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Reuters Institute Digital Report 2018 Institute for the Study of / Digital News Report 2018 2 2 / 3

Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018

Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, David A. . Levy and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Supported by

Surveyed by

© Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 4

Contents

Foreword by David A. L. Levy 5 3.12 84 Methodology 6 3.13 86 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.14 88 3.15 90 SECTION 1 3.16 92 Executive Summary and Findings by Nic Newman 8 3.17 94 3.18 96 SECTION 2 3.19 98 Further Analysis and International Comparison 32 3.20 Slovakia 100 2.1 The Impact of Greater News Literacy 34 3.21 102 2.2 Misinformation and Unpacked 38 3.22 104 2.3 Which Brands do we Trust and Why? 42 3.23 Switzerland 106 2.4 Who Uses Alternative and Partisan News Brands? 45 3.24 Turkey 108 2.5 Donations & Crowdfunding: an Emerging Opportunity? 49 Americas 2.6 The Rise of Messaging Apps for News 52 3.25 112 2.7 and New Audio Strategies 55 3.26 114 3.27 116 SECTION 3 3.28 118 Analysis by Country 58 3.29 Chile 120 3.30 122 3.01 62 Asia Pacific 3.02 Austria 64 3.31 126 3.03 66 3.32 128 3.04 Bulgaria 68 3.33 Japan 130 3.05 70 3.34 132 3.06 72 3.35 134 3.07 Denmark 74 3.36 136 3.08 76 3.37 138 3.09 78 3.10 Germany 80 SECTION 4 3.11 82 Postscript and Further Reading 140 4 / 5

Foreword Dr David A. L. Levy Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ)

This is our seventh annual report that explores the changing This year we’ve looked in much more detail at the changing shape environment around news across countries. The report is based of social media and the increasing importance of messaging apps on a survey of more than 74,000 people in 37 markets, along with for news. We conducted a series of focus groups in four countries additional qualitative research, which together make the most (United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Brazil) where comprehensive ongoing comparative study of news consumption we talked to users of and WhatsApp about how they in . Europe remains a key focus, where we cover 25 used these networks for news. This has brought out a rich set of countries including Bulgaria for the first this year, but we insights about why people are often reluctant to share and post also cover six markets in Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong openly about contentious subjects and are increasingly choosing Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore) along with four Latin American safer, more private spaces. countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico) and the United States and Canada from North America. In terms of partnerships we continue to deepen our relationships across the world with a multiplicity of distinguished academic The report has expanded more than sevenfold since its creation, institutions. These have helped in a variety of different ways, from from five countries in 2012 to 37 in 2018, but it is not yet fully preparing country profiles to in-depth analysis of the results. global. Our use of online polling and the need to make meaningful Many of our partners are also organising events or country reports comparisons have meant we have focused on countries with looking in more detail at national themes – adding wider value to high internet penetration and which are either broadly this international project. democratic or generally compare themselves to countries with a democratic tradition. Inevitably this printed report can only convey a small part of the data that we’ve captured. More detail is available on our website This year’s report comes amid continuing concern about so-called (www.digitalnewsreport.org), which contains slidepacks, charts, ‘’ and about the role of tech companies (platforms) in along with a licence that encourages reuse, subject to attribution facilitating the spread of misinformation. Investigations have to the Reuters Institute. All of the website charts have a feature been launched in many countries, whether about misinformation, which allows them to be used by – or be embedded in – any use of customer data to target political advertising, or the other website or . On the website, you can also find a full impact of the tech companies on industry. Against that description of our survey methodology, the full questionnaire, and background we’ve tried to understand more about an interactive charting feature, which allows data to be compared concerns about different kinds of information online, to provide across countries, and over time. Raw data tables are also available evidence about the state of the industry across our 37 countries on request along with documentation for reuse. as well as insights into the relationship between news publishers and their users. Making all this , we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: , the BBC, , the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, As with previous reports we’ve done this by triangulating survey the Dutch Media Authority (CvdM), the Media Industry Research data, focus groups and intelligence from expert contributors Foundation of Finland, the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway, the across all of our countries. We have also introduced some new Korea Press Foundation, and Edelman UK, as well as our academic approaches, through looking at trust at the brand and the use sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute, the University of Navarra, of focus groups. As politicians and industry grapple for solutions the University of Canberra, the Centre d’études sur les médias, on how to balance of expression and regulation in a Université Laval, Canada, and Roskilde University in Denmark. digital age we also bring further evidence about how audiences view these issues. We have explored news literacy for the first We are also grateful to YouGov, our polling company, who did time, developing a model that allows us to understand more about everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex how this influences trust and the ability to spot misinformation. requirements and helped our research team analyse and contextualise the data. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 6

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 2 Methodology

This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute Final Total Internet Country for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being sample size population penetration

consumed in a range of countries. Research was conducted by Europe YouGov using an online questionnaire at of January/ UK 2117 66m 95% beginning of February 2018. Austria 2010 8.6m 85% • The data weighted to targets based on census/industry Belgium 2006 11m 88% accepted data on age, , and region to represent the total population of each country. The sample is reflective Bulgaria 2021 7m 60% of the population that has access to the internet. Croatia 2010 4.2m 74% • As this survey deals with news consumption, we filtered out Czech Rep. 2020 11m 88% anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the Denmark 2025 5.7m 97% past month, in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didn’t Finland 2012 5.5m 93% adversely affect data quality. This category was lower than 1% France 2006 65m 87% in Finland, averaged around 3%, but was as high as 8% in the Germany 2038 81m 90% United States. Greece 2014 11m 69% • A comprehensive online questionnaire1 was designed to Hungary 2005 9.8m 81% capture different aspects of news consumption. Italy 2040 60m 87% • Face-to-face focus groups were held in the US, UK, Germany, Ireland 2007 4.7m 94% and Brazil to explore issues relating to social media and messaging apps. These were conducted by Kantar Media. Netherlands 2010 17m 95% Norway Our survey was conducted using established online panels run by 2027 5. >99% our polling company YouGov and their partners. Because this is an Poland 2005 39m 73% online survey the results will under-represent the consumption Portugal 2008 10m 72% of people who are not online (typically older, less affluent, Romania 2048 19m 63% and with limited formal education). Where relevant, we have tried Slovakia 2006 5.4m 85% to make this clear within the text. The main purpose is to track Spain 2023 46m 87% the activities and changes over time within the digital space as well as gaining understanding about how offline media and online Sweden 2016 9.9m 93% media are used together. A fuller description of the methodology Switzerland 2120 8.5m 89% and a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can be Turkey* 2019 80m 70% found on our website. Americas Along with country-based figures, throughout the report we also US 2401 327m 96% use aggregate figures based on responses from all respondents Argentina 2012 44m 79% across all the countries covered. These figures are meant only to Brazil* 2007 211m 66% indicate overall tendencies and should be treated with caution. Canada 2022 37m 90% In fourteen countries, respondents this year were only able to Chile 2008 18m 77% take the survey using a desktop or laptop computer. Although Mexico* 2007 130m 65%

all other quotas were met (e.g. age, gender, region), it is possible Asia Pacifi c that the figures for device use in those countries may have been Australia 2026 25m 88% affected, specifically computer/laptop figures may be inflated and in some countries and tablet numbers may be lower Hong Kong 2016 7.4m 87% than expected. It is important to keep in mind that many people Japan 2033 127m 93% use multiple devices, and the dataset still contains smartphone Malaysia 2013 32m 78% and tablet users who also use a computer. The countries affected Singapore 2018 5.8m 84% were Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, Canada, Czech South Korea 2010 51m 93% Republic, Poland, Portugal, Austria, South Korea, Switzerland, Hungary, and Turkey. We have flagged the problem on country Taiwan 1008 24m 88% pages where appropriate. * Please note that in Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey our samples are more representative of urban rather than national populations, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. Source: Internet World Stats (http://www.internetworldstats.com)

1 The full questionnaire can be accessed at www.digitalnewsreport.org 6 / 7

Authorship and research acknowledgements

Dr David A. L. Levy is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and an expert in media policy and regulation. He is the author of Europe’s Digital Revolution: Broadcasting Regulation, the EU and State (Routledge, 1999/2001), and joint author or editor of several RISJ publications.

Nic Newman is Research Associate at the Reuters Institute and is also a consultant on digital media, working actively with news companies on product, audience, and business strategies for digital transition. He writes an annual report for the Institute on future media and technology trends.

Dr Richard Fletcher is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption, the use of social media by and news organisations, and more broadly, the relationship between computer-based technologies and journalism.

Dr Antonis Kalogeropoulos is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. His doctoral work was focused on the effects of exposure to economic news. His research interests include political communication, journalism, and audience research.

Prof. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of Research at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Professor of Political Communication at the University of , and Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics. His work focuses on changes in the , political communication, and the role of digital technologies in both.

Country-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Fellows around the world2. Authorship is referenced at the bottom of the respective country page in Section 3.

Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by the team at YouGov, in particular, Charlotte Clifford, Justin Marshall, Sloane Francis , David Eastbury, and Stephanie Frost.

2 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for or more terms at the Institute in Oxford. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 8 8 / 9

Section 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings

Nic Newman Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 10

This year’s report contains signs of hope for the use most of the time. By contrast, 34% of respondents say they news industry following the green shoots that trust news they find via search and fewer than a quarter (23%) say they trust the news they find in social media. emerged 12 months ago. Change is in the air with • Over half (54%) agree or strongly agree that they are many media companies shifting models towards concerned about what is real and fake on the internet. This higher quality content and more emphasis on is highest in countries like Brazil (85%), Spain (69%), and reader payment. the United States (64%) where polarised political situations combine with high social media use. It is lowest in Germany We find that the to distributed content via social media and (37%) and the Netherlands (30%) where recent elections were aggregators has been halted – or is even starting to reverse, while largely untroubled by concerns over fake content. subscriptions are increasing in of countries. Meanwhile • Most respondents believe that publishers (75%) and platforms notions of trust and quality are being incorporated into the (71%) have the biggest responsibility to fix problems of fake algorithms of some tech platforms as they respond to political and unreliable news. This is because much of the news they and consumer demands to fix the reliability of information in complain about relates to biased or inaccurate news from the their systems. mainstream media rather than news that is completely made or distributed by foreign powers. And yet these changes are fragile, unevenly distributed, and come on top of many years of digital disruption, which has undermined • There is some public appetite for government intervention to confidence of both publishers and consumers. Our data show that stop ‘fake news’, especially in Europe (60%) and Asia (63%). consumer trust in news remains worryingly low in most countries, By contrast, only four in ten (41%) thought that often linked to high levels of media polarisation, and the perception government should do more. of undue political influence. Adding to the mix are high levels of • For the first time we have measured news literacy. Those concern about so-called ‘fake news’, partly stoked by politicians, with higher levels of news literacy tend to prefer who in some countries are already using this as an opportunity brands over TV, and use social media for news very differently to clamp down on media freedom. On the business side, pain has from the wider population. They are also more cautious about intensified for many traditional media companies in the last year interventions by governments to deal with misinformation. with any rise in reader revenue often offset by continuing falls in • With Facebook looking to incorporate survey-driven brand print and digital advertising. Part of the digital-born news sector trust scores into its algorithms, we reveal in this report the is being hit by Facebook’s decision to downgrade news and the most and least trusted brands in 37 countries based on similar continuing hold platforms have over online advertising. methodologies. We find that brands with a broadcasting With data covering nearly 40 countries and five continents, background and long heritage tend to be trusted most, with this research is a reminder that the digital revolution is full of popular and digital-born brands trusted least. contradictions and exceptions. Countries started in different • News apps, newsletters, and mobile notifications places, and the speed and extent of digital disruption partly continue to gain in importance. But in some countries users are depends on history, geography, politics, and regulation. These starting to complain they are being bombarded with too many differences are captured in individual country pages that can be messages. This appears to be partly because of the growth of found towards the end of this report. They contain important alerts from aggregators such as Apple News and Upday. industry context written by local experts – alongside key charts • The average number of people paying for online news has and data points from each market. The overall story is captured edged up in many countries, with significant increases coming in this executive summary, followed by Section 2 with chapters from Norway (+4 percentage points), Sweden (+6), and Finland containing additional analysis on key themes. (+4). All these countries have a small number of publishers, the majority of whom are relentlessly pursuing a variety of strategies. But in more complex and fragmented markets, A SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT there are still many publishers who offer online news for free. FINDINGS FROM OUR 2018 RESEARCH • Last year’s significant increase in subscription in the United • The use of social media for news has started to fall in a number States (the so-called Trump Bump) has been maintained, while of key markets after years of continuous growth. Usage is down donations and donation-based memberships are emerging as six percentage points in the United States, and is also down in a significant alternative strategy in Spain, and the UK as well the UK and France.3 Almost all of this is due to a specific decline as in the United States. These payments are closely linked with in the discovery, posting, and sharing of news in Facebook. political belief and come disproportionately from the young. • At the same time, we continue to a rise in the use of • concerns have reignited the growth in ad-blocking messaging apps for news as consumers look for more private software. More than a quarter block on any device (27%) (and less confrontational) spaces to communicate. WhatsApp but that ranges from 42% in Greece to 13% in South Korea. is now used for news by around half of our sample of online • Television remains a critical source of news for many – but users in Malaysia (54%) and Brazil (48%) and by around third declines in annual audience continue to raise new questions in Spain (36%) and Turkey (30%). about the future role of public broadcasters and their ability • Across all countries, the average level of trust in the news in to attract the generation of viewers. general remains relatively stable at 44%, with just over half (51%) agreeing that they trust the news media they themselves

3 Polling was done before the full effect of Facebook’s January algorithm changes had come into effect – perhaps with the exception of the United States. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 4

10 / 11

• Consumers remain reluctant to view news video within PROPORTION THAT USED FACEBOOK AS A SOURCE OF NEWS publisher websites and apps. Over half of consumption IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS happens in third-party environments like Facebook and YouTube. Americans and Europeans would like to see Country 2018 Change from 2017 fewer online news videos; Asians tend to want more. US 39% (-9) • Podcasts are becoming popular across the world due to better content and easier distribution. They are almost twice as UK 27% (-2) popular in the United States (33%) as they are in the UK (18%). Germany 24% (-1) Young people are far more likely to use podcasts than listen to speech radio. Italy 51% (-) • Voice-activated digital assistants like the Echo Spain 48% (+1) and Google Home continue to grow rapidly, opening new Ireland 38% (-3) opportunities for news audio. Usage has more than doubled in the United States, Germany, and the UK with around half of those Norway 40% (-1) who have such devices using them for news and information. Sweden 36% (-)

Finland 33% (-2)

SOCIAL MEDIA REVERSE Denmark 34% (-5)

For the last seven years we have tracked the key sources for Netherlands 29% (-3)

news across major countries and have reported a picture of Greece 60% (-2) relentless growth in the use of social media for news. Now, in many countries, growth has stopped or gone into reverse. Austria 30% (-4) REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Czech Rep. 57% (+10) TakingSlide the 3United States as an , weekly social media use for news grew steadily from 27% in 2013 to a peak of 51% before Poland 54% (+1) falling back significantly this year to 45% (-6). To some extent Hungary 60% (-4) this represents a readjustment after the social media around the Trump inauguration last year – but these patterns Turkey 51% (-3) also exist elsewhere. In the UK usage grew from 20% in 2013 Japan 9% (-) to 41% in 2017 before falling back. The decline in Brazil appears to have started in 2016. South Korea 25% (-3)

100% Germany Hong Kong 56% (+2) PROPORTION THAT USED SOCIAL MEDIA AS A SOURCE OFFrance 100% Malaysia 64% (+6) NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–18) – SELECTED MARKETSGermanyUK 66% FranceUSA 100% Canada 38% (-2) 100% GermanyUKBrazil 50% Germany 66%45% FranceUSA 100% 39% Brazil France 52% (-5) 36% UKBrazilGermany 50% 31% 66%45% USAFrance Mexico UK 61% (-2) 100% 39% 36% 66% BrazilGermanyUK USA 50% 45%31% 66% FranceUSA Australia Brazil 41% (+2) 0% 39% 2013 201450% 2015 2016 2017 201836% 45% UKBrazil 50% 31% 66%45% 39% USA Portugal 53% (-1) 0% 39% 36% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201836% 31% Brazil 50% 45%31% Argentina 60% (-5) 0% 39% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201836% 31% Q12b Which, if any, of the following have you used for fi nding, reading, watching, sharing 0% 2013 20140% 2015 2016 2017 2018 or discussing news in the last week? Base: Total 2017/2018 sample in each market. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Note: Also showing change from 2017. 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Q3. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Base: Total 2013–2018 sample in each market. It is worth noting that average Facebook use for any purpose has remained broadly static since 2015, while its use for news has declined. This suggests either a fall in general engagement Looking in more detail at these declines, we can see that they are or a reduction in exposure to news by the Facebook algorithm, almost entirely due to changes in the use of Facebook, consistently as the company prioritises interactions with family and the most widely used social network for news in almost every and tries to limit the impact of ‘fake news’. At the same time country. News consumption via Facebook is down 9 percentage we have seen a rise in the usage of alternative platforms such points in the United States and 20 points with younger groups. In as WhatsApp, , and . In the next two charts our urban Brazilian sample the use of Facebook for news has fallen we have averaged social news usage for around a dozen of the to 52% – a 17 point change from 2016. It is important to note that countries we have been tracking since 2014. Average news usage the decline is not universal. Facebook news usage is up significantly for Facebook has fallen from 42% in 2016 to 36% while in Malaysia and the Czech Republic. But in most countries the other networks are stable or have been growing rapidly. picture is one of decline. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 5 Slide 6

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 12

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR ANY NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (2014–18) – SELECTED MARKETS PURPOSE IN THE LAST WEEK (2014–18) – SELECTED MARKETS 36% Facebook 65% 75% 75% 15% WhatsApp 42%

36% Facebook 11% 65% 36% 75% 75% 50% 42% -6pp 15% WhatsApp 50% 8% FB Messenger 42% 27% 36% 11% Twitter 6% Instagram 36% 23% 50% 42% -6pp 50% 8% FB Messenger 27% 25% 25% 3% Snapchat 12% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE36% STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 7 6% Instagram 23% 25% 25% 3% Snapchat 12% 0% 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

0% Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for fi nding, reading, watching,0% sharing or discussing Q12A. Which, if any, of the following have you used for any purpose in the last week? 2014 2015 news2016 in the last week?2017 Base: Total sample2018 in selected markets: 2014 = 18859, 2015 = 23557, 20162014 = 24814, 20172015 Base:2016 Total sample 2017across selected2018 markets: 2014 = 18859, 2015 = 23557, 2016 = 24814, 2017 = 24487, = 24487, 2018 = 24735. Note: From 2015-18, the 12 markets included are UK, US, Germany, France, Spain, 2018 = 24735. Note: From 2015-18, the 12 markets included are UK, US, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Australia, Brazil. In 2014, we did not poll in Australia or Ireland. Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Australia, Brazil. In 2014, we did not poll in Australia or Ireland.

PROPORTION OF REFERRALS TO NEWS WEBSITES FROM FACEBOOK (FEB 2017–MAR 2018)

Facebook algorithm change 50% Summer 2017 Facebook algorithm change de-prioritises ‘less meaningful’ news content

25%

Source: Parsely. Based on share of referrers attributed to Facebook across 2500 publishers across countries within the Parsely network 0% FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCTREUTERSNOV INSTITUTEDEC FORJAN THE STUDYFEB OF JOURNALISMMAR / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2017 Slide 8 2018

It should be noted that our polling was conducted (mostly) before There have also been substantial increases in the use of other the implementation of a much-publicised Facebook algorithm networks in a number of countries. WhatsApp and Instagram change in January 2018 reorientating towards ‘meaningful have taken off in Latin America and parts of Asia. Snapchat interactions’, with a consequent reduction in news content. Since is making progress in parts of Europe and the United States, then, a number of publishers have reported a further substantial particularly with younger users. decline in referrals. One publisher, Little Things, went out of business in early 2018, citing Facebook’s algorithm changes as a PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR NEWS 4 critical factor. IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS

OTHER NETWORKS ARE TAKING UP THE SLACK

WhatsApp use for news has almost tripled since 2014 and has overtaken Twitter in importance in many countries. WhatsApp Snapchat Instagram But this conceals wide variations from 54% in Malaysia (+3) Malaysia 54% (+3) Norway 9% (+4) Brazil 16% (+4) and 48% in Brazil (+2) to 14% in Germany (+2) and just 4% in Brazil 48% (+2) France 6% (+3) Argentina 13% (+4) the United States (+1). Turkey 30% (+5) USA 5% (+3) Chile 12% (+4)

Q12b. Which, if any, of the following have you used for fi nding, reading, watching, sharing or discussing news in the last week? Base: Total 2017/2018 sample in each market. Note: Also showing change from 2017.

4 https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2018/03/06/facebooks-latest-algorithm-change-here-are-the-news-sites-that-stand-to-lose-the-most/#2b70d00334ec 12 / 13

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To some extent these increases have also been driven by publishers SlideWHY ARE 10 CONSUMERS RELYING LESS ON changing their strategies in a bid to become less dependent on FACEBOOK FOR NEWS? Facebook. For example, more media companies have adopted the ‘Instagram story’ format, which now attracts around 300m daily Survey and focus group evidence suggests a combination of active users per day.5 The BBC have extended their activities on push and pull factors at play. Consumers are being put off by Instagram into longer features and quizzes reaching 4.8m followers. toxic debates and unreliable news, but they are also finding that alternative networks offer more convenience, greater Meanwhile, Snapchat became an important source of news during privacy, and less opportunity to be misunderstood. the school shootings in Florida in February 2018, illustrating the subsequent anti-gun protests across the state with a navigable map REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (see below). The Snapchat Discover (news section) now reaches 17% FACEBOOK vs WHATSAPP – HOW CONSUMERS PERCEIVE Slideof 18–24s in 9 the United States, 13% in France, and 32% in Norway. THESE BRANDS “What ’ve noticed was Facebook was everything to Multi-faceted, creepy, but now Snapchat and Instagram through different mediums are coming right up and making things more ego-centric, uncool uncle, convenient than Facebook.” mid-life crisis, clean, generic (M, 20–29, US focus group) Best friend, fun, brings people SNAP MAP OF STUDENT PROTESTS ON GUN LAWS & BBC together, straightforward, REFOCUS ON INSTAGRAM honest, reliable, discrete

Source: Focus group participants aged 20-45 in US, UK, Brazil, Germany. Conducted Feb 2018.

One common theory is that people’s Facebook networks have got so big over time that they no longer feel comfortable sharing content openly. As a result, they are moving discussion to messaging apps where they can be sure that they are talking to ‘real friends’. This is sometimes referred to as context collapse,6 an idea reflected in these focus group comments.

“I use Facebook less, because I don’t want to have a close contact to many of my ‘friends’ there. These friends on Facebook are not important for me anymore. With my inner of friends I communicate via WhatsApp.” (M, 20–29, Germany)

“It’s a message to you [on WhatsApp] not a message to everyone.” (F, 30–45, US)

Focus group respondents still talk about finding stories on Facebook (and Twitter) but then they will often post them to a WhatsApp group for discussion, often using a screen grab or a Source: Snap Inc and BBC/Instagram. headline without a link. This is partly to avoid uncomfortable political debates over or :

WhatsApp does not currently make it easy to distribute news or “I’ve actually pulled back from using Facebook a lot since engage directly with users, but a number of media organisations the whole political landscape changed over the last few in Latin America and Spain have been experimenting with years because I just find everyone’s got an opinion.” ‘broadcast lists’, news groups, quizzes, and audio notes. (F, 30–45, UK)

For more analysis see Section 2.6: The Rise of Messaging Apps “Even though you may disagree with your friend on for News WhatsApp, friends are able to keep that good level of , everybody shares their opinion, and anyone who disagrees can joke about it. It’s a lighter mood to debate news with friends on WhatsApp than on Facebook.” (M, 20–29, Brazil)

5 https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/01/instagram-whatsapp-vs-snapchat 6 This term was coined by danah boyd: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2013/12/08/coining-context-collapse.html %00

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 %00 %00 %00 %00 14

Mark Zuckerberg has pledged to fix Facebook and to recreate a GATEWAYS TO NEWS safer and less toxic environment. Twitter CEO has also made cleaning his network of trolls and harassment a priority. The vast majority of our respondents (65%) prefer to get to news The next year is likely to be a critical test for both companies through a side door, rather than going directly to a news website in restoring trust and interaction on their platforms. Facebook or app. Over half (53%) prefer to access news through search believe that deprioritising some news content is part of that REUTERSengines, INSTITUTEsocial media, FOR THE or news STUDY aggregators, OF JOURNALISM interfaces / EXECUTIVE that SUMMARY use process, but our qualitative research suggests they need to be Slideranking algorithms 12 to select stories, rather than interfaces driven careful. Consumers still value news as part of the wider mix – by humans (homepage, email and mobile notifications). they would just like it to be more reliable and more relevant. Our survey has tracked the advance of distributed and With discussion moving to other platforms, they say, Facebook algorithmic access over the last seven years but our 2018 data could end up feeling rather empty. suggest a pause at least. The figures are almost identical with a year ago with just mobile alerts, which tend to be produced by human editors, edging up slightly. MESSAGING APPS ON THE RISE IN AUTHORITARIAN COUNTRIES PROPORTION THAT SAY 01100 Algorithmic selection A safe place for free expression has been one factor driving (search, social media, EACH IS THEIR MAIN GATEWAY 10110 aggregators) as the rapid growth of messaging apps in markets like Turkey, TO NEWS – ALL MARKETS popular as editorial Malaysia, and Hong Kong. In our data we find a strong 11110 selection (53%) correlation between use of networks like WhatsApp and self-expressed concern about the safety of posting political 50% messages. The highest levels of concern (65%) are in Turkey 65% side-door access (73% for U35s) where a failed coup two years ago led to opponents of President Erdoğan being jailed and the media muzzled. In a country that the US NGO Freedom House recently labelled ‘not free’ for 32 the first time, encrypted messaging apps like WhatsApp have 25% 24 proved a relatively safe way to express political views. Malaysia 23 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY which is labelled ‘partly free’ by Freedom House is introducing Slidenew laws that11 could see anyone convicted of peddling ‘fake 7 news’ imprisoned for up to six years. 6 6 6 0% Direct Search Social Email Mobile Aggregators media alerts

Q10a_new2017_rc. Which of these was the MAIN way in which you came across news in the last week? Base: All/under 35s that used a gateway to news in the last week: All markets = 69246/19755.

PROPORTION CONCERNED THAT OPENLY EXPRESSING THEIR POLITICAL VIEWS ONLINE COULD GET THEM INTO TROUBLE WITH THE AUTHORITIES – SELECTED MARKETS

100%100%100%

TurkeyTurkeyTurkey MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia HongHong KongHong Kong Kong USAUSA USANorwayNorwayNorway WhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsApp WhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsApp WhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsApp WhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsAppWhatsApp 30%30% 30% 54%54% 54% 38%38% 38% 4%4% 4% 2%2% 2%

6565 65 6363 63 5757 57 5656 56 50%50%50% 5252 52 5050 50 4848 48 4545 45

2626 26 2424 24 2323 23 2121 21

0%0% 0% TURTURTURSGNSGNSGNMYSMYSMYSBRABRABRAKORKORKORAUTAUTAUT HKHK HKCROCROCRO DENDENDENSWESWESWEUSAUSAUSANORNORNOR

MostMost Mostconcerned concerned concerned LeastLeastLeast concerned concerned concerned

Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for fi nding, reading, watching, sharing or discussing news in the last week?Q13a_2018_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. I tend to think carefully about expressing my political views openly on the internet because this could get me into trouble with the authorities. Base: Total sample in each market.

7 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/asia/malaysia-fake-news-law.html REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 13

14 / 15

Behind the averages, however, we find very significant country PROPORTION THAT SAY EACH IS THEIR MAIN GATEWAY differences. Two-thirds of respondents in Finland (65%) and TO NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS Norway (62%) prefer to go direct to a website or app. Elsewhere, preferred access is often via social media, with over four in Top Direct Top Social ten preferring this route in Chile (43%), Bulgaria (42%), and Malaysia (40%). In some Asian countries, aggregators or search Finland 65% Chile 43% are the main gateways. In South Korea, where Naver and Norway 62% Bulgaria 42% are dominant platform players, 47% say they prefer to access via search and 30% via a . Just 5% prefer to Sweden 52% Malaysia 40% go directly to a news website or app, by far the lowest in our Denmark 52% Argentina 37% survey. In Japan, where Yahoo! is the main news portal, the figure is just 15%.

These differences in preferred access points are critical. They Top Aggregators Top Search

show that Nordic publishers still have direct relationships Japan 36% South Korea 47% with their readers, making it much easier to charge for content online. Korean and Japanese publishers, on the other hand, South Korea 30% Poland 39%

find themselves much more dependent on third-party Taiwan 21% Italy 39% platforms to access audiences. Hungary 11% Czech Rep 38%

AGE DIFFERENCES Top Email Top Mobile Alerts Though the to distributed and side door access seems to have Belgium 24% Mexico 13% slowed down for now, this may just be a temporary pause with new technologies such as Voice on the way. The demographic push France 14% Taiwan 12% from under 35s remains towards greater use of mobile aggregators Portugal 14% Sweden 12% and social platforms and less direct access. Pulling in the opposite direction is the rebirth of email, which is being used as an effective USA 10% Singapore 10% tactic to bring consumers back to news websites directly, but this channel mainly resonates with over 45s. It is unlikely to attract Q10a_new2017_rc. Which of these was the MAIN way in which you came across news in the younger users. last week? Base: All that used a gateway to news in the last week in each market. Note: Base size is around 2000 in each market.

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 15

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A GATEWAY TO NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK BY AGE – ALL MARKETS

75% 75%

Younger Younger Older Older

53 50% 53 50% 47 48 48 47 47 47 45 45 45 46 46 45 46 46 42 42 18-24 18-24 42 42 41 41 40 40 36 36 34 34 33 33 25-34 25-34 25% 25% 23 23 35-44 35-44 18 16 18 14 15 14 14 15 14 14 16 14 45-54 45-54 12 11 12 12 11 12 55+ 55+ 0% 0% Social media Social mediaSearch SearchAggregators Aggregators Email EmailDirect access Direct access

Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Base: 18-24/25-34/35-44/45-54/55+: All markets = 8179/12922/13672/13369/26052. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 16

REUTERSNOTIFICATIONS INSTITUTE FOR AS THE A STUDY GATEWAY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TheSlide fastest growing16 gateway to news over the last three years has been mobile news alerts. These resonate with younger users who frequently start their day with the lock screen. Picking up on this opportunity, publishers have been sending more alerts on a wider range of subjects. They are also starting to use artificial intelligence (AI) to make them more relevant. In the last year we have seen strong growth in Latin America, Spain, and most of Asia. Access has been stable in the US, UK, and much of Europe after two strong years of growth.

PROPORTION THAT RECEIVED A MOBILE NEWS ALERT IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

50%

+3 +3

+2 35 35 +3 +2 29 +4 25% 25 +4 +3 24 23 +3 +2 22 22 +2 19 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 15 15 16 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 5 0% PORSNGTURHKTWNMEX SWE MYS USAROU BRA AUS KOR CHLIRESUI ARG SPA NORUKNLDFRADEN AUT CANBELGRE ITA BUL POLGER SVK JPN CRO ALLCZEFINHUN

Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile, or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Also showing change from 2017.

One key question for news companies is whether consumers are “I don’t know the name of the app. I have an app on my receiving too many alerts from too many different providers. Our phone, it was already there from the beginning, and data show that for those receiving alerts the average number of breaking news notifications pop up there just like when REUTERSorganisations INSTITUTE sending FOR THE alerts STUDY is highest OF JOURNALISM in Hong / Kong EXECUTIVE (5.6) SUMMARYand I get a message.” Slidelowest in the 17 UK (3.1), with an average of 4.2 across all markets. (F, 20–29, Germany) One reason for these relatively high numbers is that aggregators Across all markets twice as many people say they get too many like Apple News and Upday are now sending alerts automatically news alerts (21%) as too few (10%), though the majority (65%) in addition to individual news providers. This has increased the still feel they are getting the right amount. number of alerts but also the number of duplicate alerts – and also led to some confusion about where alerts may come from. Only in the UK do more people say they would like to get more alerts than fewer. This is likely to be partly because the BBC News app, which sends alerts to around 5m people, is relatively restrained.

PROPORTION WHO WANT TO RECEIVE MORE OR FEWER NEWS ALERTS – SELECTED MARKETS

100%100% MoreMore

RightRight amount amount

FewerFewer 74 74 71 71 71 71 66 66 65 65 65 65

50%50%

42 42 34 34

100% 21 21 21 21 21 21 More 19 19 18 18 17 17 15 15 16 16 5 5 Right amount 9 9 3 3 10 10 10 10 Fewer 0%0% 74 71 71 TaiwanTaiwan USAUSA SwedenSweden66 FranceFrance GermanyGermany UKUK 65 ALLALL (selected (selected65 markets) markets)

50% Q10b_2018_2. Thinking about the news notifi cations you currently receive, which of the following statements do you most agree with? I get too many news notifi cations/I get the right number of news notifi cations/I’d be happy getting more news notifi42 cations.Base: All who received a news alert in the last week in each/all markets: Taiwan = 350, US = 448, Sweden = 447, France = 299, Germany = 202, UK = 314, Selected markets = 7494. Note: We also asked this question in Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Canada. 34

21 21 21 19 18 17 15 16 5 9 3 10 10 0% Taiwan USA Sweden France Germany UK ALL (selected markets) 16 / 17

ATTRACTINGREUTERS INSTITUTE MORE FOR THE STUDYPEOPLE OF JOURNALISM TO USE /ALERTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TRUST IN THE NEWS MEDIA Slide 18 Around four in ten of those not using alerts (37%) say that nothing Winning consumer trust is becoming the central issue of our times

would persuade them to sign up. But there are opportunities REUTERSas businesses INSTITUTE compete FOR THE for STUDY attention OF JOURNALISM in a digital / world EXECUTIVE – and SUMMARY where amongst other smartphone users who are interested in news but user can transfer in the of an eye. As the Edelman so far have been reluctant to sign up. The main barriers are the TrustSlide Barometer 19 8 has documented, trust has been declining in fear of being bombarded with notifications (18%), and concern many institutions, as well as in the news media, over many years. about receiving the same alert multiple times (16%). But have we now reached the bottom? At an aggregate level, this year, we see a relatively stable picture. Fewer than half of us (44%) say we trust the media most of the time but we are more PROPORTION THAT SAY EACH REASON WOULD ENCOURAGE likely to trust media we use ourselves (51%). This has increased by THEM TO USE NEWS ALERTS – SELECTED MARKETS 2 percentage points in the last year.

