42. Section 11 of the act contains a general prohibition against assessments, subscriptions, or contribu­ tions for political purposes (18 U.S.C. § 602). Federal Voting Assistance Act: August 9, 1955, ch. 656, 69 Stat. 584, 5 U.S.C. § 2171 et seq. Civil Eights Act of 1957: P.L. 85-315, Sept. 9, 1957, 71 Stat. 634, 5 U.S.C. § 295-1; 28 U.S.C., §§ 1343, 1861, 42 U.S.C. § 1971, 1975, 1975d-e, 1995. Civil Rights Act of 1960: P.L. 86-449, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 86, 18 U.S.C. § 1509; 42 U.S.C. §§ 1971, 1974, 1974a-e, 1975d.

UNITED STATES CODE, 1958 ed., AND SUPP. Ill, 1959-61

TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS

C h a p t e r 1— E l e c t i o n o f S e n a t o r s a n d R epresentatives *

SEC. 1. TIME FOR ELECTION OF SENATORS. At the regular election held in any State next preceding the expira­ tion of the term for which any Senator was elected to represent such State in Congress, at which election a Representative to Congress is regularly by law to be chosen, a United States Senator from said State shall be elected by the people thereof for the term commencing on the 3d day of January next thereafter. SEC. la. ELECTION TO BE CERTIFIED BY GOVERNOR. It shall be the duty of the executive of the State from which any Senator has been chosen to certify his election, under the seal of the State, to the President of the Senate of the United States. (See p. 52, infra, for suggested form.)

•Only those provisions relating to the election of Senators are included. See also S. 2426, 87th Cong., an act to revise the Federal election laws, to prevent corrupt practices in Federal elections, and for other purposes (S. Rept. No. 871). FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 17

SEC. 1b. SAME; COUNTERSIGNATURE BY SECRETARY OF STATE. The certificate mentioned in section la of this title shall be counter­ signed by the secretary of state of the State.

C h a p t e r 3 — C ompensation o f M e m b e r s

SEC. 36. SALARIES OF SENATORS. Salaries of Senators appointed to fill vacancies in the Senate shall commence on the day of their appointment and continue until their successors are elected and qualified: Provided, That when Senators have been elected during a sine die adjournment of the Senate to succeed appointees, the salaries of Senators so elected shall commence on the day following their election. Salaries of Senators elected during a session to succeed appointees shall commence on the day they qualify: Provided, That when Senators have been elected during a session to succeed appointees, but have not qualified, the salaries of Senators so elected shall commence on the day following the sine die adjournment of the Senate. When no appointments have been made the salaries of Senators elected to fill such vacancies shall commence on the day following their election.

C h a p t e r 8 — F e d e r a l C o r r u p t P r a c t i c e s

SEC. 241. DEFINITIONS. When used in this chapter and section 208 of Title 18— (a) The term “ election” includes a general or special election, but does not include a primary election or convention of a political party; (b) The term “ candidate” means an individual whose name is presented at an election for election as Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress of the United States, whether or not such individual is elected; (c) The term “political committee” includes any committee, association, or organization which accepts contributions or makes expenditures for the purpose of influencing or attempting to influence the election of candidates or presidential and vice presidential electors (1) in two or more States, or (2) whether or not in more than one State if such committee, association, or organization (other than a duly organized State or local committee of a political party) is a branch or subsidiary of a national com­ mittee, association, or organization; (d) The term “contribution” includes a gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit, of money, or anything of value, and includes a contract, promise, or agreement, whether or not legally enforceable to make a contribution; (e) The term “ expenditure” includes a payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or gift, of money, or anything of value, and includes a contract, promise, or agreement, whether or not legally enforceable, to make an expenditure; 18 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

(f) The term “person” includes an individual, partnership, committee, association, corporation, and any other organization or group of persons; (g) The term “ Clerk” means the Clerk of the House of Repre­ sentatives of the United States; (h) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Senate of the United States; (i) The term “State” includes Territory and possession of the United States. SEC. 242. CHAIRMAN AND TREASURER OF POLITICAL COM­ MITTEE; DUTIES AS TO CONTRIBUTIONS; ACCOUNTS AND RECEIPTS. (a) Every political committee shall have a chairman and a treasurer. No contribution shall be accepted, and no expenditure made, by or on behalf of a political committee for the purpose of influencing an elec­ tion until such chairman and treasurer have been chosen. (b) It shall be the duty of the treasurer of a political committee to keep a detailed and exact account of— (1) All contributions made to or for such committee; (2) The name and address of every person making any such contribution, and the date thereof : (3) All expenditures made by or on behalf of such committee; and (4) The name and address of every person to whom any such expenditure is made, and the date thereof. (c) It shall be the duty of the treasurer to obtain and keep a receipted bill stating the particulars, for every expenditure by or on behalf of a political committee exceeding $10 in amount. The treasurer shall preserve all receipted bills and accounts required to be kept by this section for a period of at least two years from the date of the filing of the statement containing such items. SEC. 243. ACCOUNTS OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED. Every person who receives a contribution for a political committee shall, on demand of the treasurer, and in any event within five days after the receipt of such contribution, render to the treasurer a de­ tailed account thereof, including the name and address of the person making such contribution, and the date on which received. SEC. 244. STATEMENTS BY TREASURER FILED WITH CLERK OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. (a) The treasurer of a political committee shall file with the Clerk between the 1st and 10th days of March, June, and September, in each year, and also between the 10th and 15th days, and on the 5th day, next preceding the date on which a general election is to be held, at which candidates are to be elected in two or more States, and also on the 1st day of January, a. statement containing, complete a3 of the day next preceding the date of filing— j : (1) The name and address of each person who has made a con- t tribution to or for such committee in one or more items of the FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 19

aggregate amount or value, within the calendar year, of $100 or more, together with the amount and date of such contribution; (2) The total sum of the contributions made to or for such committee during the calendar year and not stated under para­ graph (1); (3) The total sum of all contributions made to or for such committee during the calendar year; (4) The name and address of each person to whom an expendi­ ture in one or more items of the aggregate amount or value, within the calendar year, of $10 or more has been made by or on behalf of such committee, and the amount, date, and purpose of such expenditure; (5) The total sum of all expenditures made by or on behalf of such committee during the calendar year and not stated under paragraph (4); (6) The total sum of expenditures made by or on behalf of such committee during the calendar year. (b) The statements required to be filed by subdivision (a) shall be cumulative during the calendar year to which they relate, but where there has been no change in an item reported in a previous statement only tho amount need be carried forward. (c) The statement filed on the 1st day of January shall cover the preceding calendar year. SEC. 245. STATEMENTS BY OTHERS THAN POLITICAL COM­ MITTEE FILED WITH CLERK OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Every person (other than a political committee) who makes an ex­ penditure in one or more items, other than by contribution to a political committee, aggregating $50 or more within a calendar year for the purpose of influencing in two or more States the election of candidates, shall file with the Clerk an itemized detailed statement of such expenditure in the same manner as required of the treasurer of a political committee by section 244 of this title. SEC. 246. STATEMENTS BY CANDIDATES FOR SENATOR, REPRESENTATIVE, DELEGATE, OR RESIDENT COMMISSIONER FILED WITH SECRETARY OF SENATE AND CLERK OF HOUSE OF REPRE­ SENTATIVES. (a) Every candidate for Senator shall file with the Secretary and every candidate for Representative, Delegate, or Resident Commis­ sioner shall file with the Clerk not less than ten nor more than fifteen days before, and also within thirty days after, the date on which an election is to bo held, a statement containing, complete as of the day next preceding the date of filing— (1) A correct and itemized account of each contribution re­ ceived by him or by any person for him with his knowledge or consent, from any source, in aid or support of his candidacy for election, or for the purpose of influencing the result of the election, 20 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

together with the name of the person who has made such con­ tribution ; (2) A correct and itemized account of each expenditure made by him or by any person for him with his knowledge or consent, in aid or support of his candidacy for election, or for the purpose of influencing the result of the election, together with the name of the person to whom such expenditure was made; except that only the total sum of expenditures for items specified in subdivi­ sion (c) of section 248 of this title need be stated; (3) A statement of every promise or pledge made by him or by anv person for him with his consent, prior to the closing of the polls on the day of the election, relative to the appointment or recommendation for appointment of any person to any public or private position or employment for the purpose of procuring support in his candidacy, and the name, address, and occupation of every person to whom any such promise or pledge has been made, together with the description of any such position. If no such promise or pledge has been made, that fact shall be spe­ cifically stated. (b) The statements required to be filed by subdivision (a) shall be cumulative, but where there has been no change in an item reported in a previous statement only the amount need be carried forward. (c) Every candidate shall inclose with his first statement a report, based upon the records of the proper State official, stating the total number of votes cast for all candidates for the office which the candi­ date seeks, at the general election next preceding the election at which he is a candidate. SEC. 247. STATEMENTS; VERIFICATION; FILING; PRESER­ VATION; INSPECTION. A statement required by this chapter to be filed by a candidate or treasurer of a political committee or other person with the Clerk or Secretary, as the case may be— (a) Shall be verified by the oath or affirmation of the person filing such statement, taken before any officer authorized to administer oaths; (b) Shall be deemed properly filed when deposited in an estab­ lished post office within the prescribed time, duly stamped, registered, and directed to the Clerk or Secretary at Washington, District of Columbia, but in the event it is not received, a dupli­ cate of such statement shall be promptly filed upon notice by the Clerk or Secretary of its nonreceipt; (c) Shall be preserved by the Clerk or Secretary for a period of two years from the date of filing, shall constitute a part of the public records of his office, and shall be open to public inspection. SEC. 248. LIMITATION UPON AMOUNT OF EXPENDITURES BY CANDIDATE. (a) A candidate, in his campaign for election, shall not make expenditures in excess of the amount which he may lawfully make under the laws of the State in which he is a candidate, nor in excess of the amount which he may lawfully make under the provisions of this chapter and section 208 of Title 18. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 21

(b) Unless the laws of his State prescribe a less amount as the maximum limit of campaign expenditures, a candidate may make expenditures up to— (1) The sum of $10,000 if a candidate for Senator, or the sum of $2,500 if a candidate for Representative, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner; or (2) An amount equal to the amount obtained by multiplying three cents bv the total number of votes cast at the last general election for all candidates for the office which the candidate seeks, but in no event exceeding $25,000 if a candidate for Senator or $5,000 if a candidate for Representative, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner. (c) Money expended by a candidate to meet and discharge any assessment, fee, or charge made or levied upon candidates by the laws of the State in which ho resides, or expended for his necessary personal, traveling, or subsistence expenses, or for stationery, postage, writing, or printing (other than for use on billboards or in newspapers), for distributing letters, circulars, or posters, or for telegraph or telephone service, shall not be included in determining whether his expenditures have exceeded the sum fixed by paragraph (1) or (2) of subdivision (b) as the limit of campaign expenses of a candidate. ******* SEC. 252. GENERAL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS. (a) Any person who violates any of the foregoing provisions of this chapter, except those for which a specific penalty is imposed by section 208 of Title 18, and section 251 of this title, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (b) Any person who willfully violates any of the foregoing provisions of this chapter, except those for which a specific penalty is imposed by section 208 of Title 18, and section 251 of this title, shall be fined not more than $10,000 and imprisoned not more than two years. SEC. 253. EXPENSES OF ELECTION CONTESTS. This chapter and section 208 of Title 18 shall not limit or affect the right of any person to make expenditures for proper legal expenses in contesting the results of an election. SEC. 254. STATE LAWS NOT AFFECTED. This chapter and section 208 of Title 18 shall not be construed to annul the laws of any State relating to the nomination or election of candidates, unless directly inconsistent with the provisions o f this chapter and section 208 of Title 18, or to exempt any candidate from complying with such State laws. SEC. 255. PARTIAL INVALIDITY. If any provision of this chapter and section 208 of Title 18, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of said chapter and section and of the application of such provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby. SEC. 256. CITATION. This chapter and section 208 of Title 18 may be cited as the “ Federal Corrupt Practices Act.” (See also H.R. 33, 87th Cong., a bill to revise the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, 1925, and for other purposes.) 85654— 62 ----- 1 22 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

TITLE 5—EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES

C h a p t e r I — P r o v i s i o n s A p p l i c a b l e t o D e p a r t m e n t s a n d O f f i c e r s G e n e r a l l y ******* SEC. 118i. EXECUTIVE EMPLOYEES; USE OF OFFICIAL AU­ THORITY; POLITICAL ACTIVITY; PENALTIES; REPORTS TO CONGRESS. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person employed in the executive branch of the Federal Government, or any agency or department thereof, to use his official authority or influence for the purpose of interfering with an election or affecting the result thereof. No officer or employee in the executive branch of the Federal Government, or any agency or department thereof, shall take any active part in politi­ cal management or in political campaigns. All such persons shall re­ tain the right to vote as they may choose and to express their opinions on all political subjects and candidates. For the purposes of this sec­ tion the term “ officer” or “ employee” shall not be construed to include (1) the President and Vice President of the United States; (2) persons whose compensation is paid from the appropriation for the office of the President; (3) heads and assistant heads of executive departments; (4) officers who are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who determine policies to be pursued by the United States in its relations with foreign powers or in the Nation-wide administration of Federal Laws. The provisions of the second sentence of this subsection shall not apply to the em­ ployees of The Alaska Railroad, residing in municipalities on the line of the railroad, in respect to activities involving the municipality in which they reside. (b) Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be re­ moved immediately from the position or office held by him, and there­ after no part of the funds appropriated by any Act of Congress for such position or office shall be used to pay the compensation of such person: Provided, however, That the United States Civil Service Com­ mission finds by unanimous vote that the violation does not warrant removal, a lesser penalty shall he imposed by direction of the Com­ mission: Provided further, That in no case shall the penalty be less than ninety days’ suspension without pay: And provided further, That in the case of any person who has heretofore been removed from the service under the provisions of this section, the Commission shall upon request of said person reopen and reconsider the record in such case. If it shall find by a unanimous vote that the acts committed were such as to warrant a penalty of less than removal it shall issue an order revoking the restriction against reemployment in the position from which removed, or in any other position for which he may bo qualified, but no such revocation shall become effective until at least ninety days have elapsed following the date of the removal of such person from office. (c) At the end of each fiscal year the Commission shall report to the President for transmittal to the Congress the names, addresses, and nature of employment of all persons with respect to whom action has FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 23 been taken by the Commission under the terms of this section, with a statement of the facts upon which action was taken, and the penalty imposed SEC. 118j. FEDERAL EMPLOYEES; MEMBERSHIP IN POLIT­ ICAL PARTIES; PENALTIES. (Repealed by Public Law No. 330, 84th Congress, approved Aug. 9, 1955.) SEC. 118k. EMPLOYEES OF STATE OR LOCAL AGENCIES FINANCED BY LOANS OR GRANTS FROM UNITED STATES— (a) Influencing elections; officer or employee defined. No officer or employee of any State or local agency whose principal employment is in connection with any activity which is financed in whole or in part by loans or grants made by the United States or by any Federal agency shall (1) use his official authority or influence for the purpose of interfering with an election or a nomination for office, or affecting the result thereof, or (2) directly or indirectly coerce, attempt to coerce, command, or advise any other such officer or employee to pay, lend, or contribute any part of his salary or com­ pensation or anything else of value to any party, committee, organiza- zation, agency, or person for political purposes. No such officer or employee shall take any active part in political management or in political campaigns. All such persons shall retain the right to vote as they may choose and to express their opinions on all political sub­ jects and candidates. For the purposes of the second sentence of this subsection, the term “ officer or employee” shall not be construed to include (1) the Governor or the Lieutenant Governor of any State or any person who is authorized by law to act as Governor, or the mayor of any city; (2) duly elected heads of executive departments of any State or municipality who are not classified under a State or municipal merit or civil-service system; (3) officers holding elective offices. (b) Investigations by Civil Service Commission; removal of em­ ployees; withholding grants from States. If any Federal agency charged with the duty of making any loan or grant of funds of the United States for use in any activity by any officer or employee to whom the provisions of subsection (a) of this section are applicable has reason to believe that any such officer or employee has violated the provisions of such subsection, it shall make a report with respect thereto to the United States Civil Service Com­ mission (hereinafter referred to as the “ Commission” ). Upon tho receipt of any such report, or upon the receipt of any other information which seems to the Commission to warrant an investigation, the Com­ mission shall fix a time and place for a hearing, and shall by registered mail or by certified mail send to the officer or employee charged with the violation and to the State or local agency employing such officer or employee a notice setting forth a summary of the alleged violation and the time and place of such hearing. At such hearing (which shall not be earlier than ten days after the mailing of such notice) 24 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION either the officer or employee or the State or local agency, or both, may appear with counsel and be heard. After such hearing, the Commission shall determine whether any violation of such subsection has occurred and whether such violation, if any, warrants the removal of the officer or employee by whom it was committed from his office or employment, and shall by registered mail or by certified mail notify such officer or employee and the appropriate State or local agency of such determination. If in any case the Commission finds that such officer or employee has not been removed from his office or employment within thirty days after notice of a determination by the Commission that such violation warrants his removal, or that he has been so removed and has subsequently (within a period of eighteen months) been appointed to any office or employment in any State or local agency in such State, the Commission shall make and certify to the appropriate Federal agency an order requiring it to withhold from its loans or grants to the State or local agency to which such notifica­ tion was given an amount equal to two years’ compensation at the rate such officer or employee was receiving at the time of such viola­ tion; except that in any case of such a subsequent appointment to a osition in another State or local agency which receives loans or grants pfrom any Federal agency, such order shall require the withholding of such amount from such other State or local agency: Provided, That in no event shall the Commission require any amount to be withheld from any loan or grant pledged by a State or local agency as security for its bonds or notes if the withholding of such amount would jeop­ ardize the payment of the principal or interest on such bonds or notes. Notice of any such order shall be sent by registered mail or by certified mail to the State or local agency from which such amount is ordered to be withheld. The Federal agency to which such order is certified shall, after such order becomes final, withhold such amount in accord­ ance with the terms of such order. Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, any determination or order of the Commission shall become final upon the expiration of thirty days after the mailing of notice of such determination or order. As amended June 11, 1960, Public Law 86-507, § 1(1), 74 Stat. 200. (c) Court review of determination of Commission. Any party aggrieved by any determination or order of the Com­ mission under subsection (b) of this section may, within thirty days after the mailing of notice of such determination or order, institute proceedings for the review thereof by filing a written petition in the district court of the United States for the district in which such officer or employee resides; but the commencement of such proceedings shall not operate as a stay of such determination or order unless (1) it is specifically so ordered by the court, and (2) such officer or employee is suspended from his office or employment during the pendency of such proceedings. A copy of such petition shall forthwith be served upon the Commission, and thereupon the Commission shall certify and file in the court a transcript of the record upon which the deter­ mination or the order complained of was made. The review by the court shall be on the record entire, including all of the evidence taken on the hearing, and shall extend to questions of fact and ques­ tions of law. If application is made to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and it is shown to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence may materially affect the result of the FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 25 proceedings and that there were reasonable grounds for failure to adduce such evidence in the hearing before the Commission, the court may direct such additional evidence to be taken before the Commission in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. The Commission may modify its findings of fact or its determination or order by reason of the addi­ tional evidence so taken and shall file with the court such modified findings, determination, or order, and any such modified findings of fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive. The court shall affirm the Commission’s determination or order, or its modified determination or order, if the court determines that the same is in accordance with law. If the court determines that any such determination or order, or modified determination or order, is not in accordance with law, the court shall remand the proceeding to the Commission with directions either to make such determination or order as the court shall determine to be in accordance with law or to take such further proceedings as, in the opinion of the court, the law requires. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, subject to review by the appropriate court of appeals as in other cases, and the judgment and decree of such court of appeals shall be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States on certiorari or certification as provided in sections 346 and 347 of title 28. If any provision of this subsection is held to be invalid as applied to any party with respect to any determination or order of the Commission, such determination or order shall thereupon be­ come final and effective as to such party in the same manner as if such provision had not been enacted. (d) Rules and regulations; subpena of witness and documentary evidence; depositions. The Commission is authorized to adopt such reasonable procedure and rules and regulations as it deems necessary to execute its functions under this section. The Civil Service Commission shall have power to require by subpena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of all documentary evidence relating to any matter pending, as a result of this Act, before the Commission. Any member of the Commission may sign subpenas, and members of the Commis­ sion and its examiners when authorized by the Commission may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. Such attendance of witnesses and the production of such documentary evidence may be required from any place in the United States at any designated place of hearing. In case of disobedience to a subpena, the Commission may invoke the aid of any court of the United States in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of documentary evidence. Any of the district courts of the United States within the jurisdiction of which such inquiry is carried on may, in case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena issued to any person, issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Commission, or to produce documentary evidence if so ordered, or to give evidence touching the matter in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof. The Commission may order testi­ mony to be taken by deposition in any proceeding or investigation, which as a result of this Act is pending before the Commission at any stage of such proceeding or investigation. Such depositions 26 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION may be taken before any person designated by the Commission and having power to administer oaths. Sncli testimony shall be reduced to writing by the person taking the deposition, or under his direction, and shall then be subscribed by the deponent. Any person may he compelled to appear and depose and to produce documentary evidence before the Commission as hereinbefore provided. No person shall be excused from attending and testifying or from producing docu­ mentary evidence or in obedience to a subpena on the ground that the testimony or evidence, documentary or otherwise, required of him may tend to incriminate him or subject him to a penalty or forfeiture for or on account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which be is compelled to testify, or produce evidence, documentary or other­ wise, before the Commission in obedience to a subpena issued by it: Provided, That no person so testifying shall be exempt from prosecu­ tion and punishment for perjury committed in so testifying. (e) Employees of agencies not financed by United States as exempt. The provisions of the first two sentences of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to any officer or employee who exercises no functions in connection with any activity of a State or local agency which is financed in whole or in part by loans or grants made by the United States or by any Federal agency. (f) Definitions. For the purposes of this section— (1) The term “State or local agency” means the executive branch of any State, or of any municipality or other political subdivision of such State, or any agency or department thereof. (2) The term “ Federal agency” includes any executive depart­ ment, independent establishment, or other agency of the United States (except a member bank of the Federal Reserve System). SEC. 118k-l. ACTIVITIES OF EMPLOYEES OF EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, ETC. Nothing in sections 118i (a) or 118i (b), or 118k of this title shall be deemed to prohibit or to make unlawful the doing of any act by any officer or employee of any educational or research institution, estab­ lishment, agency, or system which is supported in whole or in part by any State or political subdivision thereof, or by the District of Colum­ bia or by any Territory or Territorial possession of the United States; or by any recognized religious, philanthropic, or cultural organization. SEC. 118k-2. STATE DEFINED. As used in this Act, the term “State” means any State, Territory, or possession of the United States. SEC. 118k-3. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EMPLOYEES AS EM ­ PLOYEES OF UNITED STATES. For the purposes of this Act, persons employed in the government of the District of Columbia shall be deemed to be employed in the executive branch of the Government of the United States, except that for the purposes of the second sentence of section llS i (a) of this title the Commissioners and the Recorder of Deeds of the District of Columbia shall not be deemed to be officers or employees. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 27

SEC. 1181. ACTIVITIES PROHIBITED ON PART OF CIVIL- SERVICE EMPLOYEES AS PROHIBITED ON PART OF OTHER GOVERNMENT AND STATE EMPLOYEES. The provisions of this Act which prohibit persons to whom such provisions apply from taking any active part in political management or in political campaigns shall be deemed to prohibit the same activ­ ities on the part of such persons as the United States Civil Service Commission has heretofore determined are at the time this section takes effect prohibited on the part of employees in the classified civil service of the United States by the provisions of the civil-service rules prohibiting such employees from taking any active part in political management or in political campaigns. SEC. 118m. POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS IN LOCALITIES WHERE MAJORITY OF VOTERS ARE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. Whenever the United States Civil Service Commission determines that, by reason of special or unusual circumstances which exist in any municipality or other political subdivision, in the immediate vicinity of the National Capital in the States of Maryland and Vir- inia or in municipalities the majority of whose voters are employed gy the Government of the United States, it is in the domestic interest of persons to whom the provisions of this act are applicable, and who reside in such municipality or political subdivision, to permit such persons to take an active part in political management or in political campaigns involving such municipality or political subdivision, the Commission is authorized to promulgate regulations permitting such persons to take an active part in such political management and political campaigns to the extent the Commission deems to be in the domestic interest of such persons. SEC. 118n. ELECTIONS NOT SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED WITH NATIONAL OR STATE ISSUES OR POLIT­ ICAL PARTIES. Nothing in the second sentence of section 11 Si (a) of this title or in the second sentence of section 118k (a) of this title shall be construed to prevent or prohibit any person subject to the provisions of this Act from engaging in any political activity (1) in connection with any election and the preceding campaign if none of the candidates is to be nominated or elected at such election as representing a party any of whose candidates for presidential elector received votes in the last preceding election at which presidential electors were selected, or (2) in connection with any question which is not specifically identified with any National or State political party. For the purposes of this section, questions relating to constitutional amendments, referendums, approval of municipal ordinances, and others of a similar character, shall not be deemed to be specifically identified with any National or State political party. SEC. 118o. REMOVAL FROM OFFICE FOR SOLICITING OR ACCEPTING POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. Any executive officer or employee of the United States not appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall 28 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION request, give to, or receive from, any other officer or employee of the Government any money or property or other thing of value for politi­ cal purposes shall be at once discharged from the service of the United States. SEC. 118p. PROHIBITION OF FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT DENIED TO PERSONS WHO ARE DISLOYAL OR ASSERT RIGHT TO STRIKE AGAINST GOVERN­ MENT. No person shall accept or hold office or employment in the Govern­ ment of the United States or any agency thereof, including wholly owned Government corporations, who— (1) advocates the overthrow of our constitutional form of gov­ ernment in the United States; (2) is a member of an organization that advocates the over­ throw of our constitutional form of government in the United States, knowing that such organization so advocates; (3) participates in any strike or asserts the right to strike against the Government of the United States or such agency; or (4) is a member of an organization of Government employees that asserts the right to strike against the Government of the United States or such agencies, knowing that such organization asserts such right. SEC. 118q. SAME; AFFIDAVIT— (a) Time to execute; prima facie evidence. Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, every person who accepts office or employment in the Government of the United States after August 9, 1955, shall, not later than sixty days after he accepts such office or employment, execute an affidavit that his acceptance and holding of such office or employment does not or (if the affidavit is executed prior to acceptance of such office or employ­ ment) will not constitute a violation of section 118p of this title. Such affidavit shall be considered prima facie evidence that the acceptance and holding of office or employment by the person executing the affidavit does not or will not constitute a violation of such section. (b) Emergency work. An affidavit shall not be required from a person employed by the Government of the United States for less than sixty days for sudden emergency work involving the loss of human life or the destruction of property. This subsection shall not relieve any person from liabil­ ity for violation of section 118p of this title. SEC. 118r. SAME; PENALTY. Any person who violates section 118p of this title shall "be guilty of a felony, and shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year and a day, or both. ******* Note: Sections 1181—118r, supra, are referred to as the Hatch Act. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 29

Chapter 28— FEDERAL ABSENTEE VOTING ASSISTANCE

SUBCHAPTER I.—RECOMMENDATION TO STATES S ec. 2171. State enactment of absentee voting legislation. 2172. Balloting procedures. 2173. Statistical data. SUBCHAPTER II.—RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 2181. Presidential designee to coordinate and facilitate actions to discharge Federal responsibilities; report. 2182. Current absentee voting information. 2183. Cooperation of Government officials; drafts of state legislation; printing and transmitting of post cards. 2184. Form and content of post card application. 2185. Post card for election for Members of Congress. SUBCHAPTER III.— GENERAL PROVISIONS 2191. Definitions. 2192. Free postage. 2193. Prevention of fraud and coercion. 2194. Acts done in good faith. 2195. Undue influence; free discussion. 2196. Appropriations.

S u b c h a p t e r I . — R ecommendation t o S t a t e s

SEC. 2171. STATE E N ACTM EN T OF ABSENTEEVOTING LEGISLATION. The Congress expresses itself as favoring, and recommends that the several States take, immediate legislative or administrative action to enable every person in any of the following categories who is absent from the place of his voting residence to vote by absentee ballot in any primary, special, or general election held in his election district or precinct, if he is otherwise eligible to vote in that election: (1) Members of the Armed Forces while in the active service, and their spouses and dependents. (2) Members of the merchant marine of the United States, and their spouses and dependents. (3) Civilian employees of the United States in all categories serving outside the territorial limits of the several States of the United States and the District of Columbia and their spouses and dependents when residing with or accompanying them, whether or not the employee i9 subject to the civil-service laws and the Classification Act of 1949, and whether or not paid from funds appropriated by the Congress. (4) Members of religious groups of welfare agencies assisting mem­ bers of the Armed Forces, who are officially attached to and serving with the Armed Forces, and their spouses and dependents.

S h o r t T i t l e Congress, in enacting this chapter, and repealing sections 301-303, 321-331, 341, and 351-355 of Title 50, War and National Defense, provided by section I of act of August 9, 1955, the act should be popularly known as “ The Federal Voting Assistance Act of 1955.”

85654— 62 ------5 30 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

S eparability P r o v i s i o n s Section 306 of act of August 9, 1955, provided that “ If any provision of this act [this chapter] or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act [this chapter] and the applicability of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.” SEC. 2172. BALLOTING PROCEDURES. To afford ample opportunity for persons covered by section 2171 of this title to vote for Federal, State, and local officials and to use the absentee balloting procedures to the greatest extent possible, it is recommended that each of the several States— (1) accept as applications for absentee ballots under such States’ absentee balloting laws, as applications for registration under such States’ election laws, and as sources of information to implement State absentee balloting laws, the form of post card (when duly executed by a person covered by section 2171 of this title) provided pursuant to this chapter; (2) waive registration of persons covered by section 2171 of this title, who, by reason of their service, have been deprived of an opportunity to register; (3) accept the post card application provided pursuant to this chapter as a simultaneous application for registration and for ballot; (4) if a special application is required for registration by mail, rovide that the necessary forms will be sent with the absentee p allot and may be returned with it; (5) make provision for persons eligible to register and qualified to vote, who have been honorably discharged from the Armed Forces, or have terminated their service or employment, too late to register at the time when, and at the place where, registration is required, to vote at the election next ensuing after such dis­ charge or termination; (6) authorize and instruct the State or local election officials, upon receipt of the post card application provided pursuant to this chapter, to mail immediately to the applicant a ballot, instructions for voting and returning the ballot, and a self- addressed envelope; (7) provide that there he printed across the face of each en­ velope in which a ballot is sent two parallel horizontal red bars, each one-quarter inch wide, extending from one side of the enve­ lope to the other side, with an intervening space of one-quarter inch, the top bar to be one and one-quarter inches from the top of the envelope, and with the words “ Official Election Balloting Material—via Air Mail,” or similar language, between the bars; that there be printed in the upper right corner of each such envelope, in a box, the words “Free of U. S. Postage, Including Air Mail” ; that all printing on the face of each such envelope be in red; and that there be printed in red in the upper left corner of each State ballot envelope an appropriate inscription or blanks for return address of sender; (8) provide that the gummed flap of the State envelope sup­ plied for the return of tne ballot he separated by a wax paper or other appropriate protective insert from the remaining balloting material and that there be included in State voting instructions a FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 31

procedure to bo followed by absentee voters, such as notation of the facts on the back of the envelope duly signed by the voter and witnessing officer, in instances of adhesion of the balloting material; (9) reduce in size and weight of paper, as much as possible, envelopes, ballots, and instructions for voting procedure; (10) for the purposes of this chapter, authorized oaths required by State law to be administered and attested by any commissioned officer in the active service of the Armed Forces, or any member of the merchant marine of the United States designated for this purpose by the Secretary of Commerce, or any civilian official empowered by State or Federal law to administer oaths; (11) include in State voting instructions express information concerning the type or types of writing instruments which may be used to mark the absentee ballot, preferably pen or indelible pencil; and (12) provide that absentee ballots will be available for mailing to the applicant as soon as practicable before the last date on which such ballot will be counted. SEC. 2173. STATISTICAL DATA. It is recommended that each of the several States make available to the officer designated by the President under section 2181 of this title appropriate statistical data to assist him in compiling compre­ hensive information of operations under this chapter.

