UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO the Subject Case

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO the Subject Case UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Subject Case: The Filipino Body and the Politics of Making Filipino America A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Josen Masangkay Diaz Committee in charge: Professor Lisa Lowe, Co-Chair Professor John D. Blanco, Co-Chair Professor Fatima El-Tayeb Professor Yen Le Espiritu Professor Shelley Streeby Professor Lisa Yoneyama 2014 Copyright © Josen Masangkay Diaz, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Josen Masangkay Diaz is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii DEDICATION For my parents iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .............................................................................................................. iii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... vii Vita ................................................................................................................................ xi Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................... xii Introduction: Filipino America and the Imperial Grammar of Colonial Subjectivity .... 1 Chapter One: “Pangako, Puro Pangako”: Cultural Development During Martial Law and the Promise of the Filipino ............................................................................................. 40 Chapter Two: “We Were War Surplus, Too”: Nick Joaquin and the Im/possibilities of Filipino Historical Becoming ......................................................................................... 76 Chapter Three: “Save the Filipino Race!”: Incommensurable Images in the People Power Archive ........................................................................................................................... 122 Epilogue: “If I Was Not There” and Other Considerations ........................................... 163 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 172 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Save the Filipino Race! ................................................................................. 123 Figure 2: Women March Floral .................................................................................... 150 Figure 3: Women March Triangle ................................................................................ 152 Figure 4: Women March Masks ................................................................................... 153 Figure 5: Women March Child ..................................................................................... 155 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am fortunate to have spent the last ten years as an undergraduate and graduate student at the University of California, San Diego, where I belong to a community of students, teachers, and scholars who remain committed to justice in multiple forms. In the first few years of graduate school, Patrick Anderson encouraged me to pay close attention to the craft of writing and reminded me that a queer of color theory list does not have to begin with Foucault. Rosemary George served as the Director of Graduate Studies during my first few (and most formative) years of graduate school and reassured me that I was making the best choice by returning to San Diego. She kept her door open for me and others, and I miss her often. I have a committee comprised of members who are consistently present. Yen Le Espiritu engages with my work with precision and has offered inspiration in multiple other ways. Fatima El-Tayeb was especially instrumental in helping me wrestle with the monster that was my qualifying paper, an ambitious project that provided the groundwork for this dissertation. Shelley Streeby reads my work with care, investment, and generosity, and I always leave her office feeling better equipped for the tasks ahead. My most challenging graduate seminar was led by Lisa Yoneyama, who introduced me to Walter Benjamin for the first time and reminded me that theory must always be forcefully political. Her incisive questions are only matched by her unwavering support. Jody Blanco has served as my advisor since my fourth year of college. The conversations that we had then and the ones that we have now – in the Literature building, at campus and community events, over meals, and on the Hillcrest shuttle – act as mantras and guides. His instruction years ago, that people live anyway, and his more recent caution, that vii culture is the work of time, reverberates throughout my work here and will continue to do so well beyond my time in San Diego. Lisa Lowe took me on as a student when I was a third year undergraduate taking Introduction to Asian American Literature for the first time. She was the first to introduce me to Filipino American literature in the form of Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters and Ninotchka Rosca’s State of War. She re-invigorated my love for literature with that class, guided me as a confused McNair student, mentored me as a confused doctoral student, reminded me to be confident and resolute in my arguments and to put periods in between long, unwieldy sentences, all the while serving as my unfailing advocate. She is my strongest example of a brilliant scholar, skilled teacher and facilitator, and committed mentor, and there is nobody like her. Many of my friends also happen to be or have been graduate students in San Diego, and they make the city feel like home even when I leave it for weekends, weeks, months, and a year at a time. Kyung Hee Ha, Lauren Heintz, Anthony Yooshin Kim, Joo Ok Kim, Ashvin Kini, Angela Kong, Sara Mameni, Marilisa Navarro, Yumi Pak, Davorn Sisavath, and June J. Y. Ting: thank you for being sounding boards, keeping me company at cafes nationwide, and being good friends. Amanda Solomon Amorao, Jason Magabo Perez, and Thea Quiray Tagle help me push the limits of my own work and make me excited about Filipino American studies. I could not ask for a better “co-heart” than the one that I share with Anita Huizar-Hernandez, Chien-ting Lin, and Jacqueline Munguia. From the first day of LTTH 200A to Times Square to Manila to Taipei and back again, Chien-ting Lin has been a brilliant interlocutor, loyal travel partner, and dear friend. I am not sure where I would be if it were not for his companionship during these last few years, and I do not care to imagine that possibility. viii The Cross Cultural Center and the University of California TRiO programs have provided support and space to/for me in countless ways. The Office of Academic Support and Instructional Services (OASIS) has given me room to grow as a student and as a teacher. As a Summer Bridge discussion facilitator in 2006, I read a chapter from Yen Le Espiritu’s Filipino American Lives for a training session, and it fundamentally altered the way I saw myself and my future work. In the summer of 2013, I returned to Summer Bridge as a lecturer, and it seems a most fitting end to my time at UCSD – teaching and relearning texts that found me at such opportune times. Along this vein, I am indebted to my students – past and present – who encourage me to be clear and imaginative in ways nobody else can. I have received generous funding from the Office of Graduate Studies at UCSD and the Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) program. The latter allowed me to study Tagalog in the summer of 2010, an experience that significantly shaped the ways I conceive of my work. Further, the Department of Literature provided me with a year-long dissertation fellowship that afforded me the invaluable time I needed to travel to Manila, read, think, and write, and move to Oakland, where I met new friends, learned new things, ate many donuts, realized what it meant to miss San Diego, and met Julia H. Rhee. Julia lets me talk about my work too late into the night and teaches me – every day – about strength, passion, family, friendship, and Korean food. Thank you for coming into my life at the perfect time and for believing in me always. Ours is a big love unlike I have ever imagined, HB, and I am thrilled about all of the things that come next. So many of my good ideas come from my family, all of whom are persistent in their love and support even (and especially) when they do no not always understand what ix I spend most of my days doing. Their vivacity is precisely the thing that inspires me to ask different questions and strive for alternative modes of engagement – if only to conceive of the ways that they have learned how to live in this mad world. My Lolo, Antonio Masangkay, was one of my biggest fans. He helped me with my homework in grade school and kept a high school spotlight article of me in his folder of prized possessions. Some days, when nothing else seems to work, I am comforted by the advice that I imagine he would give me during moments of frustration. My Lola, Norma Cosico Masangkay, is a gifted storyteller, and she teaches me so much about humor and history.
Recommended publications
  • Case Study of Metro Manila
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Manasan, Rosario G.; Mercado, Ruben G. Working Paper Governance and Urban Development: Case Study of Metro Manila PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 1999-03 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Manasan, Rosario G.; Mercado, Ruben G. (1999) : Governance and Urban Development: Case Study of Metro Manila, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 1999-03, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Makati City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/187389 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Governance and Urban Development: Case Study of Metro Manila Rosario G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of Virata's Network: Technocracy and the Politics Of