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY TRUST NEWS FROM EACH 37% SOURCE – ALL MARKETS say ‘nothing’ would encourage them to Trust news Trust news Trust news Trust news get news notifi cations / alerts overall I use in search in social

44% 51% 34% 23% 18% (+1) (+2) would be encouraged if they could control the number received Q6_2018_1/2/3/4. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. I think you can trust ‘most news’/’news I consume’/’news in social media’/’news in search engines’ most of the time. Base: Total sample in all markets = 74194.

16% By contrast, only a third of our aggregated sample says they trust would be encouraged if they could reduce the news they find in search engines (34%) most of the time, while duplication from diff erent providers news in social media is seen as even more unreliable (23%). This reflects the previous discussion about the often unsatisfying experience of news in Facebook, but is also a natural consequence REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY of seeing more sources when in aggregated environments (Digital Q10b_2018_4. You use a mobile device but said you have not received a mobile notifi cation in the last week, which of the following features would encourage you to use or install alerts/ News Report, 2016, 2017). If these perspectives are different – which Slidenotifi cations for 20 news?Base: All that use a smartphone or tablet but did not receive a news alert in the last week: Selected markets = 44746. Note: This question was not asked in Greece, Brazil, they often are – this can lead to confusion, greater scepticism, and Argentina, Mexico, Chile. ultimately to a lack of trust. Looking at more detailed data on general news trust, we see more movement and significant variations across countries. Finland is holding steady at the top (62%) along with Portugal (62%). Greece (26%) and South Korea (25%) remain anchored at the bottom, though their scores have each increased by 2 percentage points. Trust in the news is substantially up in a number of countries, PROPORTION THAT AGREE YOU CAN TRUST MOST NEWS notably Ireland, Canada, the Netherlands, and Slovakia. MOST OF THE TIME – ALL MARKETS

100%

-5 62 62 -7 59 59 58 56 -4 54 53 53 52 50% 50 50 49 -4 48 47 47 45 44 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 39 38 38 35 34 34 32 31 30 29 26 25

0% SUICHL BELIREDENCANNLDBRA PORFIN BELIREDENCANNLDBRA SUICHL AUS SGNPOLMEXGER HKNOR SPA JPN ROU ITA UK ARG SWE AUT CRO BUL FRATUR SVK USA CZETWN MYS HUN GRE KOR

Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Also showing change from 2017.

8 https://www.edelman.com/trust-barometer Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 18

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Declining trust often seems to be linked to political tension. Slidethe last week. 22 Local television news is most trusted, with a mean Trust is down 7 points in Spain (44%) as the media have become of over six (6.5), and Breitbart least trusted (3.69). However caught up in the wider splits in Spanish society after the Catalan for those who use Breitbart regularly, the trust score jumps to referendum. It is also down in Austria (-4) following a divisive 6.96 reflecting its highly partisan user base. series of elections and in Poland (-5) where the government has For more analysis see Section 2.3: Which Brands do we Trust and Why? been accused of cracking down on private media in the name of combating ‘fake news’.9

AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS – US POLARISATION AND TRUST IN THE UNITED STATES

The impact of Donald Trump’s first year as US President can be 6.5 Local television news seen in the next chart, which also shows how polarised the news 7.09 User of brand 6.06 media have become. Trust was already unevenly distributed in Journal REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7.24 2016, but post-election we find that those who identify on 5.84 ABC News Slide(49%) have 21 almost three times as much trust in the news as those 7.17 Heard of brand on the right (17%). The left gave their support to newspapers like 5.84 CBS News and Times while the right’s alienation 7.27 from mainstream media has become ever more entrenched. 5.82 NPR News 7.98

This chart reminds us that trust or lack of trust in the media is 5.78 Washington Post closely linked to perceived political bias. In this year’s Reuters 7.39 5.75 New York Times 7.42

5.56 NBC/MSNBC News PROPORTION THAT AGREE YOU CAN TRUST MOST NEWS 7.21

MOST OF THE TIME BY POLITICAL LEANING (2016-18) – US 5.38 CNN 7.2

100% 5.24 Yahoo! News Trump victory 6.27 leads le to on the right hits re-invest trust in a low Left 5.11 HuPost liberal media Right 6.74

6.5 5.07 Local television news 7.09 6.56 User of brand 50% 51 49 6.06 4.85 Wall Street JournalBuzzfeed News 7.24 6.12

100% 34 5.84 4.84 ABC News Trump victory Media trust 7.17 7.0 leads le to 23 on the right hits 20 Left Heard of brand re-invest trust in a low 17 5.843.696.5 Local televisionCBS News news liberal media Right Breitbart 7.097.27 0% 6.96 User of brand 2016 2017 2018 5.826.06 Wall StreetNPR Journal News 50% 0 7.247.985 10 15 51 49 Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’ and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this 5.845.78 WashingtonABC News Post 34 in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018_1. Please indicate your Q6_2018. How trustworthy would you7.177.39 say news from the following brands is? Use the scale level of agreement with the following statements. I think you can trust most news most of the below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: TotalHeard sample/all of brand time.23 Base: Left /right: 2016 = 476/591, 2017 = 530/533, 2018 = 567/550. who used each brand in the last5.845.75 week. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand 20 17 New YorkCBS TimesNews were excluded. Bases vary for users of each7.277.42 brand, but all were above 50. 0% 2016 2017 2018 5.565.82 Institute Memorial Lecture, Washington Post Editor Marty NBC/MSNBCNPR NewsNews 7.217.98 Baron accepted that in the United States ‘tribalism in media 5.385.78 10 WashingtonCNN Post consumption is becoming more pronounced’, which is why 7.397.2

attempts to improve trust levels with better facts or more 5.245.75 NewYahoo! York TimesNews transparency alone may not be enough. Inclusive reporting that 6.27 7.42 bridges political divides and reflects different perspectives and 5.115.56 NBC/MSNBCHuPost News voices will need to be part of the solution too. 6.747.21 5.075.38 Vice NewsCNN 6.567.2

4.855.24 BuzzfeedYahoo! News BRAND LEVEL TRUST 6.126.27

4.845.11 FoxHuPost News We can see this story about polarisation and perceived bias 6.747.0

expressed in a new and powerful way with the help of brand level 3.69 5.07 ViceBreitbart News trust scores. For the first time this year, we asked respondents to 6.566.96 score top brands in each country (where 0 is not at all trustworthy 4.85 News 0 5 10 15 and 10 is completely trustworthy). Taking the US as an example, 6.12 4.84 we can see scores for all those who have heard of the brand, Fox News 7.0 followed by a second score for those who have actually used it in 3.69 Breitbart 6.96

0 5 10 15

9 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/12/11/the-polish-government-is-cracking-down-on-private-media-in-the-name-of-combating-fake-news (paywall). 10 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/full-text-when-president-wages-war-press-work 18 / 19

WeREUTERS can also INSTITUTE look at FOR the THE same STUDY data OF throughJOURNALISM a political / EXECUTIVE lens. SUMMARY In the established brands like in the US or BBC News next chart the trust scores of those who self-identify on the right in the UK. This approach would also tend to down-rate hyper areSlide represented 23 by dots, those from the left by red dots, and partisan brands like Breitbart because they do not have trust with those in the centre with orange dots. different types of people. On the other hand, if they take notice of whether an individual uses the brand, people could see more Fox News and Breitbart have much higher levels of trust from content from hyper partisan sites. those on the right (represented by the blue dots) whereas CNN and MSNBC show the reverse. Those on the left give CNN a score Looking at brand trust across countries, we find that TV brands of 7.1, with right-leaning respondents rating the network just 2.4. (or digital brands with a TV heritage) score best, followed by Fox News gets a high rating from the right (6.9) and a very low one upmarket newspaper brands. Digital-born brands and popular from those on the left (2.4). is also well trusted newspaper brands do worst. Public broadcasters (PSBs) score on the right (5.5) but those on the left give it a score of less than best in countries where they are seen to be independent of two (1.9). Similar charts for other countries (e.g. Germany and UK) government. But in countries like Italy and Spain they have lower show far narrower gaps in partisan trust. scores in absolute terms but also in relation to other types. In Spain, flourishing digital-born brands carry more trust than any AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN type of ‘legacy media’. SELECTED NEWS BRANDS – US Left Centre Right

Fox News ‘FAKE NEWS’ EXPLORED CNN Related to trust, we have asked a series of further questions this NBC/MSNBC News year to understand public concern about ‘fake’ or unreliable news. Breitbart This is a difficult area to research because the term is both poorly

0 2 4 6 8 10 defined and highly politicised. Our approach was, first, to ask about general concern to capture variation across countries and then

Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’ and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this to break the term down to understand how much people were in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018. How trustworthy exposed to different types of unreliable information, identified by would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all 12 trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Left /centre/right: US = 567/970/550. Note: audiences in focus groups last year. People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded. More than half of our global sample (54%) expresses concern or TRUST SCORES AND FACEBOOK strong concern about ‘what is real or fake’, when thinking about online news. There are significant country variations, with Brazil These scores are important because Facebook have decided to (85%), Spain (69%), France (62%), and the US (64%) at the top end. ask an almost identical question of their community as part of the These are all polarised countries where recent or ongoing election response to what they call ‘false news’. It’s not entirely clear how or referendum campaigns have been affected by disinformation REUTERSthey will INSTITUTE use the results FOR THE in STUDY their OFranking JOURNALISM algorithm / EXECUTIVE but it is SUMMARY likely and misinformation. By contrast, there is much less concern they will downgrade brands with low trust scores and upgrade in Germany (37%)13 and the Netherlands (30%)14 where recent Slidebrands with 24 high scores. This process has already started in the elections passed off largely without alarm. It is also worth noting US where they have also said they will uprate brands that are that politics tends to be less polarised in these countries and social trusted by different types of people.11 media play a less important role as a source of news.

Facebook will not reveal their scores, but we are For more see Section 2.2: Misinformation and Disinformation Unpacked our results for the top news brands in our 37 country pages (see Section 3: Analysis by Country). If Facebook mainly look at all those who have heard of the brand, this is likely to benefit

PROPORTION WHO SAY THEY ARE VERY OR EXTREMELY CONCERNED ABOUT WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON THE INTERNET WHEN IT COMES TO NEWS – ALL MARKETS

Issue in upcoming elections Catalan Popularised by independence Trump and the a †ashpoint media itself 100% Low level concern post 85 election 71 69 66 66 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 60 60 60 58 57 50% 55 53 51 54 50 50 49 49 48 47 46 44 43 42 41 38 37 36 36 30

0% PORBRA PORBRA SPA CHL SGNGRE AUS USA MYS FRAMEX KOR ARG TUR ROU FINIREUKCAN CRO ITA TWN HUN BUL SWE POLCZEHKBELSUIJPN NOR GERAUT ALLNLDDENSVK

Q_FAKE_NEWS_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. Thinking about online news, I am concerned about what is real and what is fake on the internet. Base: Total sample in each market.

11 https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/23/16925898/facebook-trust-survey-news-feed-media 12 Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, and Lucas Graves, “News You Don’t Believe”: Audience Perspectives on ‘Fake News’, Oxford: RISJ, 2016. 13 https://www.poynter.org/news/fake-news-probably-wont-affect-outcome-germanys-election-heres-why 14 https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/14/heres-why-the-dutch-election-is-resilient-to-fake-news.html Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 20

DEFINING ‘FAKE NEWS’ IN MORE DETAIL MIXED PICTURE FOR GOVERNMENT REGULATION REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF CONTENT In focus groups (UK, US, Brazil, Germany this year) we find that Slide 26 ordinary people spontaneously raise the issue of ‘fake news’ in a Across countries respondents think that media companies and way they didn’t a year ago. This is not surprising given extensive journalists have the biggest responsibility (75%) to sort this out, use by some politicians to describe media they don’t like – and not surprising given that most of the content they describe as widespread coverage by the media. But we find audience ‘fake news’ is generated by them. Consumers also think that tech perceptions of these issues are very different from those of companies like Google and Facebook should do more to prevent politicians and media insiders. misinformation (71%). But there is a much more mixed picture when it comes to government intervention. , people worry about fabricated or ‘made up’ news (58%), but they struggle to find examples of when they’ve actually seen this PROPORTION THAT AGREE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD DO (26%). Of all our categories this is the biggest single gap between MORE TO COMBAT MISINFORMATION – SELECTED MARKETS perception and what people actually see. Even in the United

States, examples tend to be historic rather than current: MORE SUPPORT IN EUROPE

“I think during the election, the biggest thing I disliked The crisis and alleged use of Russian bots has Spain 72% about Facebook was the amount of fake stories that escalated the issue with politicians demanding action were on there. And I think since then it has gotten so MPs investigating possible interference in the Brexit much better.” UK 61% vote. The government says it will consider legislation (M, 30–45, US) if tech platforms don’t clean up their act French President is proposing Looking at our survey results, we find that when consumers talk France 61% legislation to ban ‘fake news’ on websites and in social about ‘fake news’ they are often just as concerned about poor media during elections

journalism, clickbait, or biased/spun journalism. Indeed, this is New law already in place demands tech platforms to Germany the type of misrepresentation that they say they are most often 59% remove off ensive and illegal content within 24 hours exposed to (42%). LESS INTEREST IN US

“I see ‘fake news’ every day. I mean for example, some of Congressional investigation into Russian interference REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY US 41% the stuff is just mediocre and over exaggerating and it’s in US election using social and digital media Slidenot always 25 what it seems.”

(F, 30–45, US) Q_FAKE_NEWS_4_2_3. Please indicate your agreement with the following statement. The Government should do more to make it easier to separate what is real and fake on the internet. Base: Total sample in each market. While politicians and the media often talk about ‘fake news’ in terms of Russian propaganda or for-profit fabrication by Macedonian teenagers, it is clear that audience concerns are very different, relating to different kinds of deception largely While almost two-thirds (61%) agree that governments should perpetrated by journalists, politicians, and advertisers. do more, it is striking that sentiment is much more in favour of action in Europe (60%) than in the United States (41%), where the issue of ‘fake news’ seems to have had the most impact. PROPORTION WHO SAY THEY ARE VERY OR EXTREMELY CONCERNED ABOUT EACH, AND PROPORTION WHO SAY THEY SAW EACH IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS When facts are spun or twisted 59 to push a particular agenda 39 When facts are spun or twisted 59 58 Stories that are completelyto push a particular made up agenda 39 Biggest mismatch between for political or commercial reasons 26 When facts are spun or twisted 59 concern and exposure 58 Storiesto push that a particular are completely agenda made up 39 55 Biggest mismatch between Poor journalism for political (factual or commercial mistakes, reasons 26 concern and exposure misleading headlines/clickbait) 42 Greatest exposure Stories that are completely made up 58 55 Biggest mismatch between for politicalPoor or journalism commercial (factual reasons mistakes, 26 49 concern and exposure Use of misleadingterm ‘fake news’ headlines/clickbait) (e.g. by 42 Greatest exposure politicians) to discredit news media 31 Poor journalism (factual mistakes, 55 misleadingUse headlines/clickbait) of term ‘fake news’ (e.g. by 49 4243 Greatest exposure politicians)Advertisements to discredit thatnews media 31 look like news stories 34 Use of term ‘fake news’ (e.g. by 49 politicians) to discreditAdvertisements news media that 43 24 31 Exposed Stories that are look made like upnews to stories 34 make people laugh (satire) 23 Advertisements that 43 24 Exposed lookStories like newsthat are stories made up to 34 Concern make people laugh0% (satire) 25%23 50% 75% Exposed Stories that are made up to 24 Concern make people laugh (satire) 0% 23 25% 50% 75% Concern Q_FAKE_NEWS_2. To what extent,0% if at all, are you concerned 25%about the following. Q_FAKE_NEWS_3.50% In the last week which of75% the following have you personally come across? Base: Total sample in all markets. 20 / 21

In the United States, focus group participants were extremely THE RISE OF ALTERNATIVE AND PARTISAN wary of government interference, preferring solutions that NEWS WEBSITES encouraged users of the platforms to behave more responsibly. In recent years we’ve seen the emergence of a number of “Well it’s free speech, right.” alternative, populist, or partisan websites that have grown “Yeah it’s what our country is based on, right?” rapidly in some countries largely through free social media “You can’t have the government doing that.” distribution. In most cases these sites have a political or ideological agenda and their user base tends to passionately (Fs, 20–29, US) share these views.15 Examples are Breitbart and InfoWars in the United States (right-wing), and Evolve Politics in the But in Germany, there was a different picture with respondents UK (left-wing). often recognising the value of government intervention. “I noticed that disclaimed content is removed within These sites should be distinguished from those that ‘deliberately a few hours.” fabricate the news’, even if they are often accused of exaggerating or tailoring the facts to fit their cause. Partisan sites (M, 30–45, Germany) are said to have played a part in bringing Donald Trump to power “If the trolls stop posting inadequate comments and in the United States and in mobilising support for debates that would be great.” in the UK. Though ideology is a key motivator, some sites are also (M, 20–29, Germany) looking to make money from these activities. The narrowness of their focus also separates them from established news sites like Fox News and Mail Online, which also have a reputation for This research is a timely reminder that there is no clear partisan political coverage, but tend to cover the full range of agreement on where the limits of free speech should be set. news (, sport, entertainment). Their audiences also In the design of their software, US technology companies tend to be more mixed in terms of left and right. have long reflected a perspective that is heavily influenced by the First Amendment, but that is now running up against This year we wanted to understand if these newer, alternative European and Asian traditions that are more mindful of the sites and were gaining traction outside the United States. historic dangers of unregulated free speech. Striking the right We worked with local European partners in ten countries to REUTERSbalance, INSTITUTE particularly FOR at THE a time STUDY of OF greater JOURNALISM polarisation, / EXECUTIVE will SUMMARYbe identify a number of sites that matched our criteria; namely critical for society but also for journalism. websites or blogs which have a political or ideological agenda, Slide 29 mainly distributed through social media. For more on proposed legislation on ‘fake news’ see Section 3: Analysis by Country This methodology has a number of drawbacks; these sites are hard to classify and compare. We may have failed to capture important sites in some countries and survey respondents may not always remember smaller sites that they come across in social media.

PROPORTION WHO ARE AWARE OF/USED SELECTED ALTERNATIVE AND PARTISAN BRANDS FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS

US UK Germany

7 2 1 Breitbart (right) Breitbart (right) Breitbart Germany (right) 45 19 17

3 2 3 Infowars (right) The Canary (le ) Junge Freiheit (right) 29 16 11

5 2 2 Daily Caller (right) Westmonster (right) Politically Incorrect (PI-News) (right) 25 6 7

4 2 2 The Blaze (right) Another Angry Voice (le ) Compact online (right) 32 9 9

5 1 (le ) Evolve Politics (le ) 24 5

1 Wings over Scotland (nat) 4 0% 25% 50% 0% 25% 50% 0% 25% 50%

Weekly use Heard of

Q5c_2018_12. Which, if any, of the following have you heard of/used to access news in last week? Base: Total sample in each market.

15 We can see from our data that is overwhelmingly partisan. For example, over 80% of Breitbart’s audience in the US identifies as right-wing. In the UK around 75% of the Canary’s audience identifies as left-wing, though with a small base. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 22

Firstly, we compare the United States with the United Kingdom In Germany it might be more accurate to characterise these and Germany, both of which have significantly lower levels of sites as anti-establishment. Politically Incorrect News (2%) usage. Breitbart, for example, which operates in all three countries, takes a critical stance on Islam16 along with multiculturalism reaches 7% of the US sample each week, 2% in the UK and just 1% and immigration and attracts an audience from the extreme in Germany. In all three countries we also see a large gap between left as well as the extreme right. Compact Online (2%) is closely awareness of these sites and actual usage. This suggests either that associated with the right-wing populist party AfD17, while Junge their impact has been amplified by mainstream media coverage Freiheit (3%) is a nationalist newspaper brand that is reaching or that people have used them in the past, but that they are less new audiences on the web. relevant today. Next we compare three more countries with active alternative Most partisan sites in the United States come from a right-wing and partisan sites. In the Czech Republic a number of sites have perspective and are popular with users who see the mainstream been labelled as disinformation websites by NGOs as well as media as overwhelmingly liberal. Many are run by talk radio hosts the Centre against and Hybrid Threats set up by the (InfoWars, TheBlaze), or outspoken conservative commentators Ministry of Interior in 2016. The best known alternative site is (Daily Caller). Here, one survey respondent offers a clear rationale Parlamentnilisty.cz which reaches 17% of our sample.18 Other for using these sites. websites, many of which pursue an anti-EU and pro-Russian agenda, have a more limited reach. “Quite frankly, I get more substantial “real” information from The Blaze and Infowars than I get from today’s In Sweden, a small number of right-wing websites reach around ‘fake news’ media and government pundits.” 10% of our sample each week with an agenda that is largely (M, 76, US) critical of the country’s liberal immigration policy. Meanwhile in Spain the situation is a little different. The weakness of In the UK there is more of a political mix. Westmonster (2%) is a mainstream media has spawned a large range of alternative pro-Brexit site partly funded by right-wing businessman Arron political websites and blogs, some of which have existed for Banks, while the Canary (2%), Another Angry Voice (2%), and many years. Libertad Digital and Periodista Digital follow an Evolve Politics (1%), represent various shades of radical opinion anti-Podemos and anti-Catalan independence agenda. Other on the left. Wings over Scotland is a popular and influential blog sites such as Dolça Catalunya (3%) and Directe. (3%) focus that fights for . Users of these sites say exclusively on the Catalan issue but from opposing perspectives. they are looking for alternatives to the mainstream media: OK Diario, which styles itself as the ‘website of the unconformists’, REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY has featured in our list of main Spanish online sites for the last “I’m keen for Brexit to happen. Westmonster and similar few years with 12% weekly reach. Slidenews providers 30 report on news the BBC and others avoid because it does not fit with their biased view.” “They tell the truth I like, not the damned politically (M, 66, UK) correct truth.” M, 65, Spain “MSM [mainstream media] is biased, always covers the news to show the Tories in a good light, you have to look further if you want the truth.” (F, 48, UK)

PROPORTION WHO ARE AWARE OF/USED SELECTED ALTERNATIVE AND PARTISAN BRANDS FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS

Czech Republic Sweden Spain

17 11 14 Parlamentnilisty.cz Fria Tider Libertad Digital 46 39 39

4 10 8 Prvnizpravy.cz Nyheter Idag Periodista Digital 10 27 27

3 8 4 Ac24.cz Samhällsnytt Elplural.com 9 18 18

2 8 3 Aeronet.cz Ledarsidorna Dolça Catalunya 11 17 8

2 6 3 Sputnik.cz Nya tider Directe.cat 10 31 7

6 Samtiden 22

0% 25% 50% 0% 25% 50% 0% 25% 50%

Weekly use Heard of

Q5c_2018_1/2. Which, if any, of the following have you heard of/used to access news in last week? Base: Total sample in each market.

16 PI News says it is engaged in a ‘fight against the Islamisation of Europe’. See: http://www.pi-news.org/about-us/ 17 https://www.zeit.de/2016/25/afd-compact-juergen-elsaesser/komplettansicht 18 A round up of alternative sites in the Czech Republic by Forum24: http://forum24.cz/kdo-nas-dezinformuje-aktualni-prehled-hlavnich-zdroju-a-siritelu-fake-news-v-cesku/ REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 31

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PARTISAN AND ALTERNATIVE SITES IN EUROPE PAYING FOR ONLINE NEWS

German blog, founded 2004 While digital advertising remains a critical source of revenue, Stance: Anti-immigration, critical of Islam most publishers recognise that this will not be enough, on its own, to support high quality journalism. Across the industry we are seeing a renewed push to persuade consumers to pay directly for online news through subscription, membership, donations or Czech portal, operating since 2008 per-article payments. Stance: Pro-, anti-immigration Our data suggest that these efforts are paying off in some countries, but not yet in others – with significant progress being made by Nordic countries in particular. Substantial increases Spanish ‘website of the unconformists’ have come from market leaders Norway (+4) and Sweden (+6), as Stance: Anti-Podemos, anti-independence well as Finland (+4). All these countries have a small number of publishers who are These sites reflect the wider populist and anti-establishment relentlessly pursuing a variety of paywall strategies. They have movements that are sweeping Europe. Many set out to present the added benefit of coming from wealthy societies that value an alternative to mainstream media, which they see as part news, have a strong subscription tradition, and where language of a corporatist or politically correct consensus. For the most and the small size of their market protects them from foreign part their reach remains limited, but high awareness suggests competition. that their perspectives have been noted by the public and by Many Norwegian newspapers use a hybrid paywall model mainstream media. (a combination of a monthly page view limit and some premium These sites have been able to gain currency through social media content) supported by data driven editorial and marketing distribution. But as Facebook takes into account trust scores, teams looking to convert users. Using these techniques, becomes more risk averse on content, and refocuses on friends AftenPosten reached 100,000 digital subscribers in December and family, we could see these alternative websites struggle to 2017 after just two years. retain attention. Norwegian publishers are even able to charge for local news. The Amedia group, which runs about 60 local newspapers and For more analysis see Section 2.4: Who Uses Alternative and websites, has 160,000 digital subscribers, up 45% on last year. Partisan News Brands? REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Adjusting for population size, this would be the equivalent of For detailed figures see Section 3: Analysis by Country Trinity Mirror in the UK selling 2m digital subscriptions – or Slide 32 10m for in the United States. In Sweden, leading daily Dagens Nyheter (DN) has more than 120,000 digital subscribers, with an average age 20 years younger than the print readership. The company uses predictive data techniques to target likely new subscribers and reduce churn.

PROPORTION THAT HAVE PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE LAST YEAR – ALL MARKETS

Nordic countries lead the world in paying for online news. Small markets with strong tradition for reading and subscription 14% 19% +2

ALL MARKET AVERAGE 10% 50% AVERAGE OF BENELUX 15% AND NORDIC COUNTRIES 20% 25% +5 30% +6 30 +7 25% 26 +4 +3 +2 20 20 +2 +2 18 18 16 16 16 15 14 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 0% NOR SWE AUS POLSGPTWNFINHK USA NLDBELDEN ITA ARG SUI IRESVK SPA ROU FRA PORCANJPNKOR CHL CZEAUT GERHUN BUL UK CRO GRE

Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? (This could be a digital subscription, combined digital/print subscription or one off payment for an article or app or e-edition). Base: Total sample in each market. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 33

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 24

NORWAY The main beneficiaries of the US surge in subscriptions since AFTENPOSTEN 2016 have been liberal newspapers like the New York Times and 100,000 Digital Subscribers the Washington Post. has increased digital subscription revenues by almost 50% in the last year as it heads for a target of Meter + Premium REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10m subscribers globally. The Washington Post does not give official Cost / month: €21 Slidenumbers but 35 an internal memo revealed digital-only subscribers had reached more than 1 million, doubling in the last year.19 As the SWEDEN following chart shows, almost all the growth in the last two years DAGENS NYHETER has come from those who identify on the left or in the centre – along 122,000 Digital Subscribers with under 35s. This is clear statement from those groups about Meter + Premium the continuing need for high-quality journalism that can hold Cost / month: €10 the Trump administration to account. These are also frequently respondents with much higher trust in news than most Americans. FINLAND HELSINGIN SANOMAT PROPORTION THAT HAVE PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE 70,000 Digital Subscribers LAST YEAR BY POLITICAL LEANING (2016 AND 2018) – US

Meter + Premium 50% Cost / month: €17.50 2018 2016 50% 2018 In Finland quality news provider Helsingin Sanomat has returned to growth after 25 years of declining circulation thanks to digital. 2016 25% 29 They have 230,000 readers who pay for digital access, of whom 70,000 are digital only (up 40% in the last year) – part of a total 29 subscriber base of almost 400,000. 25% 15 16 9 It is not clear if the conditions for this Nordic success are 7 8 15 0% 16 replicable elsewhere but more publishers across the world Le Centre Right REUTERSare now INSTITUTEexperimenting FOR THE with STUDY these OF JOURNALISMapproaches. / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 7 8 0% Slide 34 Le Q1F.Centre Some people talk aboutRight ‘left ’, ‘right’ and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? (This could be a digital TRUMP BUMP MAINTAINED subscription, combined digital/print subscription or one off payment for an article or app or e-edition). Base: Left /right: 2016 = 476/591, 2018 = 567/550. In the United States, last year’s Trump Bump in subscriptions has been maintained with a headline rate of 16% paying for some kind of online news. Elsewhere, there has been a slight Across countries, future likelihood to pay has also increased uptick but progress remains painfully slow. amongst those who are not already paying. Almost one in five (17%) of those who were not already paying said they are likely to do so in PROPORTION THAT HAVE PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS IN THE the next twelve months – up 2 percentage points on a year ago. LAST YEAR (2014–18) – SELECTED MARKETS

50% RISE IN DONATIONS FROM A LOW BASE

NorwayThe rise of subscription has raised concerns about a two-tier 50% Swedensystem, where high-quality news is reserved for those who can Australiaafford it. This is why some news organisations prefer to keep access Norway Finlandfree but to ask for voluntary contributions. 30% Sweden Australia USA 26% Finland DenmarkIn the UK, adopted the approach in 2016 and since 25% 30% USA Francethen it has received 600,000 voluntary payments, raising tens 26% 20% Denmark 25% 18% Spainof millions of pounds each year. It has also started to crowdfund 16% France 20% 15% Germanyaround specific stories such as the recent US school shootings 18% Spain 16% 11% UKwhere it raised $125,000 to produce solutions-based reporting. 15% 11% Germany 8% 11% UK 11% 7% Digital-born organisations in Spain have been partly funded this 8% 7% way for some time, along with National Public Radio (NPR) in the 0% United States and some local news non-profits. Some partisan and 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 right-wing websites also appeal regularly for donations. 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid for ONLINE news service in the last year? (This could be a digital subscription, combined digital/print subscription or one off payment for an article or app or e-edition). Base: Total 2014-18 sample in each market.

19 http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/26/media/washington-post-digital-subscriptions/index.html 20 https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21735046-two-years-ago-newspaper-was-making-existentially-worrying-losses-next-year-it-hopes-break 24 / 25

One of our new questions this year reveals that more than two- thirds of respondents (68%) are either unaware of the problems of the news industry or believe that most news organisations are REUTERSmaking a INSTITUTE profit from FOR THEdigital STUDY news. OF JOURNALISMIn reality, most / EXECUTIVE digital newsSUMMARY sites are operating at a loss, subsidised by investors, alternative Sliderevenue streams, 39 or historic profits from broadcast or print.

Those that were aware that digital newspapers are making a loss (10% of our sample) are more likely to pay for a news subscription or give a donation. More widely, this year we have identified different levels of news literacy within our online sample and the next chart shows a clear link between knowledge about how the news industry works and likelihood to pay in the future.

LIKELIHOOD TO PAY FOR THE NEWS IN THE FUTURE BY NEWS LITERACY – SELECTED MARKETS

50%50% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WouldWould consider consider donatingdonating in in the future Slide 38 36% the future 36% Likely to pay Likely to pay We find that relatively small numbers currently donate to news for online news in the forfuture online news organisations – just 1% in the UK and Germany, rising to 2% in 25% in the future 25% Spain and 3% in the United States. But the scale of the opportunity 20% 20% could be much bigger. On average a quarter of our online sample (22%) say they might be prepared to donate to a news organisation in the future if they felt if could not cover their costs in other ways. 0% Very low Low High Very high 0% PROPORTION THAT MADE A DONATION TO A NEWS Very low Low High Very high ORGANISATION IN THE LAST YEAR/WOULD CONSIDER DONATING IN THE FUTURE – SELECTED MARKETS Q7aiv. You said you have not paid for online digital content in the last year. How likely or unlikely would you be to pay in the next 12 months for online news from particular sources that you like? Base: All with very low/low/high/very high news literacy in selected markets = 9926/10037/6619/2869. WOULD CONSIDER Q7c_DONATE_2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. I would consider making a donation to a news outlet I like if they were unable to cover their costs in other DONATING IN THE ways. Base: All with very low/low/high/very high news literacy in selected markets = TODAY FUTURE? 11149/11898/8069/3790. Note: See Section 2.1: The Impact of Greater News Literacy for a list of markets that were included and for details of how it was calculated.

US 3% 26% This helps explain why the Guardian’s messaging – which flags Spain 2% 28% ‘how much quality journalism costs to produce’ – has been so successful. Raising awareness about the problems of the industry, UK 1% 18% consistently applied, will resonate with those people who trust news and find it valuable, and is likely to make all reader payment models much easier to implement in the future. Q7ai. You said you have accessed paid for ONLINE news content in the last year. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Q7c_DONATE_2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. I would For more analysis see Section 2.1: The Impact of Greater News Literacy consider making a donation to a news outlet I like if they were unable to cover their costs in other ways. Base: Total sample in each market.

