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Freedom in the World Freedom in the World Political Rights & Civil Liberties 1989-1990 Freedom House Survey Team R. Bruce McColm Survey Coordinator James Finn Douglas W. Payne Joseph E. Ryan Leonard R. Sussman George Zarycky Freedom House Copyright © 1990 by Freedom House Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For permission, write to Freedom House, 48 East 21st Street, New York, N.Y. 10010. First published in 1990. Cover design by Emerson Wajdowicz Studios, N.Y.C. The Library of Congress has cataloged this serial title as follows: Freedom in the world / —1978­ New York : Freedom House, 1978­ v. : map ; 25 cm.—(Freedom House Book) Annual. ISSN 0732-6610=Freedom in the World. 1. Civil rights—Periodicals. I. R. Bruce McColm, et al. II. Series. JC571.F66 323.4'05-dc 19 82-642048 AACR 2 MARC-S Library of Congress [8410] ISBN 0-932088-56-2 (pbk.) Distributed by arrangement with University Press of America, Inc. 4720 Boston Way Lanham, MD 20706 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU England Contents Foreword 1 The Comparative Survey of Freedom 1989-1990: The Challenges of Freedom 3 The Survey 1990—A Summary 8 The Map of Freedom—1990 13-15 Map Legend 17 Survey Methodology 19 The Tabulated Ratings 22 Country Reports Introduction 25 The Reports 27 Related Territories Reports 281 Tables and Ratings Table of Independent Countries—Comparative Measures of Freedom 312 Table of Related Territories—Comparative Measures of Freedom 314 Table of Social and Economic Comparisons 315 Combined Average Ratings, Independent Countries 318 Combined Average Ratings, Related Territories 319 National Elections and Referenda 320 Journalism Morbidity Table 323 The World's Unwanted—Refugees 1988 324 Sources 327 FREEDOM HOUSE BOOKS General Editor: James Finn YEARBOOKS Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, annuals from 1978-1990 STUDIES IN FREEDOM Escape to Freedom: The Story of the International Rescue Committee, Aaron Levenstein; 1983 Forty Years: A Third World Soldier at the UN, Carlos P. Romulo (with Beth Day Romulo); 1986. (Romulo: A Third World Soldier at the UN, paperback edition, 1987) Today's American: How Free? edited by James Finn & Leonard R. Sussman, 1986 Will of the People: Original Democracies in Non-Western Societies, Raul S. Manglapus; 1987 PERSPECTIVES ON FREEDOM Three Years at the East-West Divide, Max M. Kampelman; (Introductions by Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter; edited by Leonard R. Sussman); 1983 The Democratic Mask: The Consolidation of the Sandinista Revolution, Douglas W. Payne; 1985 The Heresy of Words in Cuba: Freedom of Expression & Information, Carlos Ripoll; 1985 Human Rights & the New Realism: Strategic Thinking in a New Age, Michael Novak; 1986 To License A Journalist?, Inter-American Court of Human Rights; 1986. The Catholic Church in China, L. Ladany; 1987 Glasnost: How Open? Soviet & Eastern European Dissidents; 1987 Yugoslavia: The Failure of "Democratic" Communism; 1987 The Prague Spring: A Mixed Legacy edited by Jiri Pehe, 1988 Romania: A Case of "Dynastic" Communism; 1989 Foreword Freedom House is an independent nonprofit organi­ of Freedom and integrate it more fully into our many zation based in New York that monitors political programs. The Survey is a year-long project that uses rights and civil liberties around the world. Established regional specialists and outside experts and depends in 1941, Freedom House believes that effective ad­ for its information on a wide-range of sources. Dur­ vocacy of civil rights at home and human rights ing 1989, Freedom House itself conducted numerous abroad must be grounded in fundamental democratic fact-finding missions to Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, values and principles. Paraguay, Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Namibia, The Comparative Survey of Freedom is an South Africa and Angola. Throughout this period, we institutional effort to monitor the political rights and consulted a vast array of published materials, ranging civil liberties in 167 nations and 58 related territories from reports of other human rights organizations to on an annual basis. Freedom House began earlier regional publications. efforts to record the progress and decline in human But the most valued resource are the many human rights during the 1950s in reaction to racial violence rights monitors, journalists, editors and democratic ac­ in the United States. The first year-end review of tivists in countries around the world, people who freedom was sparked in 1955 by the kidnapping and stand on the front lines of political change and face murder of Emmet Till, a fourteen-year old black in real risks to person, prestige and family for