    The Rise and Fall of Virata’s Network: Technocracy and the Politics of Economic Decision Making in the Philippines Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem* The influence of a technocratic network in the Philippines that was formed around Cesar E. A. Virata, prime minister under Ferdinand Marcos, rose during the martial law period (1972–86), when technocracy was pushed to the forefront of economic policy making. Applying concepts of networks, this essay traces the rise and even- tual collapse of Virata’s network to a three-dimensional interplay of relationships— between Virata and Marcos, Virata and the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, and Marcos and the United States. Virata’s close links to social, academic, US, and business community networks initially thrust him into government, where he shared Marcos’s goal of attracting foreign investments to build an export-oriented economy. Charged with obtaining IMF and World Bank loans, Virata’s network was closely joined to Marcos as the principal political hub. Virata, however, had to contend with the networks of Marcos’s wife, Imelda, and the president’s “chief cronies.” While IMF and World Bank support offered Virata some leverage, his network could not control Imelda Marcos’s profligacy or the cronies’ sugar and coconut monopolies. In Virata’s own assessment, his network was weakened when Marcos’s health failed during an economic crisis in 1981 and after Benigno Aquino’s assassination in 1983. In those crises, Imelda Marcos’s network and Armed Forces Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver’s faction of the military network took power amidst the rise of an anti-dictatorship movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Contractions: the Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946
    Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Vicente L. Rafael Subject: Southeast Asia, Philippines, World/Global/Transnational Online Publication Date: Jun 2018 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.268 Summary and Keywords The origins of the Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histories of three empires that swept onto its shores: the Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese. This history makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation- states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power rela­ tionships. Such shifts have included not just regime change but also social revolution. The modernity of the modern Philippines is precisely the effect of the contradictory dynamic of imperialism. The Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese colonial regimes, as well as their postcolonial heir, the Republic, have sought to establish power over social life, yet found themselves undermined and overcome by the new kinds of lives they had spawned. It is precisely this dialectical movement of empires that we find starkly illumi­ nated in the history of the Philippines. Keywords: Philippines, colonialism, empire, Spain, United States, Japan The origins of the modern Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histo­ ries of three empires: Spain, the United States, and Japan. This background makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation-states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe: Implications on the Land and Real Estate Market Marife Magno-Ballesteros DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO
    Philippine Institute for Development Studies Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe: Implications on the Land and Real Estate Market Marife Magno-Ballesteros DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000-20 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are be- ing circulated in a limited number of cop- ies only for purposes of soliciting com- ments and suggestions for further refine- ments. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. June 2000 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3rd Floor, NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines Tel Nos: 8924059 and 8935705; Fax No: 8939589; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph TABLE of CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 1 2. The Urban Landscape: Metro Manila and its 2 Peripheral Areas The Physical Environment 2 Pattern of Urban Settlement 4 Pattern of Land Ownership 9 3. The Institutional Environment: Urban Management and Land Use Planning 11 The Historical Precedents 11 Government Efforts Toward Comprehensive 14 Urban Planning The Development Control Process: 17 Centralization vs. Decentralization 4. Institutional Arrangements: 28 Procedural Short-cuts and Relational Contracting Sources of Transaction Costs in the Urban 28 Real Estate Market Grease/Speed Money 33 Procedural Short-cuts 36 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 'New Society' and the Philippine Labour Export Policy (1972-1986)