S u b c h a p t e r II.— R esponsibilities o f F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t SEC. 2181. PRESIDENTIAL DESIGNEE TO COORDINATE AND FACILITATE ACTIONS TO DISCHARGE FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES; REPORT. The president is authorized to designate, with provision for redele­ gation, the head (hereinafter referred to as the Presidential designee) of any executive department or agency to coordinate and facilitate such actions as may be required to discharge Federal responsibilities under this chapter. The Presidential designee is authorized to request from other executive departments and agencies such assistance as he deems necessary to effectuate the purposes of this chapter, and shall submit a report to the President and to the Congress in odd-numbered years. Such report shall cover the administration of Federal re­ sponsibilities authorized under this subchapter, the progress of the States in carrying out the recommendations contained in sections 2171-2173 of this title, statistical data relating to absentee voting, and such other information as the Presidential designee may consider appropriate.

Ex. O e d . No. 10646. D e s i g n a t i o n o p S e c r e t a r y o p D e f e n s e a s C o o r d i n a t o r Ex. Ord. No. 10646, Nov. 23, 1955, 20 F. R. 8681, provided: 1. The Secretary of Defense is hereby designated as the official to coordinate and facilitate such actions as may be required to discharge Federal responsibilities under the Federal Voting Assistance Act of 1955 [this chapter], 2. In order to effectuate the purposes of the said act, the Secretary of Defense is hereby authorized to delegate any or all of the functions, responsibilities, powers, authority, or discretion devolving upon him in consequence of this order to any person or persons within the Department of Defense.

D w i g h t D . E i s e n h o w e r . 3 2 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

SEC. 2182. CURRENT ABSENTEE VOTING INFORMATION. The Presidential designee shall request, annually or more often when appropriate, each State to furnish him with current absentee voting information for such State. Such information shall include election dates, officers to be elected, constitutional amendments, and other proposals to be voted on, absentee registration and voting pro­ cedures, and other relevant data. As soon as possible after receipt of such information, he shall furnish it to the departments and agencies of the executive branch affected by this chapter. Such departments and agencies are authorized to reprint and distribute such information to the extent necessary. SEC. 2183. COOPERATION OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS; DRAFTS OF STATE LEGISLATION; PRINTING AND TRANSMITTING OF POST CARDS. All Government officials shall, to the extent practicable and com­ patible with their primary responsibilities, cooperate with the Presi­ dential designee in carrying out the purposes of this chapter. All such officials shall, as far as practicable, take all reasonable measures to expedite, transmit, deliver, and return post cards, ballots, envelopes, and instructions for voting procedures mailed to or by persons to whom this chapter is applicable. In addition, and as requested by the Presidential designee, it shall be the duty of— (1) the Attorney General to cooperate and advise with the Council of State Governments in the formulation of drafts of State legislation designed to implement the recommendations for State action contained in this chapter; (2) the Administrator of General Services to cause to be printed and distributed post cards for use in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. Such post cards shall, wherever prac­ ticable and compatible with other opeiations, be made available by the department or agency concerned to persons to whom this chapter is applicable for use at any general election at which electors for President and Vice President or Senators and Rep­ resentatives are to be voted for. For use in such elections post cards shall be made available outside the territorial limits of the United States not later than August 15 prior to the election and within the territorial limits of the United States not later than September 15 prior to the election. To the extent practicable and compatible with other operations, post cards shall also be made available at appropriate times to such persons for use in other general, primary, and special elections; and (3) the Postmaster General and the heads of the departments and agencies concerned, where practicable and compatible with their operations, to facilitate the transmission of balloting ma­ terial to and from persons to whom this chapter is applicable. Ballots executed outside the United States by persons to whom this chapter is applicable shall be returned by priority airmail wherever practicable, and such mail may be segregated from other forms of mail and placed in special bags marked with special tags printed and distributed by the Postmaster General for this purpose. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN-INFORMATION 3 3

SEC. 2184. FORM AND CONTENT OF POST CARD APPLI­ CATION. The form of the Federal post card application shall be as follows: (a) The cards shall be approximately nine and one-half by four and one-eighth inches in size. (b) Upon one side, perpendicular to the long dimension of the card, there shall be printed in black type the following:

FILL OUT BOTH SIDES OF CARD

POST CARD APPLICATION FOR ABSENTEE BALLOT

State or Commonwealth o f ...... (Fill in name of State or Commonwealth) (1) I hereby request an absentee ballot to vote in the coming election: (GENERAL) (PRIMARY)* (SPECIAL) ELECTION (Strike out inapplicable words) (2) * If a ballot is requested for a primary election, print your political party affiliation i—i or preference in this box: I—> (If primary election Is secret in your State, do not answer) (3) I am a citizen of the United States, eligible to vote in above State, and am: a. A member of the Armed Forces of the United States Q

b. A member of the merchant marine of the United States

c. A member of a religious or welfare organization assisting servicemen Q

d. A civilian employed by the United States Government outside the United r—i States (continental) I—I

e. A spouse or dependent of a person listed in (a), (b), or (c) above □

f. A spouse or dependent residing with a person described in (d) above □ (4) I w a s b o m o n ...... — ...... - ...... (Day) (Month) (Year) (5) F or.... years preceding the above election m y home (not military) residence in the above State has b e e n ...... - ...... - ...... (Street and num ber or rural route, etc.) The voting precinct or election district for this residence is ......

(Enter if known") (6) Remarks: ...... - ...... - ......

(7) MaU m y ballot"to the following official address:

(Unit (Co., Sq., Trp., Bn., Etc.), Governmental Agency, or Office)

(M ilitary Base, Station, Camp, Fort, Ship, Airfield, etc.)

(Street No., A PO, or FPO No.)

(City, Postal Zone, and State) (8) I am N O T requesting a ballot from any other State and am not voting in any other manner In this election, except by absentee process, and have not voted and do not intend to vote in this election at any other address. (V)...... -...... (Signature of person requesting ballot) (10) ...... (Full name, typed or printed, with rank or grade, and service number) (11) Subscribed and sworn to before me o n ...... (Day, month, and year)

(Signature of official administering oath)

(Typed or printed name of official administering oath)

(Title or rank, service number, and organization of administering official)

INSTRUCTIONS

A . Before filling out this form see your voting officer in regard to the voting laws of your State and absentee registration and voting procedure. B. Type or print all entries except signatures. FILL OUT BOTH SIDES OF CARD. O. Address card to proper State official. Your voting officer or commanding officer will furnish you his title and address. D . M ail card as soon as your State will accept your application. E . NO postage is required for the card. 3 4 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

(c) Upon the other side of the card there shall he printed in red type the following:

FILL OUT BOTH SIDES OF THE OARD

(N a m e ) FREE OF U. S. Postage Including Air Mall

(Unit, G ov. Agency, or Office)

(MU. Base, Statiou, Ship, or Office)

(Street No., APO, or FPO No.)

(C ity, Postal Zone, State)

OFFICIAL ELECTION BALLOTING MATERIAL—VIA AIR MAIL

T o : ______(Title of Election Official)

(C o u n t y o r T o w n s h ip )

(City or Town, State) (Aug. 9, 1953, ch. 656, title H , sec. 204,69 Stat. 586.)

SEC. 2185. POST CARD FOR ELECTION FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. The previously authorized Federal post card form shall he utilized prior to and in connection with the election for Members of Congress next ensuing after August 9, 1955, and the Presidential designee shall initiate action to make such forms available to departments and agencies having a need therefor. Thereafter only the post card form authorized in this chapter shall be utilized.

Subchapter III.— G eneral Provisions SEC. 2191. DEFINITIONS. As used in this chapter— (1) The term “Armed Forces” means the uniformed services as defined in section 231 of Title 37. (2) The term “members of the merchant marine of the United States” means persons (other than members of the Armed Forces) employed as officers or members of crews of vessels documented under the laws of the United States, or of vessels owned by the United States, or of vessels of foreign-flag registry under charter to or control of the United States, and persons (other than members of the Armed Forces) enrolled with the United States for employment, or for training for employment, or maintained by the United States for emergency relief service, as officers or members of crews of any such vessels; but does not include persons so employed, or enrolled for such employment or for training for such employment, or maintained for such emergency relief service, on the Great Lakes or the Inland waterways. (3) The term “ dependent” means any person who is in fact a de­ pendent. SEC. 2192. FREE POSTAGE. Official post cards, ballots, voting instructions, and envelopes referred to in this chapter, whether transmitted individually or in bulk, shall be free of postage, including air-mail postage, in the United States moils. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 35

SEC. 2193. PREVENTION OF FRAUD AND COERCION. Every individual concerned with the administration of this chapter shall take all necessary steps to prevent fraud, to protect voters against coercion of any sort, and to safeguard the integrity and secrecy of ballots cast. SEC. 2194. ACTS DONE IN GOOD FAITH. No act done in good faith under this chapter by a person serving in or with the Federal or military service of the United States in the exercise of his judgment as to what was practicable and compatible with military, merchant marine, or other Federal governmental operations, shall constitute a violation of any provision of law relating to the elective franchise. SEC. 2195. UNDUE INFLUENCE; FREE DISCUSSION. It shall be unlawful for any commissioned, noncommissioned, warrant, or petty officer in the Armed Forces (1) to attempt to in­ fluence any member of the Armed Forces to vote or not to vote for any particular candidate, or (2) to require any member of the Armed Forces to march to any polling place or place of voting, but nothing in this chapter shall be deemed to prohibit free discussion regarding political issues or candidates for public office. SEC. 2196. APPROPRIATIONS. There are authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter.

TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

C h a p t e r 2 9 — E l e c t i o n s a n d P o l i t i c a l A c t i v i t i e s SEC. 591. DEFINITIONS. When used in sections 597, 599, 602, 609, and 610 of this title— The term “ election” includes a general or special election, but does not include a primary election or convention of a political party; The term “candidate” means an individual whose name is presented for election as Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress of the United States, whether or not such individual is elected; The term “political committee” includes any committee, as­ sociation, or organization which accepts contributions or makes expenditures for the purpose of influencing or attempting to influence the election of candidates or presidential and vice presidential electors (1) in two or more States, or (2) whether or not in more than one State if such committee, association, or organization (other than a duly organized State or local committee of a political party) is a branch or subsidiary of a national com­ mittee, association, or organization; The term “contribution” includes a gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit, of money, or anything of value, and includes a contract, promise, or agreement to make a contribution, whether or not legally enforceable; 36 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

The term “expenditure” includes a payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or gift, of money, or anything of value, and includes a contract, promise, or agreement to make an expenditure, whether or not legally enforceable; The term “person” or the term “whoever” includes an indi­ vidual, partnership, committee, association, corporation, and any other organization or group of persons; The term “State” includes Territory and possession of the United States. SEC. 592. TROOPS AT POLLS. Whoever, being an officer of the Army or Navy, or other person in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States, orders, brings, keeps, or has under his authority or control any troops or armed men at any place where a general or special election is held, unless such force be necessary to repel armed enemies of the United States, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both; and be disqualified from holding any office of honor, profit, or trust under the United States. This section shall not prevent any officer or member of the armed forces of the United States from exercising the right of suffrage in any election district to which he may belong, if otherwise qualified according to the laws of the State in which he offers to vote. SEC. 593. INTERFERENCE BY ARMED FORCES. Whoever, being an officer or member of the Armed Forces of the United States, prescribes or fixes or attempts to prescribe or fix, whether by proclamation, order or otherwise, the qualifications of voters at any election in any State; or Whoever, being such officer or member, prevents or attempts to prevent by force, threat, intimidation, advice, or otherwise any qualified voter of any State from fully exercising the right of suffrage at any general or special election; or Whoever, being such officer or member, orders or compels or attempts to compel any election officer in any State to receive a vote from a person not legally qualified to vote; or Whoever, being such officer or member, imposes or attempts to impose any regulations for conducting any general or special election in a State, different from those prescribed by law; or Whoever, being such officer or member, interferes in any manner with an election officer’s discharge of his duties—• Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both; and disqualified from holding any office of honor, profit, or trust under the United States. This section shall not prevent any officer or member of the Armed Forces from exercising the right of suffrage in any district to which he may belong, if otherwise qualified according to the laws of the State of such district. SEC. 594. INTIMIDATION OF VOTERS. Whoever intimidates, threatens, coerces, or attempts to intimidate, threaten, or coerce, any other person for the purpose of interfering with the right of such other person to vote or to vote as he may FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 3 7

choose, or of causing such other person to vote for, or not to vote for, any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, or Member of the House of Repre­ sentatives, Delegates or Commissioners from the Territories and Possessions, at any election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing such candidate, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. SEC. 595. INTERFERENCE BY ADMINISTRATIVE EMPLOYEES OF FEDERAL, STATE, OR TERRITORIAL GOV­ ERNMENTS. Whoever, being a person employed in any administrative position by the United States, or by any department or agency thereof, or by the District of Columbia or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or by any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States, or any political subdivision, municipality, or agency thereof, or agency of such political subdivision or municipality (including any corporation owned or controlled by any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States or by any such political subdivision, municipality, or agency), in connection with any activity which is financed in whole or in part by loans or grants made by the United States, or any depart­ ment or agency thereof, uses his official authority for the purpose of interfering with, or affecting, the nomination or the election of any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elec­ tor, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner from any Territory or Posses­ sion, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. This section shall not prohibit or make unlawful any act by any officer or employee of any educational or research institution, establish­ ment, agency, or system which is supported in whole or in part by any State or political subdivision thereof, or by the District of Colum­ bia or by any Territory or Possession of the United States; or by any recognized religious, philanthropic or cultural organization. SEC. 596. POLLING ARMED FORCES. Whoever, within or without the Armed Forces of the United States, polls any member of such forces, either within or without the United States, either before or after he executes any ballot under any Federal or State law, with reference to his choice of or his vote for any candi­ date, or states, publishes, or releases any result of any purported poll taken from or among the members of the Armed Forces of the United States or including within it the statement of choice for such candi­ date or of such votes cast by any member of the Armed Forces of the United States shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. The word “poll” means any request for information, verbal or written, which by its language or form of expression requires or im­ plies the necessity of an answer, where the request is made with the intent of compiling the result of the answers obtained, either for the personal use of the person making the request, or for the purpose of reporting the same to any other person, persons, political party, unin­ corporated association or corporation, or for the purpose of publishing the same orally, by radio, or in written or printed form. 38 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

SEC. 597. EXPENDITURES TO INFLUENCE VOTING. Whoever makes or offers to make an expenditure to any person, either to vote or withhold his vote, or to vote lor or against any candidate; and Whoever solicits, accepts, or receives any such expenditure in con­ sideration of bis vote or the withholding of his vote— Shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if the violation was willful, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. SEC. 598. COERCION BY MEANS OF RELIEF APPROPRIA­ TIONS. Whoever uses any part of any appropriation made by Congress for work relief, relief, or for increasing employment by providing loans and grants for public-works projects, or exercises or administers any authority conferred by any Appropriation Act for the purpose of interfering with, restraining, or coercing any individual in the exercise of his right to vote at any election, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. SEC. 599. PROMISE OF APPOINTMENT BY CANDIDATE. Whoever, being a candidate, directly or indirectly promises or pledges the appointment, or the use of his influence or support for the appointment of any person to any public or private position or employment, for the purpose of procuring support in his candidacy shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if the violation was willful, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. SEC. 600. PROMISE OF EMPLOYMENT OR OTHER BENEFIT FOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY. Whoever, directly or indirectly, promises any employment, position, work, compensation, or other benefit, provided for or made possible in whole or in part by any Act of Congress, to any person as considera­ tion, favor, or reward for any political activity or for the support of or opposition to any candidate or any political party in any election, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. SEC. 601. DEPRIVATION OF EMPLOYMENT OR OTHER BENEFIT FOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY. Whoever, except as required by law, directly or indirectly, deprives, attempts to deprive, or threatens to deprive any person of any em­ ployment, position, work compensation, or other benefit provided for or made possible by any Act of Congress appropriating funds for work relief or relief purposes, on account of race, creed, color, or any political activity, support of, or opposition to any candidate or any political party in any election, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or im­ prisoned not more than one year, or both. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 3 9

SEC. 602. SOLICITATION OF POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. Whoever, being a Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, or a candidate for Congress, or individual elected as, Senator, Representative, Delegate, or Resident Com­ missioner, or an officer or employee of the United States or any depart­ ment or agency thereof, or a person receiving any salary or compensa­ tion for services from money derived from the Treasury of the United States, directly or indirectly solicits, receives, or is in any manner con­ cerned in soliciting or receiving, any assessment, subscription, or con­ tribution for any political purpose whatever, from any other such officer, employee, or person, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. SEC. 603. PLACE OF SOLICITATION. Whoever, in any room or building occupied in the discharge of official duties by any person mentioned in section 602 of this title, or in any navy yard, fort, or arsenal, solicits or receives any contribution of money or other thing of value for any political purpose, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. SEC. 604. SOLICITATION FROM PERSONS ON RELIEF. Whoever solicits or receives or is in any manner concerned in solicit­ ing or receiving any assessment, subscription, or contribution for any political purpose from any person known by him to be entitled to, or receiving compensation, employment, or other benefit provided for or made possible by any Act of Congress appropriating funds for work relief or relief purposes, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or im­ prisoned not more than one year, or both. SEC. 605. DISCLOSURE OF NAMES OF PERSONS ON RELIEF. Whoever, for political purposes, furnishes or discloses any list or names of persons receiving compensation, employment or benefits provided for or made possible by any Act of Congress appropriating, or authorizing the appropriation of funds for work relief or relief purposes, to a political candidate, committee, campaign manager, or to any person for delivery to a political candidate, committee, or campaign manager; and Whoever receives any such list or names for political purposes— Shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. SEC. 606. INTIMIDATION TO SECURE POLITICAL CONTRI­ BUTIONS. Whoever, being one of the officers or employees of the United States mentioned in section 602 of this title, discharges, or promotes, or degrades, or in any manner changes the official rank or compensa­ tion of any other officer or employee, or promises or threatens so to do, for giving or withholding or neglecting to make any contribution 40 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION of money or other valuable thing for any political purpose, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. SEC. 607. MAKING POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. Whoever, being an officer, clerk, or other person in the service of the United States or any department or agency thereof, directly or indirectly gives or hands over to any other officer, clerk, or person in the service of the United States, or to any Senator or Member of or Delegate to Congress, or Resident Commissioner, any money or other valuable thing on account of or to be applied to the promotion of any political object, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. SEC. 608. LIMITATIONS ON POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND PURCHASES. (a) Whoever, directly or indirectly, makes contributions in an aggregate amount in excess of $5,000 during any calendar year, or in connection with any campaign for nomination or election, to or on behalf of any candidate for an elective Federal office, including the offices of President of the United States and Presidential and Vice Presidential electors, or to or on behalf of any committee or other organization engaged in furthering, advancing, or advocating the nomination or election of any candidate for any such office or the success of any national political party, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. This subsection shall not apply to contributions made to or by a State or local committee or other State or local organization or to similar committees or organizations in the District of Columbia or in any Territory or Possession of the United States. (b) "Whoever purchases or buys any goods, commodities, adver­ tising, or articles of any kind or description, the proceeds of which, or any portion thereof, directly or indirectly inures to the benefit of or for any candidate for an elective Federal office including the offices of President of the United States, and Presidential and Vice Presi­ dential electors or any political committee or other political organiza­ tion engaged in furthering, advancing, or advocating the nomina­ tion or election of any candidate for any such office or the success of any national political party, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. This subsection shall not interfere with the usual and known busi­ ness, trade, or profession of any candidate. (c) In all cases of violations of this section by a partnership, com­ mittee, association, corporation, or other organization or group of persons, the officers, directors, or managing heads thereof who know­ ingly and willfully participate in such violation, shall be punished as herein provided. (d) The term “ contribution,” as used in this section, shall have the same meaning prescribed by section 591 of this title. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 41

SEC. 609. MAXIMUM CONTRIBUTIONS AND EXPENDITURES. No political committee shall receive contributions aggregating more than $3,000,000, or make expenditures aggregating more than $3,000,000, during any calendar year. For the purposes of this section, any contributions received and any expenditures made on behalf of any political committee with the knowledge and consent of the chairman or treasurer of such committee shall be deemed to be received or made by such committee. Any violation of this section by any political committee shall be deemed also to be a violation by the chairman and the treasurer of such committee and by any other person responsible for such violation and shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprison­ ment of not more than one year, or both; and, if the violation was willful, by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment of not more than two years, or both. SEC. 610. CONTRIBUTIONS OR EXPENDITURES BY NA­ TIONAL BANKS, CORPORATIONS, OR LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. It is unlawful for any national bank, or any corporation organized by authority of any law of Congress, to make a contribution or expenditure in connection with any election to any political office, or in connection with any primary election or political convention or caucus held to select candidates for any political office, or for any corporation whatever, or any labor organization to make a contribu­ tion or expenditures in connection with any election at which Presi­ dential and Vice Presidential electors or a Senator or Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to Congress are to bo voted for, or in connection with any primary election or political convention or caucus held to select candidates for any of the foregoing offices, or for any candidate, political committee, or other person to accept or receive any contribution prohibited by this section. Every corporation or labor organization which makes any contribu­ tion or expenditure in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $5,000; and every officer or director of any corporation, or officer of any labor organization, who consents to any contribution or expenditure by the corporation or labor organization, as the case may be, and any person who accepts or receives any contribution, in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or impris­ oned not more than one year, or both; and if the violation was willful, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. For the purposes of this section, “labor organization” means any organization of any kind, or any agency or employee representation committee or plan, in which employees participate and which exist for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or conditions of work. 42 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN" INFORMATION"

SEC. 611. CONTRIBUTIONS BY FIRMS OR INDIVIDUALS CONTRACTING WITH THE UNITED STATES. Whoever, entering into any contract with the United States or any department or agency thereof, either for the rendition of personal services or furnishing any material, supplies, or equipment to the United States or any department or agency thereof, or selling any land or building to the United States or any department or agency thereof, if payment for the performance of such contract or payment for such material, supplies, equipment, land, or building is to be made in whole or in part from funds appropriated by the Congress, during the period of negotiation for, or performance under such contract or furnishing of material, supplies, equipment, land, or buildings, directly or indirectly makes any contribution of money or any other thing of value, or promises expressly or impliedly to make any such contribu­ tion, to any political party, committee, or candidate for public office or to any person for any political purpose or use; or Whoever knowingly solicits any such contribution from any such person or firm, for any such purpose during any such period— Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. SEC. 612. PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL STATEMENTS. Whoever, willfully publishes or distributes or causes to be published or distributed, or for the purpose of publishing or distributing the same, knowingly deposits for mailing or delivery or causes to be de­ posited for mailing or delivery, or, except in cases of employees of the Post Office Department in the official discharge of their duties, know­ ingly transports or causes to be transported in interstate commerce any card, pamphlet, circular, poster, dodger, advertisement, writing, or other statement relating to or concerning any person who has publicly declared his intention to seek the office of President, or Vice President of the United States, or Senator or Representative in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to Congress, in a primary, general, or special election, or convention of a political party, or has caused or permitted his intention to do so to be publicly declared, which does not contain the names of the persons, associations, com­ mittees, or corporations responsible for the publication or distribution of the same, and the names of the officers of each such association, committee, or corporation, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

TITLE 42.—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE

Chapter 20.— Elective Franchise SEC. 1971. VOTING RIGHTS. (a) Race, color, or previous condition not to affect right to vote. All citizens of the United States who are otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 4 3 elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding. (b) Intimidation, threats, or coercion. No person, whether acting under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any other person for the purpose of interfering with the right. of such other person to vote or to vote as he may choose, or of causing such other person to vote for, or not to vote for, any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, or Member of the House of Representatives, Delegates or Commissioners from the Territories or possessions, at any general, special, or primary election held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any such candidate. (c) Preventive relief; injunction; costs; State as party defendant. Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice which would deprive any other person of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, a civil action or other proper proceeding for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order. In any proceeding hereunder the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person. Whenever, in a proceeding instituted under this subsection any official of a State or subdivision thereof is alleged to have committed any act or practice constituting a deprivation of any right or privilege secured by subsection (a) of this section, the act or practice shall also be deemed that of the State and the State may be joined as a party defendant and, if, prior to the institution of such proceeding, such official has resigned or has been relieved of his office and no successor has assumed such office, the proceeding may be instituted against the State. (d) Jurisdiction; exhaustion of other remedies. The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings, instituted pursuant to this section and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the party aggrieved shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law. (e) Order qualifying person to vote; application; hearing; voting referees; transmittal of report and order; certificate of qualifica­ tion; definitions. In any proceeding instituted pursuant to subsection (c) of this section in the event the court finds that any person has been deprived on account of race or color of any right or privilege secured by sub­ section (a) of this section, the court shall upon request of the Attorney General and after each party has been given notice and the opportunity to be heard make a finding whether such deprivation was or is pur­ suant to a pattern or practice. If the court finds such pattern or 44 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

practice, any person of such race or color resident within the affected area shall, for one year and thereafter until the court subsequently finds that such pattern or practice has ceased, he entitled, upon his -application therefor, to an order declaring him qualified to vote, upon proof that at any election or elections (1) he is qualified under State law to vote, and (2) he has since such finding by the court been (a) deprived of or denied under color of law the opportunity to register to vote or otherwise to qualify to vote, or (b) found not qualified to vote by any person acting under color of law. Such order shall be effective as to any election held within the longest period for which such applicant could have been registered or other­ wise qualified under State law at which the applicant’s qualifications would under State law entitle him to vote. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of State law or the action of any State officer or court, an applicant so declared qualified to vote shall be permitted to vote in any such election. The Attorney General shall cause to be transmitted certified copies of such order to the appropriate election officers. The refusal by any such officer with notice of such order to permit any person so declared qualified to vote to vote at an appropriate election shall constitute contempt of court. An application for an order pursuant to this subsection shall be heard within ten days, and the execution of any order disposing of such application shall not be stayed if the effect of such stay would be to delay the effectiveness of the order beyond the date of any election at which the applicant would otherwise be enabled to vote. The court may appoint one or more persons who are qualified voters in the judicial district, to be known as voting referees, who shall subscribe to the oath of office required by section 16 of Title 5, to serve for such period as the court shall determine, to receive such ap­ plications and to take evidence and report to the court findings as to whether or not at any election or elections (1) any such applicant is qualified under State law to vote, and (2) he has since the finding by the court heretofore Specified been (a) deprived of or denied under color of law the opportunity to register to vote or otherwise to qualify to vote, or (b) found not qualified to vote by any person acting under color of law. In a proceeding before a voting referee, the applicant shall be heard ex parte at such times and places as the court shall direct. His statement under oath shall be prima facie evidence as to his age, residence, and his prior efforts to register or otherwise qualify to vote. Where proof of literacy or an understand­ ing of other subjects is required by valid provisions of State law, the answer of the applicant, if written, shall be included in such report to the court; if oral, it shall be taken down stenographically and a tran­ scription included in such report to the court. Upon receipt of such report, the court shall cause the Attorney General to transmit a copy thereof to the State attorney general and to each party to such proceeding together with an order to show cause within ten days, or such shorter time as the court may fix, why an order of the court should not be entered in accordance with such report. Upon the expiration of such period, such order shall be entered unless prior to that time there has been filed with the court and served upon FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 45 all parties a statement of exceptions to such report. Exceptions as to matters of fact shall be considered only if supported by a duly verified copy of a public record or by affidavit of persons having personal knowledge of such facts or by statements or matters contained in such report; those relating to matters of law shall be supported by an appropriate memorandum of law. The issues of fact ana law raised by such exceptions shall be determined by the court or, if the duo ana speedy administration of justice requires, they may be referred to the voting referee to determine in accordance with procedures prescribed by the court. A hearing as to an issue of fact shall be held only in the event that the proof in support of the exception discloses the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. The applicant’s literacy and understanding of other subjects shall be determined solely on the basis of answers included in the report of the voting referee. The court, or at its direction the voting referee, shall issue to each applicant so declared qualified a certificate identifying the holder thereof as a person so qualified. Any voting referee appointed by the court pursuant to this subsec­ tion shall to the extent not inconsistent herewith have all the powers conferred upon a master by rule 53(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The compensation to be allowed to any persons appointed by the court pursuant to this subsection shall he fixed by the court and shall be payable by the United States. Applications pursuant to this subsection shall he determined expeditiously. In the case of any application filed twenty or more days prior to an election which is undetermined by the time of such election, the court shall issue an order authorizing the applicant to vote provisionally: Provided, however, That such applicant shall be qualified to vote under State law. In the case of an application filed within twenty days prior to an election, the court, in its discretion, may make such an order. In either case the order shall make appro­ priate provision for the impounding of the applicant’s ballot pending determination of the application. The court may take any other action, and may authorize such referee or such other person as it may designate to take any other action, appropriate or necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection and to enforce its decrees. This subsection shall in no way be construed as a limitation upon the existing powers of the court. When used in the subsection, the word “ vote” includes all action necessary to make a vote effective including, but not limited to, registration or other action required by State law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast with respect to candidates for public office and propositions for which votes are received in an elec­ tion; the words “affected area” shall mean any subdivision of the State in which the laws of the State relating to voting are or have been to any extent administered by a person found in the proceeding to have violated subsection (a) of this section; and the words “ qualified under State law” shall mean qualified according to the laws, customs, or usages of the State, and shall not, in any event, imply qualifications more stringent than those used by the persons found in the proceeding 46 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION to have violated subsection (a) in qualifying persons other than those of the race or color against which the pattern or practice of discrimina­ tion was found to exist. (f) Contempt; assignment of counsel; witnesses. Any person cited for an elleged contempt under this Act shall be allowed to make his full defense by counsel learned in the law; and the court before which he is cited or tried, or some judge thereof, shall immediately, upon his request, assign to him such counsel, not exceeding two, as he mayr desire, who shall have free access to him at all reasonable hours. He shall be allowed, in his defense, to make any proof that he can produce by lawful witnesses, and shall have the like process of the court to compel his witnesses to appear at his trial or hearing, as is usually granted to compel witnesses to appear on behalf of the prosecution. If such person shall be found by the court to be financially unable to provide for such counsel, it shall be the duty of the court to provide such counsel. (As amended May 6, 1960, Pub. L. 86-449, title VI, § 601, 74 Stat. 90.)