In qualitative responses, donations seem to strike a chord with PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS UNDER THREAT those who are worried about ‘fake news’ and the independence of Many public service broadcasters across Europe have faced the media. increasing pressures over the last year. Some politicians and sections of the public routinely criticise PSBs for being biased For more analysis see section 2.5: Donations and Crowdfunding: an – often from a partisan point of view – while some publishers Emerging Opportunity? claim that their existence makes it harder for them to make a profit in an already-challenging environment. This culminated dramatically in Switzerland, where a recent referendum asked THE LINK BETWEEN NEWS LITERACY AND PAYING citizens to vote on the abolition of the licence fee. The result, FOR ONLINE NEWS however, indicated strong support for public broadcasting, with Success in raising donations (or acquiring new subscriptions) is 72% voting to keep it. Meanwhile, in France, President Macron likely to be linked to the extent to which consumer awareness has reportedly described public broadcasters as a ‘disgrace’ and can be raised about the value of journalism and the financial has pledged to make big changes. In Denmark, a right-wing difficulties being faced by many news organisations. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 40

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 26

PROPORTION WHO EXCLUSIVELY RELY ON PSBs FOR ONLINE NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS

25%

20%

15% 14 10%

5% 3 2 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0% BBC (UK) ORF (AUT) DR (DEN) Yle (FIN) RTE (IRE) NHK (JPN) NRK (NOR) CT (CZE) ARD (GER) France.tv (FRA) Rai (ITA) ZDF (GER)

Q5B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of internet access)? Base: Total sample in each market.

coalition government has pushed through cuts at the main public More broadly, the proportion of people who exclusively get their broadcaster (DR) of 20% over the next five years, while the BBC online news from public broadcasters is very low. In the UK 14% needs to find £80m in savings from its news division over a similar only use the BBC as an online news source, but the figure for PSBs time period. elsewhere is 5% or lower. Even in countries like Finland, Denmark, and Norway, where investment in public media is considerable, Criticism of public service media comes at a time when media most people who use a public broadcaster supplement this with fragmentation and digital disruption, combined with the rise of news from other commercial sources. ‘fake news’, has led some commentators to argue that investment in public media is more necessary than since the end of the It is certainly true that many public broadcasters do attract Second World War.21 Public broadcasters and their websites tend large online news audiences. But almost all are more widely to have the highest trust scores in our survey, at least in countries used offline. The best performing – typically those in Northern REUTERSwhere their INSTITUTE independence FOR THE STUDY is not OF in JOURNALISM doubt. In these / EXECUTIVE cases, overallSUMMARY and Western European countries – have a weekly online news Slidetrust in the 41 news also tends to be higher. audience that’s around half the size of its offline audience. In countries where public broadcasting has traditionally received There is also little independent research supporting the idea that less support, that figure drops to around a one-third or less. This public broadcasters have a negative impact upon commercial pattern remains largely unchanged from when we made a similar 22 publishers. Our 2016 report highlighted that people who use comparison in our 2016 report, and could present a challenge for public service media are no less likely to pay for online news. public broadcasters in the future as offline news use dwindles. Online

Oine

PROPORTION WHO USED SELECTED PSBs ONLINE OR OFFLINE FOR NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED MARKETS Online

100% HIGH ONLINE REACH LOW ONLINE REACH Oine

Online 82 100% HIGH ONLINE REACH LOW ONLINE REACH 72 Oine 67 65 64 62 62 82 56 57 100%50% 55 HIGH ONLINE REACH LOW ONLINE REACH 72 48 41 43 67 64 65 36 6237 62 37 33 31 57 50% 82 56 55 24 72 48 18 19 41 43 67 64 65 14 13 36 6237 62 37 33 31 57 7 50%0% 56 55 ORF (AUT) Yle (FIN) BBC (UK) DR (DEN) RTE (IRE) NRK (NOR) CT (CZE)24 Rai (ITA) NHK (JPN) ARD (GER) ZDF48 (GER) France.tv (FRA) 43 18 19 41 14 37 37 13 Q5A. Which of the following brands36 have you used to access news offl ine in the last week (via TV, radio, print, and other traditional media)?Q5B. Which of the following brands have you used to access 33 7 news0% online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of Internet access)?31 Base: Total sample in each market. ORF (AUT) Yle (FIN) BBC (UK) DR (DEN) RTE (IRE) NRK (NOR) CT (CZE)24 Rai (ITA) NHK (JPN) ARD (GER) ZDF (GER) France.tv (FRA) 18 19 14 13 7 0% 21 http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/04/emily-bell-thinks-public-service-media-today-has-its-most-important-role-to-play-since-world-war-ii/ORF (AUT) Yle (FIN) BBC (UK) DR (DEN) RTE (IRE) NRK (NOR) CT (CZE) Rai (ITA) NHK (JPN) ARD (GER) ZDF (GER) France.tv (FRA) 22 Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Richard Fletcher, Annika Sehl, and David A. L. Levy, Analysis of the Relation between and Impact of Public Service Media and Private Media. Oxford: RISJ, 2016. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 42

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WEEKLY ONLINE REACH OF BRANDS – SELECTED MARKETS

Country Huff Post BuzzFeed Vice CNN BBC NYT Yahoo!

US 18% (-6) 14% (-3) 5% (+1) 16% (-6) 10% (-2) 17% (-1) 18% (-7)

UK 10% (-4) 6% (-2) 2% (-) 2% (-) 43% (-4) 3% (+1) 5% (-1)

Ireland 7% (-3) 8% (+1) 3% (+1) 6% (-1) 17% (+1) 4% (-1) 8% (-4)

Canada 16% (-3) 12% (+1) 6% (+3) 15% (-) 10% (+1) 7% (-) 15% (+1)

Australia 9% (-2) 11% (+4) 5% (+2) 10% (+2) 14% (+3) 7% (+1) 17% (-)

France 10% (-2) 3% (-1) 2% (-) 2% (-) 2% (-1) 2% (-) 10% (+1)

Germany 7% (-) 2% (+1) 1% (-) 3% (-) 3% (-) 2% (-) 6% (-)

Japan 4% (-) 3% (+1) 1% (-) 4% (-) 3% (-1) 1% (-) 51% (-2)

Taiwan 2% (+1) 4% (+1) 2% (+1) 7% (+1) 8% (+3) 3% 54% (+6) Weighted 10% 6% 3% 8% 10% 8% 18% Average (33 countries)

Q5B. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of internet access)? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Weighted average calculated using population data from Internet World Stats and the : weighted = (country population * percentage adults * internet penetration * percentage accessed)/total population of all countries surveyed. Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey are not included due to the absence of reliable data about their urban population. Bulgaria is not included to maintain comparability with last year. Figures for NYT are based on data from 15 countries.

AD-SUPPORTED NEWS MODELS AND Weekly reach of the rebranded HuffPost is down in most of the THE BATTLE FOR GLOBAL REACH countries we measure, perhaps affected by changes to Facebook algorithms, while BuzzFeed News is also down in the US and UK Despite the shift towards reader payment models, it is worth but generally up elsewhere. Traditional news brands, the BBC and remembering that the majority of online news consumption still CNN, continue to build audiences in multiple languages alongside happens through free websites, largely supported by advertising their broadcast output, which they monetise through advertising (or through public subsidy). This is particularly true for a number and sponsored content. of media companies that have set out to truly global brands. In the last few years many of these brands have been Ad models continue to be undermined by low rates of return, REUTERSfocusing INSTITUTE on building FOR up THE a STUDYlocal reporting OF JOURNALISM presence / EXECUTIVE in a number SUMMARY of fraud, and increased consumer concerns about privacy. After a countries, sometimes using local partnerships. In the following pause in growth last year, the use of ad-blockers is on the rise Slidetable, we compare 43 some of the leading companies in terms of again, alongside privacy browser extensions that allow specific weekly reach, by country but also weighted by population. advertisers to be blocked. More than four in ten (42%) now use blockers in Greece (+6) with significant increases in Germany (+5) Yahoo! (18%), one of the internet’s first portals, remains by far and the United States (+4). Concerns about privacy may be driving the most popular global player even if it does largely aggregate these changes along with greater awareness. content rather than produce original journalism. It is strong in North America, Latin America, and Asia.

PROPORTION CURRENTLY USING AN AD-BLOCKER – ALL MARKETS 10% 14% 31% 50% +6 of smartphone of tablet of computer users block users block users block +4 42 +6 +5 +5 +5 +6 +6 +6 +10 36 +4 34 33 33 +4 +5 32 32 32 31 31 31 30 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 27 25% 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 +4 24 24 23 23 23 21 20 17 13

0% HUNGERTURFRAPOLGRE CRO SWE POR SPA AUSAUT ROU SUICAN ARG MYS IRE USA CZEBELFINDENNLDSGPMEX ITA BUL NORCHL SVK JPNHKUKBRATWN KOR ALL

QAD3. And do you currently use soft ware on any of your personal devices (e.g. laptop, smartphone, etc.) that allows you to block adverts on the internet (e.g. Adblock Plus)? Base: Total sample in each market. Note. Also showing change from 2017. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 28

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 46 AND NEW DEVICES VIDEO NEWS CONSUMPTION OVER TIME

The importance of smartphones – and our dependence on Consumption of online video has grown in recent years, largely them – shows no sign of slowing down. On average 62% of our through the adoption of native video formats by social media sample say they use the smartphone for news weekly (+6), only platforms (autoplay, texted clips, Facebook Live, Periscope, just behind the laptop/computer at 64%. In most countries, Snapchat video, etc.). smartphone reach for news has doubled in six years. The social video trend may help explain significant country-based PROPORTION THAT USED A SMARTPHONE FOR NEWS IN THE differences in consumption, where the highest level of usage LAST WEEK (2013–18) – SELECTED MARKETS tends to be in countries with higher social media use and more offsite traffic (see chart on opposite page). 100%100% 62% (+6) SpainSpain Splitting this down further, the next chart shows that the majority access news via USA USA of news video is now consumed offsite (51%). Facebook alone smartphone across all 36 countries (33%) accounts for as much video consumption as all news 64%64% UK UK websites put together (33%). But an even larger number (35%) 56%56% FranceFrance 56%56% REUTERSreject news INSTITUTE video FORentirely; THE STUDY that figure OF JOURNALISM rises to / EXECUTIVEmore than sixSUMMARY in ten 50% 50% 51%51% 47%47% GermanyGermany Slidein the UK (62%) 50 and over half of our German sample (56%). Some markets, such as Hong Kong, have been more successful than others in driving onsite usage (48%) with publishers like pioneering and pushing new video formats. Indeed 0% 0% 2013 2013201420142015 20152016 20162017 20172018 2018 the appetite for video in Asia (except Japan where there is a very strong reading tradition) appears to be much higher than Northern European countries. Q8B. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? Base: Total 2013-18 sample in each market. PROPORTION THAT USED ONLINE NEWS VIDEO OFFSITE In the UK, as one example, we now see the smartphone AND ONSITE – ALL MARKETS overtaking the computer as the MAIN (preferred) device for Facebook 33% accessing news. The tablet has started to decline in importance 100% 62% 48% 79% as smartphones have become more powerful and versatile. no news onsite in o site REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY video in UK Hong Kong in Turkey TheseSlide trends 47 are important because shorter audience attention 56% 41% 74% spans and smaller mobile screens are affecting the type of in Germany in Finland in Malaysia YouTube 25% news content produced. Visually rich formats such as Snapchat, 50% Instagram, and Google (AMP) stories are starting to offer new 51 opportunities for mobile storytelling, using native taps and swipes 35 to break up narratives. Pictures and videos need to be reformatted 33 Others 14% using vertical aspect ratios and often annotated with text to work

in a mobile context. 0% Consumed Consumed Consumed no news-related news-related news-related videos in the video onsite video o site PROPORTION THAT SAY EACH IS THEIR MAIN NEWS DEVICE last week 100% (2013–18) – UK Smartphone 100% Smartphone + Tablet + Tablet Q11_VIDEO_2018a. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the Tablet last week, which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample in all markets. 100% 100% TabletSmartphoneSmartphone + Tablet+ Tablet Smartphone 100% 60% TabletSmartphoneTablet 60% Computer+ Tablet Computer 50% SmartphoneSmartphone 50% 44%60% 60% Tablet ComputerComputer 34% Smartphone 50% 50% 44%60% 44% Computer 34%16% 34% 50% 44%16% 0% 34% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201816% 16% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 16% 2013 20132014 20142015 20152016 20162017 20172018 2018 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 UK8b6_5. You’ve said you use the following devices to access news in the last week, which is your MAIN way of accessing online news? Base: All in 2013–2018 who used a device for news in the last week: UK = 1638/1598/1795/1691/1733/1816.” REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 49

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PROPORTION THAT USED ONLINE NEWS VIDEO IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

100%

86 81 81 78 78 76 76 75 73 72 72 71 70 70 70 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 58 57 50% 55 54 53 51 49 48 47 46 44 38

0% HK BUL TWN CHL KOR ROU BRA CRO GRE POLCZEHUN SPA SGP ARG SVK AUS ITA CAN SUIIREPOR USA AUT BELNOR FIN SWE ALLUKGERDENJPNNLDFRA

Q11_VIDEO_2018a. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the last week, which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample in each market (excluding urban markets Brazil, Turkey and Mexico).

PREFERENCE REMAINS FOR TEXT MORE VIDEOS REQUIRED? There are commercial pressures to push consumers towards REUTERSIn a number INSTITUTE of countries FOR THE we STUDY have OF been JOURNALISM tracking / EXECUTIVE content type SUMMARY more video, not least because ad premiums are generally higher. preferences since 2014 and in all countries we still find an Slide 51 But would consumers be happy if text stories were replaced with overwhelming preference towards reading rather than watching. video? The result of this question is fascinating as it once again The US has pushed furthest towards video with 12% saying they reveals a split between different countries and cultures. All Asian mostly consume news in video (+2), but even here 62% say they countries (including Japan) lean towards wanting more online mostly prefer to consume in text. This figure rises to 86% in news video, even if that means sacrificing text. In the US and Finland. There have been some changes over time (especially in Northern European countries there is a strong vote for fewer the US and Spain), but these have been modest given the increase online videos. Age does not seem to be a significant factor. in exposure to video through social media.

Also showing change from 2014 -7 +2 +2 Don't know PROPORTIONUSA THAT PREFER NEWS IN TEXT OVER VIDEO 62 13 12 13 – SELECTED MARKETS Mostly video +2- -2 Also showing change from 2014 -7 +2 +2 I read text stories and watch Don't know AlsoUK showing change from 2014 -7 77+27 3 +2 13 video news about the same USA 62 13 12 13 Don't know +6 +2 +2 Mostly textvideo USA 62 13 +2- -2 12 13 Also showing change from 2014 -7 +2 +2 I read text stories and watch Spain 71 16 7 6 Don't know Mostly video UK 77 7 3 13 video news about the same 62 13 12+2- -2 13 USA -2 +2 +1 I read text stories and watch +6 77 +27 3 +2 13 Mostly textvideo UK +2- 86-2 6 2 6 video news about the same REUTERSFinland INSTITUTEAlso FOR showing THE STUDY change fromOF JOURNALISM 2014 / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-7 +2 +2 I read text stories and watch Spain 71 16 7 6 Don't know UK +6 77 7 3 +213 +2 video news aboutMostly the sametext 62 13 12 13 Slide USA520% 25% 50% 75% -2 +2 +1 100% Spain +6 71 +216 +2 7 6 Mostly textvideo Finland +2- 86-2 6 2 6 Spain 71 16 7 6 I read text stories and watch UK 77 7 3 -2 +213 +1 video news about the same 0% 25% 50% 75% -2 +2 +1 100% Finland +6 +286 +2 6 2 6 Mostly text Finland 86 6 2 6 Spain 71 16 7 6

0% 0% 25% 25% 50%50% 75%75% -2 +2 +1 100% 100% Finland 86 6 2 6 OPTQ11D. In thinking about your online news habits, which of the following statements applies best to you? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Also showing change from 2014. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

PROPORTION THAT WANT TO SEE MORE ONLINE NEWS VIDEOS – SELECTED MARKETS 50% EUROPE AND US HAVE HAD ENOUGH ASIAN MARKETS WANT MORE 50%50%50% EUROPEEUROPEEUROPE AND AND US AND HAVEUS HAVEUS HAD HAVE HAD ENOUGH HAD ENOUGH ENOUGH ASIANASIAN ASIANMARKETS MARKETS MARKETS WANT WANT MOREWANT MORE MORE Fewer videos

More videos FewerFewer videosFewer videos videos 33 33 29 29 MoreMore videosMore videos videos 25% 26 33 33 33 33 33 33 24 29 29 29 23 29 29 29 25%25%25% 26 26 26 19 18 24 24 24 18 23 23 23 15 13 19 19 19 18 18 18 11 18 18 18 11 9 15 15 15 7 13 13 13 7 5 11 11 11 11 11 11 0% 9 9 9 USA UK GER 7 FIN7 7 Average7 of7 all 7markets JPN KOR5 5 5HK MYS 0% 0% 0% USAUSAUSA UK UK UK GERGERGERFIN FIN FIN AverageAverage Averageof all of markets all of markets all markets JPNJPNJPNKORKORKOR HK HK HK MYSMYSMYS

Q11_VIDEO_2018b. News organisations can decide to produce stories in text or video format. With this in mind, in the future would you like to see more videos/the same number/fewer? Base: Total sample in each market. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 53

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 30

These differences do not seem to be related to underlying PROPORTION WHO ACCESSED A IN THE LAST preference, as two-thirds of respondents in Asian countries MONTH – SELECTED MARKETS say they mostly prefer text. The explanation is more likely to be connected to a certain weariness picked up in our European Greatest reach Lowest reach and US focus groups about the amount and type of video being pushed through social media feeds (e.g. Facebook’s news feed). South Korea 58% Netherlands 18% Hong Kong 55% UK 18% “In some groups, people post videos all the time…” Spain 40% Belgium 20% (M, 30–45, Brazil) Ireland 38% Germany 22% “To me it is about the amount of time. I mean I like visuals when you can put a chart, I like photographs, but I don’t want someone to dictate to me how long I have to watch it for.” (M, 30–45, Brazil)

Some of the reluctance to use news video online comes down to a perceived loss of control, while other factors include limited data when on a smartphone and the difficulty of accessing sound on the 100m+ downloads Est 3m regular listeners move. Meanwhile publishers are struggling to monetise short- form formats in particular, with changes in Facebook strategy and algorithms proving an additional frustration. Many are now pivoting Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio fi les, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last away from short-form video and looking for other opportunities. month? Base: Total sample in each market.

THE RISE OF AUDIO AND THE ROLE OF PODCASTS

Podcasts have been around for many years but these episodic VOICE-ACTIVATED SPEAKERS MORE THAN DOUBLE digital audio files appear to be reaching critical mass as a One further driver of on-demand audio growth has been the consequence of better content and easier distribution. The New emergence of voice-activated speakers. These allow access to York Times has found success with its Daily Podcast, a 20-minute existing podcasts as well as new formats such as automated news audio briefing, which has been downloaded more than 100m audio briefings. Media companies like Quartz are also developing times. In the UK, the BBC has hundreds of podcasts, most apps (or ‘skills’ as they are known) that allow conversational reformatted from radio output. Connectivity is improving in cars, interaction with the devices. new audio devices are making discovery easier, while advertising and sponsorship opportunities are growing. The range (using the Alexa assistant) is the market leader but is only available in a few markets like the US, UK, Overall, a third of our entire sample (34%) listens to a podcast Germany, and Australia. South Korea’s tech companies Naver and at least monthly but there are significant country differences. Kakao have their own devices, Apple has launched the HomePod, Podcasts are twice as popular in Ireland (38%) as they are in while the Google Home and Google Assistant will be expanded to the UK (18%) despite the BBC’s extensive, well-promoted, and over 30 countries this year. Usage for any purpose has more than high-quality podcast output. One theory is that podcasts tend doubled in early adopter markets. Almost one in ten (9%) now to perform best in countries like the US (33%) and Australia use them in the United States, 7% in the UK, and 5% in Germany. (33%) where people spend a lot of time in their cars. The lower levels of usage in the Netherlands (18%) may relate to shorter commuting distances and more bike travel. But this can’t be the full explanation. Loyalty to radio, levels of supply, and the amount of promotion will also be important factors.

Proportionally under 35s listen to twice as many podcasts as over 45s. This is not surprising given that this is a generation that has embraced both smartphones and on-demand services such as and . Older groups, by contrast, remain more likely to listen to radio.

For more analysis see Section 2.7: Podcasts and New Audio Strategies REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slide 54

30 / 31

PROPORTION THAT USE A VOICE-ACTIVATED SPEAKER some countries are looking to seize this opportunity to undermine (2017–18) – SELECTED MARKETS or control the media. In authoritarian countries, in particular, we 2017 9 see often-draconian laws being introduced with extremely unclear USA 4 2017definitions of what ‘fake news’ means. 2018 9 USA 2017 7 9 4 2018This is particularly worrying, because as our report documents, the USAUK 2 4 2018 7 root causes of this crisis of information do not all lie at the hands of UK technology companies or malevolent foreign powers. Indeed our 5 7 2 REUTERS INSTITUTEGermanyUK FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY research suggests that audiences are more likely to blame media 1 2 5 Slide 55 Germany publishers for spinning or twisting facts in a world that often feels 5 1 more angry and more partisan. Some may be enjoying the discomfort SouthGermany Korea 1 5 of tech executives as they get hauled in front of powerful politicians, South Korea but the implications could be serious if new regulation makes it 0% 55% 10% South Korea harder for journalists to hold the rich and powerful to account. 0% 5% 10% 0% 5% 10% In the light of this, the challenge for media companies is two- Q8A. Which, if any, of the following devices do you ever use (for any purpose)? Base: Total 2017-18 fold. Firstly, there are the difficulties involved in navigating an sample in each market. increasingly polarised political climate. From Donald Trump in the United States to Victor Orbán in Hungary, journalists are faced with the choice of sticking to the facts or taking sides. A partisan HOW PEOPLE USE VOICE-ACTIVATED SPEAKERS approach risks inflaming passions and potentially alienating – SELECTED MARKETS some readers, while a more balanced approach can lead to false equivalence and undermining trust of both sides. Listen to music 77 The second challenge is economic and has been building for some

Access latest weather 67 time, but may be exacerbated for some by Facebook’s decision to focus less on news. As our country pages document, journalist lay-offs continue as media companies look to costs and diversify Ask questions to get facts or info 61 revenue streams. ‘Fake news’ has galvanised and to some extent woken people up to the importance of quality news, but that Set alarms 47 narrative only seems to be true for a relatively small subset of the audience; those with more money, those with more education, Access latest news 43 those who trust the news media, and often those on the political left. Others remain less engaged and less trusting of media than ever. Shopping (ordering goods, saving lists) 18 Uses for news/information This year’s data show that the move to subscriptions and reader payment is real if unequally distributed. This in turn raises new Access podcasts 14 Other uses questions about a two-tier system where those with the least

0% 50% 100% money also have the worst information. In some European countries, PSBs may be part of the answer but many are losing Q8C_2018. You say you have a smart speaker (e.g. Amazon Echo, Google Home, Apple Home audiences and legitimacy in the move to online with their funding Pod) which of the following do you do regularly, by regularly we mean most weeks? Base: All who use a voice-activated speaker: Selected markets = 601. Note: We asked this question in US, UK, increasingly questioned by hostile politicians. Donations and Germany, and South Korea. membership are emerging as alternative routes to squaring the circle of open access and high quality content but it is far too early to know how far this can develop.

AND FOR NEWS? Elsewhere, other potential solutions are being tried to help to sustain quality journalism. These include many more examples of Three-quarters of owners use their speakers for listening to music, co-operation between publishers over journalistic investigations, but news and information is also an important element. Almost half and sharing of technology or data. (43%) access news in some way (flash briefings or similar). Weather is popular (67%), while six in ten (61%) access quick facts. More than This year has been a reminder that things that once seemed one in ten (14%) say they use the device to listen to podcasts. certain – the importance of Facebook and the online advertising model - can shift quickly.

CONCLUSION Nothing stands still for long; new technologies like voice- activated interfaces and artificial intelligence are on the way Concerns about the quality of information that emerged in our offering new opportunities but also new challenges for audiences, data last year seem to have solidified now across our 37 countries. regulators and media companies alike. The future of news Looking back, we can see that disillusion with Facebook set in remains uncertain but these pages offer some hope at least that as early as 2016 while this year’s focus groups show heightened quality content may be more rewarded in the future than it has worries about privacy, heated conversations and unreliable news. been in the recent past. While has pledged to ‘fix’ Facebook, politicians in Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 32 32 / 33

Section 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison

Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Nic Newman Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 34

2.1 The Impact of Greater News Literacy Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Discussions over misinformation, disinformation, THE QUESTIONS

and ‘fake news’ have reignited interest in news Our first question asked respondents to identify which news literacy. A wide range of different actors – from outlet from a list of four is not primarily funded by money from educators to technology companies – believe that advertising.24 This question essentially asks respondents to identify the public broadcaster from a list of television and print raising news literacy would make people better able outlets that are funded by advertisers. The available options were to separate fact from fiction, potentially limiting the adjusted to make them country-specific, but always comprised of spread of false information and leaving them better a commercial broadcaster and two popular newspapers. Here, as equipped to navigate partisan media environments. with all of the other questions, we included a ‘Don’t know’ option which was treated as incorrect.

Others, however, have struck a note of caution by arguing that Across the 18 countries we have included in the analysis here, REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS we need to think carefully about what news literacy should look just over half (52%) were able to correctly identify the public 23 like. In the past, news literacy largely meant teaching people to broadcaster.Slide 225 This varies nationally, with higher figures in be sceptical, or giving them ways of questioning the stories told countries like the UK (73%), where the public broadcaster is by by the . How useful are such skills in a world where far the most widely used news source. Only 46% of respondents many believe that trust in institutions, including the news media, in the US correctly identified PBS. Across all countries, 15% is already dangerously low? of respondents incorrectly thought that various commercial TV news outlets or newspapers were not primarily funded by In this section we will describe how we measured individual news advertising. Around one-third (34%) said they did not know. literacy, before taking a more detailed look at its relationship with different news diets. For us, news literacy refers to knowledge about how the news is made: who makes it, how it is selected, and how it WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING NEWS OUTLETS DOES NOT is financed. To do this, we asked respondents in certain countries PRIMARILY DEPEND ON ADVERTISING FOR FINANCIAL a series of multiple-choice questions with correct answers. By SUPPORT? – SELECTED MARKETS combining these data with that from other parts of the survey, we can see differences in attitudes and behaviours between those with high 75% and low levels of news literacy. This in turn provides an indication of the possible effect that increasing news literacy might have.

50% 52 MEASURING NEWS LITERACY

34 To establish a proxy measure of news literacy, we asked 25% respondents three factual questions. Each probed a different dimension of how the news is made. The questions were multiple 6 5 4 choice with a single correct answer. Each respondent’s level of 0% news literacy was determined by the number of correct answers Don't know they were able to provide. Of course, three questions cannot broadcaster> broadcaster> (correct) accurately measure exactly how knowledgeable a person is about an issue as complex and multifaceted as news production. Q14_2018a. Which of the following news outlets does NOT depend primarily on advertising for However, they can be used to establish a reliable proxy, and there fi nancial support? Base: Total sample: Selected markets = 36911. is a long history of the use of factual questions in survey research to establish knowledge levels among respondents.

23 https://points.datasociety.net/you-think-you-want-media-literacy-do-you-7cad6af18ec2 24 The first two questions we used were adapted from the questions about media knowledge structures described here: Adam Maksl, Seth Ashley, and Stephanie Craft, ‘Measuring News Media Literacy’, Journal of Media Literacy Education 6(3) (2015): 29–45. 34 / 35

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 3

Our second question asked respondents who they thought was WeREUTERS can convert INSTITUTE these FOR responses THE STUDY intoOF JOURNALISM a news literacy / FURTHER scale. ANALYSIS When typically responsible for writing a press release. Just 31% of weSlide do this, we5 can see that news literacy is much lower than many respondents across all countries were able to do this. This figure within the news industry might like or expect. We can see that rises to nearly half in Sweden (45%) and Denmark (47%). Around one-third (32%) did not get any of these questions correct. A similar a quarter across all countries incorrectly thought that they are number got just one correct – normally the first question on public written by journalists working for news organisations. broadcasters. Just 10% answered all three correctly. We’ve attached labels to each of these groups ranging from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TYPICALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR to indicate how we think this translates into news literacy, and will WRITING A PRESS RELEASE? – SELECTED MARKETS use them throughout the rest of this section.

75% NEWS LITERACY SCALE BASED ON NUMBER OF CORRECT ANSWERS – SELECTED MARKETS

50% 75%

31 25% 26 28 50%

12 3 34 0% 32 A spokesperson A reporter A producer A lawyer Don't know 25% for an for a news for a news for a news 23 organisation organisation organisation aggregator (correct) 10 0% 0 correct 1 correct 2 correct 3 correct Q14_2018b. Which of the following is typically responsible for writing a press release? Base: Total (very low) (low) (high) (very high) sample: Selected markets = 36911.

Q14_2018a_combined2. News literacy scale. Base: Total sample: Selected markets = 36911.

Our third question asked about how news is selected on social PEOPLE WITH HIGHER NEWS LITERACY PREFER media,REUTERS which INSTITUTE as we FOR have THE documented STUDY OF JOURNALISM for several / FURTHER years has ANALYSIS NEWSPAPER BRANDS emergedSlide as 4 an important source of news for many people. Just under a third (29%) correctly stated that most of the individual In the remainder of this section, we will focus on how different decisions about news people see on Facebook are made by levels of news literacy are related to different news diets. We computer analysis of what stories might interest them. More than start by looking at people’s main source of news. In general, the one in ten (12%) said that these decisions were made by journalists preference for newspapers and newspaper websites (which we working for news organisations, with a similar number (11%) have grouped together here) is more widespread among those believing that Facebook employs journalists for this task. Just with higher levels of news literacy; rising from 20% to 34%. under one in ten (9%) thought the selection process was random. Conversely, the preference for television and television/radio websites is more widespread among those with low levels. The HOW ARE MOST OF THE INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS ABOUT preference for social media as a news source is largely consistent WHAT NEWS STORIES TO SHOW PEOPLE ON FACEBOOK across all groups, but is slightly higher among those with the MADE? – SELECTED MARKETS lowest levels of news literacy (15% compared to 10%).

75%

50%

40

25% 29

12 11 9 0% By computer By editors and By editors and At random Don't know analysis of what journalists journalists stories might that work for that work interest you news outlets for Facebook (correct)

Q14_2018c. How are most of the individual decisions about what news stories to show people on Facebook made? Base: Total sample: Selected markets = 36911.

25 Due to the difficulties associated with asking knowledge questions across different countries, we decided to focus this section on the Northern, Western and (most of the) Southern European markets within our sample, as well as the English-language markets from the rest of the world. The 18 markets included here and throughout the rest of this section were therefore: Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, UK, Germany, USA, Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, Spain, France, Canada, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Ireland, and Portugal. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 6

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 36

MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS BY NEWS LITERACY NEWS LITERACY AND NEWS BRANDS – SELECTED MARKETS News literacy is also strongly associated with different news diets. 75% Very high Unsurprisingly, people with higher levels of news literacy tend High 75% to consume news from a wider range of sources. Thinking aboutVery high Low High 50% online use only, people with the highest levels of literacy use on 50 50 Very low 45 average roughly twice as many news brands each week as thoseLow 50% 38 50 50 with the lowest levels (4.22 compared to 2.39 across all markets).Very low 34 45 25% 28 38 23 34 The specific brands used by different groups also varies a lot 20 15 25% 28 in some countries. In US (and also Germany), lists of the most 23 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 11 10 10 20 popular brands become inverted as news literacy rises. Yahoo! 0% 15 Television and Social media Newspapers and ' ' ' 11 10 10 Slideand Fox are 9 the most popular news brands among those with the broadcadster websites newspaper websites 0% lowest levels of news literacy, but among those with the highest Television and Social media Newspapers and ' ' ' broadcadster websites newspaper websites levels they are overtaken by brands like the New York Times and the Washington Post. This is highly likely to be due to differences in content. Importantly, Yahoo! and Fox are used by roughly similar Q14_2018a_combined2. News literacy scale. Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week, which would you say is your MAIN source of news?75% Base: All with very low/low/ numbers of people within each news literacy group, but the Fox News online high/very high news literacy who used a source of news in the last75% week: Selected markets = reason they fall behind is because certain other brands become 11032/12383/8453/3882. Yahoo!Fox News News online much more popular as literacy rises. Yahoo! News 75% 50% 50% Fox News online 50%47% 50% WEEKLY REACH OF TOP ONLINE NEWS BRANDSWashington BY NEWS Post online 75% 39%47% Yahoo! News PEOPLE WITH HIGH LITERACY USE SOCIAL MEDIA FoxCNN.comWashington News online Post online LITERACY39% – USA DIFFERENTLY 50%31% Yahoo!NewCNN.com York News Times online 50% 47%31% 25% 75% HuPostWashingtonNew York Times Post online online 75% Fox News online Those with higher levels of news literacy may25% rely less on social 50%39%18% HuPostFox News online 50% 14% CNN.com 18%47% Washington Post online Yahoo! News media for news, but they appear to be more discerning when they 14%31% NewYahoo! York News Times online 39% CNN.com do use it. When deciding whether to click25% through to a story, they HuPost 75%0% 31%50% 50% 50% Very low Low High Very high50%18% NewFox News York Timesonline online are more likely to pay attention to a range 0%of different credibility 14%47% 47% Washington Post online Washington Post online 25% Very low Low High Very high HuPostYahoo! News 39% cues. Compared to those with lower levels of news literacy, they 18% 39% CNN.com CNN.com 14% are more likely to say that the news brand,0% the headline, and the 50%31% 31% New York Times online 50% Very low Low High Very high47% New York Times online 25% Washington Post online person who shared the story are important in deciding whether 25% HuPost HuPost 0% 18%39% CNN.com it is worth their time. The exception to this ruleVery is thelow numberLow High Very high14% 18% 31% 14% New York Times online ofREUTERS comments, INSTITUTE likes, FOR or THE shares, STUDY which OF JOURNALISM is the least / FURTHERimportant ANALYSIS cue 25% HuPost across all groups, but is more important among0% those with the 18% Slide 7 Very low Low High Very high14%0% lowest level of news literacy. However, they are also less likely to Very low Low High Very high

share or comment on news themselves, so0% the simple idea that low-quality news is primarily spread by peopleVery with low lowLow news High Very high literacy may only be partly true.