    EDUCATION IN THE ‘NEW SOCIETY’ AND THE PHILIppINE LABOUR EXPORT POLICY (1972-1986) EDUCATION IN THE ‘NEW SOCIETY’ AND THE PHILIPPINE LABOUR EXPORT POLICY (1972-1986) Mark Macaa Kyushu University Abstract: The ‘overseas Filipino workers’ (OFWs) are the largest source of US dollar income in the Philippines. These state-sponsored labour migrations have resulted in an exodus of workers and professionals that now amounts to approximately 10% of the entire country’s population. From a temporary and seasonal employment strategy during the early American colonial period, labour export has become a cornerstone of the country’s development policy. This was institutionalised under the Marcos regime (1965-1986), and especially in the early years of the martial law period (1972-81), and maintained by successive governments thereafter. Within this context, this paper investigates the relationship between Marcos’ ‘New Society’ agenda, the globalization of migrant labour, and state sponsorship of labour exports. In particular, it analyses the significance of attempts made to deploy education policy and educational institutions to facilitate the state’s labour export drive. Evidence analyzed in this paper suggests that sweeping reforms covering curricular policies, education governance and funding were implemented, ostensibly in support of national development. However, these measures ultimately did little to boost domestic economic development. Instead, they set the stage for the education system to continue training and certifying Filipino skilled labour for global export – a pattern that has continued to this day. Keywords: migration, labour export, education reforms, Ferdinand Marcos, New Society Introduction This paper extends a historical analysis begun with an investigation of early Filipino labour migration to the US and its role in addressing widespread poverty and unemployment (Maca, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Music in the Heart of Manila: Quiapo from the Colonial Period to Contemporary Times: Tradition, Change, Continuity Ma
    Music in The Heart of Manila: Quiapo from the Colonial Period to Contemporary Times: Tradition, Change, Continuity Ma. Patricia Brillantes-Silvestre A brief history of Quiapo Quiapo is a key district of Manila, having as its boundaries the winding Pasig River and the districts of Sta. Cruz, San Miguel and Sampaloc. Its name comes from a floating water lily specie called kiyapo (Pistia stratiotes), with thick, light-green leaves, similar to a tiny, open cabbage. Pre-1800 maps of Manila show Quiapo as originally a cluster of islands with swampy lands and shallow waters (Andrade 2006, 40 in Zialcita), the perfect breeding place for the plant that gave its name to the district. Quiapo’s recorded history began in 1578 with the arrival of the Franciscans who established their main missionary headquarters in nearby Sta. Ana (Andrade 42), taking Quiapo, then a poor fishing village, into its sheepfold. They founded Quiapo Church and declared its parish as that of St. John the Baptist. The Jesuits arrived in 1581, and the discalced Augustinians in 1622 founded a chapel in honor of San Sebastian, at the site where the present Gothic-style basilica now stands. At about this time there were around 30,000 Chinese living in Manila and its surrounding areas, but the number swiftly increased due to the galleon trade, which brought in Mexican currency in exchange for Chinese silk and other products (Wickberg 1965). The Chinese, noted for their business acumen, had begun to settle in the district when Manila’s business center shifted there in the early 1900s (originally from the Parian/Chinese ghetto beside Intramuros in the 1500s, to Binondo in the 1850s, to Sta.Cruz at the turn of the century).
    [Show full text]
  • GML QUARTERLY JANUARY-MARCH 2012 Magazine District 3800 MIDYEAR REVIEW
    ROTARY INTERNATIONAL DISTRICT 3800 GML QUARTERLY JANUARY-MARCH 2012 Magazine dISTRICT 3800 MIDYEAR REVIEW A CELEBRATION OF MIDYEAR SUCCESSES VALLE VERDE COUNTRY CLUB JANUARY 21, 2012 3RD QUARTER CONTENTS ROTARY INTERNATIONAL District 3800 The Majestic Governor’s Message 3 Rafael “Raffy” M. Garcia III District Governor District 3800 Midyear Review 4 District Trainer PDG Jaime “James” O. Dee District 3800 Membership Status District Secretary 6 PP Marcelo “Jun” C. Zafra District Governor’s Aide PP Rodolfo “Rudy” L. Retirado District 3800 New Members Senior Deputy Governors 8 PP Bobby Rosadia, PP Nelson Aspe, February 28, 2012 PP Dan Santos, PP Luz Cotoco, PP Willy Caballa, PP Tonipi Parungao, PP Joey Sy Club Administration Report CP Marilou Co, CP Maricris Lim Pineda, 12 CP Manny Reyes, PP Roland Garcia, PP Jerry Lim, PP Jun Angeles, PP Condrad Cuesta, CP Sunday Pineda. District Service Projects Deputy District Secretary 13 Rotary Day and Rotary Week Celebration PP Rudy Mendoza, PP Tommy Cua, PP