R e f e r e n c e s i n T e x t This Act referred to in subsec. (f) means Pub. L. 85-315 which is classified to this section and sections 1975— 1975e and 1995 of this title, section 295-1 of Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, and sections 1343 and 1861 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

A m e n d m e n t s 1960— Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-449, § 601(b) permitted the State to be joined as a party defendant in cases where officials of a State or subdivision thereof are alleged to have committed acts or practices constituting a deprivation of any rights or privileges secured by subsection (a) of this section and authorized commencement of the proceeding against the State where an official has resigned or has been relieved of his office and no successor has assumed such office. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 86-449 § 601 (a), added subsec.(e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 86-449, § 601(a) redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

S h o r t T i t l e Section 1 of Pub. L. 86-449 provided that Pub. L. 86-449, which enacted sections 1974-1974e of this title and sections 837, 1074, and 1509 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amended this section and sections 241 and 640 of Title 20, Education, may be cited as the “ Civil Rights Act of 1960.”

S eparability P r o v i s i o n Section 701 of Pub. L. 86-449 provided that: “If any provision of this Act ladding sections 1974-1974e of this title and sections 837, 1074, and 1509 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amending this section and sections 241 and 640 of Title 20, Education] is held invalid, the remainder of this Act shall not be affected thereby.”

S u b c h a p t e r II.— F e d e r a l E l e c t i o n R e c o r d s § 1974. Retention and preservation of records and papers by officers of elections; deposit with custodian; penalty for violation. Every officer of election shall retain and preserve, for a period of twenty-two months from the date of any general, special, or primary election of which candidates for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 47 of Representatives, or Resident Commissioner from the Common­ wealth of Puerto Rico are voted for, all records and papers which come into his possession relating to any application, registration, payment of poll tax, or other act requisite to voting in such election, except that, when required by law, such records and papers may be delivered to another officer of election and except that, if a State or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico designates a custodian to retain and preserve these records and papers at a specified place, then such records and papers may be deposited with such custodian, and the duty to retain and preserve any record or paper so desposited shall devolve upon such custodian. Any officer of election or custodian who willfully fails to comply with this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 301, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat, 88.) § 1974a. Theft, destruction, concealment, mutilation, or alteration of records or papers; penalties. Any person whether or not an officer of election or custodian, who willfully steals, destroys, conceals, mutilates, o’r alters any record or paper required by section 1974 of this title to be retained and pre­ served shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 302, M ay 6, 1960, 74Stat. 88.) § 1974b. Demand for records or papers by Attorney General or rep­ resentative; statement of basis and purpose. Any record or paper required by section 1974 of this title to be retained and preserved shall, upon demand in writing by the Attorney General or his representative directed to the person having custody, possession, or control of such record or paper, be made available for inspection, reproduction, and copying at the principal office of such custodian by the Attorney General or his representative. This demand shall contain a statement of the basis and the purpose therefor. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 303, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.) § 1974c. Disclosure of records or papers. Unless otherwise ordered by a court of the United States, neither the Attorney General nor any employee of the Department of Justice, nor any other representative of the Attorney General, shall disclose any record or paper produced pursuant to this subchapter, or any reproduction or copy, except to Congress and any committee thereof, governmental agencies, and in the presentation of any case or pro­ ceeding before any court or grand jury. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 304, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat, 88.) § 1974d. Jurisdiction to compel production of records or papers. The United States district court for the district in which a demand is made pursuant to section 1974b of this title, or in which a record or paper so demanded is located, shall have jurisdiction by appropriate process to compel the production of such record or paper. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 305, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.) § 1974e. Definitions. As used in this subchapter, the term “ officer of election” means any person who, under color of any Federal, State, Commonwealth, or local law, statute, ordinance, regulation, authority, custom, or usage. 48 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION performs or is authorized to perforin any function, duty, or task in connection with any application, registration, payment of poll tax, or other act requisite to voting in any general, special, or primary election at which votes are cast for candidates for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, or Resident Commissioner from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (Pub. L. 86-449, title III, § 306, M ay 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 88.)

TITLE 47—TELEGRAPHS, TELEPHONES, AND RADIOTELEGRAPHS

C h a p t e r 5 — W i r e o r R a d i o C ommunication

SUBCHAPTER III— SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO RADIO

SEC. 315. CANDIDATES FOR PUBLIC OFFICE; FACILITIES; RULES (a) If any licensee shall permit any person who is a legally qualified candidate for any public office to use a broadcasting station, he shall afford equal opportunities to all other such candidates for that office in the use of such broadcasting station: Provided, That such licensee shall have no power of censorship over the material broadcast under the provisions of this section. No obligation is imposed upon any licensee to allow the use of its station by any such candidate. Appearance by a legally qualified candidate on any— (1) bona fide newscast, (2) bona fide news interview, (3) bona fide news documentary (if the appearance of the candidate is incidental to the presentation of the subject or subjects covered by the news documentary), or (4) on-the-spot coverage of bona fide news events (including but not limited to political conventions and activities incidental thereto), shall not be deemed to be use of broadcasting station within the meaning of this subsection. Nothing in the foregoing sentence shall be construed as relieving broadcasters, in connection with the presen­ tation of newscasts, news interviews, news documentaries, and on-the- spot coverage of news events, from the obligation imposed upon them under this chapter to operate in the public interest and to afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views on issues of public importance. (b) The charges made for the use of any broadcasting station for any of the purposes set forth in this section shall not exceed the charges made for comparable use of such station for other purposes. (c) The Commission shall prescribe appropriate rules and regula­ tions to carry out the provisions of this section. (As amended Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L. 86-274, § 1, 73 Stat. 557.) POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF FEDERAL OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES 1

CIVIL SERVICE RULE IV Section 4.1 of Civil Service Rule IV reads as follows: Prohibition against political activity.— No person employed in the executive branch of the Federal Government, or any agency or department thereof, shall use his official authority or influence for the purpose of interfering with an election or affecting the result thereof. No person occupying a position in the competitive service shall take any active part in political management or in political campaigns, except as may be provided by or pursuant to statute. All such persons shall re­ tain the right to vote as they may choose and to express their opinions on all political subjects and candidates.

GENERAL STATEMENT

In the absence of specific statutory exemption, the basic political- activity restrictions apply to any person employed in the executive branch of the Federal Government, or any agency or department thereof, or in the government of the District of Columbia. Some per­ sons are subject to these restrictions by virtue both of section 4.1 of Civil Service Rule IV and of section 9(a) of the Hatch Act; others are subject to them solely by virtue of section 9(a) of the Hatch Act. Section 4.1 of Civil Service Rule IV applies to all employees in the competitive service. Section 9(a) of the Hatch Act applies to all persons employed in the executive branch of the Federal Government2 whether or not such persons are in the competitive service. The effect of section 9(a) of the statute is to place the same restrictions upon the political activities of all officers and employees of the executive branch of the Government that section 4.1 of Civil Service Rule IV places upon the political activ­ ities of officers and employees in the competitive service. Section 14 of the Hatch Act (5 U.S.C. 118-k-3) provides: “For the purposes of this Act, persons employed in the government of the District of Columbia shall be deemed to be employed in the executive branch of the Government of the United States, except that for the purposes of the second sentence of Section 9(a) the Commissioners and the Recorder of Deeds of the District of Columbia shall not be deemed to be officers or employees.”

i From Pamphlet 20, Political Activity of Federal Officer* and Em ployed. U.S. Civil Service Commission, Novem ber, 1961. * E x ce p t (a) the President and Vice President of the "United States; fb) persons -whose compensation is paid from the appropriation for the office of the President; (e ) h e a d s a n d a ssista n t h e a d s o f ex e cu tiv e d e p a rt­ m e n ts. a n d (d) officers w ho are appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who determine policies to be pursued by the United States in its relations with foreign powers or in the nation-wide administration of Federal laws. 4 9 5 0 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION

GROUPS OF EMPLOYEES

Postmasters and Post-Office Employees All postmasters and acting postmasters, all employees in post offices of the first, second, and third classes, and all special delivery messen­ gers in post offices of the first class are subject to the political-activity restrictions of Civil Service Rule IV and section 9 of the Hatch Act.

Persons Employed on an Irregular or Occasional Basis Persons who are employed on an irregular or occasional basis, e.g., experts and consultants on a per diem basis, w.o.c. and w.a.e. em- loyees, etc., are subject to the political activity restrictions of the g[atch Act while in an active duty status only and for the entire 24 hours of any day of actual employment. The employing agency has the duty of enforcement in the cases of those employees occupying positions in the excepted service,

Temporary, Part-Time, and Emergency Employees Temporary, part-time, and emergency employees are subject to the statute and the rule. Employees on Leave An employee who is subject to the basic political activity prohibi­ tions while on active duty is subject to them while on leave with pay, leave without pay, or furlough, and incurs the same penalties for an offense committed while in leave or furlough status as for an offense committed while on active duty. However, if lump-sum payment is made for accumulated annual leave and the person involved is on terminal leave, he is not subject to the political activity restrictions during the period covered by the lump-sum payment or thereafter. It is not permissible for an employee to take leave of absence for the purpose of working with a political candidate, committee, or organiza­ tion, or for the purpose of becoming a candidate for office with the understanding that he will resign his position if nominated or elected.

Persons Not Subject to Political-Activity Restrictions The political-activity restrictions of section 9 of the Hatch Act and section 4.1 of Civil Service Rule IV do not apply to the following persons: EXECUTIVE BRANCH The President and Vice President of the United States. Persons who are compensated from the appropriation for the Office of the President. Heads and assistant heads of departments. Officers who are appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who determine policies to be pursued by the United States in its relations with foreign powers or in the nationwide administration of Federal laws. Ambassadors of the United States. Ministers of the United States. FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 51

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH Officers and employees of the legislative branch of the Federal Government, including secretaries and clerks of Members of Congress and congressional committees. JUDICIAL BRANCH Officers and employees of the judicial branch of the Federal Government, in­ cluding United States Commissioners, clerks of United States courts, referees in bankruptcy, and their secretaries, deputies, and clerks.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA The Commissioners of the District of Columbia.' The Recorder of Deeds of the District of Columbia.*

OTHER Officers or employees of any educational or research institution, establishment, agency, or system that is supported in whole or in part by any State or political subdivision, or the District of Columbia, or by any Territory or Territorial posses­ sion of the United States, or by any recognized religious, philanthropic, or cultural organization. Persons who are retained from time to time to perform special services on a fee basis and who take no oath of office, fee attorneys, inspectors, appraisers, and management brokers for the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and special fee attorneys for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Persons who receive benefit payments, such as old-age assistance and unem­ ployment compensation under the Social Security Act, rural-rehabilitation grants, and payments under the agricultural conservation program. Persons retired from the Federal service, unless reemployed in the executive branch of the Federal Government. Persons serving as star route and contract carriers and clerks in fourth-class post offices, provided such persons are not at the same time holding other Gov­ ernment employment. Employees of the Alaska Railroad residing in municipalities on the line of the railroad in respect to activities involving the municipality in which they reside.3

* Excepted only from the prohibition against active participation in political management or in political ca m p a ig n s. STANDING RULES OF THE SENATE

RULE VI 1

PRESENTATION OF CREDENTIALS

1. The presentation of the credentials of Senators elect and other questions of privilege shall always be in order, except during the reading and correction of the Journal, while a question of order or a motion to adjourn is pending, or while the Senate is dividing; and all questions and motions arising or made upon the presentation of such credentials shall he proceeded with until disposed of. 2. The Secretary shall keep a record of the certificates of election of Senators by entering in a well-bound book kept for that purpose the date of the election, the name of the person elected and the vote given at the election, the date of the certificate, the name of the governor and the secretary of state signing and countersigning the same, and the State from which such Senator is elected. On July 17, 1961, the Senate agreed to the following: Resolved, That S. Res. 110, suggesting suitable forms for certificates of ap­ pointment or election of Senators, agreed to on January 4, 1934, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read: “ Resolved, That, in the opinion of the Senate, the following are convenient and sufficient forms of the certificates of election of a Senator for a six-year term or an unexpired term, or for the appointment of a Senator to fill a vacancy, to be signed by the executive of any State in pursuance of the Constitution and the statutes of the United States:

‘‘ certificate o f e l e c t i o n f o r s i x - t e a r t e r m To the President of the Senate of the United States: “This is to certify that on the — day of , 19—, A B was duly chosen by the qualified electors of the State o f a Senator from said State to represent said State in the Senate of the United States for the term of six years, beginning on the 3d day of January, 19— . “ Witness: His excellency our governor ------, and our seal hereto affixed a t this day of , in the year of our Lord 19—. “ By the governor: “ C D . “ Governor. «E F , “ Secretary o f Slate.”

I Senate M anual (S. D oc. 2 ,87th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 4-5). 52 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFORMATION 53

“ certificate o f e l e c t i o n f o r u n e x p i r e d t e r m “ To the President of the Senate o f the United Slates: “This is to certify that on the — day of , 19—; A B was duly chosen by the qualified electors of the State o f a Senator for Jthe unexpired term ending at noon on the 3d day of January, 19—, to fill jthe vacancy in the representation from said State in the Senate of the United States caused by the of C D . “ Witness: His excellency our governor, and our seal hereto affixed a t------this day of , in the year of our Lord 19—. “ By the governor: “ E F , “ Governor, “ G H , “ Secretary of State.”

“ certificate o f appointment “ To the President of the Senate of the United Stales: “ This is to certify that, pursuant to the power vested in me by the Constitution of the United States and the laws of the State of , I, A B , the governor of said State, do hereby appoint C £>------a Senator from said State to represent said State in the Senate of the United States until the vacancy therein, caused by the of E F , is filled by election as provided by law. “ Witness: His excellency our governor ------, and our seal hereto affixed a t ------this day of , in the year of our Lord 19—. “ By the governor: “ G H , “ Governor. «j_____ j_____ “ Secretary of State.” " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate shall send copies of these sug­ gested forms and these resolutions to the executive and secretary of each State wherein an election is about to take place or an appointment is to be made in. season that they may use such forms if they see fit.’’ *

* S. Res. 170, 87th C ong., 1st sess. THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY

THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW ., Washington 6, D. C. Telephone: FE 3-8750

Officers Chairman.—John M. Bailey, Connecticut Vice Chairman.— Mrs. Margaret Price, Michigan Executive Assistant to the Chairman.—H. W. Brawley, Virginia Secretary.— Mrs. Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, Alabama Treasurer.— Bichard Maguire, Massachusetts Parliamentarian.— Clarence Cannon, Missouri General Counsel.—Harold Leventhal Executive Committee Jacob M. Arvey, Illinois Edgar A. Brown, South Carolina C. Girard Davidson, Oregon John M. Golden, Connecticut Mrs. Mildred Jeffrey, Michigan Mrs. Burton Joseph, Minnesota Gov. David L. Lawrence, Pennsylvania Calvin Rawlings, Utah Mrs. Bruce Schaefer, Georgia Mrs. Thelma Parkinson Sharp, New Jersey Mrs. A. W. Gatov, California Mrs. Hilda Weinert, Texas

DEMOCRATIC SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE G225, New Senate Office Building; Telephone: CA 4-3121, ext. 2447 Vance Hartke, Indiana, Chairman Clair Engle, California, Vice Chairman Robert C. Byrd, West Virginia Howard W. Cannon, Nevada Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island John Sparkman, Alabama Harrison A. Williams, Jr., New Jersey Alwyn F. Matthews, Executive Director S. Keith Linden, Treasurer Mace Broide, Secretary Richard B. R oyce, Director of Research Werner Siems, Press Secretary

DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE 132 Old House Office Building; Telephone: CA 4-3121, ext. 2758 Michael J. Kirwan, Ohio, Chairman Kenneth R. Harding, Assistant to the Chairman 5 4 MEMBERS OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES

State National committeeman National committeewoman State chairman

Alabama ______Eugene B. Connor.. . Mrs. Ruth Johnson Owens___ Samuel Englehardt. 310 City Ilall Bldg., Birmingham. 1208 Vista Lane, Birmingham. Director of Highways, State Capitol, M ont­ g o m e ry . ATA CMAG INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL Alaska______Alex Miller______Mrs. Helen M. Fischer______Frank Peratrovich. 'S\2 11th Ave., Fairbanks. 304 East 9th Ave., Anchorage. Bay View, Klawock. Arizona______Frank S. Minarick______Mrs. Henry S. Larson______George Gavin. 5751 East Speedway, Tucson. 4701 North 24th, Phoenix. 5814 North 7th St., Phoenix. Arkansas______Pat Mehaffy______Mrs. Jack Carnes______Tom Harper. Boyle Bldg., Little Bock. C a m d e n . Kelley Bldg., P.O. Box 297, Fort Smith. California ...... Stanley Mosk______Mrs. Elizabeth R. Gatov_____ Roger Kent. 5533 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles. 21 Ranchcria R d., ICentfield, Calif. 212 Sutter St., San Francisco 8. Canal Zone______Charles E. Ramirez______Mrs. Adelaide K. Eisenhann.. Albert J. Joyce, Jr. (acting). Box 86, Balboa. 1600 River House, Arlington 2, Va. Box 615, Balboa. Colorado______Maurice Leckenby ______Mrs. Charles A. Graham_____ Fred M. Betz, Sr. Steamboat Springs. 2345 Routt St., Denver 15. R m . 260, Shirley Savoy Hotel, Denver 2. Connecticut______John M. Golden______Mrs. Beatrice Holt Rosenthal John M. Bailey. 185 Church St., New Haven 10. Jordan Village, Waterford. 266 Pearl St., Hartford 3. Delaware------William S. Potter______Mrs. Belle Everett______John M. Conway. Delaware Trust Bldg . W ilmington 1. K e n to n . 1511 Oak St., W ilmington. District of Columbia. Frank D. Reeves______Mrs. Polly Shackleton______W. John Kenney. 1343 II St. N W ., Washington, D .C. 3232 Reservoir R d „ Washington, D.C. 804 Ring Bldg., Washington, D . O. Florida______Robert C. H. Johnson ______Mrs. J. O’ Neal Cox______Warren Goodrich. 3626 Post St., Jacksonville. 1639 N .W . 11th R d., Gainesville. P.O . Drawer 1520, Bradenton. Georgia______Mrs. Bruce Schaefer______James H. Gray. 110 W hitman St., Toccoa. A lb a n y . Guam______Adrian L. Cristobal. Isabel P. Zafra ______Ricardo J. Bordallo. B an-igada. Agana Heights. P.O . Box 1458, Agana. Hawaii______H. Tucker Gratz_ Mrs. Dolores M. Martin_____ William S. Richardson. Box 3828, Honolulu. 5353 Kalanianole Highway, Honolulu. 300 Liberty Bank Bldg., Honolulu. Cn Cn O t 0 5 MEMBERS OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES— Con.

S ta te National committeeman National commltteewoman State chairman

Id a h o .. Miss Ellen Healy______W. A. (Bill) Brunt. Care of Liberty Theatre, Lewiston. 1221 E. Lakcshore Drive, Coeur d’Alene. Box 156, Idaho Falls. .

Illinois . . . . . Jacob M. Arvey ______Mrs. Elizabeth A. Conkey ______James A. Ronan. INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL 1 North LaSalle St., Chicago. 7601 C r a n d o n A v e ., C h ica g o 49. 401 East Jefferson St., Springfield. Indiana..... Mrs. Margaret A. Johnston______J. Manfred Core. 1525 Lincoln Tower Bldg., Fort Wayne. 5354 N . Meridian St., Indianapolis. 309 West Washington, Indianapolis. Iowa______Mrs. Alberta Metcalf Kelly__ „ _ Lex Hawkins. 611 Snell Bldg., Fort Dodge. N ich o ls , 500 Shops Bldg., Dcs Moines. Mrs. Georgia Neese Gray______John Montgomery. 301 A. C. Office Bldg., Arkansas City. R ic h la n d . Care of Daily Union, Junction City. Mrs. J. Murray Blue______Clarence W. Maloney. The Capitol, Frankfort. Providence. R .R. No. 3, Madisonville. Mrs. Alvern Adams Davis______Charles A. Riddle, Jr. 304 Johnson Bldg., P.O. Box 1818, Shreveport. c/o Governor’s Mansion, Baton Rouge. 404 North Monroo St., Marksvllle. Maine______Richard J. Dubord ______- ______Mrs. Gloria H. Latno______Owen Hancock. 44 Elm St., Waterville. M ain St., Bradley, Maine. C a sco. Dr. Mildred Otenasek______Harry T. Gross. 1808 W illow Spring Rd., Dundalk. 219 Northway, Baltimore. 410 Munsoy Bldg., Baltimore. Massachusetts______Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stanton ______John M. Lynch. 73 Tremont St., Boston. 102 Cedar St., Fitchburg. Hotel Bellevue, 146Bo.vdolu St., Boston. Mrs. Mildren Jeffrey______John (Joe) J. Collins. 208 Wolverine Bldg., Ann Arbor. 10045 Grandville St., Detroit. 001 Townsend St., Lansing 33. Minnesota______Ray Hemenway.______Mrs. Burton (Geri) Joseph______George Farr. South Shoro Drive, Albert Lea. 5 Red Cedar Lane, Minneapolis. 1637 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis 3. Mississippi...... Tom P. Brady______Mrs. Alton Phillips______Bidwell Adam. The Brady Bldg., Brookhaven. 606 Hale St., Macon. 1007 29th Ave., Gulfport. Missouri....______Mrs. E. E. (Sallie) Hailey______John W. Inglish. 1515 C la rk S t., S t. L o u is 3. Arrow Ro^k, 225-A M adison, Box 719, Jefferson Cit^r, Montana______Leif Erickson______Mrs. S. Rae Logan ______John MacDonald. H elen a. O h arlo. 311 South Wallace, Helena. Nebraska ______Bernard J. Boyle______Mrs. Maurine Biegert______Russell Hanson. 305 Service Life Bldg., Omaha. S b ick le y . N e w ca s tle . Nevada______Vail Pittman______Mrs. George Gottschalk______Charles E. Springer. 1817 W alnut Avenue, Las Vegas. P.O. Box 135, Carson City. Post Office Box 1948, Reno. New Hampshire William L. Dunfey______Mrs. Winifred E. Hartigan______J. Murray Devine. Lamie’s Bldg., Hamptoo. 145 Charles St., Rochester. 1838 Elm St., Manchester. New Jersey____ David T. Wilentz______Mrs. Thelma Parkinson Sharp______Thorn Lord. ATA CMAG INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL 252 Madison Ave., Perth Amboy. 702 W ood 8t., Vineland. Room 100, Hlldebrecht Hotel, Trenton. New M exico___ Tom E. Brown, Sr______Mrs. U. D. Sawyer______Seaborn P. Collins. Box 68, Artesla. Crossroads. Post Office Box 710, Las Cruces. New Y ork_____ Carmine G. DeSapio______Mrs. Edna F. Kelly______William H. McKeon. Hotel Blltmore, New York 17. Home: 1247 Carroll St., Brooklyn, N . Y . Hotel Commodore, New York. 1032 House Office Bldg., Washington, D .C . North Carolina. William W. Staton______Martha McKay (Mrs. Herbert) _____ Bert L. Bennett, Jr. S a n ford . 408 W estwood Dr., Chapel Hill. Quality Oil Co., Box 2736, W inston Salem. North Dakota.. Dr. S'. B. Hocking______Mrs. Daphna Nygaard______James Jungroth. Great Northern Bldg., Devils Lake. J a m e sto w n . J a m e sto w n . Ohio______William L. Coleman______Mrs. Helen Gunsett______William L. Coleman. 185 East State St., Suite 20, Columbus 15. Rural Route No. 5, South Walnut Rd., Van 185 East State St., Suite 20, Columbus 15. W e r t. Oklahoma_____ James H. Arrington______Mrs. Anna Minton______Gene McGill. 3000 Pelham Dr., Oklahoma City. M a y sv ille . Rm. 800, Sheraton-Oklahoma Hotel, Okla­ h o m a C it y 1. Oregon______C. Girard Davidson______Mrs. Alice Corbett ______r ______E. D. Spencer. E q u ita b le B ld g ., P o rtla n d . 2222 N. Schuyler Ave., Portland. Post Office Box 142, Salem. Pennsylvania__ David L. Lawrence______Mrs. Emma Guffey Miller______Otis V. Morse. The Governor’s Office, Harrisburg. 2123 California St. N W ., Room 512, Washington, 510 North 3d St., Harrisburg. D.C. Summer: Slippery Rock, Pa. Puerto Rico------Victor Gutierres Franqui Mrs. Felisa Rincon de Gautier______Richard C. Durham. Post Office Box 2512, San Juan. M ayor, City of San Juan, San Juan. Room 50, Chase-Manhattan Bank Bldg., Rio P ie d ra s. Ox MEMBERS OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES— Con.

State National committeeman National commltteewoman State chairman

Rhode Island.. James H. Kiernan______Mrs. Annette Cusson______John G. MoWeeney. 122 Beaufort St., Providence. 161 A lth e a S t., P ro v id e n c e . Room 200, 44 W ashingtonSt., Providence 3. Office: 29 W eybossett St. South Carolina. Edgar A. Brown______Mrs. Anne Agnew______E. P. Riley. Bank of Barnwell Bldg., Barnwell. 2829 Blossom St., Columbia. 314 East Coffco St., Greenville. South Dakota., C. L. Chase______Mrs. Frieda Thomas______John Engel.

Post Office Box 186, Watertown. St. Charles Hotel, Pierre. A v o n . INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL Tennessee_____ Herbert S. Walters ______Mrs. Ruth Russell______Jimmie Peeler. Hamilton Bank Bldg., Morristown. Court House, Gallatin. Room 305, nermltage Hotel, Nashville. T e x a s ...______Byron Skelton______Mrs. Hilda H. Weinert...... J. E. (Ed) Connally. First National Bldg., Temple. 203 E. Koepsel St., Seguin. Box 1621, Abilene. Utah...... Calvin W. Rawlings______Miss Lucy Redd______Stephen P. Smoot. Judge Bldg., Salt Lake City. 345 S. State St., Salt Lake City. 2054 E. 9th South, Salt Lake City. Vermont______William I. Ginsburg ______Mrs. Beatrice Schurman______Jack Spencer. Post Office Box 632, Rutland. 8 Prospect St., Newport. Cuttingsville. Virginia...... Sidney S. Kellam______Mrs. John Garland Pollard...... Thomas H. Blanton. 3113 Pacific Ave., Virginia Bead). 1016 W est Franklin St., Richmond. Bowling Green. Virgin Islands.. Ronald deLugo______Mrs. (Senator) Lucinda Millin____ Joseph Alexander. P.O. Box 65, Chrlstlansted, St. Croix. P.O. Box 401, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas. Box L, Christlansted, St. Croix. Washington___ Joe Gluck______Mrs. Zelma Reeves Morrison_____ Herb Legg. 616 Bellevue North, Seattle. W . 468 21st Ave., Spokane. Hotel Governor, Olympia. West Virginia.. John E. Amos______Mrs. George Davisson______Robert P. McDonough. 612 Charleston National Bank Bldg., Charleston. 561 Center St., Weston. P.O . Box 912, Parkersburg. Wisconsin_____ David Rabinovitz ...... Mrs. Vel Phillips______Patrick J. Lucey. P.O . Box 384, Sheboygan. 1633 W est Brown St., Milwaukee. 18M East M iffiln, Madison 3. Wyoming_____ William A. Norris, Jr______Mrs. Earle G. Burwell______Walter B. Phelan. 617 W est 17th St., Cheyenne. 1022 South W olcott St., Casper. 3601 Caroy Ave., Cheyenne. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE

1625 Eye Street NW., Washington 6, D. C. Telephone: NAtional 8-G800

Officers

Chairman—William E. Miller, New York Assistant Chairman— Clare B. (Mrs. Frank E.) Williams, Florida Vice Chairmen— Albert K. Mitchell, New Mexico Mrs. Neal Tourtellotte, Washington Ray C. Bliss, Ohio Mrs. C. Wayland Brooks, Illinois Secretary.—Mrs. C. Douglass Buck, Jr., Delaware Treasurer.— Robert B. Sellars, New Jersey Oeneral Counsel.— Fred C. Scribner, Jr., Maine

Executive Committee

Mrs. Consuelo Northrop Bailey, Vermont Ralph H. Bonnell, Massachusetts George F. Etzell, Minnesota Albert B. Fay, Texas George L. Hinman, New York Mrs. Patricia Reilly Hitt, California Mrs. Emery C. Johnson, Arizona Mrs. Gladys E. Knowles, Montana Robert L. Pierce, Wisconsin Mrs. Arthur Ransohoff, Connecticut Bernard M. Shanley, New Jersey Robert R. Snodgrass, Georgia Mrs. Henry Swann II, Colorado Charles E. Wittenmeyer, Iowa (Vacancy) 59 60 FACTUAL CAMPAIGN INFOKMATION

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN SENATORIAL COMMITTEE 449A Senate Office Building; Telephone CA 4-3121, ext. 2351

Barry Goldwater, Arizona, Chairman John G. Townsend, Co-Chairman K arl E. Mundt, South Dakota Roman L. Hruska, Nebraska Winston L. Prouty, Vermont Hiram L. Fong, Hawaii John J. Williams, Delaware Henry Dworshak, Idaho Clifford P. Case, New Jersey Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania Jack Miller, Iowa John G. Tower, Texas Victor A. Johnston, Director Mrs. Molly Malone O’Connor, Secretary Joseph R. Fitzpatrick, Treasurer Irving W . Swanson, Legislative Counsel

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE Rm. 312, Congressional Hotel; Telephone LI 4-3010 Bob Wilson, California, Chairman John Rhodes, Arizona, Secretary Ed Terrar, Jr., Kansas, Executive Secretary Robert V. Fleming, Washington, D.C., Treasurer MEMBERS OF THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES

S ta te National committeeman National commltteewoman State chairman

Mrs. Tom Abemethy ______John E. Grenier. Post Office B os 975, M obile. 504 South East St., Talladega. Comer Bldg., Birmingham. Walter Ilickel______----- __ Mrs. Robert C. Reeve ______George Cooper. Box 1700, Anchorage. 209 East llth Ave., Anchorage. P.O . Box 37, Fairbanks. INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL George Cooper. P.O . Box 37, Fairbanks. Mrs. Emery C. Johnson______Richard G. Kleindienst. 1415 West Olive Drive, Phoenix. 10 Faseo Redondo, Tucson. 1311 N . Central Ave., Phoenix. Richard G. Kleindienst. 3311 N . C e n tra l A v e ., P h o e n ix . Mrs. W. L. Jameson, Jr______Ben C. Henley. 888 Tower Bldg., Little Rock. Tost Office B oi 247, Magnolia. H a rriso n . Mrs. Patricia R. Hitt______V. John Krehbiel. 400 Montgomery St., San Francisco. 18102 South Mesa Drive, Orange. 914 South Olive St., Los Angeles. V, John Krehbiel. 914 9. Olive St., Los Angeles. Mrs. Henry Swan II______Jean K. Tool (M r.). 2345 Now First National Bank Bldg., Denver 2. 410 M arlon St., Denver 18. 214 Shlrley-Savoy Hotel, Denver 2. Jean K. Tool. 214 Shlrley-Savoy Hotel, Denver 2. Mrs. Arthur Ransohoff______A. Searle Pinney. S haron. W yndover Lane North, Stamford. 410 Asylum St., Hartford 3. A. Searle Pinney. 410 Asylum St., Hartford 3. Mrs. C. Douglass Buck, Jr------William V. Roth, Jr. 1300 M arket Street., W ilm ington. Greenville 7. 810 North King St., Wilmington. William V. Roth, Jr. 810 North King St., Wilmington. District of Columbia- Lewis T. Breuninger______Mrs. J. Willard Marriott------Carl L. Shipley. 1825 F St. N W „ Washington 6. 4500 Garfleld St. N W „ Washington 7. 1625 Eye St. N W ., Washington 6. MEMBERS OF THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES— Con. o to State National committeeman National coxnmltteewoman State chairman

Florida___ Anthony S. Battaglia______Mrs. Frank E. Williams_____ Thomas F. Brown. Post Office Box 8116, Madeira Beach. 2026 Fourth St. South, St. Petersburg, 21 W e ste rn U n io n B ld g ., T a m p a . Thomas F. Brown. o r 21 "Western Union Bldg., Tampa. 1625 Eye St. N W ., Washington 6. Mrs. Capers Rice______James W. Dorsey. Georgia... Robert R. Snodgrass ______INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL 262 Spring St. N W „ Atlanta 3. 101 S ix th S t., V id a lia . 2434 Bank ol Georgia Bldg., Atlanta. Hawaii___ Herbert M. Richards ______Mrs. A. D. Waterhouse_____ Arthur D. Woolaway. Post Office Box 2990, Honolulu 2, Post Office Box 125, Puunene, Maul. Post Office Box 3440, Puunene, Maul. Arthur D. Woolaway. Post Office Box 3440, Puunene, Maui. Idaho____ Harley B. Markham______Mrs. Gwen Barnett______John O. McMurray. John 0. McMurray. 0806 Fairfield St., Boise. P.O. Box 2267, Boise. Post Office Box 16GG, Pocatello. P .O . B o x 22G7, B oise. Illinois___ James Scott Kemper______Mrs. C. Wayland Brooks___ Victor L. Smith. 20 North W acker Dr., Chicago 5. 13.r0 N. Astor St., Chicago 10. 207 South Reed St., Robinson. Indiana... Walter R. Beardsley______Mrs. lone F. Harrington____ Thomas A. Gallmeyer. 1127 M yrtle St., Elkhart. 232 Westchester Ave., Chesterton. Claypool Hotel (9th floor), Indianapolis 9. Thomas A. Gallmeyer. Claypool Hotel (9th floor), Indianapolis 9. Iowa_____ Charles E. Wittenmeyer______Mrs. Anna Lomas______George Nagle. 907 Davenport Bank Bldg., Davenport. 805 Prospect St., Red Oak. Post Office Box 230, Iowa City. George Nagle. Post Office Box 230, Iowa City. Kansas. .. Harry Darby ______Mrs. C. Y. Semple______Donald P. Schnacke. 1st a n d W a lk e r A v e ., K a n sa s C it y 15. Post Office B oi 390, Baxter Springs. Post Office Box 58, Topeka. Donald P. Schnacke. Post Office Box 58, Topeka. Kentucky John T. Diederich______Mrs. Fred V. Lucas______Thomas S. Dawson. Post Office Box 489, Ashland. 207 W est 7th St., London. 606 Kentucky Home Lite Bldg., Louisville 2 Thomas S. Dawson. 606 Kentucky Home Lile Bldg., Louisville 2. Louisiana_____ Mrs. Dorothy J. Lewis______Thomas C. Ilall. 0330 Querbos Drive, Shreveport. 2022 Albert St., Alexandria. P.O. Box 820, Lake Chart's. Maine______Miss Helen C. Mitchell______David A. Nichols. 112 M ain St., Waterville. 110 M a in S t., Ilo u lt o n . Post Office Box 76. Lincolnvilie. David A. Nichols. Post Office Box 76, Llncolnvlllo. Maryland_____ Mrs. Robert O. Bonnell _____ - ______David Scull. P o st O ffice B o x 1209, E a sto n . 5207 Springlake W ay, Baltimore 12. 933 Gist Ave., Silver Spring. Massachusetta. _ Ralph H. Bonnell ______Mrs. Bancroft C. Wheeler______Philip K. Allen. ATA CMAG INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL 8 Beacon St., Boston 8. 8 Beacon St., Boston 8. g Beacon St., Boston 8. Philip K. Allen. 8 Beacon St., Boston, 8. Michigan_____ Mrs. Albert Koeze ______George M. Van Peursem. 1107 P e o p le s N a tio n a l B a n k B ld g ., G ra n d 4045 Byron Center Road, Grand Rapids. 474 Hollister Bldg., Lansing. R a p id s. George M. Van Peursem. 474 Hollister Bldg., Lansing. Minnesota____ George F. Etzell ______Mrs. Russell T. Lund. ______Robert A. Forsythe. C larissa, 4814 South Lakeview Drive, Minneapolis. 585 Endlcott-on-Robert, St. Paul 1. Robert A. Forsythe. 585 Endicotton'Robcrt, St. Paul 1. Mississippi____ Dr. Van C. Temple ______Mrs. James F. Hooper. ______Wirt A. Yerger, Jr. 414 M amie St., Hattiesburg. SOO-sth St., North, Columbus. 414 Lamar Life Bldg., Jackson. Missouri______Francis C. Corley. - ______-- H. K. Wangelin. 509 Olive St., St. Louis 1. 303 W est Boulevard South, Columbia. Post Office Box 515, Poplar Blufl. Montana_____ Mrs. Gladys E. Knowles------Melvin L. Engles. K a lisp e ll. 2003 Ronan D r., BilUngs. Post Office Box 1725, Security Bldg., Helena. Melvin L. Engles. Post Office Box 1725, Security Bldg., Helena. Nebraska _____ Mrs. Edna Basten Donald______Robert V. Denney. 1406 Kiewlt Plaza, Farnam at 36th, Omaha 31. Post Office Box 2G0, Grand Island. Box 4, Falrbury. Robert V. Denney. Box 4, Fairbury. Nevada______. Edmund C. Converse______Jac R. Shaw. P .O . Box 184, Gardnorville. Post Offieo Box 1422, Las Yogas. 209 Ryland St., Reno. COCi MEMBERS OP THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES— Con.

State National committeeman National committeowoman State chairman

New Hampshire William W. Treat______Mrs. Ray B. Currier______Robert W. Kimball. Hampton Bank Bldg., Hampton. 84 W akefield St., Rochester. 430 High St., Hampton. Robert W. Kimball. INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL 430 High St., Hampton. New Jersey____ Bernard M. Shanley______Mrs. Katherine K. Neuberger ______Webster B. Todd. 570 Broad St., Newark 2. 628 Middletown-Ltncroft Rd., Red Bank, 307 Hotel Stacy-Trent, Trenton 8. Webster B. Todd. 307 Hotel Stacy-Trent, Trenton 8. New M exico___ Albert K. Mitchell______Mrs. Floyd W. Lee______Joseph R. Skeen. Tequesqulte Ranch, Albert. S an M a te o . P ic a c h o . Joseph R. Skeen. P ic a c h o . New Y ork_____ George L. Hinman______Mrs. Charles W. Weis, Jr______L. Judson Morhouse. Room 5600, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20. 1099 East Ave., Rochester 7, 41 E a st 42d S t., N e w Y o r k 17. L. Judson Morhouse. o r 41 East 42d St., New York 17. House of Representatives, Washington 25, D.C North Carolina- J. E. Broyhill______Mrs. Louis G. Rogers______William E. Cobb. Wllkesboro Rd., Lenoir. Route 3, Box 251, Charlotte. Catawba St., Morganton. North Dakota— Mark Andrews______Mrs. Harold Schafer______Arley R. Bjella. M a p le to n . Post Office Box 780, Prospect Point, Bismarck. Post Office Box 1343, W illiston. Arley R. Bjella. Post Office Box 1343, Wllllston. O h io ,.- , ___ Clarence J. Brown______Mrs. Katharine Kennedy Brown____ Ray C. Bliss. B lan Chester Post Office Box 324, Dayton 1, 17 North High St., Columbus 15. o r House of Representatives, W ashington 25, D . O, Ray C. Bliss. 17 North High St., Columbus 15. Oklahoma____ John Tyler______Mrs. Dorcas B. Kelley. Forest Beall. Bartlesville. Post Office 13o x 1199, B risto w . 1300 North Broadway, Suite 12, Oklahoma C it y 3. Forest Beall. 1300 North Broadway, Suite 12, Oklahoma City 3. Oregon------Lowell C. Paget______Mrs. Collia P. Moore Philip J. Roth. 410 S.W . Oak St., Portland. M o r o . 506 Executive Bldg., Portland. Philip J. Roth. 506 Executive Bldg., Portland. ATA CMAG INFORMATION CAMPAIGNFACTUAL Pennsylvania.. Dr. Robert L. Johnson ______Mrs. Russell W. Dixon. 134 Cherry Lane, W ynnewood. 246 West Penn St., Butler. George I. Bloom. George I. Bloom. Post Office Box 345, Harrisburg. Post Office Box 345, Harrisburg. Puerto Rico... Luis A. Ferre------Mrs. Susan Julia______Miguel A. Garcia Mendez. Post Office Box 1492, Ponce. Post Office Box 3948, San Juan 19. Post Office Box 599, Mayaguex. Rhode Island.. Bayard Ewing______Mrs. D. Eldredge Jackson William T. Broomhead. 15 Westminster St., Providence 3. 99 President Ave., Providence. 87 W eybossett St., Providence 3. South Carolina W. W. Wannamaker, Jr______Mrs. A. Dabney Barnes... Robert F. Chapman. Post Offico Box 542, Orangeburg. 130 M ount Vista Ave., Greenville. Drawer 451, Spartanburg. South Dakota. Carroll II, Lockhart______Vacant______Leo Temmey. W a te rto w n . Post Office Box 118, Huron. Leo Temmey. P o st O ffice B o x 11S, T lu ron . Tennessee_____ Harry C. Carbaugh ------Mrs. Irene B. Baker______Erby L. Jenkins. 414 W est 16th St., Chattanooga. Huntsville, Bank of Knoxville Bldg., Knoxville. or 4301 Massachusetts Ave. N W ., Apt. 4002, W ash­ ington 16, D .C. Erby L. Jenkins. Bank of Knoxville nidg.. Knoxville. Texas Albert B. Fay ______Mrs. Ike S. Kampmann, Jr______Tad R. Smith. 1801 D a lla s A v o ., H o u s to n 3. N o. 122—4G00 Broadway, San Antonio 5. 1500 First National Bank Bldg., El Paso. Utah. Mitchell Melieh------Mrs. Dorothy T. Stevenson______Ramon M. Child. Post Office Box 488, Moat). 130 South 13th East, N o. 601, Salt Lake City 2. 300 Deseret Bldg., Salt Lake City 11. Vernon Roinney. 0 5 404 Kearns 'Bldg., Salt Lake City 1. cn 0 5 MEMBERS OF THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE AND CHAIRMEN OF THE STATE COMMITTEES— Con. 0 5

State National committeeman National commltteewoman State chairman

Vermont______Edward G. Janeway______Mrs. Consuelo Northrop Bailey. Roland Q. Seward. Post Office Box 446, South Londonderry. Strong Bldg., Burlington. East Wallingford. Roland Q. Seward. ATA CMAG INFORMATION CAMPAIGN FACTUAL East Wallingford. Virginia______Nile Straughan______Mrs. Hazel K. Barger... Horace E. Henderson. Drawer 69, Fredericksburg. Post Office B oi 6134, Roanoke. 6545 Old Dominion Drive, McLean, I. Lee Potter. 3120 North W akefield St., Arlington. Virgin Islands. Evan A. Franoois______Mrs. E. I. Williams, Jr______David A. Maas. Post Office Box 276, St. Tboma9. Post Office Box 979, Chrlstlansted, St. Croix, or Post Office Box 509, Charlotte Amalie, St. 3236 Reservoir Rd. N W „ Washington 7, D .C. T h o m a s . Washington___ Robert D. Timm ______Mrs. Neal Tourtellotte______R. Mort Frayn. Post Office Box 85, Harrington. 625 Hillside Dr., East Seattle 2. 3137 Arcade Bldg., Seattlo 1. R. Mort Frayn. 3137 Arcade Bldg., Seattle 1. West Virginia—, Walter S. Hallanan______Mrs. Perle T. Harman______Howard V. Corcoran. 1016 Kanawha Valley Bldg., Charleston 24. 308 Parkway, Bluefield. Post Office B oi 647, Wheeling. Wisconsin_____ Robert L. Pierce ______Mrs. Byron Ising______Claude J. Jasper. Post Office Box 119, Menomonle. 514 Gehres Court, Oshkosh. Ill South Fairchild, Madison. Claude J. Jasper. Ill South Fairchild, Madison. Wyoming_____ Harry Thorson______Mrs. W. R. Jensen______John S. Wold. 216 West M ain St., Newcastle. 213 West 7th Ave., Cheyenne. Post Office Box 241, Casper. John S. Wold. Post Office Box 241, Casper.

o

FELTON M. JOHNSTON SECRETARY

United S t a te s S e n a t e

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

October 8, 1962.

Hon. Daniel K. Inouye 201 Capital Investment Building 850 Richards Street Honolulu, Hawaii.

Dear SXXX Congressman:

Enclosed are two sets of forms which may be used in the preparation of your statements of receipts and expenditures in behalf of your candidacy for election as a United States Senator. These statements are required under provisions of title III, section 307, of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, 1925.

Your attention is directed to the pertinent sections of the act, including the penalty provisions, which appear under section 252 in the enclosed pamphlet entitled, "Factual Campaign Information."

A copy of the preelection statement (printed in black ink) should be executed and filed by you in this office not less than 10 nor more than 15 days before the day of the election. A copy of the postelection state­ ment (printed in red ink) should be executed and filed in this office within 30 days after the election. A copy of each of these statements should be retained for your files.

Sincerely yours,

Felton M. Johnston, Secretary of the Senate. Enclosures: Forms Pamphlet 8hth Congress1 j Document 1st Session J HOUSE 1 No. 121 Our American Government What Is It? How Does It Function?

300 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A COMPREHENSIVE STORY OF THE HISTORY AND FUNCTIONS OF OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT INTERESTINGLY AND ACCURATELY PORTRAYED

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATIVE TO OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

(1955 Edition)

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 00055' W ASH IN GTON : 1955 HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 85 (Submitted by Mr. Patman)

In t h e H o u s e o p R epresentatives , U. S., February 16, 1955. Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That the author of the pamphlet entitled “ Our American Govern­ ment, What Is It? How Does It Function?” , as set out in House Document Numbered 405, Seventy-ninth Congress, and subsequent editions thereof, revise the same, bring it up to date, and that it be printed as a public document. Sec. 2. Such revised pamphlet shall be printed as a House docu­ ment, and there shall be printed three hundred thousand additional copies, of which twenty-four thousand seven hundred and fifty copies shall be for the use of the Senate; two hundred sixty-six thousand one hundred and fifty for the use of the House of Representatives; three thousand and one hundred for the Senate Document Room; and six thousand for the House Document Room. Adopted in House, March 16, 1955. Amended and adopted in Senate, March 28,1955. Amendment: “Sec. 2. Such revised pamphlet shall be printed as a House docu­ ment, and there shall be printed 305,250additional copies, of which 30,000copies shall be for the use of the Senate; 266,150for the use of the House of Representatives; 3,100for the Senate Document Room; and 6,000 for the House Document Room.” House concurred in Senate amendment, March 30,1955. ii FOREWORD This publication, entitled “ Our American Government—What Is It? How Does It Function?”, is a revision of House Document No. 465, 79th Congress, 2d session. In its compilation, the author has had the valuable assistance of Messrs. John P. Earner and James W. Kelley of the Legislative Ref­ erence Service of the Library of Congress. These gentlemen, who have done an excellent job, have examined subsequent editions of House Document No. 465 and also the book compiled by the author on Our American Government—The Answers To One Thousand And One Questions On How It Works, which was published in 1954 and is being sold by Bantam Books, Inc. We are indebted to Bantam Books, Inc., for the privilege of using material from this book in order to bring this publication up to date. More than 20 years ago in the weekly newsletter sent out to my con­ stituents, I commenced a policy o f answering 2 or 3 questions each week on our Government. These questions and answers were popular, which resulted in their compilation in mimeographed form for distri­ bution to teachers in schools and other interested people. A copy was inserted in the Congressional Record, September 12, 1940. By re­ quest of many Members of Congress, the questions and answers were put into pamphlet form—House Document No. 152. Subsequently, House Document No. 210 in the 77th Congress contained 252 questions and answers; House Document No. 619 contained 282 questions and answers; House Document No. 228 in the 79th Congress contained 279 questions and answers; and House Document No. 465 contained 284 questions and answers. There have been other editions; including Senate Document No. 52 of the 83d Congress. It is estimated that more than 6 million copies of these booklets and reprints from them have been distributed, many of them purchased by Members of Con­ gress and distributed at their own expense to constituents. This present edition of 300 questions and answers was authorized by House Concurrent Resolution 85. It is strictly nonpartisan. W r ig h t P a t m a n , Member of Congress from Texas. M a r c h 29, 1955. h i iI OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

GENERAL 1. What is the purpose of the American Government? The purpose is expressed in the preamble to the Constitution, which states: “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tran­ quility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” 2. What are the essentials of a republican form of government? A republic may be defined as a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their offices during the pleasure of the people electing them, for a limited period, or during good behavior. 3. What is a pure democracy? A form of government in which the management of public affairs remains in the hands of the people themselves, so that they make the laws, levy taxes, decide questions of war and peace, and determine all other matters of public business of such a nature as to require personal and continuous attention. 4. What is a representative or indirect democracy? In a representative democracy, the people govern themselves, but they do so by entrusting the entire administration of the state to their representatives, whom they choose by ballot. 5. What form of government do we have in the United States of America? The founders of our country decided that our form of government should be that of a republic or representative democracy. They recognized that a pure democracy is neither practical nor liable to endure. CONSTITUTION 6. What is the “supreme law of the land”? The Constitution, laws of the United States made “ in pursuance o f” the Constitution, and treaties made under authority of the United States. Judges throughout the country are bound by them, regard­ less of anything in separate State constitutions or laws. 7. Was a new Constitution the expressed object of the Convention of 1787? The Philadelphia convention of May-September 1787 was the result of a suggestion by the delegates to a trade convention held l 2 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

at Annapolis in 1786. The idea was that representatives of all the States should meet to consider the defects in the existing system of government and to formulate “ a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered.” This suggestion did not meet full approval of George Washington and others until it was approved and made official by the Continental Congress. The Congress in giving its approval did so with the express restriction that the convention should be “ for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Con­ federation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union.” 8. How may the Constitution be amended? Amendments may be proposed on the initiative of Congress (by two-thirds vote in each House) or by convention (on application ‘of two-thirds of the State legislatures). So far, there has never been a convention called under this authority. Ratification may, at the discretion of Congress, be either by the legislatures or by conven­ tions, in three-fourths of the States. To date, the 21st amendment, repealing the prohibition amendment, is the only one to have been ratified by State conventions. The first 10 amendments were practically a part of the original instrument (being ratified in 1791), the 11th amendment was ratified in 1795, and the 12th amendment in 1804. Thereafter, no amend­ ment was added to the Constitution for 60 years. After the War Between the States three amendments were ratified (1865-70), fol­ lowed by another long interval before the 16th amendment became effective in 1913. The last amendment to be ratified was the 22d in 1951. This amendment limits the President to two terms. 9. What is the meaning of “separation of powers”? The Constitution contains in separate articles provisions for three great departments of government—legislative, executive and judicial. There is a significant difference in the grants of power to these departments: The first article, treating of legislative power, vests in Congress “ all legislative Powers herein granted” ; the second article vests “ the executive Power” in the President; and the third article states that “the judicial Power of the United States” shall be vested in the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The doctrine of separation of powers is that no one of those three branches is to encroach upon another, except insofar as author­ ized by the Constitution. Essential functions of the legislature are not to be usurped by the Executive nor by the judiciary. In this way a dangerous concentration of power is avoided, and respective powers are assigned to the departments best fitted to exercise them. 10. What is the Bill of Rights? The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, adopted in 1791, are commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights. As a matter of fact, the first 8 really set out the substantive and procedural personal rights associated with that description, while 9 and 10 are general rules of interpretation of the relation between the State and Federal Governments—all powers not delegated by the Constitution to the United States, nor prohibited to the States, being reserved to the States or the people. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 3

11. What are the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights? It should be noted that the Bill of Rights is in form primarily a bill of “ don’ts” for Congress—in other words, it is not a theoretical enumeration, but a series of prohibitions of the enactment by Congress of laws infringing certain rights. Aside from the three perhaps most commonly discussed—freedom of religion, speech, and press—the rights include: Right to assemble, and to petition Congress' (amendment 1). Right to bear arms (amendment 2). Right not to have soldiers quartered in one’s home in peacetime except as prescribed by law (amendment 3). Right to be secure against “ unreasonable searches and seizures” (amendment 4). Right in general not to be held to answer criminal charges except upon indictment (amendment 5). Right not to be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense (amend­ ment 5). Right not to be compelled to be a witness against oneself (amend­ ment 5). Right not to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (amendment 5). Right to just compensation for private property, taken for public use (amendment 5). Right, in criminal prosecution, to trial by a jury—to be notified of the charges, to be confronted with witnesses, to have com­ pulsory process for calling witnesses, and to have legal counsel (amendment 6). Right to a jury trial in suits at law involving over $20 (amend­ m ent?). Right not to have excessive bail required, nor excessive fines im­ posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted (amend- ' ment 8). 12. What distinction, if any, is there between citizenship of the United States and of a State? Neither the Constitution nor act of Congress had defined citizen­ ship or distinguished between United States and State citizenship before the 14th amendment. By the terms of that amendment, a person acquires United States citizenship by birth or naturalization in the United States (and subject to its jurisdiction), but to acquire State citizenship such a person must further be a resident of the State concerned. 13. How long may a proposed amendment remain outstanding and open to ratification? The Supreme Court has stated that ratification must be within “some reasonable time after the proposal.” Beginning with the 18th amendment it has been customary for Congress to set a definite period for ratification. In the case of the 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d amend­ ments the period set was 7 years; but there has been no determination as to just how long a “reasonable time” might extend. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Bill of Rights, the 3 States of Connecticut, Georgia, and Massachusetts, which had never taken action on them, ratified the first 10 amendments which had been a part of the Constitution for a century and a half. 4 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

14. What is the “lame duck” amendment? The 20th amendment, adopted upon ratification by the 36th State on January 23, 1933, and certified in effect on February 8, 1933. Prior to this amendment the annual session of Congress began on the first Monday in December (Constitution, art. I, sec. 4). As the terms of Members commenced on March 4, this meant that Members elected in November of the even-numbered years did not take office for 4 months, and normally did not take part in a session of Congress for 9 months more; that is, the session which began in December im­ mediately following election included Members who had been defeated at the polls or had not stood for reelection; for this reason it was known as the lame duck session, and the 20th amendment which shifted the dates involved is called the lame duck amendment. It has not entirely obviated the inconsistency of legislation by a Congress which does not represent the latest choice of the people, as witness the last part of the session of the 81st Congress. 15. Why was a constitutional amendment necessary to change the date of the beginning of the terms of President, Vice Presi­ dent, and Members of Congress? The Constitution fixes the terms of President and Vice President at 4 years, of Senators at 6 years, and of Representatives at 2 years. Any change of date would affect the terms of the incumbents. It was, therefore, necessary to amend the Constitution to make the change. This shortened the terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John N. Garner, and all Senators and Representatives.

ELECTIONS

16. Were political parties contemplated by the Constitution? The framers of the Constitution did not anticipate having political parties control the election of the President, and established the device of an electoral college. The States were to choose the members of this college, by whatever method the local legislature should determine— and the college then was to elect the President. There is no hint in the Constitution of any preelection machinery; the thought was that the electors would be chosen on their merits and would in turn elect a President on his merits. The person having the second highest num­ ber of votes was to be Vice President, without regard to his possible relations with the first-choice President. 17. What incident led directly to the formation of political par­ ties? The independent action of two electors in 1796 (when one from Vir­ ginia and one from North Carolina voted for Adams instead of Jeffer­ son, who was the choice of the two States at large) brought two lists of party candidates for electors in the next election. Thus, that pro­ vision of the Constitution, which was intended to prevent political parties, actually caused the formation of political parties. Instead of the electors choosing our Presidents, the electors have been little more than puppets to register the vote of the people of their State. 18. What were the first two major political parties? The Federalists and the Republicans. The Federalists, under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, were identified with policies OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 5 calling for nationalistic legislation and a liberal construction of tlie Constitution; the opposition party, under Thomas Jefferson, was known indiscriminately as Republicans or Democrats, and stood for a strict construction of the Constitution and States’ rights. The Federalist Party practically disappeared after the War of 1812; and was succeeded by the National Republicans and Whigs. The Whig Party in turn disintegrated after 1852 and the (present) Repub­ lican Party took form in 1854, its first Presidential candidate being John C. Fremont in 1856. The name “Republican” was formally adopted by a State convention at Jackson, Mich., on July 6, 1854, although local groups in Ripon, Wis., and Exeter, N. H., claim to have been the first to adopt the name. The original Jeffersonian Republican Party gradually came to rep­ resent not so much a single cohesive party as a collection of factions. Under Andrew Jackson these groups amalgamated under the name of Democratic Republicans, which was soon shortened to Democratic (the present party designation). 19. What President called the first national political convention? Jackson, in 1832. The meeting was organized in Baltimore to nom­ inate candidates for President and Vice President on the Democratic ticket. 20. Why did Jackson originate the national convention? The congressional caucus as a means of nominating presidential can­ didates had become unpopular, particularly in Jackson’s day. He knew he could not control Members of Congress. He therefore or­ ganized a convention in which delegates chosen directly by the citizenry could participate. Jackson contended that the people should choose delegates to nominate presidential candidates, who would thus be the nominees of the public instead of the choice of congressmen. Ever since 1832, all Presidents have been nominated in this method. 21. What is politics? Webster’s definition says politics “is the science and art o f govern­ ment; the science dealing with organization, regulation, and admin­ istration of state; the theory or practice of managing or directing the affairs of public policy or of political parties.” It is through politics that the people rule. The unthoughtful person who says that he is not interested in politics or politicians is saying he is not interested in his own Government or his own business or occupation or profession. It is only through politics that the people control their Government and remain the sovereign power of our country. 22. What is a politician? Webster’s definition of a politician is: “ One versed or experienced in the science of government.” The same definition applies to states­ man. It is through politicians that the people express their will. Woodrow Wilson said: “A democracy is a government established upon the will of the people.” Therefore without politicians there could not be a democracy because it is only through politics that the people have a vehicle to express their wishes and demands so that they can be carried out. 0 0 6 5 5 °— 55 ------2 6 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

23. What is the importance of politics in a representative democ­ racy? It is through political organizations that individuals initiate and collectively express opinions on governmental problems or policies and thereby focus public scrutiny on established or proposed govern­ mental activities. Without politics and politicians, a representative democracy could not function. The public has a fertile, honest, in­ telligent mind. The collective mind acting through the medium of politics has provided our country, the United States, with the greatest Government on the face of the earth. The totalitarian leaders, prior to World War II, said we would not fight—that there would be so much disunity and dissension among people under a government such as our own where every person could so freely express himself, that we could not carry on a successful, coordinated warfare against our enemies. Events of the past are convincing of how wrong they were. 24. What is the electoral college? The “college” comprises the whole number of Presidential electors— equal, in each State, to the number of Senators and Representatives to which the State is entitled. They are the persons actually voted for on election day, who in turn meet at their State capitals and vote for President. No Member of Congress may be “ appointed” (that is, elected) to the electoral college. In a few States, electors are bound by State law to vote for the party choice for President; but in most States their vote for the party choice is simply a matter of course. 25. How did the electoral college originate? The framers of the Constitution thought that a convention of qualified electors would be the best way to choose a President. The electors were not pledged to any particular candidate but were chosen as men who could make a calm and wise decision on who should be President. 26. How and where do the presidential electors vote? The electors whose party wins in a State’s balloting for President meet at a place designated by the State legislature, usually the State capitol. They meet on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December in a presidential election year and vote as a unit for their candidate. Six copies of these votes are made. One is for the Presi­ dent of the United States Senate; two for the secretary of state; two for the Secretary of State of the United States; and one for the district judge. The electors’ action is a mere formality and occurs long after the Nation knows the outcome of the presidential election. 27. How are Senators and Representatives elected? By popular vote on the day fixed by Congress—first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the even-numbered years (except in Maine where Congressmen are elected in September instead of No­ vember). The qualifications of voters at this general election are the same as for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legis­ latures—the Constitution merely adopting State provisions on the subject. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 7

28. Why are Congressmen elected in the State of Maine in Sep­ tember instead of November? The Constitution provides that unless Congress directs otherwise, the time of holding elections for Senators and Representatives “shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof.” During the early days of the Federal Government no law on the subject was passed. In 1845 Congress fixed the first Tuesday after the first Mon­ day in November as the day for choosing Presidential electors and that day is still national or general election day. The same day was designated for the election of Representatives, but an exception was made in the case of those States in whose constitutions a different day was specified. Accordingly, for many years, three States— Arkansas, Oregon, and Maine—elected their congressional Repre­ sentatives earlier than November. Arkansas and Oregon later changed their constitutions to conform with the act of 1845. Maine is the only State in the Union which continues to hold these elections on a different day. Election day in Maine was placed in September during the early days of the Republic when traveling facilities were poor and when bad roads and cold weather frequently would have prevented the rural inhabitants from going to the polls late in the fall. All the States, including Maine, elect Presidential electors on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 29. Have United States Senators always been elected by the people? Senators were originally elected by the State legislatures (Consti­ tution, art. I, sec. 3). Direct election by the people was provided for by the 17th amendment, effective as to Senators elected after May 31,1913. 30. Who defines the congressional districts—the United States or the States? Congress fixes the size of the House of Representatives, and the procedure for apportioning this number among the States, but the States themselves carry on from there. In the early years of the Republic most States elected all their Representatives at large. Con­ gress later required that Representatives should be elected from “ dis­ tricts composed of a contiguous and compact territory” but there is no longer even this requirement in the Federal law. The actual re- districting has always been provided by State law. 31. What is a Congressman “at large” ? When a new apportionment following a decennial census shows that a State is entitled to additional representation, unless that State re­ districts, the additional Representatives are elected at large i. e. they do not represent any particular district. Conversely if a State loses representation, there must be a redistricting or all the Members would have to be elected at large. For example, in the 1932 election Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Minnesota which had lost representatives under the census of 1930, elected all their Members at large. States having only one Representative of course elect him at large. 8 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