PROPORTION THAT AGREE EACH ATTRIBUTE IS IMPORTANT WHEN DECIDING TO CLICK THROUGH TO A NEWS STORY ON SOCIAL MEDIA BY NEWS LITERACY – SELECTED MARKETS

75% Very high 75% 73 High Very high Low High 50% 61 50 50 58 56 56 Very low 45 50% 54 52 Low 50 48 38 44 34 43 Very low 38 25% 28 23 20 25% 25 15 24 11 10 10 19 13 0% Television and Social media Newspapers and ' ' ' 0% broadcadster websites newspaper websites Person who Headline Brand Comments, likes, ' ' shared it or picture or shares

Q14_2018a_combined2. News literacy scale. Q12C_2018_1-4. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. When looking at stories in social media, the news brand/ headline or picture/person who shared the story/number of comments or shares is very important in helping me decide whether information is likely to be worth my time. Base: All with very low/ low/high/very high news literacy who used a social network in the last week: Selected markets = 10274/11529/8027/3802. 36 / 37

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS

WeSlide also see 11 elements of this pattern in the UK. As in the US, COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRUST AND people with higher levels of news literacy are more discerning, NEWS LITERACY and have a (collective) sense of what brands are worth paying more attention to. Use of the Guardian, for example, rises sharply Finally, we consider the relationship between trust and news literacy. Many people hope that increasing overall levels of news 75% as literacy increases. But perhaps the key difference is that the REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS MailOnline same66% brand (BBC News online) is the most widely used across all literacy will reverse the decline in news trust we see in many levels of literacy. countries.Slide This14 sounds like a reasonable assumption, but as we 75% News online MailOnline suggested at the beginning of this section, news literacy may also 50% 66% 75% go hand in hand with a high degree of scepticism. Even if we focus 38% MailOnlineSky News online WEEKLY66% REACH OF TOP ONLINE NEWS BRANDSTelegraph BY NEWS online on news production, the more people know about how the news is 50% LITERACY – UK Hungton Post made, the more knowledgeable they will be about its limitations online 25% 38%18% TelegraphGuardian online online 50%75% 16% and imperfections. This may be why we see only a very small 75%15% BBCMailOnline News online 12% 75% Hungton Post MailOnline 66% 66% increase in trust levels as news literacy increases. 25% 38%18% TelegraphGuardian online online 16% 0% 15% BBCSky News News online online 12% Hungton Post Sky News online 50% Very low Low High Very high 25%75% 18% 75% Guardian online News in social media 50%16% MailOnline 50%PROPORTION THAT TRUST NEWS FROM DIFFERENT 15%66% 50% 0% 38%66% TelegraphBBC News online online SOURCES BY NEWS LITERACY - SELECTED MARKETS Very low Low High Very high12% News in search engines 38% Telegraph online SkyHungton News online Post 75% News in social media 25% 75% Hungton Post 50%0% 18% 50% Guardian online 50% News overall Very low Low High Very high25%16% 25% 24% 15% 18% BBC News online Guardian online News in search engines 38%12% 16% Telegraph online 15% Telegraph online BBC News online 12% Hungton Post News in social media 50% Hungton Post 50%9% News overall News in social media 0% 25% 18% 25% Guardian online 24%50% 50% Very low Low High Very high16%18% Guardian online News in search engines 15%16%0% 0% 15% Very lowBBC NewsLow onlineHigh Very high News in search engines 12% Very low Low High Very high 9% News overall 25% 24% News overall 0% 0% 0% 24% Very low Low High VeryQ14_2018a_combined2. high News literacy scale. Q5B. Which of theVery following low brandsLow have youHigh Very high25% used to access news online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of 9% internet access)? Base: All with very low/low/high/very high news literacy: UK = 358/732/679/348. 9% 0% Very low Low High Very high 0% Very low Low High Very high DifferencesREUTERS INSTITUTE between FOR THEbrands STUDY appear OF JOURNALISM to be less /important FURTHER ANALYSIS in the Nordic countries. Here, people’s news diets tend to be similar acrossSlide different 12 levels of news literacy, with most brands becoming consistently more popular as literacy rises, and the We also see that trust in news from search engines and news rank order remaining largely the same. This is likely to be due to from social media becomes less widespread as news literacy similarities in terms of tone and coverage across most brands. The increases. One possible reason for this may be that those with 75% exception to this rule is commercial television Kauppalehtinews, such online as MTV high news literacy are better able to use credibility cues to 64% 62%in Finland and TV2 in Norway. They do not become more popular identify untrustworthy news on search and social. But it may 50%as literacy rises. also be because much of the discussion about the impact of 50% 49% MTV news online 49% MTV news online algorithmically-driven platforms has so far focused on the 75% Kauppalehti online risks, with terms like ‘echo chamber’ and ‘filter bubble’ starting 64% 62%WEEKLY REACH OF TOP ONLINE NEWS BRANDS BY NEWS 25%62% Helsingin Sanomat online to enter the vernacular. 25% 24%LITERACY – FINLAND 50%24% Yle news online 50% 50% 50% 49% MTV news online These discussions are important, but we should not lose sight of 75% Iltalehti online Kauppalehti online 75% Ilta-Sanomat online some of the potential benefits highlighted by academic research. 64% Kauppalehti online 0% Very low Low High Very high64% 62% The use of social media for news has been associated with more Very low Low High Very high25% Helsingin Sanomat online 25% 24%62% 24% 50% Yle news online diverse news diets, increases in political participation, and 50%50% 49% modest depolarisationMTV news ofonline political attitudes.26 As search engines 50% 49% IltalehtiMTV news online online 75% and social media become more important to the news ecosystem, KauppalehtiIlta-Sanomat online online 0% 0% Very low Low High Very high64% any attempt to raise news literacy should also aim to improve the Very low Low High Very high62% 25% Helsingin Sanomat online 25%25% Helsingin Sanomat online knowledge of both the positive and negative outcomes. 25% 24% Yle news online 50%24% Yle news online 50% 49% MTV news online Iltalehti online Iltalehti online Ilta-Sanomat online Ilta-Sanomat online 0% 0% 25% Very low Low High Very high Helsingin Sanomat online 25% Very low Low High Very high 24% Yle news online

Iltalehti online Ilta-Sanomat online 0% Very low Low High Very high

26 Richard Fletcher and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, ‘Are People Incidentally Exposed to News on Social Media? A Comparative Analysis’, New Media and Society, 0(0) (2017): 1–19; Augusto Valeriani and Cristian Vaccari, ‘Accidental Exposure to Politics on Social Media as Online Participation Equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom’, New Media and Society, 18(9) (2016): 1857–74; Michael A. Beam, Myiah J. Hutchens, and Jay D. Hmielowski, ‘Facebook News and (De)Polarization: Reinforcing Spirals in the 2016 US Election’, Information, Communication and Society, 21(7) (2018): 940–58. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 38

2.2 Misinformation and REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS DisinformationSlide Unpacked 15 Richard Fletcher Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

The global debate over so-called ‘fake news’ has PROPORTION WHO ARE VERY OR EXTREMELY CONCERNED ABOUT EACH TYPE OF MISINFORMATION changed a lot in the last year. What began as concern

over the narrow problem of completely made-up US news stories has since sparked a renewed interest in Stories where facts are the much broader issue of online misinformation. twisted to push an agenda 67 Stories that are completely made up 65 In a sense, the debate has gone full circle, with some of the most for commercial or political reasons active participants now urging people to abandon the term ‘fake Poor journalism 60

news’ to allow the broader issues to be discussed, and to disarm The use of the term ‘fake news’ politicians and other powerful people that seek to ‘weaponise’ the to discredit news media 48 term for their own ends.27 Headlines that look like news but turn out to be adverts 45

In this section we take a more global look at what is often incorrectly Satire 22 perceived as an American problem. We measure ‘concern over’ and 0% 25% 50% 75% ‘exposure to’ multiple forms of misinformation, and look at how both vary across countries. Based on how audiences perceive the problem, we consider different types of what our previous audience UK research suggests ordinary media users consider misinformation, REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Stories where facts are twisted including some content produced by the journalistic profession, to push an agenda 55 28 Slide 16 as well as content produced outside. We also consider possible Stories that are completely made up responses to the problem of misinformation, and uncover which of for commercial or political reasons 59

these audiences would most like to see. Poor journalism 51

The use of the term ‘fake news’ 44 SOME NATIONAL VARIATION IN CONCERN OVER to discredit news media Headlines that look like news DIFFERENT TYPES OF MISINFORMATION but turn out to be adverts 39

In the Executive Summary we described how, across all markets, Satire 16 concern over completely made-up news is often matched by 0% 25% 50% 75% concern over practices that have been partially legitimised by some in the journalistic profession. Norway This global picture remains fairly consistent when we drill down into individual countries. In the USA and the UK, the pattern is similar, Stories where facts are 43 with the either completely made-up stories or journalistic twisted to push an agenda Stories that are completely made up attracting the most widespread concern. But there are also some for commercial or political reasons 37 notable national differences. In some European countries, such as Norway and Austria, poor journalism is more concerning than Poor journalism 40 completely made-up stories (notice also that concern over all types The use of the term ‘fake news’ 34 is low in Norway), perhaps due to a stronger tradition of objective to discredit news media Headlines that look like news reporting. Concern over the misuse of the term ‘fake news’ is also but turn out to be adverts 29 high in countries like the USA and Austria, where politicians have been using it to denigrate the news media in recent years. Concern Satire 13 over headlines that turn out to be adverts is more widespread than 0% 25% 50% 75% average in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. However, it is unclear whether this concern reflects differences in content. Austria

27 https://firstdraftnews.com:443/fake-news-complicated Stories where facts are twisted 28 Rasmus Kleis Nielsen and Lucas Graves, ‘News You Don’t Believe’: Audience Perspectives on ‘Fake News’. Oxford: RISJ, to push 2017. an agenda 66 Stories that are completely made up for commercial or political reasons 59

Poor journalism 62

The use of the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media 56 Headlines that look like news but turn out to be adverts 47

Satire 19

0% 25% 50% 75% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 16

Norway

Stories where facts are twisted to push an agenda 43 Stories that are completely made up REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS for commercial or political reasons 37

Poor journalism 40 Slide 21

The use of the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media 34 Headlines that look like news 38 / 39 but turn out to be adverts 29

Satire 13

0% 25% 50% 75%

Austria PROPORTION WHO ARE VERY OR EXTREMELY CONCERNED REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS ABOUT EACH TYPE OF MISINFORMATION BY NEWS LITERACY Stories where facts are twisted – SELECTED MARKETS Slide 17 75% 66 to push an agenda 75% Stories that are completely 75% 66% Stories that are completely 62%66% Storiesmade up that for arecommercial completely or Stories that are completely made up 75% 66%62% made up for commercial or 59 62% madepolitical up reasons for commercial or Stories that are completely for commercial or political reasons 55%62% 66% political reasons 55%62% political reasons made up for commercial or 50% 55% 62% 50% 55% Stories where facts are twisted Poor journalism 50% 62 62% Stories where facts are twisted political reasons 50% 40% Storiesto push where an agenda facts are twisted 40% 55% to push an agenda 40% Poorto push journalism an agenda The use of the term ‘fake news’ 40% Poorto push journalism an agenda 50% Poor journalism Stories where facts are twisted to discredit news media 56 ThePoor use journalism of the term ‘fake news’ 25% The use of the term ‘fake news’ 25% 40% toThe discredit use of the news term media ‘fake news’ to push an agenda 25% toThe discredit use of the news term media ‘fake news’ Headlines that look like news 25% Headlinesto discredit that news look media like news Poor journalism 47 Headlines that look like news but turn out to be adverts 10% butHeadlines turn out that to belook adverts like news 10% Headlinesbut turn out that to belook adverts like news 10% but turn out to be adverts The use of the term ‘fake news’ 25% 10% Satirebut turn out to be adverts Satire 19 0% Satire to discredit news media 0% Very low Low High Very high Satire 0% Very low Low High Very high Headlines that look like news 0% 25% Very50% low Low 75%High Very high 10% but turn out to be adverts Satire 0% Czech Republic Very low Low High Very high

Stories where facts are twisted 63 Q14_2018a_combined2. News literacy scale. Q_FAKE_NEWS_2_1-6. To what extent, if at all, to push an agenda are you concerned about the following. Base: All with very low/low/high/very high news literacy: Stories that are completely made up for Selected markets = 11841/12625/8538/3910. commercial or political reasons 66

Poor journalism 56 EXPOSURE TO COMPLETELY MADE-UP NEWS IS LOW The use of the term ‘fake news’ 41 to discredit news media This year we also measured people’s self-reported exposure to Headlines that look like news but turn out to be adverts 48 the different forms of misinformation people express concern overREUTERS (not INSTITUTE all of them FOR are THE necessarily STUDY OF JOURNALISM equally worrying). / FURTHER Clearly, ANALYSIS Satire 21 exposure is much harder to measure than concern, because 0% 25% 50% 75% inSlide some cases 22 it relies on people’s ability to correctly identify information that has been deliberately designed to be misleading, and because what exactly constitutes misinformation is partly Bulgaria subjective. Even with this is mind, it is striking that, although Stories where facts are concern over completely made-up news is high, self-reported 59 twisted to push an agenda exposure across all markets is relatively low (26%); considerably Stories that are completely made up for lower than exposure to poor journalism (42%) and spin (39%). commercial or political reasons 61

Poor journalism 59 PROPORTION WHO WERE EXPOSED TO EACH TYPE OF The use of the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media 53 MISINFORMATION IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS Headlines that look like news 58 but turn out to be adverts Poor journalism 42

Satire 33 Stories where facts are twisted to push an agenda 39 0% 25% 50% 75% Headlines that look like news but turn out to be adverts 34 Q_FAKE_NEWS_2_1-6. To what extent, if at all, are you concerned about the following. Base: Total sample in each country. The use of the term ‘fake news’ to discredit news media 31 Stories that are completely made up for commercial or political reasons 26 CONCERN GREATER AMONGST THE WELL- INFORMED Satire 23 0% 25% 50% 75% Perhaps unsurprisingly, concern over misinformation is generally greater among those with higher levels of interest in the news and Q_FAKE_NEWS_3. In the LAST WEEK which of the following have you personally come across? Base: Total sample in all markets. lower levels of trust. Looking at how the data break down by different levels of news literacy is interesting, however, because it shows how concern goes up in line with literacy in some cases (made-up stories, spin, and poor journalism) but down in the case of satire.29

This is likely to be because those with higher levels of news literacy feel they are more likely to be able to spot satirical stories, and also have a clearer sense of what they should be concerned about. However, the data also throw doubt on the possible impact of attempts to increase news literacy, given that they suggest that an increase might lead people to be less trusting of some journalistic work.

29 See Section 2.1, The Impact of Greater News Literacy, for an explanation of how we measured news literacy. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 23

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 40

PROPORTION WHO SAY THEY WERE EXPOSED TO COMPLETELY MADE-UP NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

75%

50% 49 44 44 43 42 38 36 35 34 34 31 31 30 30 29 28 25% 26 25 25 23 22 21 20 19 19 19 17 17 16 15 14 14 13 13 10 9 9 0% GRETUR MYS HUNMEX ROU BRACZE BUL USACROARG CHL KOR SPA TWNPOL ITA AUS HK SWE SVK NORUKFRAJPNIRESGPPORCANFIN AUT GERDENNLDBELSUI

Q_FAKE_NEWS_3. In the LAST WEEK which of the following have you personally come across? Stories that are completely made-up for political or commercial reasons. Base: Total sample in all markets.

EXPOSURE TO MADE-UP NEWS IS HIGHER THAN More striking still is that, in the US, self-reported exposure to THE US IN SOME COUNTRIES completelyREUTERS INSTITUTE made-up FOR news THE STUDY stories OF isJOURNALISM actually more / FURTHER widespread ANALYSIS amongSlide those 25 that mainly consume news offline (36%, compared Considering exposure to completely made-up news stories, the to 29% for those that mainly consume news online). When we figure in the US is high at 31%, but exposure is even more widespread dig deeper into the data we see that this is mainly due to right- in Eastern European countries like Hungary (42%) and Romania wingers that consume a lot of 24-hour TV news. This suggests (38%), and Mediterranean countries like Greece (44%) and Turkey that people are encountering left-leaning TV news and concluding (49%). In the UK, the figure is 15%, and lower still in other Northern that many of the stories they see are made up – something and Western European countries like Germany (9%), Denmark potentially exacerbated by the lack of overlap in content between (9%), and the Netherlands (10%). In these countries, exposure to left- and right-wing media. completely made-up news stories is typically less widespread than all of the other forms of misinformation we asked about. PROPORTION WHO SAY THEY WERE EXPOSED TO EACH TYPE OF MISINFORMATION BY MAIN SOURCE OF NEWS – US

MISINFORMATION IS75% AN OFFLINE PROBLEM TOO 75% Mainly consumes news online REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Mainly consumes news online Many people instinctively think of misinformation as an online Mainly consumes news o ine 53 problem,Slide but 24 all of our categories50% can be found offline 51too. It is 50 50 Mainly consumes news o ine 43 44 53 striking that there is little difference39 in self-reported exposure 50% 51 50 50 36 34 32 44 to misinformation between those that mainly29 consume news 43 25% 26 39 36 offline and those that mainly consume news online (though in 34 32 29 most cases exposure online is slightly higher). This runs counter 25% 26

to the frequent tendency in0% public discussions to associate Satire Stories that are Headlines The use of Stories where Poor misinformation with online media. completely that look like the term facts are journalism made up for news but ‘fake news’ twisted to commercial turn out to to discredit push an 0% or political be adverts news media agenda Satire Stories that are Headlines The use of Stories where Poor reasons completely that look like the term facts are journalism made up for news but ‘fake news’ twisted to PROPORTION WHO WERE EXPOSED TO EACH TYPE OF commercial turn out to to discredit push an MISINFORMATION IN THE LAST WEEK BY MAIN SOURCE OF or political be adverts news media agenda reasons NEWS – ALL MARKETS

75% Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week, which would you say is your 75% Mainly consumes news online MAIN source of news? Q_FAKE_NEWS_3. In the LAST WEEK which of the following have you personally come across? Base: All that mainly consume newsMainly offl consumes ine/online: news US = 1131/1115. online Mainly consumes news o ine 50% Mainly consumes news o ine 46 42 50% 40 37 38 46 32 32 33 42 40 27 25% 26 25 37 38 21 32 32 33 27 25% 26 25 21 0% Satire Stories that are The use of Headlines Stories where Poor completely the term that look like facts are journalism made up for ‘fake news’ news but twisted to commercial to discredit turn out to push an 0% or political news media be adverts agenda Satire Stories that are The use of Headlines Stories where Poor reasons completely the term that look like facts are journalism made up for ‘fake news’ news but twisted to commercial to discredit turn out to push an or political news media be adverts agenda reasons

Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week, which would you say is your MAIN source of news? Q_FAKE_NEWS_3. In the LAST WEEK which of the following have you personally come across? Base: All that mainly consume news offl ine/online: All markets = 39595/32567. 40 / 41

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 28 PEOPLE WANT TO SEE ACTION TO COMBAT Echoes of this view can be found across all countries when we MISINFORMATION consider news literacy. Support for action by technology and media companies rises among those with high news literacy, but starts GivenREUTERS that INSTITUTE concern FOR over THE misinformation STUDY OF JOURNALISM when it comes / FURTHER to news ANALYSIS is to drop again in the case of government intervention. This may be high, it’s not surprising that most people think that media companies, because people with high news literacy are more sensitive to the technologySlide 26companies, and government should all do more to risks of over-regulation and the consequences for free speech. combat it. Across the 23 markets where we asked this question, three-quarters (75%) agreed that media companies should do more to separate what is real and what is fake on the internet.30 The figure PROPORTION WHO AGREE THAT EACH SHOULD DO MORE TO was slightly lower (71%) for technology companies like Facebook and SEPARATE WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON THE INTERNET BY NEWS LITERACY – SELECTED MARKETS Google. Just under two-thirds (61%) said government should100% do more.

100% 85% Government 76% Media companies 100% 85% Technology companies Government PROPORTION WHO AGREE THAT EACH SHOULD DO MORE 85% 76% Government Media companies 50% 51% TO SEPARATE WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON50% THE 76% Media companies Technology companies INTERNET – SELECTED MARKETS Technology companies Agree Disagree 51% 51% The government 61 50%27 12 50% Neither agree nor disagree

Technology companies 71 0% 21 8 Very low Low High Very high Media companies 75 19 6

0% 25%Agree 50% 75% 0% 100% Disagree Agree Very low Low High Very high The government 61 27 12 0% Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree The government 61 27 12 Very low Low High Very high Disagree Neither agree nor disagree The governmentTechnology companies 61 27 71 12 21 8 Technology companiesQ_FAKE_NEWS_4_2_1-3. PleaseNeither indicate agree your 71nor agreement disagree21 with8 the following statements. Technology companiesMedia companies Technology71 21companies/media75 8 19 6 companies/the government should do more to make it easier to Q14_2018a_combined2. News literacy scale. Q_FAKE_NEWS_4_2_1-3. Please indicate your Media companiesseparate what is real and fake on the internet. 75Base: Total19 sample:6 Selected markets = 46010. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% agreement with the following statements. Technology companies/media companies/the Media companies 75 19 6 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% government should do more to make it easier to separate what is real and fake on the internet. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Base: All with very low/low/high/very high news literacy: Selected markets = 11149/11898/8069/3790.

PEOPLE ARE CAUTIOUS ABOUT GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

REUTERSViews about INSTITUTE whether FOR THEmedia STUDY or technology OF JOURNALISM companies / FURTHER should ANALYSIS do more are fairly consistent across countries, but as we described Slidein the Executive 27 Summary, we do see variation in terms of views about government intervention. Over 70% in Spain and South Korea think that the government should do more, but the figure drops below half in Sweden (48%) and Denmark (43%). The figure is lowest of all in the US (41%), perhaps because of a strong commitment to the First Amendment and .

PROPORTION WHO AGREE THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD DO MORE TO SEPARATE WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON THE INTERNET – SELECTED MARKETS

75% 73 72 70 69 68 68 67 65 64 64 63 63 63 61 61 60 59 59 55 50% 51 48 43 41

25%

0% KOR SPA TWN ITA TUR AUS IRESGPNORCANBELNLD AUT FINHKJPNGERSUIFRAUK SWE DEN USA

Q_FAKE_NEWS_4_2_3. Please indicate your agreement with the following statements. The government should do more to make it easier to separate what is real and fake on the internet. Base: Total sample in each market.

30 These questions were asked in UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Canada. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 42

2.3 Which Brands Do We Trust REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS and Why? Slide 29 Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

This year, as well as general trust in news, we have explored the AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS – trust that news users place in specific brands. Brand trust is FINLAND AND SPAIN particularly interesting given that Facebook announced that it FINNISH BRANDS SPANISH BRANDS will prioritise news ‘from publications that the community rates as trustworthy’,31 using an online survey. YLE News 7.91 Antena 3 6.08 Kauppalehti 7.44 LaSexta 6.06 In our report this year we have taken a similar approach to Helsingin Sanomat 7.42 El PaÌs 5.94 understanding news brand trust. We asked our survey respondents Suomen Kuvalehti 7.34 Cadena SER 5.92 to indicate their trust in selected news brands, on a scale of 0 Taloussanomat. 7.33 Eldiario.es 5.89 (completely untrustworthy) to 10 (completely trustworthy). They Talouselämä 7.33 El Condencial 5.85 also had the option of choosing ‘I have not heard of this brand’. The Local Newspapers 7.31 Cuatro 5.84 trust scores reported below are calculated after excluding those who Regional newspapers 7.27 El Mundo 5.84 claimed not to have heard of the brand in question. Our calculations MTV News 7.19 20 Minutos 5.78 include all respondents, regardless of whether they use Facebook Hufvudstadsbladet 7.02 El Periodico 5.76 or not. However, the scores produced by Facebook users are very Uusisuomi. 6.56 La Vanguardia 5.61 32 similar to the overall figures. First, as seen in the chart on the right, Commercial radio news 6.54 TVE 5.54 we observe large variations in brand trust from country to country. Free newspapers 6.26 ABC 5.41 Even the lowest ranked Finnish news brands included in this study Ilta-Sanomat 6.12 COPE 5.32 score higher than almost all Spanish news brands. Iltalehti 6.07 5.25

We also find that across a number of countries news brand trust differs by type. In the UK, Germany, Denmark, Italy, and Japan, the Q6_2018. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Total sample in publicREUTERS service INSTITUTE broadcaster FOR THE STUDYis the OFmost JOURNALISM trusted type / FURTHER of brand. ANALYSIS This is each market. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded. not the case in Spain, where TVE is one of the least trusted brands Slideof those we 30 asked about (5.54 average trust). Spain is also an outlier when it comes to trust in digital-born brands. While in every other country people tend to trust digital-born outlets less, in Spain they are trusted more on average (led by Eldiario.es with 5.89 average trust). This is partly because of the low trust for traditional brands

and partly because10 many digital brands in Spain were started by Digital born well-known journalists with a strong track . Print 7.48 10 7.23 Digital born 7.02 6.93 Commercial TV 6.58 6.15 6.12 6.27 6.23 5.82 5.86 5.75 5.81 5.84 AVERAGE LEVEL OF5.57 TRUST IN5.66 SELECTED NEWS BRANDS WITHIN EACH5.49 TYPE 5.54– SELECTED5.71 MARKETS5.67 5.51 5.63 Print 5 5.17 5.21 PSB 4.9 4.79 7.48 5.0 10 7.23 4.73 7.02 6.93 CommercialDigital born TV 6.58 10 6.15 6.12 6.27 6.23 5.82 5.86 5.75 5.81 5.84 Digital born 5.57 5.66 5.49 5.54 5.71 5.67 5.51 5.63 PSBPrint 5 5.17 5.0 5.21 4.9 4.79 7.48 4.73 10 7.23 7.02 6.93 CommercialDigital born TVPrint 6.58 6.15 6.12 6.27 6.23 5.82 5.86 7.48 5.81 5.84 0 5.57 5.66 5.75 5.71 5.67 5.63 Print 7.02 7.23 5.49 5.54 5.51 PSB 5 UK US 6.93 Germany 5.17 Denmark 5.0 Japan 5.21 Spain Hungary Commercial TV 6.58 4.9 4.79 7.48 4.73 Q6_2018. How trustworthy 7.02 6.15 6.12 7.236.27 6.23 5.86 6.93 wouldCommercial you say news TV from the 6.58 5.82 5.66 5.75 5.81 5.71 5.84 5.67 5.63 5.57 6.15 6.12 6.27 6.23 5.49 5.54 5.51 following brands is? Use the 5.86 5.17 5.21 PSB 5 0 5.82 5.66 5.0 5.75 5.81 5.71 5.84 5.67 5.63 4.9 5.57 4.79 5.49 5.54 4.735.51 scale below,PSB where 0 is ‘not at 5 UK US Germany 5.17 Denmark 5.0 Japan 5.21 Spain Hungary 4.9 4.79 4.73 all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Total sample in each market. 0 UK US Germany Denmark Japan Spain Hungary Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded. 0 0 UK UK US US GermanyGermany DenmarkDenmark JapanJapan SpainSpain HungaryHungary

31 As announced on Facebook: https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/01/trusted-sources. It was later reported that Facebook’s survey contains two questions: ‘Do you recognize the following websites?’ and ‘How much do you trust each of these domains?’ (answered in a 1–5 scale from ‘Entirely’ to ‘Not at all’) https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexkantrowitz/this-is-facebooks-news-survey?utm_term=.kky08GjeqZ#.babvn4mM1k 32 In this survey, we asked for a number of news brands in each country. The list of news brands included TV, print, and digital-born outlets. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 35 Slide 33

42 / 43

AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS BY AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS POLITICAL LEANING - UK BY POLITICAL LEANING – USA

Left Centre Right Left Centre Right

Local newspaper Local TV News ITV News Wall Street Journal Sky News Yahoo! News The Times Buzzfeed news Vice News HuPost ABC News BuzzFeed News CBS News Daily Telegraph Breitbart Canary HuPost Independent Washington Post BBC News NBC/MSNBC News News NPR news Guardian Fox News New York Times CNN 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018. How this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale below, where 0 is trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Left /Centre/Right: UK = ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Left /Centre/Right: US = 523/1021/292. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded. 567/970/550. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded.

In many countries we see differences in brand trust according An example of a less polarised country in terms of news brand to different political leanings. This is particularly the case in the trustREUTERS is Denmark. INSTITUTE WhileFOR THE there STUDY are OF strong JOURNALISM differences / FURTHER for ANALYSISbrands like United States, which as we have previously shown in our 2017 Slidethe right-wing 34 digital-born website Denkorteavis (trusted more by report has some of the most polarised news audiences in the those on the right) and Information (trusted more by those on the world. Right-leaning respondents (marked in blue on the chart) left), these gaps are much smaller than polarised outlets in the US. strongly distrust many of the news brands we asked about with In the UK, polarisation in terms of news brand trust is higher than scores around 3/10 for many legacy American news outlets such in Denmark, but still low compared to the US. The most polarised as MSNBC, the New York Times, and the Washington Post. Left- brands in the UK are the two most popular tabloids that are leaning respondents show similarly low levels of distrust in two trusted more by those on the right ( and ), followed brands, Fox News and Breitbart. by the left-leaning Guardian which shows the reverse pattern.

The least polarising brands in the US are local TV news, AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS BY Street Journal, and Yahoo! News. Local news tends to be less affected POLITICAL LEANING – DENMARK by the bitter national polarised political debates while Yahoo! News follows a relatively neutral fact-based approach and partly relies Left Centre Right

on news agencies. For almost all other brands, the differences are TV2 Nyheder staggeringly large – the biggest gap is for CNN (7.08/10 for those Ekstra Bladet Metroxpres on the left side of the political spectrum, and 2.4 for those on the Radio 24syv nyheder right). These differences reflect the current political rhetoric from Dagens.dk Berlingske the right. President Trump has repeatedly accused CNN, the New Avisen.dk York Times, Washington Post, NBC, and other brands of being biased Søndagsavisen 33 BT and ‘fake news’, while repeatedly praising Fox News (particularly Børsen morning shows like Fox and Friends).34 Jyllands Posten DR Nyheder Politiken Information Denkorteavis 0 2 4 6 8 10

Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Left /Centre/Right: Denmark = 348/1113/353. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded.

33 For instance: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-18/trump-unveils-fake-news-awards-as-senators-decry-press-attacks 34 https://www.vox.com/2018/2/9/16997022/strikethrough-trump-fox-friends-feedback-loop-explained-tweet Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 44

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS SlideWhen looking 31 at differences in brand trust by age, we can see that in We have also examined differences in trust for public service the UK people under and over 35 show similar levels of trust for all broadcasters. In countries like Denmark, and to some extent the brands, with the exception of the three tabloid/mid-market brands UK, the differences by political leaning are small (though perhaps – the Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, and the Sun – which are more trusted not as small as the PSBs would like). In Greece, Hungary, and by those over 35. Old-style tabloids may need to change their tone in Spain, however, trust in public broadcasting is compromised or style to win the trust of younger audiences. It is interesting to by perceived government interference in editorial decisions or note that news brands that are specifically geared towards younger appointments. In these countries PSB trust is lower in general but audiences (e.g. BuzzFeed) are equally trusted by young and old. is very unevenly distributed between left and right.

In the United States, National Public Radio generates most of its AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN SELECTED NEWS BRANDS BY funding directly from its predominantly liberal audience and – UK U35 +35 greater trust scores from the left reflect that reality.

BBC News ITV News Sky News CONCLUSIONS Daily Mail Guardian This analysis shows that some brands are trusted much more than Independent others but also underlines how strongly trust can be influenced by The Times Daily Telegraph pre-existing views about politics. It also suggests that traditional Hu Post brands with a long track record may have an advantage over BuzzFeed News REUTERSDaily INSTITUTEMirror FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS digital-born brands and tabloids, even though these also frequently Sun produce high-quality and accessible journalism, as Facebook starts Local newspaper SlideCanary 36 to implement brand trust scores into its algorithms. These findings 0 2 4 6 8 10 underline the difficulties in determining which brands should be promoted or demoted as tech companies look to find sustainable

Q6_2018. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale solutions to the problems of unreliable news and misinformation. below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Total sample in each market. Note: People who indicated that they have not heard of a brand were excluded.

10% Right

Centre AVERAGE LEVEL OF TRUST IN7.8 SELECTED PUBLIC SERVICE7.7 BROADCASTERS 10% 7.57 7.11 7.26 7.14 LeRight BY POLITICAL LEANING – SELECTED MARKETS 6.71 6.23 5.93 5.91 6.0 5.94 Centre 5% 5.24 10% 7.8 7.7 7.57 4.5 Right 10% 7.11 7.26 7.14 Right 3.91 4.0 6.71 Le 3.33 6.23 5.93 5.91 6.0 3.2 5.94 Centre Centre 5% 7.8 5.24 7.57 7.8 7.57 7.7 7.7 7.26 7.26 4.5 7.11 7.11 7.14 7.14 4.0 Le Le 3.91 6.716.71 3.33 0% 6.0 6.236.23 3.2 5.93 BBC News5.93 DR News5.91 5.91ERT News 6.0NPR News TVE News MTV 5.94 Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe 5% 5.24 5% (UK) (Denmark) 5.24 (Greece) (USA) (Spain) (Hungary) parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place 4.5 yourself on the following scale? Q6_2018. How trustworthy 3.91 4.0 4.5 3.91 4.0 would you say news from the following brands is? Use the scale 0% 3.33 3.2 below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely BBC News DR News ERT News NPR3.33 News TVE News MTV 3.2 trustworthy’. Base: Left /Centre/Right: UK = 523/1018/292, Denmark (UK) (Denmark) (Greece) (USA) (Spain) (Hungary) = 345/1108/351, Greece = 336/1196/192, Spain = 587/1097/142, USA = 526/801/450, Hungary = 195/1162/314. Note: People who indicated 0% that they have not heard of a brand were excluded. BBC News DR News ERT News NPR News TVE News MTV 0% (UK) (Denmark) (Greece) (USA) (Spain) (Hungary) BBC News DR News ERT News NPR News TVE News MTV (UK) (Denmark) (Greece) (USA) (Spain) (Hungary) 44 / 45

2.4 Who Uses Alternative and Partisan Brands? Nic Newman and Antonis Kalogeropoulos Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

In this section, we look in more detail at who uses alternative and left of the mid-point if it has an audience that contains a higher partisan websites in different countries. We have defined these as proportion of left-leaning people than the sample as a whole. websites or blogs with a political or ideological agenda with a user base that tends to share these often partisan views. Most were In the UK, the Another Angry Voice blog and the Canary created relatively recently and are mainly distributed through website are placed further to the left of the map, because a high social media. The motivation may not be purely political as there proportion of their users self-identify on the left. By contrast may also be a strong business opportunity in focusing on these users of Breitbart UK and of the Brexit supporting Westmonster topics. The narrowness of their focus also separates them from are further to the right of the map, because the majority of the some established news sites, which may also have a reputation users of these sites self-identify on the right. for partisan political coverage. In the US, the users of the right-wing websites Breitbart, The Daily We have worked with partners in ten European countries to Caller, and InfoWars have an audience profile that is much further identify a number of sites that fit these criteria and then to to the right than other websites (with the exception of Fox News). measure usage via our survey. Across these sites, net usage and Occupy Democrats’ audience is at the left side of the political awareness was higher in Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, and spectrum, close to other outlets with predominantly left-wing Sweden, but lower in Austria, Finland, Germany, and the UK. audiences like NPR and Huffington Post.