Danny Concepcion, PP Ching Umali, PP Alex Ang, PP Danny Valeriano, The RI President’s Message PP Augie Soliman, PP Pete Pinion 15 PP John Barredo February 2011 Deputy District Governor PP Roger Santiago, PP Lulu Sotto, PP Peter Quintana, PP Rene Florencio, D’yaryo Bag Project of RCGM PP Boboy Campos, PP Emy Aguirre, 16 PP Benjie Liboro, PP Lito Bermundo, PP Rene Pineda Assistant Governor RY 2011-2012 GSE Inbound Team PP Dulo Chua, PP Ron Quan, PP Saldy 17 Quimpo, PP Mike Cinco, PP Ruben Aniceto, PP Arnold Divina, IPP Benj Ngo, District Awards Criteria PP Arnold Garcia, PP Nep Bulilan, 18 PP Ramir Tiamzon, PP Derek Santos PP Ver Cerafica, PP Edmed Medrano, PP Jun Martinez, PP Edwin Francisco, PP Cito Gesite, PP Tet Requiso, PP El The Majestic Team Breakfast Meeting Bello, PP Elmer Baltazar, PP Lorna 19 Bernardo, PP Joy Valenton, PP Paul January 2011 Castro, Jr., IPP Jun Salatandre, PP Freddie Miranda, PP Jimmy Ortigas, District 3800 PALAROTARY PP Akyat Sy, PP Vic Esparaz, PP Louie Diy, 20 PP Mike Santos, PP Jack Sia RC Pasig Sunrise PP Alfredo “Jun” T.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Minority Immigrant Acculturation: Examining Filipino Settlement Experiences in Canada Utilizing a Community-Focused Acculturation Framework
    Community Psychology in Global Perspective CPGP, Comm. Psych. Glob. Persp. Vol 4, Issue 1, 66 – 84 RACIAL MINORITY IMMIGRANT ACCULTURATION: EXAMINING FILIPINO SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES IN CANADA UTILIZING A COMMUNITY-FOCUSED ACCULTURATION FRAMEWORK Renato M. Liboro By incorporating perspectives from Community Psychology into Berry’s (1997) acculturation framework from Cross-cultural Psychology, a more community-focused acculturation framework was developed and proposed in this essay. Elements from Community Psychology that focus on group-specific settings, community-level analysis, sociocultural resources, sociopolitical forces, and roles of grassroots organizations and host societies in challenging institutional power were consolidated into Berry’s acculturation framework to establish a new framework with a stronger community focus. In a theoretical application utilizing the new community-focused framework, socio- historical accounts of and discourse on Filipino experiences prior to the beginnings of the Filipino diaspora to Canada in the mid-1990s and more recent Filipino immigrant settlement experiences in Canada were used to examine and gain greater understanding of racial minority immigrant acculturation. The theoretical application of the new framework was presented not only to demonstrate the synthesis of elements derived from Cross-cultural and Community Psychology, as well as the methodological difference between Berry’s acculturation framework and the community-focused version proposed by the author, but also to underscore the value of community-level analysis in the study of racial minority immigrant acculturation. Implications for Psychology theory, research, and practice were subsequently presented. Keywords: acculturation framework, community, Filipino-Canadian, racial minority, immigrant 1. Introduction Apart from being a major driving force for population growth, immigration is considered by many countries to be a significant stimulus for innovation and economic progress.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quiapo Leap: a Kierkegaardian Reading of the Religious Experience of the Black Nazarene Popular Devotion1
    KRITIKE VOLUME TEN NUMBER TWO (DECEMBER 2016) 29-43 ARTICLE | On Filipino Identity and Culture The Quiapo Leap: A Kierkegaardian Reading of the Religious Experience of the Black Nazarene Popular Devotion1 Rhochie Avelino E. Matienzo Abstract: In 1521, the Spanish conquistadores brought Christian faith to the Philippine islands. Through centuries, this faith is infused with the indigenous culture of the people paving a way to what is known today as “Filipino popular devotion.” One of the most famous among its rituals is the annual Traslación devotion in honor of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila. In recent decades, there has been a vast measure of literature on this religious phenomenon. However, most of them are either written by social scientists or religious experts and very seldom has it been explored in a philosophical manner. This paper aims to reflect on the religious experience of the Black Nazarene popular devotion in order to provide a philosophical appreciation of this unique Filipino faith, in particular, and to provide an avenue towards a deeper understanding indigenous culture and Christian faith, in general. In meeting this aim, the study invokes Søren Kierkegaard’s existentialism and its discussion on “faith” illustrated in two of his renowned works Fear and Trembling and Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Keywords: Black Nazarene, Traslación, leap of faith, double movement of faith 1 The essay was originally presented at the International Conference for Inter-Religious and Inter-Cultural Dialogue in a Pluralistic World: Philosophical and Theological Perspectives, in Constanta, Romania, held on 1-2 June, 2016. The seminal theories of this work were formulated in “Kierkegaard goes to Quiapo,” in Scientia (June 2014), 43-71.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Artist Composer Album Grouping Genre Size Time Disc Number Disc Count Track Number Track Count Year Date Mod Ified Date