32. Do all congressional districts have approximately the same population? Theoretically they should have and the law formerly required that they should contain “ as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants.” In practice, however, districts vary a great deal: for example the 1950 census discloses that the 8th Congressional District of Texas had a population of 806,701, whereas the 2d Congres­ sional District of South Dakota had only 159,099. Some variation is of course to be expected from the fact that district lines usually follow county or town lines, so that population cannot be divided with exactness. 33. What is gerrymandering? The power of the States to redistrict their territory offered a strong temptation to manipulate the districts for political advantage, count­ ing on the relative stability of the population. When Elbridge Gerry was Governor of Massachusetts in 1812, the State legislature by law divided Essex County into one compact district and another rather absurdly shaped district running around the edge of the county, in which the Republican vote of Marblehead was calculated to offset the Federalist majorities of the other towns. At a Federalist gathering a map of the new district was doctored up with head, wings, and claws, with a remark that it would do for a salamander. Some wit said, “ Gerrymander”—and that name has stuck to this day for similar polit­ ical maneuvering. 34. What is the population of the average congressional district? Under the original constitutional apportionment there were 65 Representatives for the 13 States, which then had a total population of around 4,000,000—an average of approximately 60,450. By 1910 the size of the average district had risen to 194,182; in 1930 to 279,712; in 1940 to approximately 304,000; and in 1950 it was approximately 346,400. The membership of the House is 435. 35. Does congressional authority extend to regulation of primary elections? For many years the term “ election,” as used in the Constitution, was interpreted by the Supreme Court as applying only to the final general election. The famous Newberry case (256 U. S. 232) in 1921 decided that Congress could not constitutionally undertake to regulate cam­ paign expenditures at primaries. But this view has been changed and the present attitude (see U. S. v. Classic, 313 U. S. 299) is that where the primary is, under State law, an integral part of the procedure for choosing Representatives in Congress, it is subject to regulation by Congress under the Constitution (art. I, sec. 4). 36. What is the difference between a majority and a plurality? A majority in an election is more than half of the total votes cast for all the candidates for that particular office. A plurality is an excess of votes over the number for the next opponent.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH IN GENERAL 37. What is the Congress? The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the National Government, in effect the National Legislature, and consists OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 9 of two branches—the Senate, composed of 96 Members, and the House of Representatives, composed of 435 Members. Its existence, author­ ity, and limitations are provided by the Constitution, article I, which begins as follows: All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 38. Was there any question in the Constitutional Convention as to the essential form of the National Legislature to be estab­ lished? This was one of the very first matters to come before the Convention in Committee of the Whole on May 31, 1787. Actually, two of the States at the time (Georgia and Pennsylvania) had a single-chamber legislature; and in a good many of the States there were higher prop­ erty qualifications for the Senate than for the Lower House, so that the Senate was commonly thought of as representative of the prop­ erty interests. When the question was finally determined, on June 21, the vote for a bicameral legislature was 7 States in favor, 3 against, and 1 divided. 39. What is the term of a Congress? In point of time, a Congress commences January 3 of each odd- numbered year, and continues for 2 years, regardless of the number of regular or special sessions held. 40. What is a session of Congress? A session of Congress is fixed in point of time by the convening of both Houses for the transaction of business and their final adjourn­ ment before the commencement of the next session. The Constitution (amendment 20) requires Congress to hold an annual meeting. How­ ever, extra and special sessions may be convened, and the Senate may be called in extra session without the House to consider treaties, try impeachments, or confirm appointments. 41. Is there a fixed limit to the length of a session? Yes. The 20th amendment requires that the annual meeting be called on January 3, unless a different date is specified by law. The Legislative Reorganization Act requires further that Congress ad­ journ sine die not later than the last day of July, except in time of war or national emergency. Since one Congress cannot bind its suc­ cessors in such matters, this requirement may be changed by later Congresses. 42. Under what circumstances may the President call a special session of Congress? Under the Constitution (art. II, sec. 3) the President may convene Congress, or either House, “ on extraordinary occasions.” It is usual for him in calling an extra session to indicate the exact matter which needs the attention of Congress. However, once convened, a Congress cannot be limited in the subject matter which it will consider. 43. In what circumstances may the President adjourn Congress? In case of disagreement between the two Houses with respect to time of adjournment, the Constitution (art. II, sec. 3) authorizes the President to “ adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper.” No President has yet exercised this power. There is some question whether it may not apply solely to an extraordinary session. 10 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

44. When Congress is in session, at what hour do the two Houses meet? The time of meeting is fixed by each House. Under standing order, the House ordinarily meets at 12 o’clock noon and usually remains in session until 5 or 6 p. m. The Senate also ordinarily meets at “ 12 o’clock meridian.” No reason is known for this wording in the Senate, which calls it meridian rather than noon. 45. What is a Congressman? A Congressman is a Member of either the Senate or the House of Representatives. However, a Member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator and a Member of the House as a Congressman. The official title of a Member of the House is Representative. 46. What is a Delegate and a Commissioner, as distinguished from a Congressman? From very early times each organized Territory of the United States has had the right by law to elect a Delegate to the House of Representatives. Such Delegate has the right to a seat in the House, and to take part in debate but not to vote. Under the Legis­ lative Reorganization Act, both the Delegate and the Resident Com­ missioner are to serve as additional members on the Committees on Agriculture, Armed Services, and Public Lands. Here, too, they may debate and make motions (except to reconsider) but have no vote. At present there are Delegates only from Alaska and Hawaii. In the case of the Philippines (while under United States control) and Puerto Rico—neither of which was technically a Territory— the similar official was called a Resident Commissioner. Since July 4, 1946, there is a Resident Commissioner only from Puerto Rico. In general, a Delegate or Resident Commissioner is entitled to the same pay and allowances as a Congressman, but the Delegate from Alaska and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico receive a lump sum for traveling expenses, in lieu of the regular mileage allow­ ance of 20 cents a mile. 47. How many Members has each State in the House and Senate? Each State, by the Constitution, is always entitled to two Senators. Under the apportionment following the 1950 census, the States are entitled to Representatives as follows: Alabama, 9; Arizona, 2; Arkansas, 6; California, 30; Colorado, 4; Connecticut, 6; Delaware, 1; Florida, 8; Georgia, 10; Idaho, 2; Illinois, 25; Indiana, 11; Iowa, 8; Kansas, 6; Kentucky, 8; Louisiana, 8; Maine, 3; Maryland, 7; Massachusetts, 14; Michigan, 18; Minnesota, 9; Mississippi, 6; Missouri, 11; Montana, 2; Nebraska, 4; Nevada, 1; New Hampshire, 2; New Jersey, 14; New Mexico, 2; New York, 43; North Carolina, 12; North Dakota, 2; Ohio, 23; Oklahoma, 6; Oregon, 4; Pennsylvania, 30; Rhode Island, 2; South Carolina, 6; South Dakota, 2; Tennessee, 9; Texas, 22; Utah, 2; Vermont, 1; Virgina, 10; Washington, 7; West Virginia, 6; Wisconsin, 10; Wyoming, 1. 48. What is the size of the House of Representatives and how is it fixed? By the Constitution, each State is entitled to at least one Repre­ sentative and all beyond this minimum number are apportioned among the States according to population. For the First Congress, OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 11 i. e., before the taking of the first census, the Constitution itself fixed the number for each State—and, therefore, the size of the House. Beyond that, however, the only constitutional limitation is that the number must not exceed 1 Representative to each 30,000 of popula­ tion, and within this limit, Congress has the say as to size of the House. With the great increase in population, and consequent num­ ber of Representatives, there have been frequent demands for a smaller House, but to date the general trend has been the other way. Under the law now in force, the membership is fixed at 435 indefinitely. 49. What is the procedure for apportionment of Representatives? For many years the actual apportionment was calculated according to the method of “ major fractions” but under act of November 15, 1941, Congress adopted the method of “equal proportions.” Briefly, this method takes the fixed size (currently 435) and after assigning 1 seat to each State as required by the Constitution allots the remaining 387 on the basis of a priority list obtained by dividing the population of each State by the geometric mean of successive numbers of Repre­ sentatives. This sounds like a rather complicated mathematical operation—but the simple purpose is to make the present difference between the average number of Representatives per million people in any two States as small as possible. 50. What oath is taken by Members of Congress? The oath taken by both Senators and Representatives is as follows: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God. 51. What is the practice as to administration of the oath when a Member’s right to a seat is challenged? Each Member, in fact, takes the oath of office at the beginning of his term with the consent of all the other Members elected. In other words, if any other Member-elect should challenge his right to take the oath for any reason in the world, the Member Avould have to step aside until the complaint or charges had been disposed of. It is the usual practice for a resolution to be adopted authorizing the Speaker of the House to administer the oath to a Member-elect who has been challenged, but referring the question of the final right of the Member to his seat to the proper committee for consideration and report. 52. In the event of the death or resignation of a United States Senator, how is the vacancy filled? A vacancy in the office of United States Senator from any State is usually filled by a temporary appointment by the governor which continues until the next general election, at which time a Senator is elected for the remainder of the term, if it had longer to run. The 17th amendment directs the governor to call an election, but authorizes the legislatures to empower the governor to make an immediate ap­ pointment pending election, and this alternative is ordinarily followed. 53. In the event of the death or resignation of a Representative, how is the vacancy filled? The United States Constitution, article I, section 2, which deals with the House of Representatives, provides: “When vacancies happen 12 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.” 54. What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of the Senate? A Member of the United States Senate must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and must be a resident of the State from which he is sent to Congress. 55. What qualifications are prescribed for a Representative in Congress? A Member of the House of Representatives must be at least 25 years of age, must have been a United States citizen for at least 7 years, and must reside in the State—and usually, though not necessar­ ily, in the district—from which he is sent to Congress. 56. What are the salaries of Representatives and Senators? Beginning March 1,1955, each Member of Congress receives a salary of $22,500 a year. The Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate (when there is no Vice President) receives $35,000 a year. 57. Do Members pay income tax on their salaries? Yes. Campaign expenses are not deductible in figuring income tax. 58. What is the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946? Public Law 601 of the 79th Congress, signed by President Truman, August 2, 1946; introduced by Senator Robert LaFollette, and in the House, sponsored by Representative Mike Monroney. The two Houses set up a joint committee to handle the measure. This committee held extensive hearings, listening to Members, political scientists, efficiency engineers, and students of government. A year was spent in research before the bill was reported in the Senate. 59. What are the main features of the Legislative Reorganization Act? The act includes a variety of provisions; some of which at first sight seem far removed from “ reorganization of Congress,” but which actually are designed to facilitate congressional business. In addi­ tion to an amendment of the Rules of House and Senate (title I) and miscellaneous provisions in title II, the act includes a Regulation of Lobbying Act (title I I I ) ; a Federal Tort Claims Act (title IV ) ; a General Bridge Act (title V ) ; and a title V I dealing with pay and retirement of Members. 60. Why is the General Bridge Act an appropriate part of the Legislative Reorganization Act? As an incident to its constitutional power to regulate commerce, Con­ gress has jurisdiction over all navigable waters of the United States. It may therefore control the construction of all bridges over such waters as possible obstructions to navigation. In the past this has meant that the time of Congress has been taken up by discussion and action on separate bills, every time a bridge was projected. Under the new act, Congress gave its approval once and for all in advance— conditioned on the bridge in each case being approved by the appro- riate defense officials. Also, if a toll bridge, it must be approved pby the proper State highway department. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 13

61. How are private claims against the Government prosecuted? I f the claim amounts to $1,000 or less, it may be adjusted and paid by the head of the Government agency concerned; or suit may be tiled in United States district court. The United States consents to be sued, and is held to the same liability as a private party would be, under the local jurisdiction. This procedure does not apply to claims growing out of specified circumstances, e. g., loss of mail matter, quarantine regulations, combatant activities of military forces in time of war, TV A operations, claims arising in a foreign country, etc. A money claim thus cognizable before a Government agency or Federal court cannot be brought before Congress by way of a private bill. 62. How is the Regulation of Lobbying Act under the Legislative Reorganization Act to be reconciled with the right to peti­ tion Congress? The Lobbying Act seeks to reach lobbyists, whether they act by way of propaganda from outside Washington, or as hidden agents or open representatives in Washington; but in no case does it curtail the right to act as a lobbyist, it merely requires disclosure of sponsorship and source of funds. 63. What is lobbying? A legal definition of lobbyist is one who frequents the lobby or the precincts of a legislature or other deliberating assembly with the in­ tention of influencing the votes of the members. Sometimes the term is defined as a person who loiters amongst legislators and solicits them for the purpose of influencing legislation. The Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act applies only to persons whose “ principal purpose” is either to aid in the passage or defeat of any legislation by Congress, or to influence passage, directly or indi­ rectly. . The fact that the practice is regulated rather than prohibited is im­ portant, in view of the odorous connotation frequently associated with the term “ lobbying.” It is often a source of important information which would not otherwise be readily available. 64. What forms may lobbying take? Lobbying may be carried out by distribution of printed matter, appearance before committees of Congress, by interviewing or seeking to interview Members of Congress, or by some other means, such as social contacts. 65. Are lobbyists required to register? By the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946, lobbyists must register with the Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House before beginning operations; and must file detailed quarterly state­ ments of moneys received and expended. 66. Does the Regulation of Lobbying Act infringe the freedom of the press? The act is specific in excluding from its scope a newspaper (i. e., the personnel of such a newspaper) which “ in the ordinary course of business publishes news items, editorials, or other comments, or paid advertisements, which directly or indirectly urge the passage or de- 6 0655°— 55 ------3 14 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

feat of legislation, provided there is no further activity along that line than appearances by personnel before congressional committees on the particular issues in question.” 67. Does the Regulation of Lobbying Act forbid any person from conferring with or communicating with a Member of Con­ gress in support of or opposition to pending legislation, without registering? Absolutely not. The law does not require registration except in in­ stances in which money is collected or received for efforts and influ­ ence used in behalf of or against bills. 68. To what extent has Congress now delegated details formerly taking up much of its time? The Legislative Reorganization Act prohibits private bills in three general categories—making other provisions for handling the subject matter as follows: 1. Correction of military records. This is now to be handled by civilian boards in the respective de­ partments. 2. Money claims for damages caused by a Government agency. Provision is made for payment by the heads of the departments or for suit in Federal court. 3. Requests for construction of bridges over navigable waters. Congress has given its consent in advance to such construction— conditioned upon approval by appropriate defense officials. 69. What services are officially available to Members to assist them in the performance of their legislative duties? The Legislative Reference Service and the Offices of the Legislative Counsel. The Legislative Reference Service (located in the Library of Congress) is equipped primarily for research, the Legislative Coun­ sel for bill drafting. The Director of the Legislative Reference Service and his staff are appointed by the Librarian of Congress; the Legislative Counsel (one for each House) by the President of the Senate and the Speaker, respectively. Under the Legislative Reorganization Act, each committee of the House and Senate is entitled to a staff of four professional research assistants, appointed by majority vote of the committee, and assigned to the chairman and ranking minority member as the committee may determine. Authorized salaries range from $5,000 to $8,000. 70. Is the Legislative Reference Service a creation of the Legisla­ tive Reorganization Act? Technically, the Reorganization Act established the Service on a permanent basis. Actually, however, the Legislative Reference Serv­ ice had been functioning since 1915 on year-to-year appropriations. The scope and purpose of the Service remain fundamentally the same; however, more emphasis is now laid on service to committees. Spe­ cialists in the various fields of interest to Congress are specifically provided for special work with the appropriate committees. 71. What disposition is made of records of Congress since the enactment of the Legislative Reorganization Act? All noncurrent records are collected at the close of each Congress by the Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House, acting jointly, OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 15 and transferred to the National Archives for preservation. Previ­ ously they were, in the case of the House, kept in the Library of Congress. 72. Does a Congressman’s pay depend on his performance of any fixed duties? There are n 0 specifically defined duties for a Member of Congress. He is required to be present when Congress is in session, unless he is excused to perform official business elsewhere or because of illness. The House Sergeant at Arms is empowered to deduct from the Mem­ ber’s pay the pro rata amount for every day of absence from sessions if the Member is not officially excused or is not ill. 73. What are the duties expected of a Member of Congress? They are many and manifold. He should study legislation and attend the meetings of his House. He should listen to a good deal of the debates, but not all of them by any means. Many Members are kept in committee meetings many hours of many days of every session. The average Member develops a large office business. The Members get a vast amount of mail. This requires much study, dictation of replies, and often visits to different executive depart­ ments downtown. The departments are far away and often far apart. Many ex-servicemen bring their problems to their Congress­ man, and he is always glad to help them out when and wherever he can, although he has not the power always to do as much as he would like. A Member may get a thousand letters, or perhaps several thousand, in a session from citizens advocating or opposing proposed legislation. Usually a Congressman answers every letter, though he cannot tell everybody what he thinks about every bill- that has been introduced. He must await development through committee hearings and give thought to those measures that are being brought forward by favor­ able committee action. 74. Can Members of Congress be impeached? Probably not. The only instance where impeachment proceedings have been instituted against a Member was the case of Senator Blount in 1798; the Senator resigned before the case came to trial in the Senate, so although the decision was that the Senate had no juris­ diction there has been some difference of opinion whether it is a clear- cut precedent. At any rate, n 0 impeachment proceedings have been instituted against a Member for over 150 years. Each House may, with the concurrence o f two-thirds, expel a Member; and of course any Member is subject to prosecution in the courts for treason, felony, or breach of the peace, the same as private citizens. 75. Is a woman Member of Congress referred to as a “Congress­ man” or a “Congresswoman”? She is referred to as “the Congresswoman from .” 76. Who was the first woman elected to Congress? The first woman to become a Member of Congress was Miss Jeanette Rankin, of Montana. She was elected in 1916. She was a Republi­ can and served one term. Miss Rankin was again elected in 1940 to the 77th Congress. Miss Alice M. Robertson, of Muskogee, Okla., was the second woman to serve in Congress. She also was a Republican and served one term—1921-23. 16 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

77. Who was the first woman to serve in the Senate? Mrs. Rebecca Felton was appointed by the Governor of Georgia to serve in place of Senator Thomas E. Watson, deceased. Senator George elected November 7, 1922, to fill out the term, refrained from presenting his credentials until November 22, allowing Mrs. Felton to participate in the sessions of the Senate on November 21 and 22. The first woman elected to the Senate was Mrs. Hattie Caraway, of Arkansas, elected January 12,1932. 78. How many women are Members of the 84th Congress? In the Senate 1—a Republican; in the House 16—7 Republicans and 9 Democrats. 79. What is the longest term of service of a woman Member to date? Mrs. Edith N. Rogers of Massachusetts has served continuously since June 30, 1925, when she was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Jacob Rogers. 80. Are the Members provided with offices in which to conduct their business? The 435 Members of the House have offices in 2 buildings about 150 yards south of the Capitol. When the weather is bad or when traffic is too heavy on the streets, they can reach the Capitol Building through a subway. The 96 Senators are provided offices in a building about 150 yards northeast of the Senate wing of the Capitol. The Senators are pro­ vided with a one-rail electric train in a subway for quick transporta­ tion from their building to the Senate floor. An annex to the Senate Office Building is under construction at the present time, and funds have been authorized and appropriated for the planning of an additional annex to the House Office Building. 81. Are eating places provided in the Capitol for Members and their guests? Yes; in both the Senate and House wings of the Capitol meals are served at prevailing prices. Meals are not served free to anyone. Since Congress usually meets at noon, the Members obtain their noon­ day meal when it is convenient for them to do so during a lull in the proceedings or while something is being considered which does not require their attendance. If a vote is called for during their absence, the bells are sounded and they can return to the floor in plenty of time to vote. In addition, there are restaurants in the Senate and House Office Buildings open to Members and congressional employees. 82. How should one address a Member of Congress if he desires to communicate with him? Example as follows: Hon. John Jones, M. C., House (or Senate) Office Building, Washington 25, D. C. I f Congress is not in session, the communication should be addressed to his hometown. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 17

83. Should one communicating with a Member of Congress send postage for reply? Any correspondence with a Member in his strictly official capacity may be answered without payment of postage. The matter is covered by law: Members, Members-elect, Delegates, and Delegates-elect may send free through the mails, under their franks, within certain limitations, any mail matter to any Government official or to any person, correspondence upon official or depart­ mental business. Retiring Members are permitted the franking privilege until June 30, after expiration of term to close up all official business on hand. 84. Are visitors and representatives of the press allowed to listen in on the proceedings of Congress? Yes; in both Houses places are provided for them in the galleries. A special place is set aside for accredited members of the press and is referred to as the “press gallery.” Visitors are subject to control by the presiding officers of the two Houses, and the galleries may be cleared in case of disorder. In the Senate Chamber the galleries are cleared when the Senate goes into executive session. Visitors must secure numbered passes from their Congressmen. Each Member records the name and address of the recipient of a pass. 85. What are the duties of a page in the Senate, and do they differ from the duties of House pages? Senate pages (of whom there are 32) are on duty starting at 9: 30 a. m. and until recess or adjournment. Before the start of a session, they act as messengers between the Capitol and the Senate Office Building. After lunch, two pages care for hats and coats at the doors on each side of the Chamber, and several are assigned to answer­ ing telephones in the cloakrooms. The rest take their places at the rostrum ready to bring anything needed by a Senator—usually copies of bills or reports, but including miscellaneous items such as water and other things needed for comfort or convenience. In addition, each page keeps a certain number of desks stocked with an up-to-date fde of Congressional Records and pending bills: The approximately 50 House pages report for duty at (on the average) 9 a. m. They likewise act as messengers between Capitol and House Office Build­ ings. During a session they stand in the rear corners of the Chamber ready for duty. Several are assigned to answer cloakroom phones, and others act as “ amendment pages,” carrying copies of bills and amendments to Members. A special school for pages of both the Senate and House is set up under the supervision and direction of the District of Columbia public school system. Expenses of this school are met by a special appropria­ tion made by Congress. 86. Do Senators have individual seats assigned them? Yes. The individual seats are numbered and assigned on request of Senators in order of their seniority. Democrats occupy the west side of the Chamber—on the Vice President’s right; Republicans sit across the main aisle to his left. 18 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

87. Do the Members of the House have individual seats? No. They did until the 63d Congress, but now any Member may sit where he chooses. Democrats occupy the east side of the Chamber, on the Speaker’s right, Republicans sit across the main aisle on the Speaker’s left. 88. How can a Member of the House or Senate be reached over the telephone when the Houses are in session ? The Capitol Exchange—National 8-3120—should be requested to call the Republican cloakroom, if the Member wanted is a Republican; or the Democratic cloakroom, if he is a Democrat. A number of young men are on duty in each body to answer the telephone and promptly notify the Member called for. 89. Does the term “senior Senator” apply to age or service? The word “senior” or “junior” as applied to Senators refers to their service, and not to their ages. A “ senior Senator” may be much younger in years than the “junior Senator.” A Senator must have served continuously to be entitled to the senior rank, which also carries a little more prestige with the Senate body and the Adminis­ tration. 90. What is the mace, and what is its significance? The mace is the only visible symbol of Government authority in the United States. It is an institution borrowed from the British Parliament, where it had become a traditional symbol of parliamen­ tary authority. Its origin goes back to the “ fasces” of Republican Rome—the bundle of rods and an ax which was carried by the lictors who attended each Roman magistrate as he held court and adminis­ tered justice. From this very practical instrument (the rods for administering whippings and the ax for beheading) the “ fasces” de­ veloped and evolved into a symbol, known as the mace. This symbol was adopted by the House of Representatives by reso­ lution of April 14,1789—there is no mace in the Senate. The present mace dates from 1842; it is a reproduction of the original which was burned in the Capitol in 1814. It consists of a bundle of ebony rods bound with silver and terminating in a silver globe, surmounted by a silver eagle with wings outspread. The Sergeant at Arms is custodian and charged with its use when necessary to preserve order. 91. How does the House officially signify that it is in session? During sessions, the flag is raised over the House wing of the Capi­ tol. Inside the Capitol, a light is at the entrance used by Members to take their places in the Chamber. The mace is on its pedestal. A t night, if either House is in session, a light is burning in the dome. 92. Why does the flag remain over the Senate practically all the time during a session of Congress even when the Senate is not actually in session? The Senate remains on the same legislative day much of the time, and recesses from day to day instead of adjourning. The flag is removed only when the Senate has actually adjourned—not recessed. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 19

CONGRESS—ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE 93. What control does a political party have over its individual Members in Congress? The principal parties are the Democrats and Republicans, and these exercise control by means of caucuses and conferences. Democrats hold a party caucus and may bind the Members to vote a certain way on a bill, if two-thirds vote in favor of being bound. However, a Member may excuse himself if he has a good and sufficient reason, such as having committed himself to a contrary position when seeking election or on constitutional questions. The Republicans hold a party conference instead of a caucus, and their Members cannot be bound except pertaining to matters of party organization. 94. Who presides in the Senate? The Vice President of the United States. He is referred to in the Senate as “ Mr. President,” because his title in that body is President of the Senate. The Senate also elects a President pro tempore, who holds that office during the pleasure of the Senate and presides during absences of the President until the Senate otherwise orders. 95. Who presides in the House? The Speaker of the House. He is nominated at a party caucus and is elected by rollcall vote of the House. The Speaker may appoint a Speaker pro tempore, but not for more than 3 days at a time without the consent of the House. 96. Who presides over the House when Congress first meets and before a Speaker is selected? The House rules provide that the Clerk of the preceding Congress shall, at the commencement of the first session of each Congress, call the Members to order, proceed to call the roll of Members by States in alphabetical order, and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore, preserve order and decorum, and decide all questions of order subject to appeal by any Member. Although the rules are not in force at time of organization of a new House (since one House cannot bind a future House, the rules are adopted for each Congress and usually not until after the election of a Speaker), the procedure at organization conforms to the practice of the preceding Congress. 97. What are the duties of the Speaker of the House? He presides over the House, appoints the Chairmen to preside over the Committees of the Whole, appoints all special or select committees, appoints conference committees, has the power of recognition of Mem­ bers, makes many important rulings and decisions in the House. The Speaker may vote, but usually does not, except in case of tie. Unless the President represents the minority party, the Speaker and the majority leader determine administration policies in the House, often confer with the President, and are regarded as spokesmen for the administration. 20 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

98. Could a person other than an elected Representative in Con­ gress serve as Speaker of the House? Yes. There is no constitutional objection to such an arrangement. The House is empowered to choose their Speaker and other officers, without restriction. But in fact, the Speaker has always been a Member of the House. 99. What are the officers of the House, and how are they chosen? The Constitution (art. I, sec. 2) says that the House “shall choose their Speaker and other officers”—that is, the membership vote as on any other question, except that in this case it is strictly a party vote. Republicans and Democrats both meet before the House organizes for a new Congress, and choose a slate of officers. These are presented at the initial session of the House, and the majority-party slate is elected. The vote is viva voce. The officers include Speaker, Chaplain, Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Doorkeeper, and Postmaster. Each of these elective officers appoints any employees provided by law for his department. 100. What is a party leader? There is a majority leader and a minority leader. In talks on the floor Members do not usually refer to Democrats and Republicans. It is more dignified, it seems, to refer to the majority and the minority. The majority leader at this time is a Democrat and the minority leader is a Republican. The majority leader has the more influence, of course, since he has the majority of the membership back of him. The leader is all the title implies. He leads in party debate. In cooperation with the Speaker, he brings forward party programs and policies. His advocacy of, or opposition to, proposed legislation indicates the party preference. The majority leader has much control over what legislative programs come up and when. 101. Is the majority leader, in either branch of Congress, elected by the House or Senate? The majority leaders in both House and Senate are not officers of that body, but of the party numerically in the majority at the time. So while each House, under the Constitution, chooses its officers, majority leaders are not selected by the House or Senate as such but by a party caucus. 102. What are the duties of the whips of the House? The whips (of the majority and minority parties) keep track of all important political legislation and endeavor to have all members of their parties present when important measures are to be voted upon. When the vote is likely to be close they check up, find out who is out of the city, and advise absentees by wire of the important measures coming up. The office of whip is unofficial and carries no salary or perquisites except that each whip is allowed a messenger for his office. 103. What are the powers and duties of the Sergeants at Arms of the Senate and House of Representatives? The office of Sergeant at Arms is derived from a similar office in both Houses of the British Parliament. The Sergeant at Arms is, above all, the chief disciplinary officer of the House to which he is attached, empowered to enforce order upon the floor. In the House OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 21

lie has a special symbol of office, the mace; also, he is the disbursing officer. Both officers share certain joint responsibilities such as polic­ ing the Capitol and Grounds; acting as executive and purchasing officers for their respective bodies, and in general seeing to it that the respective rules and wishes of the two Houses are faithfully carried out. Finally, in each House its Sergeant at Arms, by the direction of the presiding officer, may compel the attendance of absent Members. 104. What are the duties of the Parliamentarian? Both the House and the Senate appoint a Parliamentarian to assist in rendering correct parliamentary decisions and to keep the prac­ tices and precedents uniform. He must be so well versed with the rules and practices of his House that he can give the Chair a decision on a moment’s notice. 105. What are the customary proceedings when the House meets? The Speaker calls the Members to order and the Sergeant at Arms places the mace on the pedestal at the right of the Speaker’s plat­ form. It is the symbol of authority of the House. Then the Chaplain offers prayer. Next the Clerk reads the Journal of the preceding day’s activities. Members of the committees make reports of bills and business on the Speaker’s table is completed. Then the House is ready to consider the bill left unfinished the day before or take up a new bill on the calendar, if there be no unfinished business. I f the mace is on the pedestal, the Speaker or Speaker pro tern is presiding and the House is in session. When the Committee of the Whole is in session, the mace is off the pedestal and a Chairman of the Committee of the Whole is presiding. 106. How are the rules of procedure determined? The Constitution provides each House may determine the rules of its proceedings. The parliamentary practice of the House of Representatives emanates from four sources: First, the Constitution of the United States; second, Jefferson’s Manual; third, the rules adopted by the House itself from the beginning of its existence; and fourth, the decisions of the Speakers of the House and decisions of the Chairmen of the Committee of the Whole. Hinds’ and Cannon’s Precedents are used. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 changed the rules of the two Houses in certain important respects, subject to the constitutional right of either House to change them again at any time. The new rules were enacted “ as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively.” 107. What is a “gentleman’s agreement” in Congress? At many points procedure in the two Houses is governed not by printed rules but by oral agreements between individual Member’s or the membership as a whole. Thus, when a Member who wishes to object to a particular bill knows he cannot be present when the measure comes up, he may get another Member to object on his behalf. Or the party leaders may agree not to take up controversial measures or business of any consequence before a certain date. An­ nouncement o f such agreement is made on the floor, and this agreement is normally binding on all Members. 60G55 0 —513 4 22 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