In this chapter we explore the profile of the users of these sites In Sweden, the audience of Fria Tider, Nyheter Idag, and including demographic breakdown and political orientation. Ledarsidorna are further to the right of the audience of the top Using open-ended survey responses we also hear more about the 15 news brands. Academic research shows that these sites tend motivations people have for using these websites. to come from a right-wing position and present themselves as REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS alternatives to the legacy media, who they perceive as censoring Slide 37 critical information on issues such as immigration.35 In Austria, HOW PARTISAN ARE THESE WEBSITES? we also see that users of the far-right Unzensiriert (Uncensored), founded by a former Freedom Party (FPO) official, are furthest to To examine whether the users of alternative and partisan the right of the audience map while Kontrast.at, a news blog run websites are on the left or the right of the political spectrum, by the parliamentary club of the social-democratic party SPÖ, we asked all respondents to self-identify their political views and also pushed through social media channels, is more on the left then we combined these data with the online sources they use to side of our audience map.36 create the audience maps seen below. An outlet appears to the

AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, PARTISAN BRANDS – UK and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? The Canary Westmonster Q5b. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last Breitbart week (via websites, apps, social media, and Another other forms of internet access)? BBC Online Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following Angry Voice News Guardian Mail have you used to access news in the last Online Online week? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F were excluded.

More le-leaning More right-leaning audience audience

Mid-point within country

35 K. Holt, ‘Journalistik bortom redaktionerna?’ in SOU 2016:30 Människorna, medierna, marknaden (pp. 403–428). : Wolter Kluwers, 2016. See also Dagens Nyheterinvestigation into these sites that it says share criticisms of Sweden’s immigration policy and contempt for the established media. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/brottsdomda-nolltaxerare-och-jagade-av-kronofogden/ 36 ORF News discusses SPO’s blogs and Facebook strategy, 7 July 2017, accessed Apr. 2018. https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/635301 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 38

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 46

AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, PARTISAN BRANDS – USA and ‘centre’ to describe parties and Info Wars politicians. With this in mind, where would REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Occupy you place yourself on the following scale? Democrats Q5b. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last The week (via websites, apps, social media, and Slide 41 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Daily Caller other forms of internet access)? Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following have you used to access news in the last Slide 39 Yahoo! News week? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F were excluded.

More le-leaning More right-leaning audience New York Fox News audience TImes Online online

Mid-point within country

AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, PARTISAN BRANDS – POLAND and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Koduj24.pl PolskaNiepodlegla.pl WPolityce.pl Q5b. Which of the following brands have Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, you used to access news online in the last PARTISAN BRANDS – SWEDEN and ‘centre’ to describe parties and week (via websites, apps, social media, and Ledarsidorna Nyheter idag Fria tider politicians. With this in mind, where would other forms of internet access)? you place yourself on the following scale? Onet.pl Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following Q5b. Which of the following brands have have you used to access news in the last you used to access news online in the last week? Base: Total sample in each market. week (via websites, apps, social media, and Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS other forms of internet access)? were excluded. Aft onbladet online Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following have you used to access news in the last Slide 40 week? Base: Total sample in each market. More le-leaning More right-leaning Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F audience TVP Online audience were excluded. TVN24 Online

More le-leaning More right-leaning Mid-point within country audience audience

SVT News online Mid-point within country

AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, PARTISAN BRANDS – AUSTRIA and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would unzensuriert.at you place yourself on the following scale? Kontrast.at Q5b. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of internet access)? Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following have you used to access news in the last week? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F were excluded.

More le-leaning More right-leaning audience Krone online audience Der Standard online ORF News online

Mid-point within country

These maps show that these new websites and blogs have given Further complicating the situation, in some Central and Eastern voice to views that previously may have been unrepresented European countries the government itself also engages in in the media, but they also show the difficulties in classifying populist narratives, which are covered by sympathetic (or more partisan sites. We find traditional media sites, like Fox News and directly controlled) traditional media outlets. Here the divisions some UK newspapers, also talking to partisan audiences even if between traditional and partisan brands may blur compared they cover a much wider range of news beyond politics. with the examples on the maps above. In Poland, for example, the mainstream public broadcaster TVP, which has an editorial In other countries we find that these sites often speak to line that supports the ruling party,37 appears in a different kinds of divisions that are not fully captured by similar position on our map to PolskaNiepodlegla.pl (Independent a traditional left–right spectrum. Often we find sites on the Poland) a right-wing nationalist site created in 2013. Recent both left and the right sharing a common anti-immigration headlines from this publication include ‘Islam is violence and rape’, and anti-establishment agenda. ‘Poland for Poles’, and ‘German arrogance on the rise’. 38 Another

37 Reporters Without Borders World Freedom Index 2017 report says that controversial reforms carried out by Poland’s -conservative Law and Justice government since late 2015 include bringing public radio and TV broadcasters under its control, replacing their directors, and turning them into propaganda outlets. https://rsf.org/en/journalism-weakened-democracys-erosion 38 http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Recent-covers-from-Polska-Niepodlegla.pdf 46 / 47

site with a partisan audience is WPolityce.pl, which is at the centre What users of most of these websites have in common is low trust of a number of sites (and a TV station) that are supportive of the in news, compared to the total sample in their countries. Fewer LawREUTERS and INSTITUTEJustice party FOR and THE its STUDY policies. OF JOURNALISM By contrast, / FURTHER Koduj24.pl ANALYSIS is users of Breitbart in the US show trust in news (13%) compared to a liberal news website launched in 2016 by a former public radio the country average (34%). And the same is true for users of anti- Slideeditor as an 41 official news service of Komitet Obrony Demokracji, immigration and right-wing sites Unzensuriert in Austria and Fria or the Committee for the Defence of Democracy, one of the Tider and Nyheter Idag in Sweden, when compared to national major opposition organisations in Poland that recently mobilised averages. By contrast some left-leaning partisan sites like Occupy thousands of people to demonstrate in defence of the constitutional Democrats have much higher trust levels (56%) than the average, tribunal and the judiciary.39 in common with other left-wingers in the United States.

AUDIENCE MAPS FOR THE TOP 15 ONLINE NEWS SOURCES AND SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left ’, ‘right’, PARTISAN BRANDS – POLAND and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Koduj24.pl PolskaNiepodlegla.pl WPolityce.pl Q5b. Which of the following brands have you used to access news online in the last week (via websites, apps, social media, and other forms of internet access)? Onet.pl Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following have you used to access news in the last week? Base: Total sample in each market. Note: Those who answered don’t know to Q1F were excluded.

More le-leaning More right-leaning audience TVP Online audience TVN24 Online

Mid-point within country

MOTIVATIONS FOR USE “I generally agree with the views of these sites, and they don’t report ‘fake news’ like CNN and the other Lame When asked about motivations for using these websites on an REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Stream Media!” open-ended form in the survey, most respondents talked about (M, 71, Breitbart user, US) Slidetheir distrust 42 of – or lack of respect for – mainstream media (MSM). In the US, right-wing respondents used similar language In other countries too, the rejection of mainstream, ‘biased’, to that adopted by the US president. ‘political correct’ media was a core reason for using these websites:

“Conservative news is real news as opposed to totali- “Mainstream media is biased, always covers the news tarian socialist propaganda from elite media sources.” to show the Tories in a good light, you have to look (M, 64, Breitbart user, US) further if you want the truth. (F, 48, Another Angry Voice user, UK)

PROPORTION OF USERS OF SELECTED ALTERNATIVE “ I like to read articles which don’t appear in the mass OR PARTISAN BRANDS THAT TRUST MOST NEWS MOST media for reasons of .” OF THE TIME – US AND SWEDEN (M, 47, Politically Incorrect news user, Germany) 50% 50% In Germany and Austria in particular, a key motivation expressed was about finding alternative and different perspectives on the 41 41 subject of immigration. Here traditional media, and in particular 34 34 Public Service Broadcasters (PSBs), are seen by some as

25% 25% deliberately concealing the truth: 24 24 24 24 “I believe that the public service broadcasters such as 18 18 ARD and ZDF are controlled by the state. That’s why 13 13 I also inform myself on websites that offer free and uncensored news.” 0% 0% BreitbartBreitbartDaily CallerDaily CallerAll usersAll usersFria TiderFria TiderNyheterNyheterAll usersAll users (M, 67, Politically Incorrect (PI-News), and Junge Freiheit users users users users USA USA users usersIdag usersIdag usersSwedenSweden user, Germany)

Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following have you used to access news in the last week. Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: All those that used Breitbart/Daily Caller in the US and Fria Tider/Nyhter Idag in Sweden: US = 171/133, Sweden 212/198.

39 Freedom House report Poland 2017: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/NIT2017_Poland_0.pdf Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 48

“Because it is interesting and because as opposed In the UK, there are no significant differences in terms of age in to the ORF, it provides uncensored news.” the use of the right-wing Breitbart or the left-wing Canary, which (M, 61, Unzensuriert user, Austria) are used only by a small fraction of the UK population. But in Germany,REUTERS INSTITUTE we see a FOR different THE STUDY demographic OF JOURNALISM profile. / FURTHER When ANALYSIS looking “The Junge Freiheit often reports about things that Slideat whether 43 people use at least one of a number of right-wing interest me: when dole sanctions are tightened, when websites, (Breitbart, Politically Incorrect (PI-News), Compact things are concealed in the media, or simply when Online, Junge Freiheit), we find that they are more popular among information are tried to be kept away from us. It is not those under 35, while they are predominantly used by men my first point of contact but when it comes to social (60% of those who use at least one of these websites). We also injustices etc., it is my reference.” do not find any clear association with income. These websites in (F, 35, Junge Freiheit user, Germany) Germany are similarly popular among individuals in low, , and high-income households. In Spain the character of these sites is distinctly different. The weakness of mainstream media has led to a range of alternative 10% PROPORTION THAT USED SELECTED ALTERNATIVE OR political websites and blogs that do not always fit a left/right PARTISAN BRANDS IN THE LAST WEEK BY AGE – GERMANY agenda. Partisanship could be related to the territorial integrity of Spain (Catalan independence) or more closely related with a particular . But the motivation for using these sites 5% is similar, to gain perspectives that are not represented by the 4 mainstream media. 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 “To get news from a Catalan point of view because 0% I don’t trust news from Spain.” U35 35+ U35 35+ U35 35+ U35 35+

(F, 34, Directe.Cat user, Spain) Breitbart Politically Incorrect Compact Online Junge Freiheit Q5c_2018_2. Which, if any, of the following(PI-News) have you used to access news in the last week. “To have another perspective of the news and current Base: Under 35s/35s and over: Germany = 510/1528. affairs. Each organisation according to its ideology tells the stories a certain way.” (M, 40, OK Diario and Libertad Digital user, Spain) Overall, we find that the users of alternative or partisan websites in a number of countries show a more diverse profile than Many respondents expressed in open-ended comments expected, although they tend to be predominately male. Most that alternative sites provide accurate reporting and valuable users of these sites have low trust in the news and in mainstream perspectives and that it is mainstream media that are biased. media outlets in particular, which they think fail to tell the However, amongst others, there is a recognition that the coverage truth on issues like Europe and immigration. Some sites have they consume is politically partisan, indeed this is part of the close links to politicians and political parties, others are run by attraction: individuals with strong beliefs. But with significant and surprising REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS usage in some countries, these sites reflect and to some extent “[they are] honest about the bias they have.” inflame populist and anti-establishment narratives that are Slide 45 (M, 31, Another Angry Voice and Evolve Politics user, UK) sweeping much of Europe.

This chapter was compiled with the help of research and insight USE OF ALTERNATIVE WEBSITES AND AGE/GENDER from Grzegorz Piechota, Reuters Institute (Poland), Kristoffer Holt, Linnæus University, Kalmar (Sweden), Samuel Negredo Bruna, Looking at the demographic profile of different sites in the US, we University of Navarra, (Spain), Sergio Sparviero and Josef Trappel, see that they are used by both young and old, though Breitbart Salzburg University (Austria), Sascha Hölig, Hans-Bredow-Institut für in the US is more popular among those over 35 (8% reach vs 3% Medienforschung (Germany). reach among those below 35). It is also predominantly used by PROPORTION50% THAT MADE A DONATION TO A NEWS ORGANISATION IN THE LAST YEAR/WOULD CONSIDER DONATING IN THE men (68% of its audience). FUTURE – SELECTED MARKETS Might be prepared to donate in the future 50% Currently donates to aMight news beorganisation prepared to 50% donate in the future MightCurrently be prepared donates to to donate in the future 28 a news organisation 25% 26 26 24 Currently donates to 22 a news organisation 19 28 18 17 25% 26 26 28 24 25% 26 26 22 3 3 24 19 2 2 2 22 1 1 18 1 17 Scale of 19 0% 18 17 opportunity USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 0% 2 2 2 1 1 1 0%USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN

Q7ai. You said you have accessed paid for ONLINE news content in the last year. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Q7c_DONATE_2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. I would consider making a donation to a news outlet I like if they were unable to cover their costs in other ways. Base: Total sample in each market. 48 / 49

2.5 Donations and Crowdfunding: an Emerging Opportunity? Nic Newman Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

While some countries see significant progress WHO DONATES TO NEWS ORGANISATIONS? REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS in persuading consumers to pay for digital SlideDonations 46tend to come from the younger half of the population. subscriptions, this is proving more challenging for This millennial group is more confident about paying for online less wealthy countries, for poorer groups, and for services in general and gives more regularly to online charities.41 As our own research into paying for news showed last year, many particular types of content that are democratically younger people are reluctant to sign up for just one subscription important or less commercially valued. for fear of missing out on being able to pick and choose sources. Any message that suggests contributions might keep journalism In these cases, donations could be one way of maintaining existing open is likely to work well with this group. legacy news organisations and funding new enterprises. News organisations like the Guardian are building their future business GUARDIAN MESSAGING THAT APPEARS on the back of donation-based membership, while our country ON MOST NEWS STORIES pages are full of examples of new crowdfunded start-ups. In this chapter we look at the extent and limits of this approach across countries and explore the reasons why more people are donating 40 toREUTERS news, INSTITUTEwith a focus FOR on THE the STUDY US, OFSpain, JOURNALISM and the / FURTHER UK. ANALYSIS

OverallSlide we 45find that the percentage of people donating to news organisations is small, just 1% in the UK rising to 3% in the US. But the scale of the opportunity looks to be much greater, with on average, a quarter of our sample (22%) saying they might be prepared to donate to a news organisation in the future if they felt if could not cover their costs in other ways.

PROPORTION50% THAT MADE A DONATION TO A NEWS ORGANISATION IN THE LAST YEAR/WOULD CONSIDER DONATING IN THE FUTURE – SELECTED MARKETS Might be prepared to donate in the future 50% Currently donates to aMight news beorganisation prepared to 50% donate in the future MightCurrently be prepared donates to to donate in the future 28 a news organisation 25% 26 26 24 Currently donates to 22 a news organisation 19 28 18 17 25% 26 26 28 24 25% 26 26 22 3 3 24 19 2 2 2 22 1 1 18 1 17 Scale of 19 0% 18 17 opportunity USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 0% 2 2 2 1 1 1 0%USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN USA SWE SPA NOR IRE GER UK FIN

Q7ai. You said you have accessed paid for ONLINE news content in the last year. Which, if any, of the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Q7c_DONATE_2. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. I would consider making a donation to a news outlet I like if they were unable to cover their costs in other ways. Base: Total sample in each market.

40 For information about donations in Spain we are grateful to Samuel Negredo Bruna and the team at the University of Navarra. 41 https://www.thebalance.com/how-millennials-have-changed-charitable-giving-2501900 %00

%00 %00 %00 %00

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 47

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 50

PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WHO PAID FOR ONLINE NEWS VIA DONATION BY AGE – ALL MARKETS

50% Under 45s more likely to donate

25%

19 16 17 11 8 This messaging is designed to strike a chord with those who are 0% 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ worried about ‘fake news’, partisan news, and poor journalism.

“I now realise that good journalism requires money. Q7ai. You said you have accessed paid for ONLINE news content in the last year. Which, if any, of If I keep relying only on free news stories, the quality the following ways have you used to pay for ONLINE news content in the last year? Base: 18–24/25–34/35–44/45–54/55+ who paid for online news in the last year: All markets = of journalism I get will be dumbed down and made 1197/2280/2060/1578/2962. much worse.” (M, 52, US)

Many donations are also politically driven, with the vast majority For others, the rise of subscription has raised concerns about a coming from the centre or the left. In part this is a reflection of two-tier system, where high-quality news is reserved for those historical ideological battles, when many left-wing newspapers who can afford it. This is why some organisations prefer to keep were funded by co-operatives or unions as a counter to a access free but ask for voluntary contributions. The majority of capitalist-funded press. But in countries like the United States the the Guardian’s one-off donations come from the United States.42 media are again increasingly seen as part of a political struggle – between supporters and opponents of Donald Trump. In this “I paid for The Guardian because I read its work and it context, our open-ended survey responses suggest that donation doesn’t have a paywall. I didn’t pay as much as I would is often seen as a political act: for a typical year’s subscription, though, because I don’t read it very often.” “I donate in support of the First Amendment, which (F, 60, US) I feel is under attack by this administration.” (M, 34, US) In this respect the donation model may be a good fit for the Guardian outside the UK, as they are unlikely to be first choice “I want to make sure those news outlets stay open.” for an expensive subscription but provide a strong value-based (F, 64, US) proposition for those with a liberal outlook. For similar reasons, there is also a wide range of small blogs and writers that are But donations are not exclusively the preserve of the left, starting to use donations as a model. with partisan conservative sites increasingly appealing to their supporter base to donate – especially as many advertisers “I feel that independent journalists bring truth to what are now boycotting these sites. is going on in the world. Aeon Magazine, Medium, Elephant Journal, Carolyn Baker – these are examples of who I pay to support.” TRADITION OF PHILANTHROPY IN THE UNITED (F, 60, US) STATES

A wide variety of publications ask for donations in the United States. NPR has been running funding drives for and the bulk of its revenue comes this way (for radio and now its popular website). The same is true for local NPR and PBS affiliates. Some thriving local news providers, such as the non-profit Texas Tribune and Mississippi Today also ask for reader contributions, stressing in their messaging the benefits of a fact-based approach. Launched in 2009, the Tribune generates $6.5 million in annual revenue, with a staff of nearly 60 people.

Respondents in our survey repeatedly talked about wishing to support independent writers, even if they don’t use them every day. Regular donations or one-off tips for well-researched articles are one way of showing appreciation.

42 https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2018/jan/26/guardian-us-reaches-milestone-with-over-300000-paying-supporters-in-america 50 / 51

DONATIONS AND CROWDFUNDING IN SPAIN surprising given that very few others are asking for donations. A key motivation is a desire to preserve one of the few Independent media in Spain have been experimenting with a mainstream news organisations with a distinctly liberal agenda. range of donation models for years. This has been important in a country with little tradition of print subscription and where “It is important that the Guardian continues to be journalism is threatened by declining revenues and a perceived available to counter nearly all the other newspapers lack of independence. which are right-wing.” (F. 63, UK) “It is the only way to maintain free media that is independent of political power.” For others, donation is more about guilt. Respondents say they (M, 45, Spain) used to pay for the printed paper but now access it free on the internet so they feel they should contribute. As far back as October 2015, El Español raised €3.6m (£2.6m; $4m) through equity crowdfunding. At launch it had 5,624 small A few other small UK publications that now ask for donations shareholders and around 10,000 subscribers. But now its strategy were also mentioned by respondents. These include bloggers and has switched to ongoing donation models, something it has in political sites like pro-independence Scottish site Bella Caledonia common with many other digital-native news organisations. and Scot goes Pop. The Canary is a left-wing partisan site that relies on monthly contributions from around 1,500 supporters. These usually take the form of voluntary subscriptions or memberships, pioneered by Vilaweb in Catalonia and successfully adopted by Eldiario.es, which had more than 30,000 members in April 2018.43 Users donate money on a regular basis and obtain benefits in return such as an ad-free website or participating in meetings. The annual membership fee is €60 though you can choose to donate more.

The key messages are about defending journalism and improving society – ideas that strike a chord with many of our respondents.

“Paying a subscription or giving a donation is, for my part, a way to maintain a service to the community.” (M, 70, Spain)

Across all countries we find that donations are increasingly asked for, and increasingly given. Part of the motivation is to support fact-based journalism in an era of ‘fake news’ and support a greater variety of independent voices. But many of our respondents also talked about giving money because they wanted to identify with a cause, or set of values. This matters because it deepens the relationship between some audience members and some journalists at the same time as potentially increasing the supply of more partisan journalism.

REASONS FOR DONATIONS – UNITED KINGDOM Perhaps the most significant finding is that younger groups are most likely to give money for news. Donations may help bridge In the UK, news has traditionally been supplied by a strong and the gap between paying nothing and an expensive subscription, vibrant commercial newspaper sector, commercial TV, and the but they also work better for a generation that likes to access publicly funded BBC. Donation is a relatively new concept. Just 1% multiple sources on multiple devices. For both these reasons of our sample gives to a news organisation and from comments we can expect pay-as-you-go models like donations and it is clear that most are donating to the Guardian. This is not crowdfunding to be an increasingly important part of the picture.

43 https://l.eldiario.es/30000-socios Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 52

2.6 The Rise of Messaging Apps for News Antonis Kalogeropoulos Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 53 In this chapter, we explore the rise of the use of In the US, which is one of the countries with the steepest decrease messaging apps for news and how this is related in Facebook use for news, we can see that this is much greater among young users (14 percentage points difference between to decline in Facebook use for news. As seen in 2016 and 2018) whereas among the oldest age group there are no the Executive Summary of this report, the use of differences reported. At the same time, use of messenger apps for Facebook for news has been falling since 2016 in news (WhatsApp, , Viber, , etc.) has grown with all groups but under 35s are the heaviest users. many countries, especially in some that have been affected by public debate over misinformation. PROPORTION THAT USED FACEBOOK FOR NEWS IN THE LAST At the same time, more people have been using WEEK BY AGE (2016-18) – US 75% 75% messaging apps such as WhatsApp for any purpose 2018 2018

(44%), while average usage for news has more 2016 2016 than doubled to 16% in four years. 50% 50%54 54 48 48 45 45 46 46 In terms of definition, it can be hard to separate social networks 42 42 41 41 39 39 38 38 38 38 fromREUTERS messaging INSTITUTE applications, FOR THE STUDY though OF JOURNALISM we have attempted/ FURTHER ANALYSIS to do so 31 31 onSlide the basis 52 of whether they are principally used for messaging25% or 25% not. Twitter and Instagram, of course, have messaging built into their service but it is not their primary purpose. Snapchat started as an app for ephemeral messaging but has now developed0% a 0% richer feature set. 18-24 25-3418-24 35-4425-34 45-5435-44 55+45-54 55+

Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for news? Base: 18–24/25– 34/35–44/45–54/55+: 2016 = 175/329/377/300/1016, 2018 = 232/386/441/355/987.

PROPORTION THAT USED SELECTED SOCIAL NETWORKS AND MESSAGING APPS IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

Social networks Messaging apps

71 +1 44 +4 Facebook WhatsApp 46 -1 16 +1

66 +5 41 +5 YouTube FB Messenger 24 +2 10 +2

30 +6 10 +1 Instagram 7 Snapchat 2 +1 – 26% use for news (+3) 20 – 9 +2 Twitter Viber 10 – 2 – For news 16 +2 4 +1 For news LinkedIn Telegram 4 +1 Any purpose 2 +1 Any purpose 0% 25% 50% 75% 0% 25% 50% 75%

Q12A/B. Which, if any, of the following have you used for any purpose/news in the last week? Base: Total sample in all markets. Note: Also showing change from 2017. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 55

52 / 53

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 56 PROPORTION THAT USE WHATSAPP AND FACEBOOK FOR The majority of those who use messaging apps for news also use EACH – ALL MARKETS Facebook for news. This is particularly the case in the United States where Facebook Messenger dominates and WhatsApp 75% 75% Facebook is rarelyFacebook used. But in Brazil and Germany, where WhatsApp is widespread, there is slightly less overlap with Facebook. In these WhatsApp WhatsApp markets more reading and sharing seems to have moved to 50% 50% 54 54 WhatsApp as well as discussion – at least for some people. 42 42 39 39 OVERLAP IN USE OF FACEBOOK AND WHATSAPP FOR NEWS 25% 30 25% 30 – SELECTED MARKETS 24 24 17 16 17 16 11 11 0% 0% Looked at ClickedLooked on at TakenClicked part on Taken partTaken in part Taken part in news headlines a linknews to get headlines in a privatea link to get a groupin set a privateup a group set up /videos (but more information/videos (but discussionmore informationto discussdiscussion a to discuss a not clicked (e.g. fromnot clicked about a(e.g. news from particular about a news particular for further a news website)for further storya (onenews or website) newsstory topic (one or news topic information) information) more people) more people) US Use Facebook for news: 39%. Q12_2018_FB/WA. Thinking about the news you get via Facebook/WhatsApp, which of the Use Messenger for news: 7%. following have you done in the last week? Base: All that used Facebook/WhatsApp for news in the Use Facebook and Messenger for news: 6% last week. All markets = 34014/11660.

When looking at different news-related activities on Facebook and WhatsApp, we find that Facebook is most likely to be used for reading or discovering news, either by glancing at headlines or clicking to read a full story. On WhatsApp, users are more likely to take part in a private discussion about news (24%) or to take part in a group set up specifically to discuss a news topic (16%).

Focus groups, held in the US, UK, Brazil and Germany, give us more Brazil insight this year about why messaging apps might be better at Use Facebook for news: 52%. Use WhatsApp for news: 48%. facilitating interaction and discussion. Users said that they have Use Facebook and WhatsApp for news: 28%. groups set up for friends, family or work and that they can chat and post articles about all sorts of topics including news more freely:

“The whole thing about social media is like wearing REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS a mask. So when I am in my messaging groups with Slide 54 my friends the mask comes off and I feel like I can truly be myself” Germany (F, 30-45, UK) Use Facebook for news: 24%. Use WhatsApp for news: 14%. Use Facebook and WhatsApp for news: 6%. But the use of social networks and messaging apps for news is

not mutually exclusive. Respondents often talked about coming Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for news? Base: Total sample across news via Facebook or Twitter, but then posting it on in each market. WhatsApp when they wanted a discussion or debate:

“Somehow WhatsApp seems a lot more private. Like PROPORTION THAT USED MESSAGING APPS FOR NEWS IN it’s kind of a hybrid between texting and social media. THE LAST WEEK BY AGE – US Whereas in Facebook, for some reason it just feels like 50% it’s public. Even if you’re in Messenger.” (F, 20-29, US)

“The source is still Facebook because when we’re going to share something on WhatsApp, usually the article 25% we’ve found is on Facebook. So Facebook is still in 26 that sense.” 21

(M, 20-29, US) 13 11 8 0% 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+

Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for news? Base: 18–24/25– 34/35–44/45–54/55+: 232/386/441/355/987. Note: Showing net usage for WhatsApp, Line, Viber, Snapchat, WeChat, Kik, Slack, and Facebook Messenger. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 57

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 54

PROPORTION THAT USE FACEBOOK MESSENGER AND WHATSAPP FOR NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS

Messaging Apps Greece Norway US Australia Finland Argentina Hong Kong Malaysia

FB Messenger for news 22% 11% 7% 11% 5% 9% 8% 12%

WhatsApp for news 4% 2% 4% 10% 10% 37% 38% 54%

Q12B. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for news? Base: Total sample in each market.

Across a wider set of countries, we find that the use of Facebook One reason is that they do not always feel comfortable in Messenger for news is high in a few countries like Greece or expressing their political views in front of friends, family, and Norway where it is the dominant messaging app for news or for all acquaintances. In countries like Japan, Norway, the US, or the purposes. However, in most countries, WhatsApp is the dominant UK (see chart below), more people are concerned that their messaging app, particularly in Latin American, Southeast Asian, immediate or outer social circle will think differently about and Southern European countries. them44, and that can be a reason why more people are using messaging apps for news. Elsewhere we see a range of other messaging apps that are not owned or operated by Facebook. Viber is the most popular Overall, these findings highlight the move of audiences, messaging app in a number of Balkan countries where it is used particularly younger groups, to more private apps for reading and for news by 14% in Bulgaria and Greece and 12% in Croatia. Line is particularly discussing news. However, as the findings suggest, widely used in Taiwan (73% for any purpose, 53% for news), while large and less private social networks (mainly Facebook) are it is also the most popular messaging application in Japan (27% still largely used for finding and reading news stories. If these for any purpose, 9% for news). trends towards messaging apps are strengthened, it could create new dilemmas for publishers around being able to engage with WeChat is widely used in Hong Kong (52% for all purposes and ordinary citizens. The shift to messaging apps is partly driven by 15% for news) and Malaysia (28% for all purposes and 10% for a desire for greater privacy, so pushing news into these spaces news). Kakao Talk is the dominant messaging app in South Korea needs to be more organic and more conversational if it is to be used by the large majority of online news users (39% also use accepted. In any case, setting up broadcast lists in WhatsApp is a it for news). Telegram use is increasing but still at low levels. It complex and labour-intensive process (publishers have to provide has doubled since 2016 in the 26 countries of the 2016 sample, a phone number45 which users then subscribe to). However, reaching 3% in 2018. However Telegram, whose main feature is journalists have effectively used WhatsApp groups to distribute strong encryption, is particularly popular in more authoritarian news when covering political development in places with REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS countries such as Malaysia (21% use it for all purposes and 9% for censorship.46 Facebook Messenger makes it easier for publishers news)Slide and Singapore58 (19% for all purposes and 6% use it for news). to create branded spaces and conversational interfaces but users have so far proved reluctant to sign up. Finally, if more immediate Privacy is an important issue for users, and this partly explains the and intelligent discussion moves to messaging apps, this could growth in use of messaging apps, as opposed to more open social make Facebook and Twitter comments even less representative of networks. As noted in the Executive Summary, users in some ‘less general users than they already are. free’ countries are more likely to think carefully before expressing Online political expression: Could make work colleagues or other their political views online. However, we can see that people also acquaintances think dierently about me turn to messaging apps in non-authoritarian countries. Could make friends or family think dierently about me Could get me into trouble PROPORTION CONCERNED ABOUT DIFFERENT CONSEQUENCES OF OPENLYwith the authorities EXPRESSING THEIR POLITICAL VIEWS ONLINE – SELECTED MARKETS

50%

Online political expression: 36 37 34 34 34 32 32 33 Could make work colleagues or other acquaintances think dierently about me 25% 27 28 23 Could make friends or family think 21 dierently about me Could get me into trouble with the authorities

0 US UK Japan Norway

50% Q13a_2018_1-3. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements. I tend to think carefully about expressing my political views openly on the internet because this could get me into trouble with the authorities/because this could make friends or family think diff erently about me/because this could make work colleagues or other acquaintances think diff erently about me. Base: Total sample in each country. 37 44 36 A phenomenon called34 ‘context34 collapse’34 by danah boyd, ‘Faceted Id/entity: Managing33 Representation in a Digital World’, MA thesis, Institute of Technology, , MA, 2002. 32 32 45 E.g.25% http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-3082124527 28 46 https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/foreign_correspondents_chat_apps_unrest.php23 21

0 US UK Japan Norway 54 / 55

2.7 Podcasts and New Audio Strategies Nic Newman Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Audio is attracting new renewed interest from Surprisingly, podcasts seem to be least accessed in North European publishers as mobile listening grows and on- countries with a strong audio tradition such as Finland (24%), Germany (22%), the UK (18%), and the Netherlands (18%). This demand technology in the car disrupts linear radio may be because popular public broadcasters have little incentive listening. At home, voice-activated speakers like to undermine their linear radio listening by producing or promoting the Amazon Echo and Google Home are creating podcasts. On the other hand, there may also problems of definition with the term podcast not equally understood across countries. new opportunities to distribute linear podcasts as In the UK, for example, much listening comes via the popular BBC well as create new audio products. iPlayer radio app but on-demand streams and downloads accessed this way are not labelled specifically as podcasts and may not be In this chapter we explore the popularity of news-related understood as such in surveys such as ours. podcasts in 22 countries47 and also look at which demographics are most likely to access these episodic digital audio files, which can be downloaded, subscribed to, or listened to. For the first time PODCASTS ARE A SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITY TO this year, we have also asked about the type of podcasts accessed, REACH YOUNGER AUDIENCES and in a number of countries open-ended responses give us more detail about the most popular programming. The most striking demographic trend is the extent to which young people have embraced podcasts. The chart overleaf compares the Overall, a third of our sample (34%) listens to a news-related proportion of each age group that uses podcasts at least monthly REUTERSpodcast INSTITUTEat least monthly FOR THE butSTUDY there OF JOURNALISM are significant / FURTHER country ANALYSIS with those that listen to radio news at least weekly. This is a Slidedifferences. 59 In Asian countries like South Korea (58%) and Taiwan slightly unfair comparison given that monthly radio listening will (55%), strong smartphone penetration together with high levels be somewhat higher than the chart suggests. Even so, just under of social sharing have helped podcasts grow rapidly. In the United half of under 35s are using news-related podcasts, which is almost States, which has produced much of the innovation in terms of certainly far more of this group than listen to traditional radio news. formats (, S-Town) and business models (sponsorship and targeted advertising), a third (33%) say they have accessed a news podcast in the last month.

