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Domestic Terrorism in Africa DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN AFRICA: DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN AFRICA: DEFINING, ADDRESSING AND UNDERSTANDING ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN SECURITY DEFINING, ADDRESSING AND UNDERSTANDING ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN SECURITY Terrorism Studies & Research Program ISS Head Offi ce Block D, Brooklyn Court, VealVeale Street New Muckleneuk,, PrPretoria Tel: (27-12) 346 9500 Fax:Fa (27-12) 346 9570 E-mail: iss@[email protected] ISS AdAddis Ababa Offi ce FirsFirst Floor, Ki-Ab Building, Alexander Pushkin Street, Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa Tell:(: (251-1111)3) 37272-1154/5/6 Fax:(: (251-1111)3) 372 5954 E-mail: addisababa@is@ safrica.orgg ISS Cape Town Offi ce 67 Roeland Square, Drury Lane Gardens Cape Town 8001 South Africa TTel:(: (27-27 21) 46171 7211 Fax: (27-2121)4) 461 7213 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Nairobi Offi ce 5h5th Flloooor, LanddmarkPk Pllaza Argwings Kodhekek RRoad, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254 -20) 300 5726/8 FaxFax: (254-20) 271 2902 E-mail: [email protected] ISS Pretoria Offi ce Block C, Brooklyn Court, Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria Tel: (27-12) 346 9500 Fax: (27-12) 460 0998 Edited by Wafula Okumu and Anneli Botha E-mail: [email protected] Wafula Okumu and Anneli Botha www.issafrica.org 5 and 6 November 2007 This publication was made possible through funding provided by the ISBN 978-1-920114-80-0 Norwegian Government. In addition, general Institute funding is provided by the Governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. 9 781920 114800 Terrorism Studies & Research Program As a leading African human security research institution, the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) works towards a stable and peaceful Africa characterised by sustainable development, human rights, the rule of law, democracy, collaborative security and gender mainstreaming. The ISS realises this vision by: ■ Undertaking applied research, training and capacity building ■ Working collaboratively with others ■ Facilitating and supporting policy formulation ■ Monitoring trends and policy implementation ■ Collecting, interpreting and disseminating information ■ Networking on national, regional and international levels © 2009, Institute for Security Studies Copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Institute for Security Studies, and no part may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission, in writing, of both the authors and the publishers. The opinions expressed do not necessarily refl ect those of the Institute, its trustees, members of the Council or donors. Authors contribute to ISS publications in their personal capacity. ISBN 978-1-920114-80-0 First published by the Institute for Security Studies, P O Box 1787, Brooklyn Square 0075 Pretoria, South Africa www.issafrica.org Cover photograph iStockphoto Design, Typesetting and Printing Marketing Support Services +27 12 346-2168 Domestic terrorism in Africa: Defi ning, addressing and understanding its impact on human security Edited by Wafulu Okumu and Anneli Botha 5 and 6 November 2007 Contents About the authors . iii Introduction . 1 Wafula Okumu Part One Categorising domestic terrorism . 5 Terminology associated with political violence and asymmetric warfare . 7 Morten Bøås Challenges in categorising domestic terrorism . 14 Tom Imobighe Transnational and domestic terrorism in Africa: Any linkages? . 20 Andrews Atta-Asamoah Domestic terrorism in Africa; Ontology of an old war in new trenches . 27 Oshita O. Oshita Part Two Threats and incidents of domestic terrorism: Reasons, experiences and lessons . 41 A Historical overview of domestic terrorism in Nigeria . 43 Bukola Adeyemi Oyeniyi The politics of combating domestic terrorism in Nigeria . 55 Olajide Olayemi Akanji Domestic terrorism in South Africa . 65 Anneli Botha Domestic terrorism in Uganda . 77 Wafula Okumu Domestic terrorism in Kenya . 85 Adams Oloo Part Three Experiences of resolving domestic terrorism in other parts of the world and lessons for Africa . 95 Domestic terrorism in Asia and lessons for Africa . 97 Sam Makinda Domestic terrorism in the United States and lessons for Africa . .102 William Rosenau Part Four Impact of domestic terrorism on Africa’s development . 111 Economic impact of domestic terrorism in Africa . 112 Kunle Ajayi Impact of domestic terrorism on human rights in Africa . 121 Cephas Lumina Impact of domestic terrorism on civilian-government relations . 133 Ikenna Obi Seminar Report i Part Five Approaches and strategies for dealing with domestic terrorism in Africa . 139 Law enforcement approaches and strategies in dealing with domestic terrorism in South Africa . 141 Anneli Botha Judicial and legal approaches and strategies in dealing with domestic terrorism in Mauritius . 