108. What is the steering committee of the House of Repre­ sentatives? The steering committee is composed of a varying number of the leading majority Members, chosen by the majority caucus to exercise supervision over the handling of business by the House. Sometimes the committee is made up specially; sometimes it consists simply of the majority members of one of the great standing committees. The committee’s main function is to select from the large number of bills on the House calendars those which the majority managers wish to advance to final consideration. 109. How can any citizen get his views considered by Congress? The Constitution of the United States provides that “ Congress shall make no law respecting * * * the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of griev­ ances.” A special place is set aside in the Congressional Record each day for petitions which may be filed by a Member and referred to the appropriate committee for consideration. The notation in the Con­ gressional Record recites the name of the Member offering the peti­ tion, the name of the petitioner, and a brief summary of what the petition contains. 110. What is the difference between a bill and an act? “Bill” is the technical designation of a measure introduced in either House, and until it has been passed by that House. A t that point it is reprinted as an act, i. e., an act of one branch of the Legislature. The term “ act” is, however, popularly used in referring to a measure which has been finally passed by both Houses and becomes law, whether by approval of the President or otherwise. 111. What are the stages of a bill in the House? Following in brief are the usual steps in procedure—further details on many of the questions raised will be found in subsequent para­ graphs : (a) Introduction by a Member, by placing the measure in the “hopper,” a box on the Clerk’s desk; it is numbered and sent to the Government Printing Office and made avail­ able next morning at the document room. ( b) Reference to a standing or select committee—public bills and bills coming from the Senate, by the Parliamentarian under direction of the Speaker, private bills on endorsement of the Member. (c) Report from committee—usually after hearing, either before the full committee or a subcommittee. (d) Placing on the calendar—according to its classification as a revenue bill, private bill, etc. Occasionally a privileged bill is considered when reported. (e) Consideration in Committee of the Whole, if on the Union Calendar—including general debate and reading for amend­ ment, with speeches limited to 5 minutes. (/) Second reading and consideration in the House—in the case of bills considered in Committee of the Whole, the second reading is had in committee. In either case, the bill is open to amendment after the second reading. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 23

(g) Engrossment and third reading—the question is put by the Speaker as a matter of course and decided at one vote. Any Member may demand reading in full. A negative vote at this stage defeats the bill as completely as a vote on passage. (h) Passage—the question of the passage being put by the Speaker as. a matter of course without motion from the floor. (i) Transmission to the Senate, by message. (j) Consideration by the Senate—usually after reference to and report from committees, reading, debate, and opportunity for amendment. (k) Return from Senate with or without amendment—if the Senate rejects the House bill it so notifies the House. (7) Consideration of Senate amendments by the House—either agreeing, agreeing with amendment, or disagreeing with each amendment separately. (m) Settlement of differences by conference. (n) Enrollment on parchment paper. (o) Examination by the Committee on Enrolled Bills—the chair­ man of the House and Senate committees each certifying the correctness of the enrollment of bills of their respective bodies. (p) Signing—by the Speaker first, in all cases, then by the Presi­ dent of the Senate. (q) Transmittal to the President of the United States. (r) Approval or disapproval by the President—usually after referring it to the Department affected for recommenda­ tion. (,s) Action on a bill vetoed—the House or Senate may consider the veto message at once, postpone consideration of the message to a day certain, or refer the same to a committee. I f it fails to pass the House to which returned, by a two- thirds vote, no further action is taken. (t) Filing with the Secretary of State on approval or passage over veto. 112. What is an enrolled bill? When a bill has passed both House and Senate, the second House to take action notifies the first that the measure has passed; the second House then causes the bill to be “ enrolled” on parchment. When printed in this form there are no breaks or paragraphs in the flow of the language of the bill. The purpose of inscribing the bill solidly is to ensure insufficient space between paragraphs for forgery. 113. What is an engrossed bill? A bill is engrossed when it is read in its entirety in Congress for the second time. According to rule X X I, House of Representatives— Bills and joint resolutions on their passage shall be read the first time by title and the second time in full, when, if the previous question is ordered, the Speaker shall state the question to be: “ Shall the bill be engrossed and read a third time?” , aiid, if decided in the affirmative, it shall he engrossed and read a third time by title, unless the reading in full Is demanded by a member. A bill is not engrossed until after it is read the second time. When the bill is engrossed the title is to be endorsed on the back of the bill, not within the measure. 24 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

114. What is the difference between a resolution, a concurrent resolution, and a joint resolution? A joint resolution is the work of both Houses, which requires the approval of the President except in cases where amendment to the Constitution is sought, and has the force of law just as other legisla­ tion. A concurrent resolution requires the approval of both Houses, but not of the President unless it contains matters of legislation. It is used, for example, to correct errors in enrolled bills. It is not public law, but deals with matters over which the two Houses have con­ current jurisdiction. A simple resolution is simply the action of a single Chamber upon a matter within its own jurisdiction. For ex­ ample, such matters as expenditure of contingent funds, setting up special committees, expressing the sentiment of the House, are effected by simple resolutions of the one House. 115. What is the largest number of bills ever introduced in a single Congress? In the 61st Congress (1909-11) there was a total of 44,363 measures introduced in both Houses. In the 82d Congress (1951-52) there were 8,568 measures introduced in the House and 3,494 in the Senate, making a total of 12,062 measures in both Houses. 116. How does the total of measures introduced in Congress com­ pare with the number enacted? Taking the first 75 Congresses (150 years) there was a total of 726,933 bills and joint resolutions introduced in both Houses— 704,258 bills and 22,375 joint resolutions. Of this total only 60,142 were enacted, or slightly under 81/2 percent; 56,031 of this number were classified as “ acts” and 4,111 as “joint resolutions.” 117. What is meant by a public bill (or law) ? A bill dealing with classes is a public bill as distinguished from a private bill for the benefit of individuals. It is not always obvious whether a bill is public or private; for example a bill for the benefit of individuals, but which included provisions of general legislation, was classed as a public bill. The question comes up chiefly in determining whether a bill should be referred to the Union or the Private Calen­ dar—and whether the resulting law is to be printed with the Public Laws or Private Laws in the Statutes at Large. 118. How does a Senator introduce a bill? When a Senator rises to introduce a bill, he says, “Mr. President,” and waits for the Vice President to recognize him. The Vice Presi­ dent recognizes a Senator by looking at him and saying: “ The Sen­ ator from * * naming the State from which the Senator comes. Then the Senator states that he desires to introduce a bill. * * * A Senator often introduces several bills at the same time by saying that he desires to introduce sundry bills and have them referred to the proper committee. A Senator may introduce a bill at any time by securing unanimous consent for that purpose. 119. How does a Member of the Senate obtain recognition from the President of the Senate and how long may he speak? When a Senator desires to speak, he shall rise and address the Pre­ siding Officer and shall not proceed until he is recognized, and the OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 25

Presiding Officer shall recognize the Senator who shall first address him. The only limitation on debate in the Senate, except such as may be imposed by unanimous consent, is that provided by the cloture rule. (See Question and Answer No. 153.) 120. How does a Member of the House of Representatives obtain recognition from the Speaker to address the House, and how long may he speak? When any Member means to speak, he is to stand up in his place, uncovered, and to address himself, not to the House, or any particular Member, but to the Speaker * * *. General debate in the House is usually limited by special rule, the time being equally divided between the majority and the minority, and allotted to individual Members by the Members designated in the rule. In no case may a Member speak longer than 1 hour except by unanimous consent of the House. When bills are being considered in the Committee of the Whole for amendments, each Member is limited to 5 minutes except by unanimous consent. 121. What is a quorum of the House? In the House of Representatives a quorum is a majority of the membership. When there are no vacancies in the membership a quorum is 218. There are usually a few vacancies—Members who have died or have resigned and their places yet unfilled. So an actual quorum is usually a little under that figure. Much business is trans­ acted without a quorum. But no business of any character, except to adjourn, can be transacted without a quorum present if any Member objects. All any Member has to do to get a full House is to arise, address the Speaker, and make the point of order that “no quorum is present.” The Speaker says, “ The Chair will count.” I f he cannot count a quorum present, the doors are closed, the bells are rung in the corridors and House Office Buildings (three rings indicate a call of the House), and the roll is called. This usually produces a quorum and business proceeds. A majority of the membership also constitutes a quorum to do business in the Senate. However, for some purposes a different num­ ber is fixed as a quorum. Thus, when either House is called on to elect the President or Vice President a quorum means in the House, one or more Members from two-thirds of the States, and in the Senate, two-thirds of the whole number of Senators. 122. What is meant by senatorial courtesy? “ Courtesy of the Senate” is a time-honored custom commonly ob­ served by the United States Senate when considering Presidential nominations to Federal offices. If, for example, the persons nominated to be collector of customs at San Francisco is objected to by one or both of the California Senators, the Senate will generally, although not invariably, refuse to confirm the appointment as a matter of course, provided the objecting Senator belongs to the same political party or party faction as the President. I f both Senators are party colleagues and one favors while the other opposes confirmation, the preference of the senior Senator is likely to prevail. One specialized form of senatorial courtesy is seen in the almost un­ broken tradition that the nomination of a Senator or of a former 26 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Member of the Senate will be confirmed at once, without even being referred to a committee. 123. Why are congressional standing committees necessary? Standing committees were established as early as 1803; before that, bills were discussed in Committee of the Whole, and then referred to a select committee for drafting. The development of standing com­ mittees of small membership (the largest, House Appropriations, has 50 members) was a practical necessity to insure a preliminary check on the flood of bills introduced. Committee procedure, with its witnesses and cross-examination, offers a much more satisfactory method of reaching the real merits of a measure and presenting it in workable form than the necessarily limited consideration on the floor by a (possible) membership of 435. 124. What are the standing committees of the Senate? Beginning with the 80th Congress the standing committees are as follows (the numbers in parentheses indicate number of committee members) : Agriculture and Forestry (16); Appropriations (23); Armed Services (15); Banking and Currency (15); District of Columbia (9 ); Finance (15); Foreign Relations (15); Government Operations (13); Interior and Insular Affairs (15); Interstate and Foreign Commerce (15); Judiciary (15); Labor and Public Welfare (13); Post Office and Civil Service (11); Public Works (11); Rules and Administration (9). This is a reduction from 33 to 15, effected by the Legislative Reorganization Act. 125. What constitutes a quorum of a standing committee of the Senate? Each Senate committee is authorized to establish a quorum—not less in any case than one-third the membership of the committee. 126. What are the standing committees of the House? Beginning with the 80th Congress there are 19 standing committees as follows (figures in parentheses indicate number of members) : A g­ riculture (33); Appropriations (50); Armed Services (39); Banking and Currency (29); District of Columbia (25); Education and Labor (27) ; Foreign Affairs (29); Government Operations (30); House Administration (23); Interior and Insular Affairs (30); Interstate and Foreign Commerce (31); Judiciary (30); Merchant Marine and Fisheries (29); Post Office and Civil Service (25); Public Works (29); Rules (12); Un-American Activities (9 ); Veterans’ Affairs (26); Ways and Means (25). These 19 take the place of 48 provided by the rules of the 79th Congress. 127. How are the members of the standing committees selected? The Republicans in the House have a “committee on committees” to recommend Republican Members, while the Democrats nominate their members at a party caucus. The proportion of Republicans to Democrats is fixed by the party in the majority for the time being. The House then, by strict party vote, adopts the slate presented by the two parties. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 27

128. What is meant by the “seniority rule”? It is a rule whereby a Member who has served longest on the ma­ jority side of a committee becomes chairman and otherwise acquires additional influence. Members are ranked from the chairmanship according to length of service. It takes time for one to become familiar with the rules of the House and to receive sufficient recognition to enable him to be an effective Member of Congress. Champ Clark, of Missouri, who served in the House from Missouri for 26 years and was elected Speaker four times, once said: , A man has to learn to be a Congressman just as lie has to learn to be a black­ smith, a carpenter, a farmer, an engineer, a lawyer, or a doctor. A new Congress­ man must begin at the foot of the class and spell up. Of course, the more brains, tact, energy, courage, and industry he has, the quicker he will get up. The seniority rule allows Members who have long service to hold posi­ tions of leadership and power in the House. A knowledge of the rules in Congress is valuable to a Member; shrewd parliamentarians are often able to expedite or block the passage of legislation. Many rules and customs, including the seniority rule, seem unreasonable to many people, but they have grown up through the method of “trial and error” over a period of 150 years, and there is no likelihood of sub­ stantial changes being made during our lifetime. 129. What arrangements are made for a meeting of a standing committee of the House? Each committee has a large committee room, its size and accommoda­ tions depending upon the importance of the committee. Each of the major committees of the House has a large meeting room equal in size to the average United States district courtroom. The members of the committee have individual seats in a semicircle behind individual desks. A witness appearing before this committee in support of or in opposition to a bill is usually given time to make his own statement and then the committee members are privileged to cross-examine him. The usual time of meeting is 10 o’clock in the morning and sometimes in the afternoon and night when the House is not in session. 130. How many committees may a Member serve on? A Senator may ordinarily serve on only 2 committees, and a Repre­ sentative on only 1. This is subject to an exception in case of Members of the Committee on the District of Columbia and 2 or 3 others. The rule does not apply to special, select, or joint committees. 131. Under what circumstances do House committees themselves originate bills? Members sometimes present petitions, and reference of such petition to the committee having jurisdiction of the subject matter gives it authority to draw a bill. The same is true when communications addressed to the House from the President, executive departments, or other sources are referred to appropriate committees. General supply bills, revenue measures, and other similar proposals originate in the committees. The procedure of having a committee draw bills was in fact the regular order under the early rules. A Member desiring to introduce a bill had first to obtain leave of the House, whereupon a committee (including the mover and seconder) was appointed to prepare the 28 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT bill in question. The present practice of free introduction developed after 1850. 132. Do the committees hold hearings on all bills referred to them? It is the view of many chairmen of committees that any Member who insists on a hearing on any bill should have it. But it must be remembered that many times there may be several bills almost identi­ cal in text—certainly similar in substance—and in such cases hearings are frequently held on a group of related measures, or a hearing held on one of identical bills serves for all. It is not always possible for a Member to secure a hearing on his bill before a committee. 133. Does the committee to which a -bill is referred effectively control its disposition? Ordinarily the action of a committee in failing to report a measure spells its defeat. However, the House rules provide machinery by which a public bill may be taken out of committee, if held by them longer than 30 days. A petition, signed by a majority of the member­ ship (218 Members), to discharge a committee from further consider­ ation of the bill, will be placed on a special calendar and may be called up by any of the signers on the second or fourth Monday of any month. Only 20 minutes’ debate is allowed on the motion; if it prevails, then the House further votes to consider the bill; it is then considered under the general rules. This special procedure is resorted to very infrequently, and usually on measures of a controversial character. This is the House machinery for forcing consideration of measures which may be “ buried” in committee. 134. Are committee records and files open to public inspection? They are the property of Congress, and are accessible to any Member of either House. 135. What is a select committee? A select committee is one established by the House or Senate for a limited period and generally for a strictly temporary purpose. When that function has been carried out the select committee automatically expires. A standing committee, on the other hand, is a regular, per­ manent unit in Congress. 136. How are joint committees established? By a number of methods: by statute, joint or concurrent resolution, or by simple and separate resolutions. 137. How were the present joint committees established? All were established by statute, the oldest being the statutes creating the Joint Committee on the Library, dating from 1800. The latest is the Joint Committee on Immigration and Nationality Policy. 138. What is a conference committee? From very earliest days, differences of opinion between the two Houses have been committed to conference committees, to work out a settlement. The most usual case is that when a bill passes one House with amendments unacceptable to the other. In such case, the House which disagrees to the amendment generally asks a conference, and the Speaker (and Vice President for the Senate) appoint the “managers” OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 29 as the committee members are called. Usually, 3, 5, 7, or 9 managers are appointed from each House, representing both majority and mi­ nority opinion on the question at issue. Generally, they are selected from the committee which had charge of the bill. The committee attempts to smooth out the points in disagreement, and if it reaches complete agreement, an identical report is made to each House, which must be accepted or rejected as a whole. If accepted by both Houses, the bill is then signed and sent to the President; if rejected, the other House is notified of the action and the bill usually is sent back to conference. The conference committee, however, may not reach complete ac­ cord, in which case it so reports and the bill is usually recommitted with instructions on the points still in controversy. Unless all differ­ ences are finally adjusted the bill fails. 139. What is the first reading of a bill? Formerly a bill was first read by title at the time of introduction. Since 1890, the first reading is accomplished by the mere printing of the title in the Congressional Eecord and the Journal. 140. What is meant by the different calendars of the House? A legislative calendar is a docket or list of measures reported from committees and ready for consideration by the House. There are three calendars to which business reported from committees is initially referred: 1. A calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, to which are referred all public bills raising revenue or involving a charge against the Government—the so-called Union Calendar. 2. A House Calendar, for all public bills not raising revenue nor appropriating money or property. 3. A calendar of the Committee of the Whole House, for all private bills—the so-called Private Calendar. There is also a special calendar, known as the Consent Calendar, to which measures may be referred, on request of a Member, from either the Union or the House Calendar. Bills on this calendar are called in the order in which they appear. Consideration is blocked by a single objection, and in case of objection by three or more Members on two successive calls the bill is stricken from the calendar for that session of Congress. 141. What is the Committee of the Whole? Motions or propositions involving taxes or appropriations, authoriz­ ing payments out of appropriations or releasing liability to the United States or referring claims to the Court of Claims, are considered first in the House sitting as a Committee of the Whole. (There are tech­ nically two such committees, in effect standing committees—one, the Committee of the Whole House, to consider business on the Private Calendar, and the other, the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, to consider business on the Union Calendar.) Upon resolving into Committee of the Whole, the Speaker gives way to a chairman, and the mace is moved to a lower pedestal. Speeches are limited to 5 minutes. The “ previous question” cannot be put in the Committee; and the Committee does not adjourn, but rises and reports to the House, whether their business is unfinished or finished.

0 0 0 5 5 °— 5 5 — ,— 5 30 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

A quorum is 100 Members. Record votes are not permitted. The Committee of the Whole uses the House of Representatives as a com­ mittee room. The Senate in 1930 discontinued the device of a Committee of the Whole except in considering treaties. 142. Are committee hearings open to the public? All hearings of committees, or subcommittees of either House, are open except executive sessions for marking up a bill or for voting, or when by majority vote the committee orders an executive session in a particular case. 143. When does the House hold secret sessions? I f the President of the United States transmits a confidential mes­ sage the House may be cleared of all persons except Members and designated officers. Similarly, the House may meet in secret session when the Speaker or other Members announce they have communica­ tions of a secret nature. 144. How are votes taken in the House? In four different ways. Usually the Speaker puts the question in this form : “As many as are in favor [of the motion] say ‘Aye,’ ” and then, “ as many as are opposed say ‘No.’ ” In most instances the vote taken is decisive enough to satisfy. But if the Speaker is in doubt, or if it sounds close, any Member may ask for a division. In this case the Speaker asks those in favor to stand up and be counted; then those opposed to the proposition to stand up and be counted. The Speaker does the counting and announces the result. But if he is still in doubt, or if a demand is made by one-fifth of a quorum—that is, 20 in the Committee of the Whole or 44 in the House—tellers are ordered. The Speaker appoints one Member on each side of the question to make the count. The two tellers take their place at the head of the center aisle. All Members favoring the proposition walk through between the tellers and are counted. Then those opposed walk through and are counted. This vote settles most questions. But a rollcall may be demanded by any Member on any question in the House, and if supported by one-fifth of those present it is ordered. This privilege is guaranteed by the Constitution. The Clerk reads the names of the whole membership, and as his or her name is called the Member answers “Aye” or “No.” The names of those not voting the first time are read a second time, so that all Members in corridors, cloakrooms, committee rooms, or offices, who have been notified of a rollcall by signal bells, may come in and vote. Rollcalls are ordered sometimes to get a full vote on a measure, sometimes because of a lack of a quorum, sometimes because Members want to be on record on a measure, and sometimes to put the other side on record against the measure for possible political advantage. The rollcalls are published in the Congressional Record and are sometimes quoted to a Member’s advantage or disadvantage, as the case may be. Many bills of lesser importance and some of greater importance are passed without a rollcall. This can be done if a quorum is present when the vote is taken and one-fifth or more of those present do not demand a rollcall. This is often done to save time. An automatic rollcall may be had if a quorum does not vote on a question and no quorum is present. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 31

145. How may a record vote be obtained in the House? In the Senate? * * * the yeas and nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-flfth of those present, be entered on the Journal. In earlier practice of the House, it was held that less than a quorum might not order the yeas and nays, but the rule has been uniformly the other way for many years. It is only necessary that one-fifth of those present sustain the demand, 146. What is “pairing” ? Pairing is a practice whereby two Members of opposing parties who plan to be absent agree that, during a specified period, they will refrain from voting in person, but will permit their names to be recorded on opposite sides of each question. It appeared in the House of Repre­ sentatives as early as 1824. It was not officially recognized in the rules until 1880; at present, pairs are announced by the Clerk and published in the Record. Pairing is also practiced and permitted in the Senate although not recognized by the rules, 147. What is the difference between a “general pair” and a “live pair”? The general pair as described in question 146 is an arrangement to take care of a definite period of time, and covering all measures coming to a vote within the period fixed." On a particular question, a Member desiring to be absent may seek a “pair” from one who expects to be present and vote contrary to the way that the absent Member would vote if present. It is, in effect, a Member casting an absentee vote, and is called a “ live” pair. 148. What is the “previous question”? A motion for the previous question, if agreed to by a majority of Members voting, has the effect of cutting off all debate and bringing the House to a direct vote upon the immediate question or questions on which it has been asked and ordered. 149. What are the functions of the House Rules Committee? This committee considers only bills that some other committee has reported; most of its work is to decide whether or not to grant special consideration for bills which otherwise might be long delayed on the various calendars of the House. When the Rules Committee reports a special rule to the House it is usually adopted. When it is adopted, the bill to which it refers is considered under the provisions of that rule. The Rules Committee is the only committee that is authorized to sit while the House is in session, without special permission. 150. What business can be transacted by unanimous consent? Practically anything can be done in either House by unanimous consent—except where the Constitution or the rules specifically pro­ hibit the presiding officer from entertaining such a request; for example, admission to the floor of persons not included in the rule on the subject; the introduction of persons in the galleries, and so forth. A majority of the bills are passed by unanimous consent. Sometimes a leader will ask unanimous consent to bring up for immediate con­ sideration a certain bill. I f any Member objects it cannot be brought 32 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

up in that way. However, the Rules Committee can immediately present a special rule for the immediate consideration of the bill and when a majority of the Members of the House vote for the rule the bill is considered under the terms of that rule, which suspends all other rules. Members are permitted to address the House and extend their remarks in the Congressional Record by unanimous consent. I f a Member abuses any privilege that is granted to him by unanimous consent, such as putting too much extraneous matter in the Con­ gressional Record, any Member can stop it in the future by objecting to his requests. However, the Member whose request is objected to can retaliate by objecting to all unanimous-consent requests until his request is granted; or if a Democrat objects to a request made by a Republican, the Republican will sometimes object to all requests made by the Democrats only until his request is granted, and vice versa. 151. What is a “filibuster” ? " Filibuster” meant originally a buccaneer such as plundered the Spanish colonies in America, and later, adventurers who led private armed expeditions into countries with which the country from which they set out was at the time at peace. From this general idea, the term has come to be colloquially used to designate organized obstruc­ tionist tactics in legislative bodies. It is the practice of deliberately taking advantage of freedom of debate (in the Senate) with a view to delay or prevent action on a measure under discussion. 152. What filibustering tactics are possible in the House? Forcing rollcalls is about the only method of filibustering left under the rules of the House, and when the Rules Committee brings in a drastic rule prohibiting the offering of amendments or considering the bill for more than a certain number of hours, even that method of filibustering is impossible. 153. What method does the Senate have for meeting a filibuster? In 1917 the Senate adopted what is called a “ cloture rule” as a part of the Senate rules. As amended in 1949, it provides that the Senate may end debate by a two-thirds vote of the entire body. When 1G Senators file a petition asking to end debate, the Senate must vote on the petition at 1 p.m ., the second calendar day thereafter. If two-thirds vote for cloture, then no Senator may talk longer than 1 hour. So long as one-third of the Senate is opposed to cloture, it is impossible to end a filibuster if enough Senators are willing to talk in relays. 154. Does a one-man filibuster mean that a single Senator is speaking continuously? No. This is a point on which there is much confusion. A Senator who obtains the floor does not lose it when he yields temporarily to a colleague asking a question or calling for a quorum. In fact, a filibusterer can avail himself of a number of technical parliamentary moves which are time-consuming and effective without his losing the floor. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 33

155. What courses are open to the President when a bill is presented to him? (a) The President may promptly sign it, whereupon it becomes a law. (b) He may hold it without taking any action, in which case it becomes law at the expiration of 10 days (Sundays excepted), with­ out his signature if Congress is in session. (He may refuse to sign the bill because he disapproves of the measure and recognizes that a veto is either politically unwise or useless, or because he is undecided about the bill s constitutionality, as was President Cleveland on the income-tax law of 1894, and prefers not to commit himself.) ( c) He may veto the bill. In this case, if approved by a two-thirds vote in both Houses, it becomes law despite the President’s objection. d) ( He may pocket-veto the bill, if Congress has adjourned. 156. When the President approves a bill, does he indicate on the bill the exact time it is signed? Not usually, because for most purposes it is unnecessary to calculate the time of taking effect closer than the day. However, where time is of the essence, the exact moment is frequently indicated, as in a declaration of war, a tax act, a tariff act, etc. 157. What is a “veto”? The word “veto” is derived from the Latin and means “ I forbid.” The President is authorized by the Constitution to refuse his assent to any measure presented by Congress for his approval. In such case, he returns the measure to the House in which it originated, at the same time indicating his objections—the so-called veto message. The veto goes to the entire measure; the President is not authorized, as are the Governors of some States, to veto separate items in a bill. 158. What is a pocket veto? By the Constitution the President is allowed 10 days (exclusive of Sundays) from date of receiving a bill within which to give it his ap­ proval;'if, within the 10 days, Congress adjourns and so prevents the return of a bill to which the President objects, that bill does not become law. In many cases, where bills have been sent to him toward the close of a session, the President has taken advantage of this provision, and has held until after adjournment measures of which he disapproved but which for some reason he did not wish to return with his objections to Congress for their further action. This action is the so-called pocket veto. President Franklin D. R oosevelt introduced a refinement on the bare pocket veto, by writing on the copy of a bill which he did not approve “ Disapproved and signature withheld.” Ho felt that Con­ gress and the country were entitled to know at least that the failure to sign was deliberate. 159. What did the Pocket Veto case decide? This case (reported in 279 U. S. 655) decided that when Congress had adjourned at the close of a first regular session—not to reassemble, perhaps, for several months—it had effectively prevented the return of a bill which the President had vetoed, and that the bill in such case did not become law. 34 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

This case is to be distinguished from the later case of Wright v. U. 8. (302 U. S. 583), where the Court decided that in case of a tem­ porary recess by one House only, while Congress was still in session, the President could constitutionally return a vetoed bill to the proper officer of the House, which could then take what action it saw lit. 160. Is there any restriction on what a President may veto? May he veto a declaration of war or a constitutional amend­ ment? A President may veto any measure that is properly before him, regardless of its character. He may therefore veto private bills (in fact this constitutes the largest class of bills vetoed) as well as public bills; and a declaration of war the same as any other. He cannot, however, veto separate items of bills—it must be the whole or nothing. Since proposals to amend the Constitution do not require the approval of the President, they are not submitted to him. As a matter of fact, they must be passed by a two-thirds vote in each House in the first place—which is the same vote as would be required to pass a measure over a veto. 161. Are many bills vetoed? Not very many. During the 8 years Woodrow Wilson was Presi­ dent he vetoed 44 bills. President Harding vetoed 6; President Cool- idge, 50; and President Hoover, 37. President Cleveland vetoed more bills than any other President before President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the bills were mostly private pension bills. During President Cleveland’s two terms he vetoed 584 bills (238 of these were pocket vetoes). During President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s entire administration of 12 years 1 month and 8 days, he vetoed 631 bills (260 of them being pocket vetoes). President Truman vetoed 250 bills, 70 of which were pocket vetoes, from April 12, 1945, to Jan­ uary 20, 1953. During the course of the 83d Congress (1953-54), President Eisenhower vetoed 50 bills, 29 of which were pocket vetoes. 162. Are bills often passed over the President’s veto? Not very often. Bills passed over Presidential vetoes are usually of interest to a great many people over all the United States and consequently are brought prominently to the attention of many Mem­ bers. In the entire history of our country to date, only 71 bills have been enacted by overriding a veto. Of these, 15 were passed over the veto of President Johnson; 12 over the veto of President Truman; 9 over the veto of Franklin D. Roosevelt; 7 over the veto of Presi­ dent Cleveland; 6 over the veto of Woodrow Wilson; 5 over the veto of President Pierce; 4 over the vetoes of Presidents Grant and Coolidge, respectively; 3 over the veto of President Hoover; and 1 bill was passed over the vetoes of Presidents Tyler, Hayes, Arthur, Benjamin Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, and Taft, respectively. 163. What ceremony attends the signing of a bill by the President? The President ordinarily signs bills without any particular atten­ tion being given his action. Sometimes when he has a bill of special importance to sign, he arranges a ceremony for the occasion. Sometimes he uses two or three different pens to sign a bill, using one pen for the first part of his name and another pen for the latter OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 35 part. Then lie gives these pens to those who have been most interested in the legislation. In some instances organizations interested in the legislation have furnished the President with a gold pen and fancy penholder to be used in affixing his name. Afterward the organization frames the pen and keeps it as a souvenir. 164. What becomes of the bill after it is signed? The signed bill is’ sent to the National Archives. There (in the Federal Register Division) it is given a number as a public law and published forthwith as a “slip law”—i. e., in individual form. At the close of each session these are consolidated in a bound volume called United States Statutes at Large. 165. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress become “dead” and no longer open to consideration? A bill introduced at any time during a Congress is theoretically open to consideration until the close of that Congress, irrespective of sessions. Thus, a bill introduced in January 1955 would, barring other considerations, be subject to action by the House until the mo­ ment of adjournment sine die of the 84th Congress. 166. Why are most of the bills that become law in the name of a comparatively few Members of Congress? When the committee holds hearings on a bill, usually all of the bills introduced by the Members of the House on that subject are considered at the same time. In the House, a bill cannot bear the name of more than one Member as the author. Therefore, it often happens that the same or a similar bill is introduced by a large number of Members. When hearings have been completed and a bill has been agreed upon by the committee, a new bill is usually introduced, referred to as a “ clean bill,” in the name of the chairman of the committee, and no reference is made to the other Members who have introduced similar bills. When the bill has finally passed, it bears only the name of the chairman. Furthermore, all administration bills are introduced by administration leaders and these bills usually take precedence over all others. In the Senate, any number of Members may join in the intro­ duction of a bill. (For example, 94 Senators joined in introducing S. 20G7 in the 75th Congress—which became the National Cancer Institute Act of August 5, 1937.) It has happened that the Member of Congress responsible for the origin of a bill does not have his name connected with it in any way when it becomes a law. 167. What is meant by a “rider” on a congressional bill? A “ rider” is an extraneous provision incorporated in an appropria­ tion bill, with the idea of “ riding” through to enactment on the merits of the main measure. The practice is very old; in 1837 a “ rider” on the fortifications appropriation bill would have provided for the dis­ posal of the surplus funds in the Treasury. Under the rules any item of appropriation in a general appropriation bill that is not au­ thorized by existing law nor in furtherance of projects already in prog­ ress is subject to a point of order (this is often waived by a special rule in the House); and the same with any provision “ changing exist­ ing law,” unless it is germane to the subject and designed to retrench expenditures (the so-called Holman rule). Occasionally a “ rider” becomes law, without the point of order being raised. 36 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