PROPORTION WHO ACCESSED A PODCAST IN THE LAST MONTH – SELECTED MARKETS

75%

58 55 50% 47 40 38 36 33 33 33 34 32 31 30 25% 28 28 27 26 26 24 22 20 18 18

0% KOR TWNHK SPA IRE SWE SUI AUS USA NORSGP ITA FRACAN AUT ALLNLDUKBELGERFINJPNDEN

Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio fi les, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Base: Total sample in each market.

47 US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Canada. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 56

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 60 Following the release of iTunes analytics in December 2017, early data suggest that most podcasts are listened to for at least 90% of their duration, giving the lie to the view that young people have minimal attention spans. With advertising spend on podcasts in the United States rising to $220m they could offer a significant commercial opportunity for publishers as well as a route to attracting hard-to-reach .48

PROPORTION THAT LISTEN TO PODCASTS AND RADIO NEWS BY AGE – SELECTED MARKETS

75% 75% Radio News (weekly) Radio News (weekly)

Podcasts (monthly) Podcasts (monthly)

50% 50% 48 48 48 48

39 39 36 38 36 38 32 30 32 30 25% 27 25% 27 22 22 22 22

0% 0% 18-24 25-34 35-4418-24 45-5425-34 55+35-44 45-54 55+

Q3. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio fi les, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Base: 18–24/25–34/35-44/45–54/55+: Selected markets = 4787/7575/8084/8566/16998.

TYPES OF PODCASTS CONSUMED REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS When looking at the types of popular podcasts accessed, we find Slidethat news and61 politics is only one part of the mix. Podcast genres seem to follow a similar mix to a speech radio schedule with lifestyle, , health, technology, business, and sport playing a significant part. In our open-end responses, comedy programmes were also mentioned but were not captured in our survey question. Podcast listening tends to skew male along with wider news use, with only lifestyle subjects attracting more women.

PROPORTION THAT LISTEN TO EACH TYPE OF PODCAST – SELECTED MARKETS

Gender mix

Any podcast monthly 34

Sport 8 The US podcast scene is vibrant and varied. Over 500 different podcasts were mentioned, ranging from political talk shows like Contemporary life and , adapted public radio shows like (e.g. crime, societal issues) 10 This and Freakonomics, and digital-born shows like Specialist subjects Pod Save America, a progressive podcast run by four former aides (e.g. science and technology, 14 to , Every Little Thing from Gimlet media, and Guys business, media, health) We F**ked, a podcast about from comics Krystyna Hutchinson Lifestyle subjects and Corinne Fisher. (e.g. food, fashion, arts, 13 literature, travel, fun)

News, politics, international events 14

0% 25% 50%

Male Female

Q11F_2018. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio fi les, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Base: Total sample in selected markets.

48 https://www.wired.com/story/apple-podcast-analytics-first-month 56 / 57

In the UK, respondents referenced almost 100 different BBC CONCLUSION programmes. Successful US podcasts were also widely consumed while UK newspaper publishers like the Guardian, The Times Podcasts are both a threat and an opportunity for existing and feature in the list, with podcasts ranging from broadcasters. They enable new audiences to be reached beyond politics to sport, and health. New political podcasts consumed national boundaries – and on new devices – but the low barriers include one from Brexiteer and Conservative MP Jacob Rees- to entry have also opened up competition to a vast array of Mogg – known as the Moggcast. new entrants, including both newspapers and digital-born brands. In many (European) countries they are also challenging the relatively neutral tone of by injecting both stronger opinions and a greater variety of views. In less free societies they are offering a relatively open platform for democratic debate that is, in theory at least, a bit harder to shut down. Critically, the demographics of podcasting are explosive. The younger generation is embracing content at a time and in a format that works for them – a trend that looks unlikely to be reversed any time soon. In addition to the 22 countries shown above, we also asked about podcasts in Turkey, where we poll using an urban sample. Here we find more than two-thirds of this group using podcasts monthly, partly as a result of improving connectivity and ubiquitous smartphone use amongst the urban population. A number of the most popular podcasts are in English with the BBC’s Global News topping the iTunes chart.

Improving English-language fluency is a key motivation for using podcasts in Turkey, but the platform also provides an alternative platform for free journalism. Many of the top Turkish-language podcasts are critical of the government, with three outlets in particular, Acik Radyo, Ünsal Ünlü, and Medyascope, providing news and debate in this context. One of them is a radio channel, and other two broadcast through Twitter’s Periscope platform. The output is also then reversioned for podcast. Ünsal Ünlü runs one of the most popular podcasts in Turkey, regularly reaching around 45,000 people with broadcasts across all digital platforms. His podcast subscribers alone have more than doubled in the last year.49

Ünsal Ünlü

Broadcasts: 5 times a week at regular time

Channels: YouTube, Twitter, Scope (Periscope), Soundcloud and iTunes (Podcast)

49 Personal conversation with Ünsal Ünlü by Servet Yanatma, Visiting Research Fellow Reuters Institute, Mar. 2018, who also contributed to this section on Turkey. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 58 58 / 59

Europe Section 3 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.02 Austria 64 Analysis by Country 3.03 Belgium 66 3.04 Bulgaria 68 3.05 Croatia 70 In this section we publish a country-based view of the findings, 3.06 Czech Republic 72 which includes an overview of media characteristics and the 3.07 Denmark 74 most important data points in terms of digital news. 3.08 Finland 76

These include headline figures on consumption in each country, including details 3.09 France 78 of the most popular news brands – traditional and online. The pages also contain 3.10 Germany 80 statistics about the use of new devices such as smartphones and tablets and 3.11 Greece 82 the role of different social networks for news. Information is drawn from the 2018 Digital News Report survey using the methodology outlined on p. 6, with 3.12 Hungary 84 the exception of population and internet levels which are drawn from Internet 3.13 Ireland 86 World Statistics (2017). Where appropriate, our country-based authors have also referenced industry-based statistics that supplement our survey-based approach. 3.14 Italy 88 3.15 Netherlands 90 Whilst most of our countries see internet penetration of 80% or more, Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey in particular have far lower levels of access. In those 3.16 Norway 92 countries we are looking at the habits of around (or less than) half the adult 3.17 Poland 94 population. It should also be noted that the Brazilian and Turkish samples are urban-based samples (and skew far younger, with roughly half the proportion 3.18 Portugal 96 of over 55s, compared to the other countries surveyed). Many international 3.19 Romania 98 comparisons will still be relevant in terms of understanding differences in the 3.20 Slovakia 100 online sphere, but anyone interpreting these results should be careful not to suggest these figures represent the total adult population, especially when 3.21 Spain 102 considering offline versus online consumption. 3.22 Sweden 104 In 14 countries the figures on device usage may have been affected by an issue 3.23 Switzerland 106 that meant the survey could only be taken on desktop devices (see Methodology 3.24 Turkey 108 for further information about which countries were involved). Americas The full questionnaire, additional charts, and tables – plus the raw data – are 3.25 United States 112 available from our website www.digitalnewsreport.org. 3.26 Argentina 114 We have ordered the countries by geography (Europe, Americas, and Asia- Pacific) and within each region countries are then ordered alphabetically – with 3.27 Brazil 116 the exception of UK at the start of the Europe section and the United States at 3.28 Canada 118 the start of the Americas. 3.29 Chile 120 3.30 Mexico 122 Asia Pacific 3.31 Australia 126 3.32 Hong Kong 128 3.33 Japan 130 3.34 Malaysia 132 3.35 Singapore 134 3.36 South Korea 136 3.37 Taiwan 138 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 60 60 / 61

Europe Section 3 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.02 Austria 64 Analysis by Country 3.03 Belgium 66 3.04 Bulgaria 68 3.05 Croatia 70 3.06 Czech Republic 72 3.07 Denmark 74 Europe 3.08 Finland 76 3.09 France 78 3.10 Germany 80 3.11 Greece 82 3.12 Hungary 84 3.13 Ireland 86 3.14 Italy 88 3.15 Netherlands 90 3.16 Norway 92 3.17 Poland 94 3.18 Portugal 96 3.19 Romania 98 3.20 Slovakia 100 3.21 Spain 102 3.22 Sweden 104 3.23 Switzerland 106 3.24 Turkey 108 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 62

STATISTICS UNITED KINGDOM Population 66m Internet penetration 95%

The UK media have played a leading part in exposing the shortcomings of tech companies over internet safety, privacy, and ‘fake news’. Meanwhile, politicians are looking into misinformation and the role of platforms in undermining journalism.

The Observer/Guardian and Channel 4 News revealed that used information from more than 50 million Facebook profiles to build a system that have halved in the last financial year, A prominent BBC journalist resigned could target US voters. Earlier, investigations and it is hoping to break even by 2019. from her post when it emerged she was by The Times embarrassed Google, showing The topped 900,000 being paid considerably less than men in that ads for reputable brands had appeared subscribers in 2017, three-quarters of similar roles. Carrie Gracie accused the alongside YouTube videos advocating them digital. And The Times and Sunday BBC of a ‘secretive and illegal pay culture’. extremism, as well as those featuring Times have more than 450,000 print and Coincidentally, new legislation forced all children and sexualised content. digital customers, plus 2m registered users major companies to reveal gender pay who have exchanged email addresses for gaps. Women at the Telegraph Media Meanwhile a committee of British MPs a limited number of free articles. Despite Group were paid 35% less on average has been investigating ‘fake news’ and these moves, our data show that fewer than men.51 The BBC figure was 9.3%, demanded information from Facebook and than one in ten (7%) pay for online news, against a UK average of 18%. Fixing these Twitter about any Russian activity during one of the lowest figures in our report. imbalances will be difficult when the BBC the EU referendum. Pressure for some kind has savings targets of £80m. of regulation is growing, even as our data Mass-market and local publishers find it show social media usage for news starting harder to charge for online news and are Despite this, the BBC remains Europe’s to go into reverse (-2). pursuing alternative strategies including most successful public broadcaster with cost-cutting and consolidation. In one of impressive weekly reach online (43%) and The power of platforms and changing the most significant newspaper mergers via TV and radio (64%). Britain’s vocal and consumer habits were among the factors for years, the owner of the left-leaning partisan national newspapers have often leading the government to set up a Mirror group bought right-wing tabloids the led the debate over Brexit, particularly review into the sustainability of high- and the Daily Star for £200m. in the absence of a strong government. quality journalism. UK newspaper print The papers will maintain their editorial The Guardian’s (15%) online weekly reach circulations have halved since 2001, with independence, but pooling reporters in overtook the Daily Mail (14%), while the the average revenue from digital users less areas like sport may save £20m each year. Sun (7%) has been fastest-growing after than 10% of a print reader. The review is Local news providers like are abandoning its paywall. due to be published by early 2019. looking to save money by sharing content via regional hubs. This year also sees the Awareness of alternative or partisan But many publishers aren’t waiting for deployment of 150 new local democracy websites such as Breitbart (19%) and the government solutions. Quality newspapers reporters. They will be employed by local Canary (16%) is relatively high, but weekly are increasingly trying to charge online newspapers but funded by the BBC at a usage is very low (just 2% for each), not readers directly. The Telegraph has put cost of £8m – part of a range of initiatives in least because the UK’s opinion-filled most of its premium content behind a which local media gets access to BBC local newspaper websites fill the gap. paywall, and is looking to increase revenue video and .50 from personal finance and technology. The Guardian relaunched as a tabloid in It has been another difficult year for the Nic Newman January and refocused its online strategy BBC with its Director of News leaving to Research Associate, Reuters Institute on donations and membership. It says it start a ‘slow news’ website. It was also for the Study of Journalism has 800,000 paying supporters; reader criticised over its Brexit coverage and revenue now outstrips advertising; losses was at the centre of a row over equal pay.

50 http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/most-of-150-new--funded-local-democracy-reporters-go-to-trinity-mirror--and-johnston-press 51 https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/mar/26/telegraph-media-group-gender-pay-gap 62 / 63

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE BBC News (TV & Radio) 64 BBC News online 4310 ITV News 33 Guardian online 157 Sky News 21 Mail online 144 TOP BRANDS Sun (& Sunday) 15 Sky News online 114 % Weekly usage Daily Mail (& Sunday) 13 HuPost 107 11 Local newspaper website 49 11 37 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper Sun online TV, radio & print Daily Mirror (/Sunday People) 10 Telegraph online 47 At least 3 days per week C4 News 10 MSN News 63 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 10 Independent/ i100 online 46 Weekly use The Times / Sunday Times 7 Mirror online 63 ALSO online brands Guardian / Observer 5 BuzzFeed News 46 Breitbart 2% At least 3 days per week Canary 2% 4 Metro online 3 5 online brands Another Angry Voice 2% Daily Telegraph (& Sunday) 4 Yahoo! News 2 5 Westmonster 2% ‘i’ 3 The Lad Bible 4 5 Skwawkbox 1% CNN 3 Times online 3 5 Evolve Politics 1% TV Print TVOnline (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media TV CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18Print The continuing decline79% of TV OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) Online (incl. social media) 100% 74% and print news has74% been Social media 100%Social media 100% 100% 66% Tablet 59%79% evident for the last six years 74% 50% 79%74% 79% Smartphone with social media growth finally 74% 74% 74% 74% 66%39% 67% 59% 36% Computer levelling off. The smartphone 66% 66% 56% 50% 59% 59% 20% 50% has become50% the most used 50% 39% 50% 36% device for news, overtaking the 39% 39% 0% 36% 29% computer/laptop. 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 29% 20% 20% 16% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 20182014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust is particularly low in THIS BRAND News overall BBC News 7.02 7.35 social media (12%), not News I use surprising given widespread ITV News 6.79 7.35 media coverage of ‘fake news’ 42% (-1) Channel 4 News 6.68 7.51 and misinformation. The BBC 20th/37 54% Regional or local newspaper 6.42 6.58 is the most trusted news The Times 6.35 7.23 organisation in the UK with Sky News 6.26 7.29 tabloid papers amongst the The Guardian 6.24 6.95 least trusted. News in search News in social Independent/i100 6.05 6.58 6.02 6.66 23% 12% HuPost 5.43 6.3 Daily Mirror 4.94 6.52 PAY The Canary 4.69 6.65 Daily Mail/MailOnline 4.6 5.86 Buzzfeed News 4.59 5.65 The Sun 3.91 5.85 7% (+1) (35th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 22% 1 Facebook 27% (-2) 66% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 Twitter 14% (+2) 29%

3 YouTube 8% (+1) 49% 21% (-1) 4 WhatsApp 5% (-) 44% 14% (34th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 3% (-2) 44% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Snapchat 2% (+1) 12% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 64

STATISTICS AUSTRIA Population 8.6m Internet penetration 85%

Austrian media have benefited from increased interest in news, following heated parliamentary elections, which saw the far right join a coalition government in December 2017. Meanwhile, digital and social media have contributed to an increasingly polarised climate in which overall trust in the media has suffered.

After winning a substantial victory in wing politicians. The former ÖVP leader Compared to the previous year, Der Standard parliamentary elections, , at 31 attacked the popular news anchor Armin reduced its print circulation by 12%, Die years of age, became the youngest chancellor Wolf, following a joke on national television, Presse by 7%, and Kurier by 6%.52 in Austrian history by forming a coalition which undermined his position. Another with the right-wing ÖVP politician accused Wolf of partisan Reach for the main brands remains relatively (FPÖ). This victory came after almost a year of journalism and Freedom Party leader Strache stable with small percentage gains for all the government crisis and a controversial re-run subsequently took to Facebook to accuse the top brands, and the percentage of people of the presidential election. The agreement ORF and Wolf of lying. Meanwhile another extremely or very interested in news has between Kurz’s centre right Austrian prominent ORF anchor-man was accused of increased to 69% of respondents. People’s Party (ÖVP) and the FPÖ, led by favouring the SPÖ. Heinz-Christian Strache, allowed the latter Trust in the news in general has fallen by to gain control of key government positions, With ORF’s critics now in power it could 4 percentage points in the last year, while including the ministries of Defence and face serious consequences. Politicians have there is a 2% increase in respondents Interior, in exchange for a relaxation of their talked about reforming the ORF, including agreeing they trust the media they anti-EU positions. the elimination of the mandatory licence themselves use. This suggests an increase fee, its main source of funding – despite the in polarisation as readers become more But these controversial political events fact that our data show ORF still as Austria’s entrenched in media that reflect their views. were only the second-most covered topic most trusted news brand (6.60), just ahead Indeed, Austria is home to a number in national newspapers after stories about of Die Presse (6.59) and Der Standard (6.47). of partisan websites that have gained immigration and asylum seekers, according While the heated tones of the electoral popularity through social media. The to the Austrian Press Agency (APA), with campaign may have calmed down, the issue best known of these is Unzensuriert Donald Trump’s presidency the third has not been forgotten and detailed plans (Uncensored), a site that the Austrian federal most followed topic. The elections also are likely to emerge within the next year. boosted television ratings, as more than 40 office for the protection of the constitution candidates’ debates were televised, with In the media business world, the Austrian has described as xenophobic with anti- 53 the final one being, reportedly, the most private commercial TV operator ATV Semitic tendencies. Founded by a former followed ever. was sold to its main competitor, the Freedom Party politician, almost one in five ProSiebenSat1Puls4 group, raising plurality (19%) of our sample has heard of this site, The role of social media in spreading so- concerns. The Federal Competition with 4% having accessed it in the previous 54 called ‘fake news’ became a central issue in Authority will be insisting that ATV week. Info Direct (2%), Alles Roger (1%), the election campaign. A political consultant maintains its editorial independence as the and Contra Magazin (1%) are three other hired by the Social Democratic Party of merger goes through. far-right, anti-EU websites/magazines. Austria was alleged to be responsible for There are a number of other small sites that two Facebook sites that provided false 2017 experienced the shutdown of NZZ.at, represent centrist and left-wing positions. information about Sebastian Kurz. The the first online news publication in Austria resulting outcry eventually led to the financed by digital subscriptions, and the resignation of the SPÖ general secretary, launch of a new digital platform, Addendum, Sergio Sparviero and Josef Trappel, who also served as campaign manager. managed by a non-profit company financed with the collaboration of Stefan Gadringer, by ’s owner Dietrich Mateschitz. Roland Holzinger, and Isabella Nening, Before, during and after the campaign, the University of Salzburg role of Austria’s public broadcaster (ORF) Although Austria essentially remains a and some of its journalists came under traditional news environment, printed intense scrutiny from centre and right- copies of newspapers are in decline.

52 Source: http://www.oeak.at 53 https://www.land-oberoesterreich.gv.at/Mediendateien/LK/beilage-kongress.pdf 54 https://derstandard.at/2000044079645/Zur-Info-Das-Facebook-Universum-des-HC-Strache 64 / 65

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE ORF News (Public Broadcaster) 82 ORF News online 4112 Kronen Zeitung 39 Kronen Zeitung online 269 Puls 4 News 25 Der Standard online 186 TOP BRANDS ZDF news 20 GMX news 176 % Weekly usage ServusTV news 20 Kurier online 136 Bezirksblätter 19 Die Presse online 115 18 105 Weekly use Heute Heute online TV, radio & print RTL news 17 OE24.at (e.g. österreich.at, sport.oe24.at) 105 At least 3 days per week ATV news 17 meinbezirk.at /woche.at /bezirksrundschau.at 107 TV, radio & print ARD news 16 MSN News 104 Weekly use Österreich 16 Kleine Zeitung online 49 online brands Der Standard 14 KroneHit news online 85 ALSO At least 3 days per week Unzensuriert 4% Kurier 14 nachrichten.at 48 online brands Kontrast 2% Kleine Zeitung 14 heute.de (ZDF Germany) 63 Info Direkt 2% KroneHit 12 news.at 63 Alles Roger? 1% Regional or local newspaper 11 Tagesschau.de 63 Contra Magazin 1% TV Print TVOnline (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 Online news is now79% the most OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% popular news source74% (76%) 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet with our Austrian59%79% respondents 78% 74% 50% 79%74% 76% Online (inc. social) Smartphone while TV news continues to 71% 74% 69% 74% 70% 66%39% 71% 67% 59% 36% Print Computer decline (-4). Social media use 66% 63% 58% 50% 59% 20% 50% 49% 50% TV for news continues50% to grow (+4) 39% 36% 41% amid political upheavals, which 38% 39% 0% 39% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% have seen the far right take 19% 20% 16% posts in a coalition0% government. 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Overall trust in the news is THIS BRAND News overall ORF news 6.6 6.98 down 4 points and a closer News I use analysis reveals that this fall Die Presse 6.59 7.37 comes largely from those on 41% (-4) ZDF news 6.47 7.13 the left and in the centre. Trust 23rd/37 55% Der Standard 6.47 7.3 amongst right-wingers has ServusTV news 6.2 7.14 increased, perhaps reflecting Kurier 5.95 6.75 wider satisfaction with the Puls 4 5.85 6.59 changing political situation. News in search News in social Bezirksblätter 5.8 6.47 Kleine Zeitung 5.78 6.83 24% 15% NEWS 5.42 6.43 RTL news 5.27 6.42 PAY Kronen Zeitung 4.94 6.07 oe24 TV 4.87 5.68 GMX 4.74 5.59 Heute 4.36 5.29 8% (+1) (30th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 29% 1 Facebook 30% (-4) 63% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 19% (+3) 66%

3 WhatsApp 19% (+3) 67% 31% (+8) 4 Facebook Messenger 6% (+1) 30% 18% (9th/37) use an 5 Twitter 4% (-) 12% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 4% (+1) 20% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 66

STATISTICS BELGIUM Population 11m Internet penetration 88%

Belgium is a small media market. It effectively has two distinct publishing sectors for the French and Flemish speaking populations, both with strong public service broadcasters that have been outstripped by commercial brands online. Recent mergers and acquisitions have raised concerns about media concentration and pluralism in the news. online news (Het Laatste Nieuws/HLN.be), centred urban development project called In the past year, Belgium’s largest and magazines (Dag Allemaal). Mediapark.. The first sketches of publishers, De Persgroep, , and the building show VRT’s ambition to become Roularta, continued to consolidate their In the French-speaking community, there a meeting space for citizens and media market position by scaling-up their activities was heated debate about the possible professionals. through mergers and acquisitions, strongly acquisition of Les Editions de L’Avenir reshuffling the Belgian media landscape. by the Groupe Rossel. Fears of media Belgium’s media market seems trapped This reorganisation of ownership seems to concentration lead politicians to ask the in a paradoxical situation where Belgian be inspired by the desire to consolidate and Walloon government to temporarily put companies concentrate locally to better expand core activities rather than to branch Les Editions de L’Avenir in public hands. compete globally (for advertising) with out into new ones. Meanwhile, Rossel and the likes of Google, Facebook, and Netflix. struck a deal which will see Belga become This has raised concerns by journalism Mediahuis is exiting the audio-visual sector, the sole provider of news articles for the free organisations and policy-makers regarding selling its stake in De Vijver Media, which daily Metro and its website metrotime.be. in the news. After acquiring runs the television channels Vier, Vijf, and Medialaan, De Persgroep announced it would Zes and audio-visual production company All this took place against the backdrop regroup and relocate journalists, layout, Woestijnvis. After having acquired the Dutch of readership levels for publishers’ news and production for all outlets in a central publishers NRC Media in 2015 and Telegraaf brands that have remained stable over the newsroom called News City. For newspaper Media Group in 2017, the company is clearly last three years, when taking into account De Morgen and magazine Humo, this also 56 betting its future on news publishing. total print and digital readership. But as means working under a single editor-in-chief. Meanwhile telecom company Telenet has our Digital News Report data show, print While journalism organisations fear lay-offs, bought De Vijver Media. Linear broadcasters is still losing ground year after year, with De Persgroep argues this will guarantee the fear that Telenet might choose to limit local television also now seeing a slight decline. future of its news brands. content access to its premium offerings. The public broadcasters VRT and RTBF Finally, in relation to the growing calls for Earlier, De Persgroep and Roularta traded remain firmly rooted in their respective holding platforms accountable, the Court assets. De Persgroep acquired Roularta’s regions when it comes to offline news, of Brussels has found Facebook’s use of stake in Medialaan, the largest commercial while still lagging behind when it comes personal tracking data to be non-compliant broadcaster in . In turn, Roularta to online news. In Flanders, the revamping with Belgian privacy law. Facebook has took over De Persgroep’s share in Mediafin, of the online news offering and renaming appealed the decision. a joint venture with Groupe Rossel, which it VRT News has not yet improved publishes financial newspapers De Tijd/ usage. The revamp coincided with the L’Echo.55 Roularta now owns a profitable, new management agreement between Ike Picone digitally savvy news brand and further the VRT and the Flemish government, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels strengthened its magazine portfolio. De which confined the VRT’s online remit to Persgroep, in turn, can now focus more mainly audio-visual news in order not to prominently on monetising cross-media disrupt the online news market. By 2021 audiences in Flanders (and the Netherlands), both public broadcasters are planning to owning the most popular news brands in build new offices on their shared current commercial television (VTM), print and location, embedded into a bigger media-

55 https://www.persgroep.be/en/news/de-persgroep-expands-its-participation-medialaan-and-sells-its-50-interest-mediafin-roularta 56 The methodology for the official press metrics of the Centre for Information on the Media has been updated, with the print and digital circulation numbers merged. It is not possible any more to distinguish digital from print readership 66 / 67

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FLEMISH) ONLINE (FLEMISH) VRT News (Public Broadcaster) 74 Het Laatste News online 5211 VTM 41 Het Nieuwsblad online 369 Het Laatste Nieuws 31 VRT News online 258 TOP BRANDS Het Nieuwsblad 23 VTM News online 218 % Weekly usage Qmusic 15 De Standaard online 176 Metro 11 Gazet van Antwerpen online 165 11 125 Weekly use Gazet van Antwerpen De Morgen online TV, radio & print Nostalgie 10 Het Belang van online 102 More than 3 days per week De Standaard 9 De Tijd online 49 TV, radio & print Het Belang van Limburg 9 MSN News 47 Weekly use FM 9 Knack.be 37 online brands De Morgen 8 Newsmonkey.be 3 5 More than 3 days per week

online brands TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH) RTBF News (Public Broadcaster) 71 RTL News online 3711 48 PAY RTL RTBF news online 3013 TF1 31 L'Avenir online 279 Bel-RTL 22 DH online 2310 French public TV (France Télévisions) 21 Le Soir online 2210 Le Soir 16 7sur7 206 (+2) L’Avenir 15 MSN News 136 14% Metro 15 La Libre 126 (15th/37) pay for Regional or local newspaper 15 Levif (incl. trends.levif.be) 105 ONLINE NEWS 15 Regional news sites 49 Flemish 13% La Dernière Heure 13 L’Echo 48 French 14% Le Vif/L’Express/Trends 9 Metro 47 TV

Print

SOURCES OF NEWS OnlineTV (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS

2016–18 TVPrintSocial media 2016–18 100% PrintOnline (incl. social media) 79% 100% OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 100% 74% Social media Tablet 74% Social media 100% 82% 66% 81% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 59%79% 75% 74% 70% 70% 65% 50% 79%74% Printed newspapers Computer 66%74% 59%74% (+2) 39% 46% 36% 25% 50% 50% TV 66% 47% 50% 59% 45% 41% (24th/37) use20% an 39% 50% 39% 39% 36% AD-BLOCKER 39% 0% 20% 22% Flemish 20% 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% French0% 32% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST News overall News I use News in search News in social 27% (+5) SHARE NEWS 53% 59% 34% 21% via social or email 8th/37 Flemish 62% Flemish 66% Flemish 37% Flemish 23% French 44% French 51% French 29% French 19% 16% BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) COMMENT ON NEWS (FLEMISH) (FRENCH) via social or website ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND

VRT News 7.65 7.76 RTBF Info 7.11 7.36 7.33 7.94 Le Soir 6.93 7.26 TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING De Tijd 7.33 7.96 La Première 6.85 7.3 De Standaard 7.24 7.81 La Libre 6.61 6.98 Rank Brand For news All 7.21 7.97 TF1 6.57 7.28 VTM News 7.15 7.62 Vivacité 6.57 7.24 1 Facebook 39% (-1) 65% Het Nieuwsblad 6.98 7.37 RTL News 6.45 6.89 Knack.be 6.93 7.5 L'Avenir 6.4 7.12 2 YouTube 16% (+1) 54% De Morgen 6.89 7.38 Bel-RTL 6.34 7.05 3 WhatsApp 8% (+3) 34% Gazet van Antwerpen 6.79 7.25 DH 6.22 6.6 Het Laatste Nieuws 6.73 7.01 Radio Contact 6.12 7.35 4 Facebook Messenger 8% (+1) 42% Qmusic 6.46 7.14 7sur7 6.04 6.75 Metro 6.39 6.76 Metro 5.96 6.77 5 Twitter 4% (-) 11% Joe FM 6.33 7.08 MSN Actualités 5.42 6.36 Apache.be* 5.41 n/a * Note: No figure for users of Apache.be 6 Google Plus 4% (-) 9% (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 68

STATISTICS BULGARIA Population 7m Internet penetration 60%

Nearly 30 years after the fall of communism Bulgaria remains the poorest member of the , deeply divided over old allegiances to Russia and new alliances with the West. The news media tend to take an increasingly partisan view of these issues, further polarising society while reducing overall trust in the news. with a subscription to premium digital and BTV, the second most popular news Now in his third term, Prime Minister magazine content costing around 29 lev broadcaster in our survey, also runs a Boyko Borisov is the longest serving each month (€15). series of TV channels, radio stations, leader since the communist and websites. It too is foreign-owned, Todor Zhivkov. His administration has Elsewhere, with advertising revenues having originally been established as a been tainted by a series of scandals continuing to fall, many news organisations partnership between the Bulgarian mogul involving party members and coalition have become increasingly reliant Krasimir Gergov and ’s partners, resulting in declining personal on funding from oligarchs or foreign . A common feature among popularity for Borisov. In this process foundations. This in turn has reduced the leading TV channels is a reluctance to the mainstream media prefer to remain independence and trust, with the media criticise the top political leaders, allowing witness to events rather than hold those increasingly becoming something of a statements by both the prime minister and in power to account – except when it is in battlefield between Russia and the West. the opposition leaders to go unchallenged. the interest of their powerful owners to do A number of media companies get Western so. Not surprising, then, overall trust in the Public broadcaster Bulgarian National grants, for example, from the America news is just 38%, one of the lower scores in Television (BNT) is less popular in terms of for Bulgaria Foundation. Others receive our survey. Bulgaria has fallen in terms of reach than commercial rivals, but remains money from Russia. The pro-Western press freedom (Index of Reporters Without the most trusted for news in our survey. media (, Mediapool) tend to criticise Borders) to 109th place, from 68th in 2009. However, the TV service has recently been Russia over its intervention in the Middle accused of underplaying the size of anti- Newspapers in Bulgaria have come under East, while ignoring evidence that Western government protests, and continuing to considerable financial pressure in recent weapons often find their way into the employ a host who made a rude gesture years, despite pioneering successful ‘hybrid hands of Islamic States. Outlets openly towards an activist on an evening talk tabloid’ newspapers such as 24 Chasa and siding with Russia have no hesitation in show. The broadcasting regulator, the Trud in the . These publications mixed undermining pro-Western politicians by Council for Electronic Media (CEM), is serious reporting and analysis with gossip speculating about their sexuality or making politically dominated by supporters of the and scandals, attracting the interest of insinuations about corruption. ruling party. German group WAZ. But low incomes and Television remains an important source of competition from the internet led to a four- Bulgarians are heavy users of social media news in Bulgaria, with the online sites of fold decline in circulation between 2003 and messaging applications. Viber enables leading broadcasters most heavily used. and 2007. WAZ eventually sold their stake free calls to family members that have The Nova Broadcasting Group runs a series and other foreign investors such as Bonnier emigrated and is popular due to the belief of channels and websites including Nova and Handelsblatt also pulled out in the that encrypted conversations cannot be TV (55% online reach) and abv.bg (48%), wake of the global financial crisis. Four hacked. a popular news portal built on the back daily newspapers have had to shut down of Bulgaria’s biggest email service. For over the past three years and the publisher many years, Nova was owned by Sweden’s of the fifth one (Standart) recently walked Modern Times Group, which invested Stefan Antonov out, dramatically handing his shares heavily in both radio and online, including Business journalist, (the Bulgarian) over to journalists. Only one publisher, acquiring vbox7.com, the Bulgarian Economist, and former Reuters Journalist Economedia, has actively invested in equivalent of YouTube. The group is in Fellow. digital. Owning one of the most trusted the process of being sold to the Czech weekly magazines, Capital, it also provides billionaire Petr Kellner. (so far) the only platform for paid content 68 / 69

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE NovaTV News 778 NovaTV News online 5510 BTV News 728 ABV News online 4810 BNT News (Bulgarian National Television) 4813 BTV News online 468 TOP BRANDS 24 Chasa 3218 novini.bg 4118 % Weekly usage BNR news (Bulgarian National Radio) 196 24 Chasa online 3215 Telegraf 1911 dir.bg 2911 189 256 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper BNT (Bulgarian National Television) TV, radio & print Trud 1017 Blitz.bg 2311 More than 3 days per week Darik (Radio) 167 Petel.bg 2211 TV, radio & print BITelevision News 103 Dnevnik online 1019 Weekly use Capital 106 Bivol.bg 1017 online brands CNN 37 Trud online 159 More than 3 days per week Sega 47 onews.bg 137 online brands Maritza 63 Pik.bg 137 BBC News 2 5 Regional/local newspaper website 139 Economist 2 4 Darik (Radio) 135

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 84% 20% 72% 67% 78%

Print Online Blogs Tablet 23% (incl. social media) 20% 21% 88%

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE A third say they trust the news THIS BRAND News overall Bulgarian National Radio 7.29 8.01 they find in search (33%) and News I use social media (30%) – higher Bulgarian National Television 7.25 7.67 than many other countries – 38% Nova TV News 7.22 7.6 likely to be in part a reflection 27th/37 41% BTV News 7.03 7.42 of low trust in the mainstream Chasa 6.33 7.01 media outlets that people use Trud 6.13 7.06 themselves (41%). Dnevnik 6.1 6.89 News in search News in social Sega 5.75 6.88 Onews.bg 5.55 6.49 33% 30% Bivol.bg 5.52 7.11 Blitz.bg 5.18 5.71 PAY Pik.bg 4.5 5.33

8% (30th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 52% 1 Facebook 73% 84% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 32% 70%

3 Facebook Messenger 18% 59% 25% 4 Viber 14% 55% 40% (24th/37) use an 5 Twitter 6% 14% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 5% 22% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 70

STATISTICS CROATIA Population 4.2m Internet penetration 74%

The Croatian media market is characterised by strong commercial television providers, a declining print sector, and a vibrant mix of traditional and alternative online websites.