    Name Artist Composer Album Grouping Genre Size Time Disc Number Disc Count Track Number Track Count Year Date Mod ified Date Added Bit Rate Sample Rate Volume Adjustment Kind Equalizer Comments Play Count Last Played Skip Cou nt Last Skipped My Rating Location Kun Faya Kun www.Songs.PK A.R Rahman, Javed Ali, Mohit Chauhan Music: A .R Rahman Rockstar www.Songs.PK Bollywood Music 9718690 472 4 2011 10/2/2011 3:25 PM 11/16/2012 9:13 PM 160 44100 MPEG audio file www.Songs.PK D:\Music\rockstar\rockstar04(www.songs.pk).mp3 Thayn Thayn www.Songs.PK Abhishek Bachchan, Ayush Phukan and Earl www.Songs.PK Dum Maaro Dum www.Songs.PK Bollywood Music 4637567 204 5 2011 3/17/2011 4:19 AM 11/16/2012 9:13 PM 174 44100 MPEG audio file www.Songs.PK D:\Music\RFAK\nm\dummaardum05(www.songs.pk).mp3 Kaun Hai Ajnabi www.Songs.PK Aditi Singh Sharma & K.K Shankar Ehsan Lo y Game www.Songs.PK Bollywood Music 5461864 238 4 2011 3/27/2011 4:08 AM 11/16/2012 9:13 PM 173 44100 MPEG audio file www.Songs.PK D:\Music\RFAK\nm\game04(www.songs.pk).mp3 Yahaan Roadies 8 MyDiddle.com Airport MyDiddle.com Roadies 8 MyDiddle.com MyDiddle.com 3758166 232 12/12/2010 10:29 AM 11/16/2012 9:13 PM 128 44100 MPEG aud io file MyDiddle.com D:\Music \mm\MTV Roadies 8 Yahaan (Theme Song).mp3 Deva Shree Ganesha www.Songs.PK Ajay Gogavale Music: AjayAtul | Lyric s: Amitabh Bhattacharya Agneepath www.Songs.PK Bollywood Music 7287918 356 6 2011 4/17/2012 8:40 PM 11/16/20 12 9:13 PM 161 44100 MPEG audio file www.Songs.PK D:\Music\agneepath\agneepath06(www.songs.pk).mp3 That's My Name
    [Show full text]
  • World War Ii in the Philippines
    WORLD WAR II IN THE PHILIPPINES The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 Copyright 2016 by C. Gaerlan, Bataan Legacy Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. World War II in the Philippines The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 By Bataan Legacy Historical Society Several hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Philippines, a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946, was attacked by the Empire of Japan. During the next four years, thou- sands of Filipino and American soldiers died. The entire Philippine nation was ravaged and its capital Ma- nila, once called the Pearl of the Orient, became the second most devastated city during World War II after Warsaw, Poland. Approximately one million civilians perished. Despite so much sacrifice and devastation, on February 20, 1946, just five months after the war ended, the First Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act was passed by U.S. Congress which deemed the service of the Filipino soldiers as inactive, making them ineligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill of Rights. To this day, these rights have not been fully -restored and a majority have died without seeing justice. But on July 14, 2016, this mostly forgotten part of U.S. history was brought back to life when the California State Board of Education approved the inclusion of World War II in the Philippines in the revised history curriculum framework for the state. This seminal part of WWII history is now included in the Grade 11 U.S. history (Chapter 16) curriculum framework. The approval is the culmination of many years of hard work from the Filipino community with the support of different organizations across the country.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLITICS of TOURISM in ASIA the POLITICS of TOURISM in ASIA Linda K
    THE POLITICS OF TOURISM IN ASIA THE POLITICS OF TOURISM IN ASIA Linda K. Richter 2018 Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824880163 (PDF) 9780824880170 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1989 University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved Contents Acknowledgments vi Abbreviations Used in Text viii 1. The Politics of Tourism: An Overview 1 2. About Face: The Political Evolution of Chinese Tourism Policy 25 3. The Philippines: The Politicization of Tourism 57 4. Thailand: Where Tourism and Politics Make Strange Bedfellows 92 5. Indian Tourism: Pluralist Policies in a Federal System 115 6. Creating Tourist “Meccas” in Praetorian States: Case Studies of Pakistan and Bangladesh 153 Pakistan 153 Bangladesh 171 7. Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Islands in Transition 178 Sri Lanka 178 The Maldives 186 8. Nepal and Bhutan: Two Approaches to Shangri-La 190 Nepal 190 Bhutan 199 9.
    [Show full text]