An example of a legislative rider was contained in the appropriation rescission bill, which was vetoed by President Truman. The rider which was not germane to the bill and wholly unrelated to the subject matter of the bill, provided that the United States Employment Service would be returned to the States in lOOdays. President Truman, believing that this subject should receive sep­ arate consideration and was entitled to be passed upon by him sep­ arate and distinct from any other legislation, vetoed the entire bill to get rid of the rider. 168. Are all of the laws of the United States published in one book? If so, how may it be obtained? All of the permanent laws of the United States of general applica­ tion currently in force are supposed to be included in the Code of Laws of the United States of America. The current edition was published in 1952. The Code is kept current by cumulative yearly supplements. The Code and Supplements are published under super­ vision of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representa­ tives, printed at the Government Printing Office, and procurable from the Superintendent of Documents. 169. How many times has Congress declared war? Only 11 times has Congress passed acts which can be considered as declarations of war, as follows: 1. War of 1812, June 18,1812. 2. Mexican War, May 13,1846. 3. Spanish-American War, April 25, 1898. 4. War with Germany, April 6, 1917. 5. War with Austria, December 7, 1917. 6. War with Japan, December 8,1941. 7. War with Germany, December 11,1941. 8. War with Italy, December 11,1941. 9. War with Bulgaria, June 5,1942. 10. War with Hungary, June 5,1942. 11. War with Rumania, June 5,1942. The acts do not say outright, “War is hereby declared * * they usually declare the existence of war or of a state of war. In the case of the first war with Germany the resolution read that— the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Govern­ ment which has thus been thrust upon the United States, is hereby formally declared. War was never formally declared against Tripoli in 1802, the Con­ federate States in 1861, against the various Indian tribes with whom there was war from time to time as late as 1890, nor in the Korean conflict that commenced June 25, 1950. (See question 171.) 170. Did the surrender of Germany and of Japan mean the end of the war? The surrender of the hostile armed forces mean a practical end of hostilities. In a very real sense, the end of the shooting meant the end of the war. However, the President announced in his radio ad­ dress proclaiming V-J Day: It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war or of the cessation of hostilities. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 37 The reason for this was that much of the legislation providing for the varied activities required in prosecution of the war was limited to terminate at a fixed date “after cessation (or termination) of hostili­ ties” or “ after termination of the war,” etc., as evidenced by proclama­ tion of the President or resolution of Congress. That is, the formal ending of the war automatically terminated, or fixed the termination date of a vast amount of emergency legislation. The war with Ger­ many formally ended on October 19, 1951, with Japan on April 28, 1952. 171. What is the difference between the state of war declared by Congress and the “unlimited emergency” proclaimed by the President? On May 27,1941, President Roosevelt, considering that in the state of world affairs it was common prudence for the United States to get into position to “ cope instantly and decisively with any attempt at hostile encirclement of this hemisphere,” proclaimed an unlimited emergency, which required that all “military, naval, air and civilian defenses” be put in readiness. This proclamation brought automati­ cally into effect a great many provisions of law under which the Gov­ ernment could take needed action. The declarations of war were the formal action of Congress taken after specific acts of aggression by Axis Powers, and throwing the resources of the country into the active conduct of hostilities. 172. When did World War I officially end? Although the shooting stopped in World War I on November 11, 1918, the war did not officially end until July 2, 1921, when President Harding signed a joint resolution (passed by the House of Represent­ atives June 30, 1921, and by the Senate July 1, 1921) declaring peace with Germany and Austria. 173. What is the effect of a “national emergency” proclaimed by the President? There is a considerable body of so-called emergency legislation which takes effect by its terms upon the proclamation of an emergency by the President, and continues until the emergency is terminated by the Pi'esident or Congress. 174. Why must tax bills originate in the House? The constitutional provision (all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; art. I, sec. 7) is an adapta­ tion of the English practice. The principle involved, which had been established in England after long struggle, is that the national purse strings should be controlled by a body directly responsible to the people. So when the Constitution was formulated, as Members of the Senate were to be chosen by the several State legislatures, the initiation of revenue legislation was restricted to the House, where the Members were subject to direct election every 2 years. However, the Senate has had from the start full power to amend revenue legislation. 175. Must all appropriation bills originate in the House? There has been considerable argument and difference of opinion as to whether “bills for raising revenue” includes appropriations bills. 38 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

But it is uniform practice that the general appropriation as distin­ guished from special bills appropriating for single, specific purposes, originate in the House. 176. What is a deficiency bill? A deficiency bill is one carrying appropriations to supplement ap­ propriations which have proved insufficient. Appropriations are nor­ mally made on the basis of estimates for a year in advance, and it not infrequently happens that intervening legislation adds new functions, or unusual conditions may arise which exhaust the appropriation before July 1, when the new fiscal year begins. 177. What are Executive orders? Executive orders are issued by the President, and are in general of two kinds: (1) Those which prescribe general regulations for the practical operation of an act of Congress; (2) Those which direct some detail in the administration of the Government; e. g., the establishment of a wildlife refuge at a particular place, or the exemption of a designated person from some requirement of the civil-service laws. Since June 1938, the more important Executive orders (including all those of the first type) are published in the Federal Register. There are about 10,000 Executive orders bearing serial numbers, and about the same number not so designated. In the Hot Oil case, decided in 1935, the Supreme Court specifi­ cally held that two Executive orders (of July 11 and July 14, 1933) were invalid because not warranted by the Constitution. 178. How can a person know what Government regulations are binding on him? It is an old maxim that “ ignorance of the law excuses no one” ; that every man is presumed to know the law; but the practical absurdity of enforcing such a proposition to its logical conclusion is obvious. Partly as a result of the Hot Oil case mentioned in 177, where it was shown that the regulation which the defendant was accused of vio­ lating had actually been rescinded before the date of the alleged violation, Congress, provided for a Federal Register, and enacted that Executive orders and other documents having general applicability and legal effect should be published, and should not be valid against any person who did not have actual knowledge of them until the original is filed and available for inspection at the office of the said Federal Register. 179. Does a Presidential proclamation have the force or effect of law? It has been held by the Supreme Court that an amnesty proclamation (December 25,1868) had the force of law. In recent times Congress has in many instances enacted a law provisionally, empowering the President to determine and proclaim the existence of conditions upon which the act becomes effective. A proclamation thus issued by specific authority would certainly have the effect of law; in fact, Congress often has prescribed penalties for a violation of the terms of such a proclamation—which could only be on the assumption that a “ law” was involved. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 39

EXECUTIVE BRANCH 180. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? He must be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years old, and for at least 14 years a resident of the United States. 181. May a person born outside the limits of the United States become President? Although the point has not been tested, such a person probably might become President, if his parents were American citizens at the time of his birth and lie meets the other qualifications. The First Congress provided that the children of citizens of the United States born “beyond sea, or outside the limits' of the United States” should be considered as natural-born citizens of the United States. This law has since been removed from the books, but the principle may still govern. 182. What is the wording of the oath taken by the President? Who administers it? The form of oath f or the President is prescribed by the Consti­ tution as follows: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of Presi­ dent of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. Generally the Chief Justice administers the oath, but this is merely custom. Any officer authorized to administer oaths could do it. President Coolidge took the oath of office from his father, who was a justice of the peace in Vermont. 183. What is the origin of the salutation, “Mr. President,” to the Chief Executive? The argument about a title for the President goes back to the Constitutional Convention itself; the Committee on Detail recom­ mended “ His Excellency”, but the Committee on Style struck this out. A t the time of Washington’s first inauguration the proper way in which to address the new Chief Executive was thoroughly dis­ cussed by Congress. A joint committee reported against annexing “ any style or title to the respective styles or titles of office expressed in the Constitution.” This report, however, the Senate refused to accept, and a separate Senate committee was1 appointed which recom­ mended as a proper style of address “ His Highness, the President of the United States of America, and Protector of their Liberties.” Meanwhile, the House resumed debate on the subject, at the climax of which James Madison is said quietly to have pointed out that the Constitution itself explicitly prescribed the Chief Magistrate’s title as “ President of the United States of America.” Both Houses waited upon the new President to make formal reply to his inaugural address. The House chanced to be first and addressed him simply as “ The President of the United States.” When the Senate’s turn came it bowed reluctantly to the precedent set by the House, but not without adopting a resolution that it was still of the opinion “ that it would be proper to annex a respectable title to the office.” “Thus it came about” , Writes Henry Jones Ford, “ that the President of the United States is distinguished by having no title. A governor 40 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT may be addressed as ‘ Your Excellency,’ a judge as ‘Your Honor,’ but the chief magistrate of the Nation is simply ‘Mr. President’.” 184. How was the date determined for the beginning of the first President’s term of office? The Constitutional Convention, when the new Constitution had been finally approved and signed, ordered that when it had been rati­ fied by nine States, the Congress should fix a day for commencing proceedings under the new form of government. Accordingly, in 1788 Congress by resolution appointed March 4, 1789, as the day and President Washington’s term commenced as of that date although actually he was not inaugurated until April 30. 185. What is now the date for commencement of the President’s term? Under the 20th amendment, effective beginning with President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s second term in 1937, the term of office of the President commences at noon on January 20. 186. What President has served the shortest length of time? William Henry Harrison, who died in office, served only from March 4 to April 4,1841. 187. How many Presidents have served two complete terms? Nine: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Grant, Cleveland, Wilson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. 188. How many Presidents have died in office? Seven: William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lin­ coln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Of these only William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor died in the White House; and only Taylor and Franklin D. Roosevelt died while Congress was in session. 189. What American President faced impeachment proceedings? Andrew Johnson in 1868 was tried by the Senate and acquitted by a single vote. The vote was that of United States Senator Edmund Ross of Kansas, who changed from a guilty to acquittal verdict. The Senate vote was 35 for conviction and 19 for acquittal—one lacking for a two-tliirds majority. Seven Republican Senators had voted with the Democrats against conviction. 190. What provision is made in case of the death of a President in office, or his removal, resignation, or disability? In any such case the Vice President, under Constitution article II, section 1, exercises the powers and duties of President. And under authority of this same section, Congress, by the so-called Presidential Succession Act of 1947, has provided for the further contingency of the death, removal, resignation, or disability of both President and Vice President by authorizing certain designated officials “ to act as President until the disability of the President or Vice President is removed or a President shall be elected.” No official has ever been called on to act under this provision. The order of precedence is: Speaker of the House of Representa­ tives, President pro tempore of the Senate, Secretary of State, Secre­ tary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Post­ OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 41 master General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor. 191. Why is the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare omitted from the succession? The Succession Act included all the Cabinet members then provided for. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was not established as an executive department until April 11, 1953. 192. What was the main argument for making the Speaker of the House of Representatives the next in line after the Vice President in the Presidential succession? The proposal to make the Speaker next in line after the Vice Presi­ dent was essentially not new, but a return to the early law of 1792. The feeling was, that since the Constitution expressly provides for election of a President, it was getting away from the spirit of that charter to allow the office to descend on a man who was not elected, but a mere appointee of the President. 193. Who becomes President if a President-elect dies or is dis­ qualified before the date fixed for the beginning of his term? Under the 20th amendment, the Vice-President-elect becomes Presi­ dent in case of death of the President-elect before inauguration; if the President-elect fails to qualify, however, the Vice-President-elect acts as President “ until a President shall have qualified.” 194. What is the present salary of the President? The salary of the President was originally fixed at $25,000, and was raised to $50,000 in 1873. By an act of 190.9 Congress again raised it, this time to $75,000 a year. In 1949, the salary was raised to $100,000 a year. 195. What allowances does a President receive? The President lives officially in the White House, although curiously enough the law on the statute books merely grants him the use of the furniture and other effects belonging to the United States and kept in the Executive Mansion. He also has the use of $50,000 annually for traveling and entertainment expenses—which is accounted for on his certificate solely. 196. If a President desires to resign to whom should his resig­ nation be addressed? To the Secretary of State. 197. Has an ex-President ever served in Congress? John Quincy Adams, after his term as President (1825-29), was elected to the House of Representatives for 9 terms, serving from 1831 to his death in 1848. Andrew Johnson, President from 1805 to 1869, was elected to the Senate from Tennessee, and served from March 5, 1875, to his death on July 31,1875. 198. Who was the only Speaker of the House to become President? James K. Polk, Tennessee. He was Speaker from 1835 to 1839, and President from 1845 to 1849. Two Speakers later became Vice President: Schuyler Colfax and John N. Garner. 42 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

199. How many Presidents have been elected to that office after service in Congress? Nineteen, not counting two (John Adams and Thomas Jefferson) who had been Members of the Continental Congress. O f the 19, 6 had served only in the House, 6 only in the Senate, and 7 in both Houses (Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, and James A. Garfield). 200. What Presidents have held Federal office (other than as Members of Congress) after leaving the Presidency? George Washington was appointed Commander in Chief of the Army by President John Adams in 1798, when war threatened with France, and William Howard Taft served as Chief Justice of the United States from 1921 to 1930. Also, Theodore Roosevelt served as the Special Ambassador of President Taft at the funeral of King Edward V II in 1910, while Herbert Hoover has undertaken several missions at the request of the Government in connection with war relief and the reorganization of the executive branch. 201. Is Abraham Lincoln the only President to have been born in a log cabin? No. Presidents Jefferson, Jackson, Fillmore, Buchanan, Garfield, and Arthur were all born in log cabins. 202. Which Presidents were related? John Quincy Adams, the 6th President, was a son of John Adams, the 2d President; Benjamin Harrison, the 23d President, was a grand­ son of William Henry Harrison, the 9th President; Zachary Taylor, the 12th President, was a 2d cousin of James Madison, the 4th Presi­ dent (Madison and Taylor were great grandsons of James Taylor and Martha Thompson); President Franklin D. Roosevelt was a 5th cousin, and his wife a niece of a former President, Theodore Roose­ velt. 203. How many Presidents have been from States west of the Mississippi? Three. Herbert Hoover was born in Iowa and elected to the Presi­ dency from California. President Truman was a native Missourian. President Eisenhower was born in Texas and lived in Kansas before entering the military service. 204. What privileges or allowances have been granted to widows of Presidents? Pensions of $5,000 annually have been granted to the widows of Presidents Tyler, Polk, Lincoln, Grant, Garfield, Cleveland, Benja­ min Harrison, McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, and Coolidge. The franking privilege has been granted to the widows of Presi­ dents Washington, Madison, John Quincy Adams, William Henry Harrison, Polk, Taylor, Lincoln, Grant, Garfield, Cleveland. Benja­ min Harrison, McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 43

All of the above privileges were granted by special act of Congress; that is, it is a matter of grace rather than of legal right. 205. Does the President ever appear personally before Congress to deliver his message? Presidents Washington and John Adams both appeared before the two Houses in joint session and read their messages in person. This practice was discontinued by Jefferson and for over 100 years the Presidents sent their messages to be read in both Houses by the Clerk. Again in 1913 President Wilson addressed the Congress in person, and the same method was used by President Harding; with the aid of the radio, President Coolidge read his earlier messages to both Congress and the country. But beginning with December 1924, he resumed the old practice of transmitting messages to Congress in the form of State papers. The custom of reading important messages to Congress in joint session was followed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Pres­ ident Truman appeared before Congress on April 16, 1945, 4 days after taking the oath, and President Eisenhower has continued the practice. 206. What State has supplied the most Presidents? Virginia has been the birthplace of eight Presidents: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, William Henry Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Wilson. Ohio is second, as the birthplace of seven. 207. Who administers the oath to the Vice President? Ordinarily, the retiring Vice President; if there is none, then the President pro tempore of the Senate. Senator Knowland in 1953 administered the oath to Vice President Nixon, his former fellow Senator from California. 208. What other official title does the Vice President bear? President of the Senate. 209. Does the United States furnish an official residence for the use of the Vice President? No. The matter has been seriously considered at various times, to the extent of introducing legislation on the subject. Mrs. Henderson more than once offered (as late as 1931) to give the United States a suitable mansion, on Sixteenth Street, but the offer was not accepted. 210. What salary does the Vice President receive? Beginning March 1, 1955, the salary is $35,000 a year. Originally the salary was $5,000; raised to $8,000 in 1853; to $10,000 in 1873; reduced to $8,000 in 1874; increased to $12,000 in 1909; to $15,000 in 1925; to $25,000 in 1948; and to $30,000 in 1949. This salary is sup­ plemented by an expense allowance of $10,000, plus an automobile. 211. Who was the first Vice President to sit regularly with the Cabinet? Calvin Coolidge, at the invitation of President Harding, was the first Vice President to sit regularly with the Cabinet. There are early instances of a Vice President being included in Cabinet meetings, but all of them occurred during the first 5 years of Washington’s adminis­ tration before the composition of the Cabinet had been clearly defined. 44 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

212. What Vice President refused to sit with the Cabinet? Vice President Charles G. Dawes, although invited by President Coolidge to sit with the Cabinet, summarized his objection to the in­ clusion of the Vice President in the Cabinet as follows: Long before I had any thought that I would have an individual interest in the question, I said the plan of having the Vice President sit with the Cabinet was unwise. The Cabinet and those who sit with it always should do so at the discre­ tion and inclination of the President. Our Constitution so intended it. The relationshp is confidential and the selection of a confidant belongs to him who would be injured by the abuse of confidence, however unintentional. No prece­ dent should be established which creates a different and arbitrary method of selection. Should I sit in the Cabinet meetings, the precedent might prove injurious to the country. With it fixed, some future President might face the embarrassing alternative of inviting one whom he regarded as unsuitable into his private conferences or affronting him in public eye in denying him what had been generally considered his right. 213. How many Vice Presidents have succeeded to the Presidency by reason of a vacancy in that office? Seven. John Tyler served all but a month of President William H. Harrison’s term; Millard Fillmore served over half of Zachary Tay­ lor’s term; Andrew Johnson served all but about a month of Lincoln’s second term; Chester Arthur served about 3½ years of Garfield’s term; Theodore Roosevelt served about 3½ years of McKinley’s second term; and Calvin Coolidge filled out about 1½ years of Harding’s term. Vice President Truman succeeded to the Presidency less than 3 months after the commencement of President Roosevelt’s fourth term. 214. Has a Vice President ever resigned? The only Vice President who has thus far resigned is John C. Calhoun, who resigned on December 28, 1832 (his term running to March 3, 1833), to become Senator from South Carolina, vice Robert Hayne, resigned. 215. What is the Cabinet? The Cabinet comprises the heads of the 10 executive departments of the Government. Other officials may be invited by the President to attend Cabinet meetings. It has no official duties or responsibili­ ties as such but is recognized as constituting the President’s regular board of advisers, meeting usually each week in the Cabinet room of the Executive Offices. Cabinet members receive a salary of $22,500. 216. What are the Government positions held by members of the President’s Cabinet? Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, and Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. 217. What are the official duties of the Cabinet? Cabinet members, as such, have no official duties, but are recognized as the President’s regular advisers. They meet weekly in the Cabinet room of the Executive Offices in the White House. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 45

218. In what respect does the Postmaster General stand on a different footing from other Cabinet members? He is appointed to hold office during the term of the President and 1 month thereafter. Another noteworthy fact about the Postmaster General is likelihood of party as well as governmental responsibilities. Some Postmaster Generals have been chairmen of their party's national committee while serving in the Cabinet. 219. What is the most recently established executive department? The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which includes the functions of the old Federal Security Agency, was created by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 which became effective on April 11, 1953. 220. What is the status of the Bureau of the Budget? The Budget Bureau is an independent agency formerly in the Treasury Department. In 1939, the Bureau was transferred to the Executive Office of the President, and its Director reports to the President directly. The Director of the Bureau of the Budget also is required to give assistance on request to any committee of either the House or Senate. 221. What is the national budget? The budget system was introduced in the United States in 1921, in accordance with the Budget and Accounting Act. Previously, the various Government departments made up estimates of their financial needs for a year’s activity, and turned over the data to the Secretary of the Treasury. He transmitted the facts and figures to eight separate congressional committees. Each of these committees then prepared an appropriation bill for the agencies under its juris­ diction and reported it out without concerted deliberations. Under the Budget and Accounting Act, the Bureau of the Budget receives estimates from the departments and analyzes them. After making whatever deductions it considers necessary, the Budget Bureau prepares a budget conforming with the President’s financial program. The President transmits the budget to the Congress at the beginning of a regular session of Congress. Estimates of the legislative branch of the Government and of the Supreme Court are transmitted to Congress without revision. The budget includes a message from the President, a financial state­ ment on the condition of the Treasury, a statement of receipts and expenditures for the last completed year, and estimates of receipts and expenditures for the current and ensuing fiscal years. A second part includes detailed estimates for the several Government agencies. 222. What changes did Congress make to facilitate the budget system? Instead of referring the budget to several committees, the data are concentrated in one large Appropriations Committee in the House and the corresponding committee in the Senate. Both committees have subcommittees which study the various phases of the budget. 46 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 223. What was the so-called Brain Trust during President Frank­ lin D. Roosevelt’s first term? For close personal advice and help on Government policies the President informally and unofficially selected a group of personal advisers in addition to his official Cabinet who, because picked in many instances from college professors, became known as the Brain Trust. Back in President Jackson’s administration, such an in­ formal group was called the Kitchen Cabinet because the President was so familiar with them. President Theodore Roosevelt had a small group of advisers from some of the departments who were called the Tennis Cabinet because most of them played and enjoyed the game of tennis. 224. What is meant by the independent establishments of the United States? The independent establishments of the United States comprise in general all Federal executive offices not included under the 10 executive departments. Some of them, e. g., the Smithsonian Institution and the Interstate Commerce Commission, are of long standing; many others have been created in recent years, as special functions have been as­ sumed by the Government beyond the scope of existing agencies. They are currently appropriated for in the Independent Offices A p­ propriations Act. 225. What constitutional authority exists authorizing the execu­ tive branch of the Government to conduct foreign rela­ tions? The Constitution makes no affirmative grant of power to the Federal Government to handle our international affairs, but such powers are “necessary concomitants of nationality.” The President is the sole organ of Federal Government in dealing with other nations, and he is aided by the State Department and the Diplomatic Corps. Congress may accord the President a degree of discretion in this field which would not be permissible if domestic affairs alone were involved. 226. May the Secretary of State or any other Cabinet officer appear on the floor of either House to answer questions, as British Foreign Ministers appear before Parliament? No. There has been considerable agitation since 1919 for extending the privilege of the floor to Cabinet members, but numerous bills to this effect have failed to be enacted. 227. What are the sources of Federal Government revenue? The Nation’s main revenue is from income taxes—on salaries, wages, fees, profits, interest, dividends, rents, and royalties. Large sums are also realized in the form of inheritance taxes, taxes on the manufacture and sale of liquors, tobacco, matches, playing cards, chewing gum, firearms, cosmetics, drugs, luxury goods, certain kinds of food, and on gasoline; from customs duties on imports; taxes on theater tickets; club dues; the transfer of stocks and bonds; and taxes on capital stock. During the war a substantial share of the National Govern­ ment’s income came from taxes on the excess profits of corporations. The Government obtains other funds through the sale of govern­ ment property, the tolls paid by ships passing through the Panama Canal, and interest payment on loans made by Federal agencies. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 47

228. Who is actually the custodian of the public moneys? The Treasurer of the United States, not the Secretary of the Treas­ ury. The Treasurers signature appears on all currency. The Treas­ urer is bonded in the sum of $150,000. Neither the Secretary of the Treasury nor any other Cabinet officer is bonded.

JUDICIARY 229. What is the Chief Justice’s official title? The first seven Chief Justices—Jay, Rutledge, Ellsworth, Marshall, Taney, Chase and Waite—were referred to as “ Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.” The next six—Fuller, White, Taft, Hughes, Stone and Vinson—were designated as “ Chief Justice of the United States.” This title is held today by Chief Justice Earl Warren. 230. What form of oath is taken by a member of the Supreme Court? Justices of the Supreme Court take two separate oaths—a “ consti­ tutional” and a “judicial” oath. Without prescribing any specific form, the Constitution requires (art. V I) all judicial as well as all executive officers to take oath to support the Constitution. The word­ ing of this oath is fixed by act of 1868 (U. S. C. 5:16) as follows: I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God. This constitutional oath is usually taken by Supreme Court Justices in private. Before assuming their seats on the bench, they take the “judicial” oath (U. S. C. 28:372), as follows: I, * * *, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without respect to persons and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me a s ______according to my abilities and understanding agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God. 231. What is the “common law” referred to in the Constitution, amendment?? The Supreme Court has defined this in the case of Western Union Telegraph Company v. Call Publishing Company (181 U. S. 92,101), adopting the language of Chancellor Kent, a famous jurist of New York. The common law includes those principles, usages, and rules of action applicable to the government and security of persons and property, which do not rest for their authority upon any express and positive declarations of the will of the legislature. 232. What cases may be brought originally in the Supreme Court? Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction (i. e., it is the Court in which proceedings may be brought in the first instance) in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and cases in which a State is a party. In all other cases coming within the judicial power of the United States, the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is only appellate, and is subject to exceptions and regulations by Congress. 48 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

233. Can a private citizen challenge validity of a constitutional amendment? In challenging a constitutional amendment, as in challenging the validity of any Federal law, there must be a proper case brought by a proper party. In general this means that the person suing must have a direct personal interest; he may not sue “ vicariously” on behalf of others. And very definitely, one citizen cannot, simply on that basis, challenge the validity of a law, without showing a right in­ fringed, etc. 234. What is the difference between opinions and decisions of the Supreme Court? An opinion is the statement of the reasoning by which the Court fortifies a decision in a particular case. The decision is reached by secret vote of the Justices, and the Chief Justice then assigns a Justice the task of writing the opinion. 235. Has Congress the power to assign non judicial duties to the judiciary? No. Congress has no power to assign the judiciary any duties other than judicial. This was definitely established in 1792 in the Hayburn case. Congress in this instance had directed circuit judges to func­ tion as pension commissioners. The judges individually refused. The Supreme Court upheld their action. 236. Does the Supreme Court render advisory opinions? No. A case de facto must actually come before the Court. Its decisions are all factual—not theoretical. 237. How are Supreme Court decisions printed? The decisions are printed by a special unit of printers who work in secrecy and do not use the regular facilities of the Government Printing Office. 238. Why is there so much secrecy attending the printing of Supreme Court opinions? It has always been necessary to handle Supreme Court decisions with utmost secrecy before they are handed down because of the critical importance of advance “ leaks” or “tips” to speculators and others profiting from “ inside knowledge.” Frequently a Court deci­ sion has bearing on the national economy. Advance knowledge of a Court ruling would enable manipulators to make speculative invest­ ments of considerable detriment to the national economy. 239. What governmental power is there to overrule a Supreme Court decision? Decisions of the Supreme Court cannot be overruled by any other branch of the Government. Their effect, however, may be offset by subsequent action of Congress or by amendment of the Constitution, depending upon the nature of the decision.: 240. Has the Supreme Court ever overruled its own decision? On infrequent occasion, the Court has overruled its own earlier decisions. A list of such decisions, overruled in the light of reasoning and experience, appears in the dissenting opinions of Justice Brandeis in Burnet v. Coronado Oil and Gas Company (285 U. S. 393,409). OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 49

241. When does the Court sit? The Supreme Court meets on the second Monday in October for a session which generally extends through to July. 242. What is a Supreme Court quorum? Currently, six justices constitute a quorum. 243. When and how was the size of the quorum fixed? In 1863, the Court was enlarged and the size of the quorum was fixed as six members by law. 244. What salary do Justices of the Supreme Court receive? Beginning March 1, 1955, the Chief Justice receives $35,500, Asso­ ciate Justices $35,000. The original salaries were Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices $3,500. The salaries have been increased nine times: $5,000 and $4,500 in 1819, $6,500 and $6,000 in 1855, $8,500 and $8,000 in 1871, $10,500 and $10,000 in 1873, $13,000 and $12,500 in 1903, $15,000 and $14,500 in 1911, $20,500 and $20,000 in 1926, $25,500 and $25,000 in 1946, and the final increase in 1955. 245. Are Supreme Court Justices permitted to engage in the pri­ vate practice of law? No Supreme Court Justice may practice law. 246. How long has the Supreme Court had a building of its own? Not until recently did the Supreme Court have separate quarters that it could call its own. On October 7,1935, the Court held its first term in the new building at First Street and Maryland Avenue NE. Be­ fore that it had occupied various rooms in the Capitol, and for a period of years following the burning of the Capitol had used the residence of the clerk of the Court, Elias Boudinot Caldwell, at Second and A Streets SE. 247. Why were the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals established? The Circuit Courts of Appeals were organized in 1891 to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from the accumulation of appel­ late cases. In general the circuit courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different States may have their case heard in a high Federal court without going to the Supreme Court, 248. What is the difference between constitutional courts and legislative courts? Courts established under section 2, article III of the Constitution are constitutional courts; courts established by Congress are legislative courts. The latter include the Court of Customs Appeals, Court of Claims, former United States Court for China, and all consular courts; also the Court of Private Land Claims, and the Choctaw and Chicka­ saw Citizenship Court. Territorial district courts are dual in nature and sit both as Federal and Territorial courts. 50 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