In recent years the editorial independence of public service HRT has been negatively influenced by the editorial changes implemented by conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) government. Hopes that more moderate operates in Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia Dnevno.hr is a radical website which might alleviate some of the damage to and Herzegovina. N1 Croatia has a growing reached a fifth (21%) of our sample despite public service and non-profit media have audience (12%) and was recognised with having the lowest trust of all the brands we so far not been realised. A small group the Miko Tripalo Democracy Prize for their surveyed. Direktno.hr, another right-wing of independent journalists remain at contribution to democracy in Croatia in portal, increased its reach to 14% (+3). the public broadcaster HRT, but often 2017, by the Centre for Democracy and Law These websites illustrate the growth in find themselves struggling to maintain Miko Tripalo, a progressive thinktank. recent years of radical social and political professional standards in the light of an conservative voices organised by NGOs, and increasingly conservative editorial policy. In the newspaper market, the most popular linked to the more conservative parts of the News audiences for both the television title is the tabloid 24sata (36%) owned by ruling HDZ party and the Catholic Church. news service (HTV) and the radio section the Austrian company Styria, followed by There are no comparable media on the left (HR) are up a few points from last year, but the left of centre (30%), which side of the spectrum, and the left-leaning our data show that public trust in HTV news is owned by Hanza Media, Croatia’s largest online media in general have a much is lower than for commercial competitors. print media company, along with the right- smaller following according to this study. leaning (10%). Meanwhile there is continued concern The issue of so-called ‘fake news’ has about the non-profit media – mainly Advertising spending has continued to received increased attention in the past online news portals and magazines, decline for print (-8% 2015–16) and radio year, with Croatian fact-checking portal whose funding has been reduced by the (-2%), but the overall advertising market Faktograf.hr becoming a member of the government in the previous period. Several increased in 2016 by 2% to reach 1.493 International Fact Checking Network successful crowdfunding campaigns, billion Kuna (€199 million). Advertising on (IFCN). A brief flurry was caused in including that of the portal Lupiga.com, the internet rose 27% in relation to the professional and academic circles by the continue to show citizen support for previous year, and television and outdoors government announcement that they will alternative progressive media. 57 rose by 2%. be working on a new law to prevent ‘fake news’ and hate speech on the internet. Television remains a critical source of Most online media rely on digital Nothing further was heard about this idea news in Croatia with our data showing advertising with little evidence of digital which was seen as a possible step towards Nova TV (61%) as the top source of news, subscription. Digital-born Index.hr remains censorship given that Croatia already has followed by the television branch of the the leading news website followed by laws in place that cover hate speech against Croatian RTL in second place (59%). The the website of the daily tabloid extension different ethnic and social minority groups. most significant ownership change in the 24sata.hr. In the third place is again the media sector involved Nova, which was online portal of the most popular non- sold to the Slovenia Broadband company, tabloid daily Jutarnji list. While the legacy part of the American KKR investment media in Croatia continue to attract the Zrinjka Peruško fund which also owns the N1 (cable) largest audience, a number of right-wing Centre for Media and Communication television and multimedia platform that portals are also proving popular. Research, University of

57 https://www.bizit.hr/medijsko-oglasavanje-u-hrvatskoj/ ; http://hura.hr/istrazivanja/medijska-potrosnja-u-hr 70 / 71

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE NovaTV 6115 Index.hr 5719 RTL 5915 24sata online 5516 HTV & HR News (public broadcaster) 5814 Jutarnji onine 4513 TOP BRANDS 24sata 3616 Net.hr 4215 % Weekly usage Jutarnji list 3015 Tportal.hr 4019 Otvoreni radio 2410 Dnevnik.hr 3818 1021 3514 Weekly use Večernji list Večernji online TV, radio & print Local radio news 198 HRT News online (Public broadcaster) 2313 More than 3 days per week Narodni radio 188 Dnevno.hr 2111 TV, radio & print Antena radio 147 RTL news online 1812 Weekly use Local television news 149 Telegram.hr 178 online brands N1 125 Slobodna Dalmacija online 176 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 117 Direktno.hr 149 online brands Slobodna Dalmacija 104 Local Radio news online 116 Al-Jazeera 105 Novilist.hr 104 Novi list 37 Other regional or local newspaper website 47

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 78% 27% 53% 73% 76% (-1) (-) (-3) (+7) (+4)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 43% (incl. social media) 8% 19% (-) 88% (-1) (+2) (-3)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news (39%) remains THIS BRAND News overall NovaTV 6.81 7.24 low, reflecting other survey News I use research, which shows that RTL 6.55 6.9 interpersonal trust in Croatia 39% (-) Otvoreni radio 6.27 7.03 is below the EU average. The 26th/37 40% Jutarnji list 6.02 6.46 most trusted news sources HR News (public broadcaster) 6.01 6.61 tend to be radio and television Večernji 6.01 6.5 outlets rather than digital HTV News (public broadcaster) 5.91 6.51 sources. News in search News in social Tportal.hr 5.88 6.39 Net.hr 5.64 6.23 32% 29% index.hr 5.56 6.12 PAY 24sata 5.51 6.09 Dnevno.hr 5.26 6.16

7% (-1) (35th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 40% 1 Facebook 57% (-) 75% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 28% (+2) 74%

3 Viber 12% (-2) 54% 32% (+5) 4 WhatsApp 11% (+2) 46% 26% (6th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 11% (+2) 48% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Telegram 6% (+1) 11% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 72

STATISTICS CZECH REPUBLIC Population 11m Internet penetration 88%

The issue of online disinformation and ‘fake news’ dominated the debates about the Czech news media last year. There has been also growing concern over the independence of public service media, which have become a target of increasing attacks from various populist political actors.

The steady growth of GDP (+4.5%, the player on the market, TV Nova, might soon and radio continue to be among the most second-highest in the EU) has been the follow a similar fate, after it emerged used and trusted news brands, and keep main driver of increasing advertising that its majority owner, Time Warner, is expanding their news services, particularly expenditures, which are up 10% on last seeking to sell its acquisitions in Central Czech Radio which in April 2017 launched a year. Television again took the biggest share Eastern Europe. specialised online news portal iRozhlas.cz. (46%), with online ad spending recording the biggest annual growth.59 The leading web portal Seznam.cz, while Partisan and alternative sites have continuing to lose market share to Google continued to maintain their active The circulation of Czech daily newspapers in search traffic, has been expanding its presence in the Czech online news 60 continued to decline, on average by -5.5%. media business. Having launched the ecosystem – partly as a result of exposure This trend, while slowing down in the last news site Seznam Zpravy in October 2016, via social media. Many of these sites have several years, has been observed for over it obtained a terrestrial TV licence for its been labelled as disinformation websites ten years now and in consequence most own news channel Televize Seznam at by various NGOs as well as by the Centre national dailies are today selling 45–65% the end of 2017. Other online competitors against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats, set 61 fewer copies than in the mid-. Last have attempted to increase their supply up by the Ministry of Interior in 2016. While year, only one paper – the financial daily of original content as well, such as the Parlamentnilisty.cz (17%) attracts as many Hospodářské noviny – managed to slightly internet TV Playtvak.cz which launched its weekly online users as some mainstream increase its circulation. On the other hand, own comedy series Single Lady. news sites, the reach of the other web some new print titles have been launched, projects (pursuing anti-EU, pro-Russian, either as spin-offs from already existing The ranking of the top Czech news brands and a generally anti-liberal agenda), online news projects (such as the monthly has not experienced much of a change in including Russian-funded Sputnik.cz (2%), Revue Forum or quarterly Info Lab) or within recent years; among the exceptions has remains limited. more upmarket segments (the financial been TV Barrandov, that has seen a notable bi-monthly E15 Premium, or a quarterly rise in the amount of regular users (from The election campaigns in late 2017 saw magazine Forbes Next). In light of the 12% in 2015 to 19% this year). This has been heightened activity of disinformation ongoing economic struggles, publishers arguably facilitated by TV Barrandov’s and partisan websites, as well as hoaxes have welcomed the change in the VAT rate ever more partisan style of broadcasting, circulating on social media. In a pioneering for newspapers and magazines from 15% pandering to voters of populist and extreme attempt to target the financial incentives to 10%, agreed by Parliament despite the right-wing parties and politicians. At the driving ‘fake news’, Seznam.cz announced President’s opposition. same time, the public service media have in August 2017 that it was going to exclude been subject to growing verbal attacks, known disinformation websites from The television market saw the departure of including from President Miloš Zeman as its online ad service Sklik. Following a the Swedish-based multinational company well as the media mogul Andrej Babiš, who backlash, the company withdrew the plan; Modern Times Group (MTG) which has has been prime minister since November however it has now introduced sold its 50% stake in the second-biggest 2017. Following last year’s parliamentary that ads will no longer appear on dubious commercial broadcaster TV Prima, in a elections, which strengthened the position sites on a blacklist maintained by an move that signals the further withdrawal of populist parties, there have been independent database Konšpirátori.sk. of foreign ownership from the Czech news increasing concerns over the attempts to media market and its replacement by interfere with the political independence of domestic proprietors with main interests public service broadcasting. Despite these Václav Štětka in other business sectors. There has been challenges, the public service television intense speculation that the number one University

59 http://www.spir.cz/internetova-reklama-hlasi-rekordni-investice-za-lonsky-rok-vice-nez-23-miliard-korun 60 https://www.mediaguru.cz/clanky/2018/02/ucet-deniku-za-rok-2017-prodeje-klesly-o-5-5 61 http://www.nfnz.cz/aktuality/vyvoj-padu-prodeju-ceskych-zahranicnich-deniku-za-poslednich-12-let 72 / 73

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE news (incl. 1, CT24) 6713 Seznam.cz/zpravy 5210 TV Nova news 4911 iDnes.cz 4014 Prima news 4113 Aktualne.cz 3215 TOP BRANDS Seznam.cz TV 228 Novinky.cz 309 % Weekly usage Mlada Fronta DNES 1019 Czech Television news online 248 TV Barrandov news 196 TN.cz 218 1017 Weekly use Blesk iPrima.cz 188 TV, radio & print Czech Radio 1 - Radiozurnal news 156 Blesk.cz 146 At least 3 days per week A regional or local newspaper 149 Denik.cz 116 TV, radio & print Radio Impuls news 125 Super.cz 49 Weekly use Metro 126 iHned.cz 95 online brands Denik 95 Lidovky.cz 48 ALSO At least 3 days per week Parlamentnilisty.cz 17% Frekvence 1 news 49 Reex.cz 47 online brands Prvnizpravy.cz 4% Evropa 2 news 83 DV T V.c z 37 Ac24.cz 3% Hospodarske noviny 57 Tyden.cz 46 Sputnik.cz 2% Lidove noviny 47 iRozhlas.cz 63 Aeronet.cz 2% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 Online media have79% continued OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% to dominate as sources74% of 100% Social media 100% 100% 91% 66% Social Tablet news, while social59%79% media 87% 83% 85% 74% 81% 79% 50% 79%74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone have gained further ground, 66%74% 59%74% 39% 36% Print Computer widening the distance 66% 50% 59% 56% 20% 50% 50% TV from print.50% 39% 44% 41% 36% 37% 39% 34% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 28% 20% 16% 13% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Low media trust is linked to THIS BRAND News overall Czech Television (CT24) 6.84 7.2 increasing polarisation and the News I use impact of online disinformation Czech Radio 1 - Radiozurnal news 6.51 7.68 related to partisan websites 31% (-1) Hospodarske noviny 6.27 7.04 with links to Russian-based 33rd/37 37% Seznam.cz/zpravy 6.12 6.43 sources or funders. Ownership Aktualne.cz 6.04 6.52 of most mainstream news Mlada Fronta DNES 5.93 6.41 outlets by politically connected Denik 5.82 6.56 oligarchs is another factor. News in search News in social Prima 5.75 6.36 Parlamentnilisty.cz 5.25 6.43 29% 17% Nova news 4.89 5.46 Super.cz 4.27 5.16 PAY Blesk 3.39 4.78

8% (-) (30th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 42% 1 Facebook 57% (+10) 77% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 26% (+5) 65%

3 Facebook Messenger 16% (+6) 47% 25% (+2) 4 WhatsApp 7% (+2) 24% 26% (24th/37) use an 5 Twitter 5% (+1) 11% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 4% (+1) 16% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 74

STATISTICS DENMARK Population 5.7m Internet penetration 97%

The media environment in Denmark is characterised by two public broadcasters (DR and TV2) and a national and local press partly dependent on state subsidies, but now a right-wing government is trying to redefine the balance between commercial and public media.

After a heated and often ideological debate, the right-wing coalition government decided in March 2018 to reduce the out a dramatic cost-cutting operation four news articles daily, focusing on long- annual budget of the main public service and digital turnaround, in which the page form stories and in-depth articles. It has institution (DR) by 20%, a cut to be production of all the group’s newspapers increased its subscriptions to 10,000, partly gradually phased over the next five years. was outsourced. The tabloid BT and free as a result of making all stories available in This move was accompanied by a decision, daily MetroXpress were partly merged, and audio, read by the author. more widely approved across the political Metro’s online news site and the fledgling Responding to the difficulties of reaching spectrum, to abolish the licence fee, online Kids News were closed. young groups, a small handful of news sites deemed to be unfair towards the young Payment for online news has stagnated at are seeking – with the help of innovation and other low-income groups, and instead 15% since 2017, placing Denmark at 14th subsidies – to appeal to children, teenagers, finance DR directly out of state taxation. out of 37 countries. All major newspapers and young adults through specially TV2’s revenues are drawn from advertising use freemium models online and are targeted content: Format (20–30 year and subscription fees. struggling to increase payment levels olds, JP/Politiken); Koncentrat (teenagers, These cuts come at a time of increasing for online news. Major newspapers have aiming for school subscriptions); Ultra Nyt concern about the challenges to the Danish increased minimum online subscriptions to (7–12 year olds, DR channel 3, online and culture and language in an increasingly around €35 per month, and have simplified TV); TV2 (20–30 year olds, videos through globalised media landscape. One important a number of online subscription packages social media platforms). catalyst for this debate was the report to include the complete e-paper. Newspaper readership continued to drop The Impact of International Actors on Only two newspaper groups, JP/Politikens by approximately 10% on weekdays and the Danish Media Market, by the Danish Hus and Børsen, could boast a profit approximately 15% on Sundays (industry Agency for Culture and Palaces, published without counting the state subsidy that figures). Our reach figures are near- in September 2017, which analysed the still supports commercial news media. stationary, with both offline and online forces which are eroding the Danish media Berlingske, Information, and regional group reach displaying the same rankings as 2017, system. The report highlighted ways in Sjællandske Medier, would have been in the with Radio 27syv continuing its upward which global tech giants are affecting red without the subsidy, and many others movement; most fluctuations are at plus/ advertising revenues of private media, but announced losses despite it. minus 1-3 points. Smartphones continue to by implication also cultural production, grow in importance as a news platform (+7). distribution, and consumption, including The state subsidy is given to private news Television, printed newspapers, and online news, demonstrating how these global media in proportion to the number of sources of news are plateauing or have giants are using the collection of data to journalists they employ, other criteria dropped slightly since 2017, while social drive massive and irreversible change. being a socially diverse readership and media continue to decline as a source of The report recommended robust and the creation of democratically important news (-7 with Facebook declining 5 points), collaborative strategies to ensure the political and cultural content. Typical presumably as a consequence of a changed continued sustainability of cultural and annual subsidy levels are: niche nationals algorithm and increasing concerns about journalistic production, and a complete like Kristeligt Dagblad and Information ‘fake news’. rethink of media regulation and subsidy. €3.3m; broad and tabloid national dailies €2.3m; regional daily €1.7m; local daily After the takeover of Denmark’s oldest €400,000; born-online €500,000. newspaper group Berlingske by the Kim Christian Schrøder and Mark Ørsten Belgian De Persgroep in 2016, and Zetland is one digital-born site that has Roskilde University Berlingske’s acquisition of the free attracted international interest in the last newspaper MetroXpress, the company’s year for both its innovative approach and new CEO, Anders Krab-Johansen, carried commercial success. It publishes three to 74 / 75

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE DR News incl P1, P3, P4 (public broadcaster) 6215 DR News online 3710 TV2 News (including regional) 6113 TV2 News online 348 Local free weekly newspaper 2016 Ekstra-Bladet online 277 TOP BRANDS Metroxpres 158 BT online 238 % Weekly usage Local/regional newspaper) 125 Politiken online 167 Radio 24syv 115 Jyllandsposten online 145 105 Weekly use Commercial radio news Berlingske online (B.dk) 136 TV, radio & print Politiken 83 Website of free newspaper 106 At least 3 days per week Ekstra Bladet 48 Website of paid local/regional newspaper 104 TV, radio & print BT 37 Børsen online 48 Weekly use Berlingske 27 Altinget online 47 online brands Jyllands Posten 37 Metroxpress 63 At least 3 days per week Søndagsavisen 67 46 online brands Avisen online Børsen 2 5 Information online 46

BBC News 3 5 Radio 24syv news online 63 ALSO Weekendavisen 2 4 Dagens online 4 5 Denkorteavis 5% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 The number accessing79% news via OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% smartphone has now74% 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social media Tablet 59%79% 85% outstripped those using 74% 82% 50% 79%74% 81% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone computers. Social media news 66%74% 67% 59%74% 39% 68% 36% Printed newspapers Computer use has started to decline (-8 66% 56% 50% 59% 57% points) following years20% of 50% 49% 50% TV 50% 39% 46% 43% 36% growth while print newspapers 39% 34% 0% 31% 36% 27% sell fewer copies than20%2013 in other2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 25% 20% Nordic countries.0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE It is striking that quality news THIS BRAND News overall DR News 7.48 7.76 brands across the I use service/private media divide Børsen 7.32 7.85 (e.g. DR, TV2, Børsen, 56% (+6) TV2 News 7.23 7.6 Berlingske, Politiken) have 6th/37 62% Berlingske 7.03 7.88 similarly high trust scores. Politiken 6.99 7.71 Tabloids tend to be less trusted Jyllands Posten 6.96 7.48 along with far right-wing news Information 6.91 7.77 outlet Denkorteavis. News in search News in social Radio 24syv News 6.32 7.19 Søndagsavisen 6.1 6.48 22% 12% Avisen.dk 5.64 6.42 Metroxpres 5.41 6.14 PAY BT 5.15 5.98 Dagens.dk 5.13 6.27 Ekstra Bladet 4.6 5.43 Denkorteavis 4.22 6.77 15% (-) (14th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 20% 1 Facebook 34% (-5) 73% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 Facebook Messenger 7% (-) 52%

3 LinkedIn 6% (+1) 28% 26% (+2) 4 YouTube 6% (-1) 51% 13% (20th/37) use an 5 Twitter 5% (+1) 11% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 4% (+1) 32% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 76

STATISTICS FINLAND Population 5.5m Internet penetration 93%

The news environment is characterised by a strong regional press, strong public broadcaster (YLE), one important national daily (Helsingin Sanomat), and two popular evening tabloids, both reaching over half of the adult population.

The established Finnish media companies have sustained their strong and trusted audience position over the last year with almost no threat from foreign news media. 2017, Kaleva had already strengthened its since they need no ads or subscriptions. The Finnish language and small market position in Northern Finland by buying Industry body Finnmedia has asked the seem to shield national news brands three local papers near Oulu from Alma EU Commission to investigate if public somewhat from international competition. Media. funding for YLE’s text-based content One sign of a potential change was, though, counts as forbidden ‘state aid’. However, a the rise of MSN News from 6% in 2017 Some positive signals also came from parliamentary committee has suggested to 9% weekly reach this year. It offers its digital subscriptions, with the share of that index-linking of YLE’s funding content in Finnish as well as English. The paying customers growing to 18% after should be restored from 2019. Following most popular digital-born player, uusisuomi. staying around 15% in 2014–17. Future suggestions of a working group, the fi, a national news and blog site, retained willingness to pay among non-subscribers Ministry of Transport and Communications its 9% weekly reach.62 Other reasons for also rose 5 percentage points to 11%. granted a €3m allowance to private MTV for the popularity of traditional Finnish media This may be due to the tightening of securing plurality in television news. companies online are the amount of free and younger readers becoming content still available (especially from the accustomed to paying for digital services. The most popular partisan site in Finland evening tabloids and YLE) combined with Helsingin Sanomat said it increased its is MV-Lehti, which offers content with an bundled subscriptions and a strong reading subscribers (including digital) for the first anti-immigration and anti-legacy-media 64 tradition. time in 25 years. slant, often using offensive irony . Almost half (48%) of our sample said they were At the same time, newspapers’ print The percentage paying for online news is aware of the site but only 5% had used it circulations have continued their decline – higher than in most countries, which may in the previous week. The site rebranded a serious problem for their owners because be partly because Finnish newspapers as MV-media at the beginning of 2018, most revenue still comes from print. This eased their print readers into digital by and changed its leadership, following a has encouraged Finnish media companies bundling subscriptions at a similar price police investigation into alleged incitement to find business in new areas, making use of – or just a little higher – than print-only against an ethnic group and other their user data and marketing skills. Online subscriptions. allegations. marketplaces (cars, homes, recruiting) The media in Finland is waiting for the have increased their importance in Finnish Despite such attempts to erode trust in government to decide to cut the 24% VAT media companies’ portfolios. established players, the legacy media for digital media to the same level as print have sustained their reputation for being Overall, 2017 was a relatively good year subscriptions (10%). This has been delayed trustworthy. This is probably due to the for the major Finnish media companies because the government, for its part, is low level of polarisation in Finnish society in terms of profitability. The operating waiting for the EU’s decision to let member and media. A relatively strong professional income for Sanoma Media Finland was states determine their own VAT level. culture among journalists which values 12% (up 33%), Alma Media 14% (up 45%), objectivity and independence may have had In 2017 YLE streamlined and refocused its and Keskisuomalainen 8% (up 28%).63 In an impact too. organisation, cutting 6% of its permanent 2018, Alma Media sold its newspaper and staff. The discussion about its position and distribution business in Lapland to Kaleva, impact on private news media continued, thus limiting its focus in local and regional especially about its online services which Esa Reunanen media in Tampere and Pori regions. In competitors say lead to unfair competition University of Tampere, Finland

62 Although uusisuomi.fi has adopted its name from a former newspaper it is a new enterprise and is classified here as a player. 63 Source: Suomen Lehdistö, Mar. 2018. 64 YLE article on the track record of MV-Lehti https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2015/03/23/valheenpaljastaja-uutista-helppo-matkia 76 / 77

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE YLE News (incl radio) 7215 Ilta-Sanomat online 5611 MTV3 News 5717 Iltalehti online 5511 Free city papers 2435 Yle news online (inc. Areena news) 3612 TOP BRANDS Regional newspaper 267 Helsingin Sanomat online 3010 % Weekly usage Local Newspaper 1221 MTV News online (inc. Katsomo news) 2410 Ilta-Sanomat 219 Regional newspaper online 186 217 Weekly use Helsingin Sanomat Kauppalehti online 146 TV, radio & print Iltalehti 199 Local newspaper online 125 At least 3 days per week Commercial radio news 157 Taloussanomat online 127 TV, radio & print HS TV News on Channel 4 57 Uusisuomi. online 95 Weekly use Suomen Kuvalehti 57 Talouselämä online 95 online brands Kauppalehti 63 MSN News 95 At least 3 days per week ALSO Talouselämä 4 5 Free city paper website online 57 online brands MV-Lehti 5% Foreign TV news channels 3 5 Channel 4 news online 46 Magneettimedia 1% BBC News 2 4 Foreign newspapers online 2 5 Kansalainen 1% Maaseudun Tulevaisuus 3 BBC News online 3 5 Oikea Media 1% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2014–18 There have been no79% major OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% shifts in consumption74% over the 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 90% last year, with the exception of 85% 74% 80% Smartphone continued50% decline79%74% in the use of 75% Online (inc. social) 66%74% 70% 67% 59%74% 39% 36% Print 64% Computer print newspapers and 66% 50% 59% 53% 20% 50% 50% TV magazines.50% This has fallen by 9 39% 44% 36% 41% percentage points in the last 40% 39% 42% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 27% three years. News consumption 23% 20% on smartphones0% continues to 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 rise sharply0% to 64%. 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE The high level of trust is probably THIS BRAND News overall YLE News 7.91 8.12 due to the low level of political News I use polarisation in Finnish society Kauppalehti 7.44 7.81 and media. For all the biggest 62% (-) Helsingin Sanomat 7.42 7.9 newspaper and television brands 1st/37 72% Suomen Kuvalehti 7.34 8.22 (apart from the evening tabloids), Taloussanomat. 7.33 7.68 the share of those that do not Talouselämä 7.33 7.75 trust their news (score less than Local Newspapers 7.31 7.65 5) is less than 10%. News in search News in social Regional newspapers 7.27 7.76 MTV News 7.19 7.56 29% 18% Hufvudstadsbladet 7.02 8.31 Uusisuomi. 6.56 7.08 PAY Commercial radio news 6.54 7.18 Free newspapers 6.26 7.67 Ilta-Sanomat 6.12 6.57 Iltalehti 6.07 6.48 18% (+4) (7th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 30% 1 Facebook 33% (-2) 71% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 15% (+4) 66%

3 WhatsApp 10% (+2) 59% 25% (+1) 4 Twitter 7% (+2) 16% 17% (24th/37) use an 5 Suomi24 5% (-) 19% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 4% (+2) 31% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 78

STATISTICS FRANCE Population 65m Internet penetration 87%

A youthful wind blows in France under the presidency of 40-year-old Emmanuel Macron. He and his government have big media targets: they intend to introduce an anti-’fake news’ law and also reform the state-owned broadcaster.

During the 2017 presidential election, online and TV were equally popular. But in 2018, TV regained a slight lead as the most important source of news. Even On top of all that, Mathieu Gallet, CEO published allegations of sexual crimes TF1, the most watched channel in France, of Radio France, had to leave his role against a government minister, which led is suffering from new competition and after being convicted of corruption, with to an investor backing out. more on-demand viewing. It has been his successor, Sibyle Veil, an internal demanding several million in candidate, appointed in April. Meanwhile Meanwhile, Emmanuel Macron has satellite distribution fees from telecoms there are suggestions that a reformed pledged to introduce a new law to fight giant Orange (which provides connected TV public service structure might include an the spread of ‘fake news’, which he says to 11m French households), Canal+ (6m), overall CEO sitting above the existing chief threatens liberal democracies. The law and Free (5.5m). The three companies executives of each entity. could ban false stories from social media said they were shocked since TF1 is free to platforms, particularly during French watch. Canal+, part of Vivendi, responded CNews, a live TV channel owned by Canal+, elections and include more transparency by cutting the for almost a week. saw its influence wane after a long-running about sponsored content. Macron himself TF1’s audience figures fell immediately and strike led to the departure of the editorial had been the target of a number of ‘fake the channel was overtaken for a while by team. Rival networks LCI, part of the TF1 news’ allegations distributed online during its main competitor , part of the group, and market leader BFM TV shared the presidential election campaign. state-owned France Télévisions. the spoils. , a subscription-based But France Télévisions is caught in another One of the most talked about media investigative and online web publication storm. Together with Radio France and initiatives of the year was the launch of Le with 140,000 subscribers, marked its tenth the international facing France Médias Media, a partisan digital operation. Set up anniversary in April 2018 on the day that Monde (which in turn includes by people behind leftist politician Jean-Luc former President was TV and RFI radio), it forms the largest part Mélenchon, it made a significant impact, taken into custody over allegations that of the fragmented French public service riding on a wave of distrust against legacy former Libyan dictator broadcasting landscape and has been media. But several key people left and had funded his 2007 election campaign. strongly criticised by President Macron. aired their criticisms via the traditional Those allegations had first been published He has made no secret of his desire to media they had previously denounced. by Mediapart six years earlier, in 2012. see reforms to management, reductions Newspapers continue to struggle with Many podcasts have been launched, in costs, improved programmes, and declining circulation and advertising most addressing a niche: La Poudre (for increased multimedia integration. The revenues but some attempts to charge for girls), Transferts (testimonies), Les Plants BBC seems to be his model, with its online content are beginning to pay off. Le (gardening), Entre (about a girl starting international reach and multi-platform Monde returned its first operating profit for high school), and many others – a new way capabilities. In truth, France Télévisions, many years with a 44% increase in digital of exploring audio journalism on mobile. Radio France, and France Médias Monde subscriptions, which have overtaken print are not well integrated, with the exception subscriptions for the first time.65 Alice Antheaume of franceinfo. Created in 1987 as a breaking Executive Dean, Sciences Po , news radio service, it expanded last year A number of printed magazines were to become an integrated news outlet launched in the last year: Vraiment (general across radio, a new TV news channel, and news), Dr Good (health), Miaou (cat news), incorporating the mobile news service Perma Gaia (environmentalism). One ad- formerly called France TV Info, and is doing free current affairs weekly, Ebdo, closed well online (now third in our rankings). just two months after launch. It had

65 https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2018/04/12/2017-une-annee-de-croissance-pour-le-groupe-le-monde_5284379_3236.html 78 / 79

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TF1 4312 20 Minutes online 157 BFM TV 4212 online 146 France Télévisions (public broadcaster) 3712 France Info online 135 TOP BRANDS M6 news 268 Regional/local newspaper website 135 % Weekly usage Regional or local newspaper 2212 online 136 Public radio news (France Inter etc) 176 MSN News 125 165 Weekly use Commercial radio news (RTL etc) Hu„Post 105 TV, radio & print 20 Minutes 147 BFM TV online 104 At least 3 days per week LCI 147 Yahoo! News 104 TV, radio & print CNews 48 L’Express online 48 Weekly use Le Monde 85 Le Point online 85 online brands Le Parisien 48 Médiapart 47 At least 3 days per week Le Figaro 47 63 online brands TF1 online Ouest France 37 L'Obs (tempsreel.nouvelobs.com) 63 France 24 46 Aufeminin.com 63 L’Express 4 5 Libération online 46 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 The printed newspaper79% and OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% news magazine sector74% remains 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social media Tablet in crisis with readership59%79% halving 84% 74% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone in the last 50%six years79%74% (46% to 68% 66%74% 71% 59%74% 39% 68% 36% Printed newspapers Computer 20%), but many former 66% 56% 50% 59% 20% 50% 46% 50% TV 51% newspapers50% (Le Monde, Le 39% 50% 36% Figaro) are leading the charge 39% 0% 36% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% online. TV news remains 24% 20% 20% 18% 20% important but0% viewership 11% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 continues to0% fall year by year. 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news in France is low THIS BRAND News overall Le Monde 6.47 7.54 (35%) compared with other News I use European countries. Last year France Télévisions news 6.1 6.43 saw a major debate about the 35% (+5) L'Express 6.04 6.89 role of the platforms, especially 29th/37 41% Le Point 5.99 6.89 Facebook, in disseminating Le Figaro 5.98 6.11 ‘fake news’. This helps to L'O bs 5.96 6.91 explain why trust in social Le Parisien 5.95 7.1 media is lower still (19%). News in search News in social BFM TV 5.9 6.75 Mediapart 5.89 7.46 26% 19% Libération 5.87 6.74 M6 News 5.86 6.49 PAY TF1 News 5.84 6.64 20 minutes 5.79 6.59 Le HuPost 5.69 6.7 Brut 5.28 7.18 11% (+1) (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 31% 1 Facebook 41% (-2) 63% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 22% (+3) 51%

3 Facebook Messenger 10% (+3) 31% 34% (+3) 4 Twitter 9% (-) 16% 20% (3rd/37) use an 5 Snapchat 6% (+3) 15% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 WhatsApp 6% (+1) 19% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 80

STATISTICS GERMANY Population 81m Internet penetration 90%

Germany is one of the first countries in the world to implement controversial laws to combat online misinformation while public broadcasters have been facing growing criticism over their response to a resurgent right-wing.