their Mississippi. During those early years, the project was commitment to democratic values. The Survey is ded­ called the Balance Sheet of Freedom, and later the icated to them and their courage. Annual Survey of the Progress of Freedom. By the The 1989-1990 Survey was conducted by a seven- late 1960s, the Freedom House Board of Trustees felt person project team aided by several research assis­ that there was a need to create a single set of stan­ tants. The team consisted of: R. Bruce McColm, the dards by which the institution could as objectively as coordinator whojalso serves as executive director of possible record the development of freedom around Freedom House;_Dr. Joseph Ryan; Douglas W. Payne; the world. James Finn; George Zarycky; and Leonard R. Suss­ When Freedom House's Comparative Survey of man. The team appreciates the dedicated work of this Freedom was finally established in the early 1970s, year's research assistants: Brian Brown, Kim Balas­ democracy was in a perilous state: Spain, Portugal siano, Mykola Hryckowian, Peter Kozodody, Monica and Greece were under military rule; the world's Mandell, John Massaro, Jessie Miller, Eric Singer, largest democracy, India, would soon declare martial Michael Stoltz and John Worth. Editorial assistance law; and the prospects for liberalization—not to say was provided by James Finn and Mark Wolkenfeld, democratization—in Eastern Europe, Latin America who forcefully ended all the deliberations over coun­ and Asia, were dim. The Survey since then has re­ try ratings to meet a tight deadline on schedule. corded some thirty transitions from military or one- Freedom House receives funding from private in­ party domination to formal civilian, elected rule, as dividuals, corporations, labor unions and foundations well as ten reversions to military rule. for all its activities. It especially wants to express its The past decade of global structural change led gratitude to the Pew Charitable Trusts for its support Freedom House to reorganize the Comparative Survey for the Survey project over these many years. 1 The Comparative Survey of Freedom 1989-1990: The Challenges of Freedom Nineteen-eighty-nine was a year that tantalized with vicissitudes were the natural culmination of a decade the possibility, not the achievement, of freedom. It of change and transformation. began with Soviet citizens rejecting Communist Party nominees for the Congress of People's Deputies and ended with six of the Soviet Union's fifteen republics Global structural change on the verge of secession. The Iron Curtain separating The 1980s was a decade of profound global structural Hungary and Austria was sold on the streets of change, heralding political and economic transforma­ Budapest and hunks of the Berlin Wall became tions that will make the post-war world order obso­ souvenirs on New York's Fifth Avenue. By the time lete. The technological and information revolution of the Malta summit between Presidents Bush and dovetailed with global market tendencies and contrib­ Gorbachev, all the governments of the Soviet bloc uted to the political renaissance of the West and the with the exception of Romania had been removed, rise of new challenging economic power houses purged or rejected at the polls. The once-banned around the Pacific Rim. Around the globe, the exi­ Solidarity movement assumed the leadership of the gencies of economic restructuring and modernization Polish state, while Hungary's Communist party preceded and were conducive to a measure of polit­ abandoned its ideology to compete in free elections in ical liberalization in societies with distinctly authori­ 1990. On the fiftieth anniversary of the Molotov- tarian traditions, as in South Korea, Taiwan and Ribbentrop Pact, a human chain formed across the Thailand. The gradual abandoning of belief in the Baltic republics with demands for independence. corporatist state and party-state structures also led to Throughout Africa, post-colonial regimes reas­ the growing consolidation of an international demo­ sessed the viability of state socialism and one-party cratic movement, which applied the lessons and tech­ politics, while Ethiopia, the Sudan, Mozambique and niques learned in Poland to Nicaragua and in Chile to Angola faced international and domestic pressures to Hungary. The transnational implication of this emerg­ seek political settlements to long-time civil wars. The ing democratic movement is that it will be extremely decade ended with two old-time adversaries—South difficult in the future for a government to resort to Africa and the U.N.—administering the decolonization the types of state repression known throughout the of the old League of Nations' trusteeship of Namibia twentieth
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