THE CAPITAL, CAPITOL, ETC. 249. What technically constitutes the Capital of the United States? The District of Columbia, comprising territory granted to the Federal Government under the terms of the Constitution, article I, section 8, is the permanent seat of Government of the United States. 250. Why is the building in which Congress meets spelled “Capi­ tol” while the Federal District is the “Capital”? “ Capital” is from a Latin adjective capitalis, derived from caput, meaning head. From this primary meaning it came to denote chief, or principal; and hence, the principal town, i. e., the town which is the official seat of government of a country, State, etc. “Capitol” meant originally the temple of Jupiter, on the Mons Capitolinus in Rome. The derivation was from the same word caput. This Roman capitol was the center of the official religion of the state and in it the senate and other legislative bodies held their meetings. 251. Was the Capitol Building designed and built as a unit in its present form? No. The original building was constructed on plans drawn by Dr. William Thornton, and with interruptions was completed in 1827. The present Senate and House wings were built after designs by Thomas U. Walter (between 1851 and 1859) and necessitated a new dome, which was completed in 1865. 252. What change in exterior construction of the Capitol has been seriously proposed in late years? Before the present dome was even completed, Mr. Thomas U. Walter, then Architect of the Capitol, drew plans for an extension of the central east front of the building, which he considered an “ archi­ tectural necessity.” In 1904 a joint commission recommended exten­ sion of the east front, and from the 65th to 75th Congresses, bills for such construction (with variations) were almost constantly before Congress. The reason, architecturally, according to the Commission’s report, is that at present “on the east front, the dome does not appear to be supported; in fact, it overhangs the walls of the building and seems to rest partly upon the portico.” 253. Why does the United States flag fly over the Capitol in Washington at night? During World War I the custom originated because it was felt for patriotic reasons that there should be one building in the United States over which the flag should never cease to fly. The Capitol was selected, since it was outside military regulations, which demand the furling of the flag at sunset. The flag is flown day and night at several other significant places: the grave of Francis Scott Key, at Frederick, Md.; the World War memorial at Worcester, Mass., and more recently permission was granted for night display at Fort McHenry, Md. (as a tribute to the original Star-Spangled Banner). OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 51

254. What is the oldest Federal building in Washington? The White House, which was begun in 1792 and first occupied in 1800 while still unfinished. It is of European Renaissance style; re­ built 1815-17, after its destruction by the British, according to the original plans and by the original architect, James Iloban. The White House was completely renovated in 1949-52, with Lorenzo S. Winslow as architect. ’ 255. Has the White House ever been destroyed ? Yes; it was burned by the British during President James Madison’s occupancy on August 24,1814. 256. Has the mansion where the President lives, at 1600 Pennsyl­ vania Avenue, an official designation? And when and why was it so named? L ’Enfant’s original plans called for a “ President’s Palace” ; and while the resulting building was popularly known as the White House from a very early date, it was variously referred to in official records as President’s House or Executive Mansion until the present century. On October 31, 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an Execu­ tive order, dated the White House, and the next year an act of Congress of April 28 used the same designation. So while the “White House” has never been definitely so named by Congress, the designation is officially recognized. 257. Who was the architect of the White House ? James Hoban (a native of Ireland, who had resided for some time in Charleston, S. C.) in 1792 won the prize of $500 offered by the Government for the best design for “the President’s house.” He is said to have modeled his design after the 'Duke of Leinster’s palace in Ireland. Construction began in 1792, but the building was still unfinished when President John Adams moved in in 1800. After the burning of the mansion by the British in 1814, the residence was rebuilt in 1815-17, again under Hoban’s direction. The renovation of 1949-52 was directed by Lorenzo S. Winslow. 258. How can it be determined whether or not the President is at the White House? The flag flown over the White House is taken down if the President leaves the mansion to be gone overnight. 259. Has the District of Columbia always been its present size, geographically? No. The District originally comprised territory 10 miles square ceded by Maryland and Virginia, and accepted by Congress in 1790. The portion west of the Potomac was retroceded to Virginia in 1846, leaving the District an area of 60.1 square miles exclusive of water area. 260. When did the United States Government move to the District of Columbia, and from where? The seat of government was moved to the District of Columbia in 1800, from Philadelphia, where Congress had met since 1791. Only the First Congress met in New York. The second session of the Sixth Congress was the first to assemble in Washington. 52 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

261. Have the residents of the District of Columbia ever had a vote and an elected government? From 1871 to 1874 the District had a Territorial form of govern­ ment—headed by a Governor, appointed by the President. The upper house of the assembly (the council) was also appointed by the Presi­ dent, but the members of the house of delegates were elected, as was a Delegate to Congress. Before this, the cities of Georgetown and Washington had been governed by elected mayors and aldermen, but the city charters were repealed by the general act above cited. 262. Who now legislates for the District of Columbia? Congress exercises over the District of Columbia a dual authority— as the National Legislature, it enacts laws which apply to the District as to all the United States; and under the Constitution, article I, section 8, it exercises exclusive legislation over the District of Colum­ bia, and legislates on local matters. Congress, in effect, sits as a State legislature to enact laws for the District of Columbia. 263. Is there a national library in the United States? The Library of Congress on Capitol Hill, Washington, D. C., has through the years become in fact a national library, serving primarily the Members of Congress, and then the Government establishment and the public at large. 264. When was it established? In 1800, with an appropriation of $5,000 for purchase of books, and for fitting up a room in the Capitol to house them. 265. How long has the Library of Congress occupied a building of its own? Since 1897. Prior to that time, the Library was housed in the Capitol, until the congestion became so great that something had to be done. By that time the collections were nearing the million mark. With the continued expansion of these collections, further space be-, came necessary, and an annex was erected in 1939 with accommoda­ tions for about 12 million volumes. 266. What are the latest figures on the size of the Library of Con­ gress collections? As of June 30,1954, the Library claimed a total of 10,155,307 books and pamphlets; 14,282,594 manuscripts; 2,307,534 maps and views; 582,212 fine prints, not to mention 2,238,059 photographic negatives, prints, and slides; 2,002,277 pieces (and books) of music; thousands of reels and strips of microfilm, and a large number of unbound news­ papers, broadsides, etc. 267. Has the Library ever been struck by fire? Yes, twice; first in 1812, when the Capitol was burned by the British, and again in 1851. In 1812 the Library was only about 3,000 volumes, and the losses were replaced in 1815 by purchase of the extensive, private collection of ex-President Jefferson (6,760 volumes for $23,950). The fire in 1851 destroyed all but 20,000 out of a total of 55,000 volumes. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 53

268. Who appoints the Librarian of Congress, and how many Librarians have there been? The Librarian is appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. In 155 years there have been but 11 Librarians, including the present incumbent, Lawrence Quincy Mumford, appointed by President Eisenhower. Of these, 3 served over 30 years apiece: John S. Meehan, 1829-61; Ainsworth R. Spofford, 1864-97; and Herbert Putnam, 1899-1939. 269. Does the Library of Congress contain a copy of every book printed in the United States? No. The Library has never purported to be a depository for all books printed in the United States. It was started as a small working collection for the use of the national legislators and increased grad­ ually, by purchase and donations. Under the copyright lawT two copies of all copyrighted publications are required to be deposited with the Register of Copyrights; ordinarily these copyright deposits become a permanent part of the Library collection, but some publica­ tions are not regarded as worth preserving in this way. And there are, of course, many books published every year which are never copy­ righted, and which are not of sufficient value to warrant their pur­ chase by the Library. 270. Is Inauguration Day a holiday? Yes, but in the District of Columbia only. In this respect the Dis­ trict of Columbia turns the tables on the States, most of which have a holiday on Election Day, while of course the District does not, as it has no elections. STATES 271. How can a new State be created? A new State can be created (that is, admitted into the Union) only by Congress. 272. What is an enabling act? An act of Congress providing for the admission of a new State is referred to as an enabling act. Under the Constitution (art. IV, sec. 3) admission of States is a prerogative of Congress. 273. Does any State in the Union have special privileges which were approved at the time of its admission? The State of Texas which was a Republic prior to its admission to the Union, was given the right to divide itself into a number of States if the people of Texas wished to do so. 274. What guaranty does the Constitution carry with respect to the form of State government? The Constitution guarantees (art. IV, sec. 4) to every State a repub­ lican form of government. It does not attempt to define what is a re­ publican form of government; the fact that the Constitution did not change any of the State governments in existence at the time is clear evidence that they were such as were contemplated under this pro­ 54 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT vision of article IV. The Supreme Court has indicated that the dis­ tinguishing feature of a republican form is the right of the people to choose their own officers for governmental administration and pass their own laws in virtue of the legislative power reposed in representa­ tive bodies. 275. How are the governmental powers of the United States distributed? (a) Powers delegated to the National Government alone; (b) powers delegated to the State governments alone; (c) powers shared concurrently by both the State and National Governments; (d) powers prohibited to the National Government; ( e ) powers pro­ hibited to the State governments; and (f ) powers prohibited to both the State and National Governments. The 10th amendment to the Constitution provides that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.

PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS; MISCELLANEOUS 276. Who has custody and use of the Great Seal of the United States? The Secretary of State is custodian. He affixes the seal to all civil commissions of officers of the United States appointed by the Presi­ dent; this is automatic under the law. He also affixes the seal to proclamations, treaties, and ceremonial letters when so directed by warrant of the President. In all such cases the document must be countersigned by the Secretary of State. 277. What is the flag? The general design of the flag was adopted by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777: R esolved, That the flag of the United States be 13 stripes alternate red and white, that the union be 13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation. Vermont and Kentucky having been admitted as States, Congress by law, effective May 1, 1795, enacted that the flag should consist of 15 stripes and the union have 15 stars. As new States kept joining the Union, Congress in 1818 changed the law again, going back to 13 stripes and making permanent provision for the stars in the Union to equal the number of States—the star for a new State to be effective on July 4 following admission. 278. What is the “pledge to the flag,” and when did its use become general? The Youth’s Companion for September 8, 1892, carried an official program for celebration of Columbus Day in the public schools. One item was a Salute to the Flag by the pupils, reading as follows: I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. This was modified by the Second National Flag Conference in 1924, to read: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 55

In 1954 the pledge was again modified by act of Congress, so that it now reads: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. 279. What is the approved ceremony for use in schools when pledging allegiance to the flag? I f it is customary to have a flag hanging in the front of the school­ room, it is left in its regular position for the ceremony. Otherwise, a pupil is appointed to hold a flag before the school, a medium-sized flag on a short staff being preferable. At a signal from the teacher, the pupils arise in their places and stand erect with the right hand over the heart. Standing thus they slowly and distinctly repeat the pledge in concert. This ceremony is generally followed by a patriotic song. 280. What are some of the improper uses of the flag? It is unlawful to use the flag for advertising purposes or to muti­ late, defile, or contemptuously treat it, but it is no disrespect to wash or dry clean an American flag. It is also proper to mend the flag when torn, unless it is in such bad condition that it would be a discredit to the owner if displayed. In that event, it should be destroyed by burning. 281. What is the Flag Code? By act of December 22, 1942, Congress enacted “ existing rules and customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag," and established these as a code “ for the use of such civilians * * * as may not be required to conform with regulations promulgated by one or more executive departments.” The code is in the form of recommendations, without sanctions. 282. What is the official salute to the flag? During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag or when the flag is passing in a parade or in review, all persons present should face the flag, stand at attention, and salute. Those present in uniform should render the right-hand salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the headdress with the right hand hold it at the left shoulder. In inclement weather the hat may be raised and held above the head. Men without hats merely stand at attention, without saluting, un­ less they are soldiers, sailors, or marines, in which case they render the military salute. Women should salute by placing the right hand over the heart. The salute in a moving column is rendered at the moment the flag passes. 283. Why are flags flown at half staff? The flying of the flag at half staff (from a stationary staff) uni­ versally indicates mourning. It is the practice to run the flag first to the top of the staff and then lower it to the halfway position. When a Member dies the flag over the Chamber, and on the Senate or House Office Building (as well as the Library of Congress) is flown at half staff until after the funeral. Upon the death of President Roosevelt flags on all Government buildings were ordered at half mast for a period of 30 days. 56 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

284. What is the origin of the Great Seal of the United States? The seal is carried over from the Continental Congress, one of the very earliest acts of the new Congress (September 15, 1789) stating that “the seal heretofore used by the United States in Congress as­ sembled, shall be, and hereby is declared to be, the seal of the United States.” The design was adopted by order of the Continental Con­ gress June 20, 1782, after the matter had been pending for 6 years. The seal has been recut three times (in 1841, 1883, and 1902) but always in strict compliance with the original design. 285. What is the “President’s flag” and seal? By custom going back to President Hayes, the President has pre­ scribed and used a coat of arms and a seal, but not until 1916 did he prescribe a presidential flag. The flag then adopted by President Wilson had 4 stars only, and this fact, among others, led President Roosevelt to consider a new design, when Congress established the rank of 5-star admirals and generals. As finally promulgated by President Truman on October 25, 1945, the new coat of arms (which is the basis of the seal and also appears on the flag) shows the eagle in full color instead of all white, with the head turned to his own right (as is customary in heraldry) instead of to his left, and has a circle of 48 stars around the edge. The number of stars corresponds to the number of States, without any single star representing a par­ ticular State; the number will automatically change, as in the case of the flag of the United States, upon a change in number of States. 286. What are national holidays? Strictly speaking, Congress has no general jurisdiction over the question of holidays. Most of the days commonly thought of as na­ tional holidays (Christmas, 4th of July, etc.) are so because all the States have made them holidays within their jurisdiction; and the Federal Government recognizes them as holidays for purposes of the conduct of Government business. In 1 or 2 instances, Congress has used language that implied a real national holiday (e. g., Labor Day and Armistice Day) but in each case the individual States have acted on the matter in their own discretion. 287. What was the original name of our national anthem? When did it become our national anthem? Tile original title was “ The Defense of Fort McHenry.” It was written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key (1790-1843), a lawyer of Fred­ erick, Md., and Washington, who was on board a British vessel in Baltimore and had witnessed the British bombardment of Fort Mc­ Henry. The words were sung to the air of Anacreon in Heaven, and it at once gained popularity as a national lyric. It was not officially made the national anthem until over 100 years after it was written, upon approval March 3, 1931, of an act designating “ the composi­ tion consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem of the United States of America.” 288. Does the Government do its own printing? With minor exceptions, all printing for the United States Govern­ ment must be done at the Government Printing Office. This is now the largest and best equipped printing plant in the world. Starting in 1861 with the acquisition of a commercial print shop with 46,395 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 57 square feet of floor space, the GPO now occupies buildings with about 32 acres of floor space and valued at more than $16 million. 289. Are the proceedings in Congress published and preserved? Each House, under the Constitution, keeps a journal of its proceed­ ings. With the exception of the Journal of the Senate while in executive session, these are published among the documents of each session. The “ executive journal” is not published except as the in­ junction of secrecy is removed by order of the Senate. Thus, in 1910 the Senate ordered it printed for the period up to March 9,1901, and the journals to that date are available. Journals of subsequent years have been printed, but as the injunction of secrecy has not been re­ moved, they are not available to the public. The journals do not, of course, report debates, but the bare parlia­ mentary proceedings. For a record of the debates there has been a succession of reports, overlapping in part, as follows: Annals of Con­ gress, 1789-1824; Register of Debates, 1824-1837; Congressional Globe, 1833-1873; and finally and currently, the Congressional Record, 1873 to date. The Congressional Record contains an official shorthand record of everything said on the floor by Senators and Representatives, as well as rollcalls on all questions, notices of all bills, resolutions and me­ morials filed by Members, and, in an appendix, material not spoken on the floor but inserted by permission of either House—the so-called ex­ tension of remarks. The Record is printed at the Government Printing Office. From time to time the daily Records are bound in paper covers, with an in­ dex ; and for permanent preservation a bound edition is published for each session, in volumes of convenient size. 290. How may the Congressional Record be obtained? Each Congressman and Senator receives a copy of the Record each morning following a meeting of the House or Senate. Each Member of Congress has a limited number of daily Congressional Records, which may be distributed free; they are usually sent to libraries, schools, or other places where they will be accessible to the public. Anybody may subscribe for the Record by writing to the Superintend­ ent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The subscription rate is $1.50 per month. 291. How are Government documents available to the individual citizen? Normally by sale through the Office of Superintendent of Docu­ ments, in the Government Printing Office. Persons wishing to keep close track of publications may subscribe to the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications ($3 a year); or if their re­ quirements are specialized, may on application receive free a price list on classified subjects. Recently the Superintendent of Documents has started publishing every 2 weeks a list of Selected United States Government Publications which includes those publications most likely to be of interest to the public. Numerous publications issued by particular departments are avail­ able gratis through the issuing office. 58 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

292. What are some comprehensive and authoritative sources of information about the various governmental departments and agencies? For detailed statements, one may consult the annual reports of the several departments, etc. Much information is gathered in a small compass in the United States Government Organization Manual pub­ lished by the National Archives and Eecords Service of the General Services Administration. Another very useful volume covering Con­ gress in detail, but also including data on the executive and judicial branches, is the Congressional Directory, published under direction of the Joint Committee on Printing. 293. What is meant by “legal tender”? The “ legal tender” quality of any particular form of money is the extent to which under the law a “ tender” (i. e., offering) of it in pay­ ment of a debt must be accepted by the creditor in extinguishment of that debt. Congress has sole power to regulate legal tender; in so doing it has distinguished between debts, public and private, as well as between the different forms and denominations of money. 294. To what extent are the several coins of the United States a legal tender? Until 1933 minor coins (cent and nickel)—up to 25 cents in any one payment; subsidiary silver coins (dime, quarter, half dollar)—up to $10; but in 1933 these limitations and restrictions were removed and, like gold coins and silver dollars, they are good in any amount. Gold certificates are legal tender for all debts in any amount. 295. Are “memorial coins” good for face value? How does it happen that they sell for more? Such issues are authorized by special act of Congress to commemo­ rate special events—and by way of giving encouragement to the anniversary commemorated. The act usually authorizes the coins to be issued at par to the sponsoring organization and to be disposed of by them “at par or at a premium”, the proceeds to be used for the purposes of the particular commemoration. The coins are usually made legal tender at their face value. 296. What is meant by classified civil service? This term (commonly shortened to “ civil service” ) refers to the body of public employees who are under the merit system set up by the Civil Service Act of 1883, am as ended. This act provides in general for appointment through competitive examination, permanent tenure, promotion on merit, etc. At first, it applied to 13,924 out of the 131,000 employees then in Federal service; but under its terms, Presidents (and occasionally Congress) have gradually extended its coverage until now it includes all positions, whatever the function or designation, and whether compensated by fixed salary or otherwise, unless specifically excepted by Congress or the President. In general, positions now outside the classified service are confidential or policy­ making positions, temporary employments, or those in a few desig­ nated independent agencies. OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 59

297. Are persons of any particular race barred as such from acquiring United States citizenship? No. The 1952 immigration law states' that no person shall be barred from naturalization because of race, sex, or marital status. In addition, the law increases our protection from subversives by pro­ viding for a more thorough screening of aliens and by broadening the grounds for exclusion and deportation. 298. Are foreign propagandists subject to restrictions? Agents of foreign principals (which in effect means propaganda agents) must register with the Secretary of State (52 Stat. 631; 53 Stat. 1244). 299. What oath is an alien required to take before he becomes a naturalized citizen of the United States? He must declare, on oath in open court, that he will support the Constitution of the United States and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which he was before a citizen or subject; that he will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domes­ tic, and bear true faith and allegiance to the same. 300. What is the American’s Creed? The American’s Creed was written by William Tyler Page, former Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, in 1917, and adopted and promulgated by the Government’s Committee on Publi­ cation. It was accepted informally by Speaker Champ Clark on behalf of the American people April 3, 1918. It is as follows: I believe in the United States of America as a Government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect Union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it; to support its Con­ stitution ; to obey its law ; to respect its flag; and to defend it against all enemies.

INDEX

[Citations are to question numbers] Q uestion No. “Act,” distinguished from “bill”______110 Acts. (S ee Laws.) Advisory opinions by Supreme Court______230 American’s Creed ______300 Apportionment of Representatives ______32, 47-49 Appropriations customarily originate in the House ______175 Bill of Rights______10-11 Bills (see also Laws) : Committee control of______133 Death of ______163 Disposition after signature by President ______104 Engrossed______.______113 Enrolled______112 First reading of ______139 House, how introduced______111,131 Largest number introduced in one Congress------115 P riva te ______117 Procedure in passage of ------111 Relation to “acts” ______110 “ Rider” ______107 Sent to President, courses of action on ______155 Senate, how introduced ______118 Signature by President, ceremony at ______103 “Brain Trust” advisers to President Roosevelt ______223 Budget procedure under Budget and Accounting Act of 1921------221-222 Budget Bureau, assistance to Congress ______220 Cabinet: Information concerning ______211, 212, 215-218, 223 Members have no floor privileges in House or Senate ______226 Off ices______210 Presidential succession ______190,191 Salary ------215 Calendars, legislative ______140 Campaign expenses of Members not deductible for income-tax purposes 57 Capital of the United States, information concerning ______249-270 Capitol Building: Information concerning construction, etc ______251, 252 Origin of term “Capitol” ______250 Citizenship restricted to certain races ______297 Citizenship, United States and State ______12 Civil-serviee, classified ______,______290 Clark, Hon. Champ, on seniority system ______128 “Clean bill”______106 Cloture rule, in Senate ______153 Code of Laws of the United States ------108 Coins, extent to which legal tender------294, 295 Commissioner to Congress, function of------40 Committee of the Whole______141 Committees: Enumeration, Senate and House ------124,120 Necessity for; selection; functions, etc------123-138 S taffs ______( 69 Common law ______331 61 62 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Q uestion No. Concurrent resolutions______114 Conference committee______138 Congress: ■ Activities, how controlled______93 Adjournment by President______43 Constitutional status as bicameral legislature ______37,38 Delegation of duties ------08 Hours of meeting______44 Legislates for the District of Columbia ______202 Number of Members from each State------47 Proceedings, records of______289 Regulations of primaries ______35 Session o f______40,41 Special session of ______42 Term o f______39 Visitors, allowed in galleries ______84 Congressional districts: Boundaries of ______30 Population of ______32-34 Congressional Record: Memorials introduced, notation of ------109 Official record of debates, etc.; distribution______289,290 Usual contents ______289 Congressman, designation includes Senator ______42 Congressman “at large” ------31 Congresswomen______75-78 Constitution: Amendment, procedure______8,13 “Lame duck” amendment ______14 Most recent amendment ______8 Pream ble______1 Relation to the Conventionof 1787 ______7 Constitutional amendment: Necessary, to change date of inauguration or term of Congress 15 Validity, challenge by private citizen ______: 233 Convention o f 1787______i ______7 Conventions, national political ______19,20 Copyright deposits in Library of Congress ■______2G9 Correspondence with Congressmen______:------82, 83 Courts (see also Supreme Court) : Circuit Courts of Appeal ______247 Constitutional and legislative ______248 Dawes, Charles G., statement regarding attendance at Cabinet meetings— 212 “Dead” bill______165 Death of Member of Congress______52,53 Death of President ______;------190 Death of President-elect ______193 Declaration of war, by Congress ______169,171 Deficiency bills______176 Delegates to Congress ------46 D em ocracy ______3,4 Democratic Party, evolution of name ______. 18 Discharge Calendar, House ______133 District of Columbia (see also Capital of United States) : A re a ______259 Government o f 261, 263 Election of President______24-26 Election of Senators and Representatives ______27-29 Electoral college ______„ ______24-26 Enabling act, for admission of State ______272 Engrossed______113 Enrolled bills______112 “Executive journal” ______289 Executive orders; classification ______177 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 63

Q u estion No. Ex-Presidents, information concerning ______197,200 Federal Register ______178 Filibusters, information concerning______151-154 First Lady ______204 Flag: Design, evolution of ______:______277 Flag Code ______i ______281 H alf staff ______283 Improper uses of______280 Over Capitol Building ______253 Over House, Senate ______91,92 Pledge to______278, 279 President’s ______2S5 Salute to ______282 Franking of mail matter by Member of Congress______83 Franking privilege to widows of Presidents ______204 “General pair” ______147 “Gentleman’s agreement,” explanation of ______107 Gerrymandering ------33 Government agencies, sources of information about ______292 Government documents, how obtained______289, 290,291 Government Printing Office______288-292 Great seal, origin of ______284 Hearings on bills______132,142 Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of ______219 Hoban, James, architect of White House ______257 House of Representatives: Legislative calendars ______140 Procedure, rules of______106 Proceedings, customary order of ______105 Officers o f______99,103,104 Organization at beginning of Congress ------96 Presiding officer of______95-97 Procedure in obtaining recognition------120 Seating arrangement ______87 Secret sessions______143 Size o f______48 Stages of a bill ______*------111 Standing committees ______126-133 Voting, methods of______:------144,145 Impeachment, Congressmen not subject to______74 Impeachment of President Johnson ______189 Inauguration Day, as holiday ______270 Independent establishments of the Government______224 Japan, declaration of war against ------169 Joint committees, how established______136,137 Joint resolutions______114 Journals of the two Houses ______> 289 Judges, may not be assigned nonjudicial duties ------235 “Kitchen Cabinet” of President Jackson ______223 “Lame duck” amendment ______14 Laws enacted, comparison with number of bills introduced ------— 116 L aw s: Exact time of, approval by President, when indicated ------156 Naming o f ______166 Laws of the United States, publication of ______168 Laws, public and private ______117 “Legal tender,” meaning o f; extent ______293, 294 Legislative counsel ______69 Legislative Reference Service ______69, 70 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 ______58-71,106 Library of Congress; information concerning ______263-269 Limitation of debate, in House and Senate ______119,120 “Live pair” ______147 L obbying------63-67 64 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Q u estion No. Mace, information on ______90 Mail, United States, franking privilege of Congressmen ______83 Maine elections, why held in September______28 M a jo rity ______36 Majority leader in House, information concerning ______97,100,101,107 Members of Congress (see also Representatives and Senators) : Allowance of Congressional Records ______:____ 290 Duties o f______:______73 Form of communication to ______82 Franking privilege ______83 How reached when House is in session ______88 Impeachment, not subject to______74 Income tax, payment of ______57 Oath o f ______50 Offices______80 Salary ______56-57,58-59,72 Minority leader ______100 National anthem, information concerning ______287 National emergency ______173 National holidays ______286 Naturalization oath ______299 Oath of Members of Congress______50, 51 Oaths of Justices of Supreme Court ______230 Oath of the President ______182 Oath of Vice President,administration of ______207 Oath of naturalization ______299 Page, William Tyler, author of American’s Creed ______300 Pages, Senate and House ______85 Pairing, information concerning ______146, 147 Parlimentarian, duties of ______.______104 Parliamentary practice of House, sources ______106 Party leaders in Congress ______100 Pensions to Presidents’ widows______204 Petitions to Congress______109 Plurality ______36 Pocket veto______158, 159 Political parties: Information concerning first major ______18 Not contemplated by Constitution______,______16 W hy formed______17 Politician, definition of ______.______22 P olitics: Definition of______21 Importance in representative democracy ______23 Polk, James K., only Speaker to become President______198 Popular election of Senators ______29 Postmaster General, tenure of office ______218 Powers of United States, distribution of______275 Preamble to the Constitution______1 President: Beginning of term, date ______184,185 Bills passed by Congress, action on ______: 155-163 Congress, calling or adjournment of ______42,43 How to determine whether President is in White House______258 Messages to Congress ______205 Oath of office ______182 Qualifications for ______180,181 Resignation ______196 Salary and allowances ______194,195 Salutation ______183 Service of, data concerning______186,187 Succession to office of______190,192 President-elect, death or failure to qualify, effect ______193 President pro tempore of Senate ______94 OUR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 65

Question Presidents: No. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson ______189 Prom west of the Mississippi______20.3 States supplying greatest number ______206 Who have died in office ______:______180,188 Who have served in Congress ______199 Who have served two terms ______187 Who were born in log cabins______201 Who were related ______202 “President’s flag” and seal ______285 President’s widow, allowances to ______‘------204 Press gallery ______84 Previous question______148 Primary elections ______35 Printing for the United States Government ______28S Private claims ______61 Proclamations by President, effect of ______.------179 Propagandists, foreign registration of ______298 Pure democracy______3 Qualifications for President ______180 Qualifications for Representatives ______55 Qualifications for Senators ______54 Quorum in the House of Representatives ______121 Record vote, how obtained______145 Representative democracy ______:______4, 23 Representatives: Constitutional qualifications ______55 First woman elected ______. 76 How elected______27 Vacancy in office, how filled ______53 Republican form of government______2, 5 Republican Party, evolution ofname ______18 Resident Commissioners______46 Resolutions, varieties of ______114 Restaurants in the Capitol ------81 Revenues of the United States, sources of ______227 “Rider” on congressional bills______.------167 Rollcalls ip House ______144,145,152 Rules Committee, House, functions______149 Salary of Members of Congress ______56,57 Salary of President and Vice President ______194,195,210 Salary of Supreme Court Justices______244 Seal of the United States: Custody and use o f------276 Origin o f______284 Seal, President’s ______285 Seat of government ______249 Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, why omitted from succession to the Presidency______191 Select committees------■------135 Senate: Presiding officer of______94 Procedure on introduction of bills______118 Seating arrangement ------86 Standing committees enumerated ------124 Constitutional qualifications ------— 54 First woman to serve in ______77 How elected______27, 29 Procedure in obtaining recognition______119 Vacancy in office, how filled ______52 Senatorial courtesy, meaning of term ______122 Senior Senator, definition of term ______89 Seniority rule, meaning of ______128 Separation of powers, under Constitution ______9 66 OUK AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Q uestion No. Sergeant at Arms, duties of ------^------_103 Speaker of the House, duties of ------95,97 Speaker of the House, not necessarily an elected Member of the House 98 Speaker of the House who became President ------198 Special sessions of Congress ------42 Standing committees, information concerning ------123-133 Star-Spangled Banner ______287 State Department ______225 State of war ' ------171 States: Form of government, constitutional guaranty as to ______274, 275 How created ______- 271,272 Legislatures, largest and smallest ------Representation in Congress ______47 Steering committee, House of Representatives ______108 Succession to Presidency______190-193 Superintendent of Documents, sales agent for Government publications. 290,291 Supreme Court: Advisory opinions______236 Building______246 Chief Justice of the United States ______229 Decisions, printing of______237,238 Decisions and opinions ______234 Justices, private law practice ______245 Oath of Justices ------230 Original jurisdiction ______232 Overrule, no power to______239,240 Salary of the Justices ______244 Quorum______242,243 Term______241 “Supreme law of the land” ______6 Tax bills, origin in the House______174 “Tennis Cabinet” of President Theodore Roosevelt______223 Texas, question of division into several States ______273 Time of approval of bills by President, when indicated______156 Treasurer of the United States custodian of public funds ______228 Twentieth amendment ______185 Twenty-second amendment ______8 Unanimous consent, transaction of business under ______150 Unlimited emergency______!______171 Vacancies in office of Senator or Representative ______;___ 52,53 Veto, information concerning ______155-162 Vice President: Attendance at Cabinet meetings ______!______211, 212 Oath o f ______207 Official residence for ______209 Official title ______208 Resignation ______214 Salary ------210 Vice Presidents who have become President______213 Visitors in House and Senate galleries ______84 W a r: End o f______170,172 Information about declarations of, by Congress ------169 Whips of the House, duties of------:------102 White House, information concerning ______:______254-258 Winslow, Lorenzo S., architect of White House ______257 Women in Congress______75-78 World wars, end of ______170,172 o

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a£ AT TESTIMONIAL LUAU — Congressman Dan K. Inouye and his wife, Maggie, are acknowl­ edging with arms in the air—the tribute paid to the Democrat candidate for the U.S. Sen­ ate at the testimonial luau in the Kahului Armory last Saturday. This photo was taken shortly after Mrs. Inouye unveiled a Stanley Matsuura portrait of Mr. Inouye. Others pictured are Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson (left) and County Chairman Eddie Tam. —Maui News photo by Ted Yoshizawa.