153 Satyabhooshun Domah The media and domestic terrorism in Africa . 174 Ruby Amable List of participants . 178 ii Institute for Security Studies About the authors Kunle Ajayi is the head of the Department of Political worked as a research offi cer at the Accra-based Centre Science at the University of Ado Ekiti and a recipient of for Security Studies and he was a member of a national an advanced research fellowship from the Council for HIV/AIDS psycho-social counselling capacity-building the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, team in Ghana. Andrews holds a Master of Arts Degree (CODESRIA). Dr Ajayi is a graduate of the University in International Aff airs from the Legon Centre for of Ado-Ekiti, and holds an MSc and a PhD from the International Aff airs (LECIA), University of Ghana, and a University of Ibadan specialising in International Bachelors degree in Socio-Economics from the University Relations and Strategic Studies. He has been a lecturer at for Development Studies in Ghana. the University of Ado-Ekiti for about thirteen years and Morten Bøås is a Senior Researcher at the Institute for has published more than thirty articles in both interna- Applied International Studies (Fafo). He has published tional and local journals. widely on many aspects of African politics and develop- Olajide O. Akanji holds a doctorate degree in Political ment, and his work has been published in journals such Science from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He as Journal of Modern African Studies, Politique Africaine, currently teaches political science in the Department Journal of Contemporary African Studies and Th ird World of Political Science of the same university. Dr Akanji Quarterly. His most recently published book is African has attended several international conferences where he Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine (Boulder: Lynne presented academic papers. His areas of specialisation Rienner, 2007), with Kevin C. Dunn. include confl icts and security issues, human rights, citi- Anneli Botha is a senior researcher in the zenship and governance studies. His latest publication is International Crime in Africa Programme at the ISS offi ce entitled, ‘Group Rights and Confl icts in Africa: A Critical in Pretoria. She received her undergraduate education Refl ection on Ife-Modakeke, Nigeria’, in the International from the University of Pretoria and an MA in Political Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Volume 16, No 1, Studies at the Rand Afrikaans University, where con- 2009, published by Martinus Nijhoff . ducted research on Islamic extremism and international Ruby Nusienyo Amable is a broadcast journalist terrorism. Anneli is currently enrolled for a D Litt et Phil with twenty-one years experience. She is currently a degree on Religious Justifi cation of Confl ict: A Study of freelance journalist and a media consultant. Ruby was Jihad in Islam. She has widely published in the area of project offi cer for the Ghana Community Radio Network transnational terrorism as a global phenomenon. (GCRN) and advocacy offi cer for the Ghana Advocacy Satyabhooshun Domah is currently a Judge at the Steering Committee for a National Broadcasting Law, Supreme Court of Mauritius and an Appellate Judge a Rights and Voice Initiative sponsored programme. in the Republic of Seychelles. Before assuming these She has also worked with the Ghana’s premier radio positions, he has served as the Solicitor-General and station, Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, as an assistant the Director of Public Prosecutions in the Offi ce of the chief editor. Ruby is a member of the Ghana Journalist Attorney-General and Minister of Justice of Mauritius. Association (GJA), Association of Women in the Media Besides being involved as the Parliamentary Counsel (ASWIM) and the International Association of Women in the State Law Offi ce in the passage of the anti- in Radio and Television (IAWRT) and has been a regular terrorism laws in year 2002, he also participated in the presenter on media and African development. Commonwealth High Level Expert Group that prepared Andrews Atta-Asamoah is a researcher in the model legislation on terrorism law for the benefi t of Training for Peace Programme at the ISS Nairobi offi ce. Commonwealth jurisdictions. He has also participated He was a research associate and acting programmes in the Oxford Forum on Terrorism and Organized coordinator at the Confl ict Prevention, Management and Crime and made media commentaries on anti-terrorism Resolution Department (CPMRD) of the Kofi Annan legislations. He studied at the University College, International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) London, and at Aix Marseille University, France, and in Accra, Ghana. Before joining the KAIPTC, he holds a doctorate in comparative law. Seminar Report iii Domestic Terrorism in Africa: Defining, addressing and understanding
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