The Network Enforcement Act, commonly known as NetzDG, took full effect at the beginning of 2018 and requires online platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Despite this, our data show that public most important business model, more YouTube to remove illegal content – or face service providers like ARD and ZDF remain newspapers are shifting their strategies fines of up to €50m. But the law has been the most trusted news brands in Germany to online subscriptions. In May 2018, Der controversial in Germany with some saying along with regional newspapers. Tabloid Spiegel launched Spiegel+, with a monthly it could lead to inadvertent censorship newspapers and digital-born portals tend subscription (€19.99) allowing access to or curtail free speech. In an early test, a to have less trust. More generally half of exclusive online content and articles from far-right member of parliament had her German internet users (50%) say they trust the print edition. At the beginning of 2017 Twitter account suspended and Facebook the news most of the time, with four in the Funke Group launched a freemium content removed shortly after posting an ten (61%) trusting the media they use. By model for five of their regional online anti-Muslim message. contrast, fewer than a fifth (18%) say they newspapers. According to PV Digest, paid have confidence in the content they find in content revenues in the media sector rose Facebook alone has hired over 1,000 social media. Anti-establishment websites 16% in 2017 to €320m. The largest share German-language moderators to review like Junge Freiheit, Politically Incorrect of this belongs to Axel Springer’s (9%) content that has been flagged by users in (PI) news, and Breitbart Germany attract with the Zeit-Group increasing their sales 66 ‘deletion centres’ in and Essen. attention in the media and especially by 3%, due to last year’s successful launch But while there is general agreement that in social media but are used by a small of the paid content model Z+. Even so, platforms should do more, concern focuses proportion of Germans. overall progress remains slow overall with on whether legal content could also be fewer than one in ten of our sample (8%) removed, if Facebook, Google, and Twitter Meanwhile public broadcasters are facing paying for online news. act conservatively to avoid fines. Germany’s renewed attempts from commercial biggest newspaper, Bild, has called for the publishers to restrict their activities online. The use of ad-blockers increased by 5 NetzDG to be scrapped. Newspaper groups say that free public percentage points in the last year to 33%, service content makes it impossible to as the dispute over the legitimacy of the The emergence of the far-right Alternative charge for online news despite limited software rumbles on. Media companies für Deutschland (AfD), as the third evidence.67 A court ruling at the end of 2017 have been challenging the practice of strongest party in parliament following supported publisher complaints that ARD’s filtering out certain advertisements federal elections has led to intense popular Tagesschau app is too ‘press like’ (blacklisting) or redisplaying them after debates on how the media should cover because it contains too much text. Public paying a fee (whitelisting) in the courts. their often extreme political views. While broadcasters are now reshaping their apps Rulings on the issue have so far been some argue that high media exposure to contain more video, even though Reuters contradictory, and the Supreme Court will builds unwarranted attention, others say Institute research (see p.29) consistently now be asked to make a decision. that growing public support for right-wing shows that most consumers prefer text parties cannot be ignored. This issue has when consuming online news. Sascha Hölig and Uwe Hasebrink been a particular dilemma for public Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research, service broadcasters, which have been In the print market, mergers of newspapers criticised for suppressing debates over and pooling of editorial departments immigration and distorting the views of continues, cutting costs but sometimes right-wing parties. at the expense of consumer choice.68 Although digital advertising remains the

66 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/05/tough-new-german-law-puts-tech-firms-and-free-speech-in-spotlight 67 Richard Fletcher and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, ‘Paying for Online News’, Digital Journalism, 5(9) (2017): 1173–91. 68 Landesanstalt für Medien in NRW, ‘Medienkonzentrationsbericht 2016/2017’ (Düsseldorf: Landesanstalt für Medien in NRW, Formatt Institut, 2017), http://www.lfm-nrw.de/service/berichte/medienkonzentrationsbericht.html 80 / 81

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE ARD News (Tagesschau, Tagesthemen etc) 5515 Spiegel Online 177 ZDF News (heute, heute-journal etc) 4817 t-online 154 Regional or local newspaper 3914 ARD news online (Tagesschau.de etc) 145 TOP BRANDS RTL aktuell 1031 Web.de 145 % Weekly usage n-tv 2611 n-tv.de 145 N24 2511 Focus Online 135 227 Weekly use Public radio news N24.de 136 TV, radio & print Sat.1 news 178 Gmx.de 113 At least 3 days per week Regional TV news 178 Bild.de (bzw. Byou) 104 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 165 Regional or local newspaper websites 93 Weekly use Bild (& Sunday) 104 Welt Online 48 online brands Focus 106 ZDF news online (heute.de etc) 47 At least 3 days per week ALSO 69 Sueddeutsche.de 37 online brands Junge Freiheit 3% Stern 85 HuPost 47 Compact online 2% ProSieben Newstime 48 ZEIT Online 47 Politically Incorrect 2% Süddeutsche Zeitung 63 Stern.de 63 Breitbart 1% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 Television remains79% the most OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% widely used source74% of news, 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% though numbers watching 82% 74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone continue to50% decline79%74% (-3) while 66% 66%74% 74% 71% 59%74% 39% 65% 36% Print Computer use of the internet for news has 63% 66% 55% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV 47% grown significantly50% in the last 39% 36% year (+5). About a third of our 39% 37% 0% 31% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% sample (31%) uses social media 22% 19% 20% 18% for news, fewer0% than in other 10% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 countries. 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Germans have relatively high THIS BRAND News overall ARD Tagesschau 7.01 7.73 trust in the news (50%) but News I use 2018 data show that the ZDF heute 6.85 7.49 proportion of those who do not 50% (-) Regional/Local newspaper 6.77 7.37 trust the news media has 11th/37 61% n-tv 6.68 7.07 increased slightly. Other studies 6.54 7.37 have also found indications of Süddeutsche Zeitung 6.54 7.61 growing polarisation in terms of FAZ 6.45 7.46 media trust. News in search News in social Der Spiegel 6.35 7.16 Focus 6.27 6.87 30% 18% Stern 6.1 7.19 Sat.1 Nachrichten 5.92 7.11 PAY RTL aktuell 5.85 7.0 t-online 5.64 6.98 bento* 4.69 n/a Bild 3.94 5.66 (+1) * Note: No figure for users of bento 8% (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) (30th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 1 Facebook 24% (+1) 52% 21% SHARE NEWS 2 YouTube 15% (+1) 52% via social or email 3 WhatsApp 14% (+2) 60% 33% (+5) 4 Twitter 5% (+1) 13% (4th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 4% (+1) 25% 14% AD-BLOCKER COMMENT ON NEWS 6 Instagram 3% (+1) 16% via social or website Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 82

STATISTICS GREECE Population 11m Internet penetration 69%

The media market in Greece is characterised by a TV market in turmoil, a weak print sector and some of the highest use of social media and digital born outlets in our study. Trust in the news is extremely low.

The saga of TV relicensing rumbles on, creating uncertainty for operators and viewers alike. Reducing the number of national licences to four was the first controversial media intervention by The Greek online news market is congested Greece is one of just three countries (out the government in 2016, though after and highly disrupted. Most of the online of 37) where social media news use is the Council of State ruled that the news brands in Greece are digital-born higher than TV use for news among regulator should oversee the including Newsbomb (34%), In.gr (26%), population with an internet connection. process, seven licences opened up, with and News247 (26%). When making the While Facebook still dominates, we see six media groups having applied so far. transition from offline to digital news, a slow shift towards private messaging One broadcaster caught in the crossfire tend to prefer non-traditional apps for reading, posting, and commenting is MEGA, the oldest and for many years brands, unlike users in most other European on news, as in many other countries. In largest commercial channel in Greece. It countries, partly as a result of the low trust Greece, the most used messaging apps for has been reduced to broadcasting reruns in the legacy news media and the increase news are Facebook Messenger (22%) and of hit TV series in an attempt to pay off in political polarisation during the financial Viber (14%). part of its debt. Ivan Savvidis, a Greek- crisis. Among the top digital-born news Russian businessman, ex-Duma member websites in Greece, but also in the long-tail Very few people pay for online news in with ties to Kremlin, bought Epsilon, a list of the most visited news websites, we Greece. The economic situation, the lack of national broadcaster, that has applied for a see a number of websites that engage in trust in news, the lack of culture for online nationwide licence. sensationalism. Many are preaching to the payments as well as the low number of choir of left or right-wing partisans, reaching paywalls in Greece are some of the reasons The deep crisis in the print market in sometimes extreme levels of conspiracy for minimal levels of online subscription Greece continues. The circulation of all and hoax reporting while others are focused (6%). At the same time, Greece is a world Sunday newspapers during a typical week on click-bait and social media distribution. leader in ad-blocking use (42%), with in 2018 is down by 75% compared to a Unfortunately, these phenomena are not even higher numbers for those aged typical week ten years ago.70 But despite limited to small websites. below 35 (57%). Two experiments in this, there have been three national the Greek landscape have been the newspaper launches this year: Nea Selida, The government, in an attempt to regulate donation-based ThePressProject and the the relaunch of the legacy newspaper this chaotic market, has launched a register subscription-based website insidestory.gr. Ethnos, and Fileleutheros – a print version for online media for which approved outlets But overall, the prevalence of ad-blocking of the digital-born liberal.gr. So far, the will be eligible for state advertising and software, combined with the very high use success of these new entrants has been to access a service for tracking plagiarism of social media platforms for news, portray limited. Greece also has eight national which is a problem in the Greek news media a challenging landscape for online news daily sports newspapers and two news- landscape. The Minister of Digital Policy publishers in Greece. related radio stations were launched in said that the government is discussing the past year in the market: a radio the possibility of a law against the spread version of the newspaper Proto Thema, of false information, while accusing Antonis Kalogeropoulos and 24/7radio, from the 24MEDIA group. traditional outlets of publishing ‘fake news’ Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Meanwhile, the radio station To Vima against the government.71 was shut down during the takeover of the Study of Journalism DOL conglomerate by the company of Evangelos Marinakis.

70 Data from http://www.argoscom.gr and www.eihea.com.gr 71 http://www.avgi.gr/article/10842/8739328/n-pappas-pleon-schediazoume-to-aurio-apo-semera 82 / 83

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE SKAI news (including radio) 5716 Newsbomb.gr 3411 ANT1 news 4518 In.gr 268 ALPHA news 4416 News247.gr 269 TOP BRANDS STAR news 1431 Skai online 2410 % Weekly usage ERT news (public broadcaster) 3111 Newsit.gr 249 Real News (Print & Radio) 2010 Zougla.gr 207 Regional or local newspaper 1813 Weekly use mixanitouxronou.gr 207 TV, radio & print Kathimerini 1611 Yahoo! News 195 149 At least 3 days per week Proto Thema Newsbeast.gr 187 116 TV, radio & print Epsilon news Iemerida.gr 175 To Vima 119 Weekly use Kathimerini online 165 online brands BBC News 115 Proto Thema online 166 ALSO At least 3 days per week Ta Nea 107 Tro-ma-ktiko 21% 165 online brands Lifo.gr CNN 95 Makeleio.gr 8% Enikos.gr 165 Pronews.gr 5% Emerida ton Syntakton 95 ERT News online 156 .gr 4% Local radio news 48 CNN Greece 156 Left.gr 4% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 Websites and social79% media OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 74% 100% 74% remain the most frequently 100% 96% Social media 100% 100% 66% 94% Social Tablet 59%79% accessed source of news in 74% 50% 74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone 79% 74% 71% 72% Greece, though television 66%74% 70% 59%74% 66% 39% 67% 36% Print Computer remains popular with older 66% 60% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV groups. Smartphones50% have 39% 47% 36% become a more popular way to 31% 39% 0% 36% 28% 29% access news over 20%the2013 last three2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 26% 20% years (up 8 0%percentage points) 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 approaching0% reach from 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 computers and laptops.

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news in Greece is THIS BRAND News overall Kathimerini 5.99 7.16 consistently one of the lowest News I use in our study at just 26%. Brand Real news 5.87 6.76 trust scores show little 26% (+3) Alpha news 5.86 6.63 difference between those with 36th/37 29% in.gr 5.85 6.63 the highest (Kathimerini) and Ant1 news 5.76 6.55 lowest scores - which include To Vima 5.73 6.92 the public broadcaster ERT. Emerida ton Sintakton 5.7 6.85 News in search News in social news247.gr 5.56 6.2 SKAI news 5.49 6.47 32% 22% newsit.gr 5.44 6.22 Star news 5.36 6.11 PAY Newsbomb.gr 5.26 5.99 Proto Thema 5.24 6.61 ERT news 5.19 6.37 tro-ma-ktiko 4.73 5.86 6% (-) (37th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 49% 1 Facebook 60% (-2) 78% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 36% (+4) 79%

3 Facebook Messenger 22% (+5) 58% 42% 4 Viber 14% (+4) 49% 32% (1st/37) use an 5 Twitter 13% (-) 24% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 10% (+4) 33% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 84

STATISTICS HUNGARY Population 9.8m Internet penetration 81%

The Hungarian government reached a new level of control over the media last year through a series of acquisitions by supportive oligarchs, and by using the power of state advertising to starve critical outlets of funding. With trust in mainstream media low, many rely on digital and social media as a source of independent news. spreading misinformation and excluding (29%) is low (35th out of 37 countries). In In April 2018, Hungarian PM Viktor Orbán critical voices from reporting. We observe public discourse, politicians and public was re-elected to a third consecutive term a struggle for agenda setting, with the figures frequently accuse media outlets of in power with a two-thirds majority in government and the media outlets under spreading ‘fake news’ and having a political parliament. In the immediate aftermath, its control pushing migration as the main agenda, which arguably adds to the sense of the owner of the legacy daily Magyar issue in the electoral campaign, and critical general lack of trust. Hungary also suffers Nemzet, Lajos Simicska (Orbán’s former media outlets trying to put government from low trust in institutions in general closest ally, turned enemy), announced the corruption on the public agenda. while there tends to be a strong reliance closure of the newspaper due to financial on personal, informal networks. This helps problems. This development means the With the majority of mainstream broadcast to explain the high usage of social media further shrinking of pluralism in Hungarian and print media outlets influenced by in Hungary, though it is worth noting, if media and the loss of yet another government agendas, digital media have slightly surprising, that only 27% trust the newspaper with a long history.72 become important as a space where news accessed this way. freedom of expression is practised and Leading up to the elections, the media critical information can be found. On In government-dominated small media became a political battleground in 2017 in the other hand, reliance on digital news, markets such as Hungary, funding three ways. First, leading oligarchs acquired especially accessed through social media, independent journalism becomes a numerous media outlets, to the extent intensifies the already high level of crucial and difficult issue. Some of the that over 500 titles are now published by polarisation. most significant investigative journalism companies owned by businessmen close is produced by small NGOs, journalism to the government, with the entire rural In terms of weekly reach in TV and print, by centres, and digital-only outlets population served by regional papers in far the most frequently accessed source of (Atlatszo, Direkt36). In addition to limited the hands of government allies.73 Secondly, news is RTL Klub (60%), with TV2 (37%) in distribution, they struggle financially Prime Minister Orbán launched a campaign second place. The most significant change which is not surprising when we see that against the media, identifying critical from the previous year is the decline of a very small portion of Hungarian news journalists as the main enemy along the public service broadcaster, MTV: it fell consumers pay for online news (8%) and a with ‘Brussels’ and the ‘Soros mafia’.74 In from third to fifth place, with 23% of online third (32%) use an ad-blocker (6th highest addition to cutting off state advertising, Hungarian news consumers saying they out of 37 countries). this also involved smear campaigns against accessed news on MTV in the last week critical media, and the boycott of these compared with 35% last year. In terms of publications by government and online news, Index.hu (40%) remains ahead Eva Bognar officials. Thirdly, government-sponsored of Origo.hu (38%), followed by 24.hu (34%). Center for Media, Data and Society, campaigns, including aggressive anti- Both Hirado.hu (-8) (the online portal of Central European University migration and anti-Soros campaigns, which the public service broadcaster) and ATV.hu flooded the public sphere (streets were (-4) have experienced a significant drop in covered with billboards), dominated the percentage of Hungarians using the sites Hungarian media in 2017. Media outlets, for news. including the leading broadcasters, sections In polarised environments such as of , and some popular online Hungary, we see that trust in overall news news outlets, have also been accused of

72 https://www.ft.com/content/8f78f132-3cc6-11e8-b9f9-de94fa33a81e 73 https://adatujsagiras.atlatszo.hu/2018/01/11/fedezze-fel-a-kormanykozeli-mediabirodalmat; https://atlatszo.hu/2017/11/22/kilenc-grafikon-a-kormanymedia-tulsulyarol-igy-ervenyesul-a-sokszinu-tajekoztatas-elve-magyarorszagon; http://nepszava.hu/cikk/1136338-a-fidesz-oligarchaihoz-kerult-a-teljes-videki-sajto 74 https://24.hu/kozelet/2017/07/25/a-fidesz-most-olyan-ellenfelet-valasztott-amelyik-valaszolni-is-tud 84 / 85

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE RTL Klub 6017 index.hu 4019 TV2 3714 origo.hu 3819 HírTV 3414 24.hu 2034 TOP BRANDS ATV 2911 hvg.hu 3017 % Weekly usage MTV (public television) 2310 rtlklub.hu 2712 Duna TV 2212 444.hu 2716 1812 Weekly use HVG blikk.hu 1912 TV, radio & print Blikk 1812 hirtv.hu 188 At least 3 days per week Public Radio news (Magyar Radio) 146 tv2.hu 177 TV, radio & print Regional or local paper 138 .hu 177 Weekly use Rádió 1 105 hirado.hu (public broadcaster) 148 online brands Bors 69 168ora.hu 118 At least 3 days per week ECHO TV 95 95 online brands portfolio.hu Regional or local TV/Radio 48 atlatszo.hu 97 Nemzeti Sport 85 Regional/local newspaper website 69 168 óra 68 borsonline.hu 69 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 Online news is the79% most OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% common source for74% 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 88% 87% Hungarians (87%), though the 74% 79% 50% 74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone online nature of the79% poll will 72% 74% 66%74% 70% 59%74% 39% 64% 36% 65% Print Computer tend to underplay the 66% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV 49% importance50% of television (70%) 39% 43% 36% and print (20%), especially 39% 0% 27% 36% amongst those in 20% rural2013 areas.2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% 20% 20% 12% Social media0% use for news 10% 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (65%) is one0% of the highest in 0% 0% 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 our survey. * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Overall trust in the news (29%) is THIS BRAND News overall HVG 6.51 7.22 amongst the lowest in our survey News I use while greater trust in brands RTL Klub 6.21 6.98 people use themselves (52%) 29% Hir TV 6.14 7.23 suggests high levels of media 35th/37 (-2) 52% Index.hu 5.98 6.67 polarisation. Media outlets ATV 5.81 7.03 deemed least trustworthy include Magyar Nemzet 5.57 6.7 pro-government outlets MTV and Népszava 5.5 7.1 TV2, as well as Origo.hu. News in search News in social Origo.hu 5.28 6.21 Heti válasz 5.25 6.73 41% 27% Magyar Idők 4.77 6.49 MTV (public broadcaster) 4.73 6.37 PAY TV2 4.53 6.15

8% (30th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 43% 1 Facebook 60% (-4) 81% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 29% (+4) 75%

3 Facebook Messenger 11% (+2) 58% 32% 4 Google Plus 6% (+1) 13% 24% (6th/37) use an 5 Twitter 5% (-) 13% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 4% (+1) 20% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 86

STATISTICS IRELAND Population 4.7m Internet penetration 94%

Brexit and its fallout have dominated news coverage with the Irish media expressing strong opposition to Brexit. Concern about the influence of ‘fake news’ has continued, and moves to clarify internet users’ rights over their data are expected.

Irish media were largely in a state of consolidation in 2017. In recent years, the Irish broadcasting market has undergone a number of changes, and some of these and local titles, to buy regional group Celtic 10,111 from July to December. The Irish Daily issues are still being worked through. Media fell through in June 2017. It had been Mail suffered the largest decline among the Losses continued at the public sector opposed by the journalist union (NUJ) on larger papers – over 11%. broadcaster RTE, where director general the grounds that it would weaken media Dee Forbes has said the broadcaster again diversity. Ireland fell from 9th to 14th More broadly, the central debates about expects to make a loss in the current place in the annual Press Freedom Index digital media in Ireland concern the year and described the organisation’s compiled by Reporters Without Borders; circulation of ‘fake news’, particularly in successive deficits as ‘unsustainable’. As the non-profit cited concentration of relation to the UK’s Brexit referendum, elsewhere, a lack of gender equality in media ownership as a major threat to press the US presidential election, and some the media industry generated significant freedom in Ireland. concerns about the impact on the May 2018 comment and controversy, with calls for referendum on abortion. more proactive measures to increase There were also substantial changes to the The Irish Data Protection Commissioner gender balance in broadcasting. RTE TV boardroom at INM with the departure of is to issue guidance to users in terms of news maintains its dominant position as both the chairman and chief executive. The how they can trace why they are receiving the most consumed offline news brand in former executive, particular advertisements and stories on Ireland, while digital-born site thejournal.ie Murdoch MacLennan, became chairman social media, how they can mute or turn off continues to stay just ahead of RTE Online. in March 2018. In addition, the Office for the Director of Corporate Enforcement receiving ads from those sources, and how TV3, the second-biggest Irish TV network, is seeking to appoint a they can amend their preferences to control which was bought by for €80m inspector following whistleblowing at the the types of ads they are served. Meanwhile in July 2015, had been in the final stages of company from the former chief executive. the High Court in Ireland has decided to preparing a rebrand of its three channels The Data Protection Commissioner is make a reference for a preliminary ruling to reflect the name of its parent company. also considering an investigation into to the Court of Justice of the European This was put on hold in early 2018 with allegations that a at the Union in proceedings between the Data the company saying it had other priorities. company had allowed outside companies Protection Commissioner, Facebook The channel is claiming a 23% increase in to have access to confidential information Ireland Limited, and data privacy activist viewership,75 buoyed by sports rights and about some journalists. Maximillian Schrems, concerning the entertainment formats. validity of allowing Facebook to transfer All print titles suffered declines in personal data from the EU to the US. There were no closures in the . combined print sector and indeed the UK-based The Times and digital sales were down 2% year-on- (Ireland) launched a daily print edition. year, though the audited digital edition Jane Suiter The Irish Times agreed a deal to acquire was up 29%, as more people switched City University all the publishing and media interests of from print to digital. The Landmark Media Group, the -based had a combined print and digital edition company that owns the , circulation of 92,903, down 6% year- the daily Evening Echo, and seven regional on-year. The Irish Examiner had a print titles. circulation of 27,589 in the second half of 2017, down 8%. The Times, which launched A deal for Independent News and Media an Ireland edition in print form in June, (INM), which publishes several national recorded an average monthly circulation of

75 https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-halts-move-to-rebrand-channels-1.3420305 86 / 87

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE RTE (TV & Radio news) 6214 TheJournal.ie 3413 Sky News 3213 RTE News online 3312 Irish Independent & Sunday Independent 3117 Irish Independent online 3011 TOP BRANDS BBC News 2912 BreakingNews.ie 2412 % Weekly usage TV3 News 2711 Irish Times online 219 Any local radio news 229 178 (e.g. 98 FM, Radio Kerry, Mid West Radio, Highland Radio) BBC News online 2011 Weekly use The Irish Times Sky News online 146 TV, radio & print Today FM 209 Her.ie/ joe.ie 136 At least 3 days per week Newstalk 198 Any local radio news online 105 TV, radio & print Local or Regional Newspaper (e.g. , The , The ) 1411 Irish Examiner online 104 Weekly use The Times & 139 BuzzFeed News 48 online brands ITV or Channel 4 News 117 Yahoo! News 48 At least 3 days per week Irish Examiner 104 48 online brands Mail online 105 Guardian online 48 CNN 49 MSN News 83 Sunday World 68 TV3 news online 47 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 The smartphone has79% overtaken OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% the computer/laptop74% in terms 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social media Tablet 59%79% of news access for the first 83% 84% 74% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone time. Reach50% for both79%74% television 76% 74% 66%74% 68% 59%74% 39% 64% 36% Printed newspapers Computer news and print has fallen 66% 50% 59% 53% 20% 50% 50% 50% TV 52% 54% steadily in50% the last few years, 49% 39% 36% with the percentage reading 39% 37% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 28% newspapers and news 22% 20% magazines 0%in the past week 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 now at just 0%37%. 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in media in general has THIS BRAND News overall BBC News 7.39 7.72 now returned to ‘normal’ News I use levels following a dip last year RTE News 7.39 7.77 possibly related to a ‘fake 54% (+8) Irish Times 7.35 7.76 news’ debate that featured 7th/37 59% Irish Independent 7.03 7.44 heavily during and after the TV3 News 6.94 7.71 US presidential election. Trust Irish Examiner 6.94 7.76 in search and social media is Sky News 6.91 7.39 close to the European average. News in search News in social Today FM 6.84 7.35 Newstalk 6.84 7.44 34% 19% Breakingnews.ie 6.4 7.05 Journal.ie 6.36 6.88 PAY Irish Daily Mail 5.58 6.46 HuPost 5.57 6.51 her.ie/joe.ie 5.47 5.6 Yahoo! News 5.45 6.6 11% (+2) (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 35% 1 Facebook 38% (-3) 67% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 18% (-) 60%

3 WhatsApp 13% (+2) 52% 27% (-2) 4 Twitter 11% (-) 25% 20% (18th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (+2) 44% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Snapchat 6% (+2) 19% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 88

STATISTICS ITALY Population 60m Internet penetration 87%

This year has been marked by a bitter national election campaign, discussions about ‘fake news’, and continuing disruption in the media landscape.

Few expected the March 2018 Italian elections to lead to a decisive political outcome and the campaign was marked by fears about the rise of and potential political conflict. Immigration became a major topic for discussion moving up the agenda in February with the shooting of six people of African in newspapers and radio stations; and RCS Impressive results have also been the city of Macerata by a far-right extremist. Mediagroup, which publishes Il Corriere accomplished by newspapers focusing on Other episodes of political violence della Sera, La Gazzetta dello Sport, and other local news, such as Il Messaggero (7%) and contributed to the harsh climate in which local newspapers in Italy, in addition to Quotidiano.net (7%). The most relevant the campaign took place. El Mundo and in Spain. After years change in the Italian online ranking is the of competition in the pay-TV market, in growth of the digital-born outlet Fanpage Pre-existing anti-establishment and anti- March 2018 Berlusconi’s and (11%). In addition to its effective use of immigration sentiments have also been Murdoch’s reached an agreement social media for distributing both hard fuelled by the spread of misinformation. that includes the joint distribution of and soft news content, Fanpage gained False information was used, for example, entertainment content on their pay-per- attention in February for its investigative to misrepresent immigrants’ involvement view platforms and free-to-air TV channels. reporting on the waste-dumping business, in major and minor crimes and to which led Italian authorities to investigate accuse Italian politicians of nepotism. A The online news market is still dominated several local politicians and businessmen.79 journalistic investigation by BuzzFeed on by legacy players, but this year some a network of Italian websites and social digital-born outlets have started to make This year, the trend towards pay models for media pages that spread nationalistic more impact. The top news brands in online news from Italian newspapers has rhetoric, anti-migrant content, and terms of online reach are those of the main advanced further. In early 2016, Il Corriere misinformation resulted in Facebook newspapers (, Il Corriere della della Sera was the first, among the main shutting down several of these pages.76 Sera, and Il Fatto Quotidiano) and the main Italian general-interest newspapers, to In 2017, the President of the Italian TV broadcasters (the Mediaset’s TgCom24. launch a metered paywall. In late 2017, La Parliament organised official initiatives it, SkyTg24, and the public broadcaster’s Repubblica adopted a freemium model. to fight misinformation, while the RaiNews.it). The website of the main Italian Now many relevant Italian newspapers, Government launched an online service to news agency, ANSA, has grown and reached including Il Fatto Quotidiano, La Stampa, and allow citizens to report ‘fake news’ to the the third position in the Italian ranking. Il Messaggero, are adopting some form of Italian postal police. The latter initiative This is an unusual example of news agency pay models for their online news. Despite has discussions on who should developing a direct consumer offer and the moves by publishers, our data show the decide what information is true or false.77 attracting substantial online reach. proportion of people paying for online news remains static at 12%. While revenues in the broadcasting sector RAI’s online news service has also started to rise again after some years of improved its position, but is still far decline, in September 2017 newspaper from matching the high levels of reach sales showed a 11% reduction year-on- it achieves on television. Internal Alessio Cornia Research Fellow, Reuters Institute year.78 After a series of further consolidation disagreements on the plan to reform the for the Study of Journalism moves, two publishing groups share the public broadcaster’s news services have led leadership of the newspaper market: to the resignations of RAI’s top managers GEDI, which publishes La Repubblica and and are still slowing down the expected La Stampa, in addition to several local launch of a new news website.

76 https://www.buzzfeed.com/albertonardelli/one-of-the-biggest-alternative-media-networks-in-italy-is?utm_term=.vak4X6JGg0#.suwwBzy9Zk; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/europe/italy-election-fake-news.html 77 http://www.primaonline.it/2017/06/27/258736/al-via-lindagine-conoscitiva-della-commissione-internet-sulle-fake-news; http://www.lastampa.it/2017/04/20/tecnologia/news/venerd-alla-camera-il-tavolo-di-lavoro-sulle-fake-news-voluto-dalla-boldrini-7bntcWmsDGguB8LLVl1vTK/pagina.html; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/19/italians-asked-report-fake-news-police-run-up-election 78 https://www.agcom.it/osservatorio-sulle-comunicazioni 79 https://www.fanpage.it/bloody-money-how-fanpage-infiltrated-a-former-mafia-boss-into-waste-traffic-with-a-camera; http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2018/02/16/campania-governor-de-lucas-son-probed-4_e7998b64-1a69-4534-9234-d9f7d8c4603e.html 88 / 89

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE RAI News (Tg1, Tg2, Tg3, Tg4) 5917 La Repubblica online 258 Mediaset News (Tg4, Tg5, Studio Aperto) 4211 TgCom24 online 249 SkyTg24 3514 ANSA online 238 TOP BRANDS RaiNews24 3316 SkyTg24 online 218 % Weekly usage TgCom24 3316 Il Corriere della Serra online 209 Tg 1231 RAI News online 1018 2312 Weekly use La Repubblica Il Fatto Quotidiano online 167 TV, radio & print Il Corriere della Sera 2212 Yahoo! News 157 At least 3 days per week TGR 2211 Notizie Libero online 158 TV, radio & print Porta a Porta 1421 HuPost 149 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper 1811 Il Sole 24 ore online 136 online brands Piazza pulita 1418 MSN News 136 At least 3 days per week Quinta colonna 1217 115 online brands TgLa7 online Dimartedi 1014 Fanpage 116 Commercial radio news 146 La Stampa online 105 Il Sole 24 Ore 136 Commerical radio news online 105 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 Newspaper readership79% OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% continues to fall steadily74% while 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% television news viewership has 80% 74% 82% 50% 79%74% 74% 78% Online (inc. social) Smartphone been more stable than in many 66%74% 66% 59%74% 39% 36% Print Computer other countries. Smartphones 59% 66% 58% 56% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV continue to50% be more important 39% 48% 36% with over half of our sample 39% 39% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 201727% 2018 36% 25% (56%) using them for news 20% 20% 20% 14% each week.0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Concerns over ‘fake news’ may THIS BRAND News overall ANSA 7.36 8.06 help explain relatively low News I use trust – a long-standing trend Il Sole 24 ore 6.89 7.74 partly attributable to the 42% (+3) SkyTG24 6.81 7.36 partisan nature of many Italian 20th/37 48% Tg La7 6.73 7.38 news outlets. Brands that are RAI News 6.59 7.08 most trusted are generally Il Corriere della Sera 6.55 7.36 those that are known for lower La Repubblica 6.3 7.33 levels of politicisation. News in search News in social La Stampa 6.21 7.19 Il Fatto Quotidiano 6.12 7.35 37% 22% HuPost 5.87 6.69 Mediaset 5.78 6.46 PAY Yahoo! News 5.68 6.87 Il Giornale 5.65 7.16 Porta a Porta 5.51 6.99 ' 12% (-) (17th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 41% 1 Facebook 51% (-) 75% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 25% (+1) 73%

3 YouTube 25% (+3) 69% 25% (+5) 4 Twitter 10% (-) 24% 27% (24th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (+2) 36% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 7% (+1) 32% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 90

STATISTICS NETHERLANDS Population 17m Internet penetration 95%

The Netherlands are characterised by relatively high levels of trust in news and little concern about ‘fake news’. High trust figures might be due to a media landscape in which strong public service media set the quality standard for commercial news brands.

In terms of news industry developments, Flemish newspaper publishing and about online ‘fake news’: 30% compared broadcast media company Mediahuis won standard, commercial news organisations to an average of 54%. Discussions a takeover battle with John de Mol (Talpa) have to follow if they want their news to about ‘fake news’ seem to centre less over TMG (Telegraaf Media Groep), one be consumed. Quality newspapers, TV around news produced by professional of the country’s largest media companies news, and radio news in the Netherlands news organisations, instead focusing on that includes the most popular Dutch score high on trust, in particular among social media, foreign actors (e.g. Russia), newspaper De Telegraaf. De Mol in turn their users. After NOS Nieuws, newspapers and politicians. For instance, new US bought the Netherlands’ largest news NRC and Het Financieele Dagblad are Ambassador to the Netherlands, Pete agency ANP. Former weekly, now monthly most trusted by their own users. Another Hoekstra, caused controversy over his magazine Vrij Nederland launched a new interesting difference between Nu.nl and claims (caught on tape) regarding the online subscription model under the motto the other commercial news organisations existence of ‘no-go zones’ and politicians ‘Read less, read better’, delivering one mentioned is that actual use (rather than being burned in the Netherlands. Before story (in article, video, or podcast form) awareness or brand reputation) of the latter eventually apologising, he initially per day via WhatsApp or email (€6.99 per results in a larger increase in trust. dismissed reports of his claims as ‘fake month). In terms of paying for news, print Membership-based online news news’. Although Dutch news organisations circulation (-5%) continued to decline in platform De Correspondent, which now themselves face little concern about ‘fake 2017, but digital circulation increased by has 60,000 paying members, hopes to news’, they do take the phenomenon almost 20%.80 launch an international counterpart seriously. On 5 March 2018, public news The most remarkable change in our data (The Correspondent) in 2018. The organisation NOS broadcast the 86-minute this year is the large increase in trust platform is also building a ‘rolodex’ to be live event ‘News or Nonsense‘.85 in news media of 8 percentage points, able to tap into its members’ expertise In an effort to tackle ‘fake news’, Facebook compared to an average of +1% across all more systematically. The position of started a collaboration with Nu.nl and countries. The Netherlands (59%) now rank Conversation Editor was created to Nieuwscheckers, a fact-checking initiative third in terms of trust in media, behind only help mediate between members and from Leiden University. In November 2017, Finland (62%) and Portugal (62%). Public correspondents, and to make their they were recognised as fact-checking news organisation NOS Nieuws, whose comment section more diverse by inviting organisations by the International Fact 8pm bulletin continues to attract around under-represented groups (e.g. refugees) Checking Network (IFCN). In February 2m viewers every night, is the most trusted to share their experiences. Pay-per- 2018, several Dutch news organisations news brand. Perhaps surprisingly, its article platform Blendle saw several news and an individual journalist filed summary commercial counterpart RTL Nieuws ranks organisations pull out (NRC) or limit their proceedings against the European second for trust. This aligns with our (2017) services (De Telegraaf, De Persgroep). De Commission regarding accusations of ‘fake observation that television is a key driver of Persgroep launched a similar initiative, news’ by EU ‘fake news’ watchdog EU vs. trust, due in part to news consumers’ idea Topics, reaching 475,000 people in its first 83 Disinfo. The lawsuit was dropped after the that ‘seeing is believing’.81 Following closely month. Blendle continues to be loss- latter withdrew its accusations. are commercial digital-born player Nu.nl making and dependent on capital injections and the major Dutch quality newspapers. to stay afloat, but its founder and CEO The relatively high trust in commercial expects little difficulty securing additional investors.84 news organisations might be explained Irene Costera Meijer and Tim Groot by Stephen Cushion’s (2012)82 argument In line with the high trust figures, the Kormelink that if public news media set the quality Netherlands score lowest in concern Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

80 https://www.svdj.nl/de-stand-van-de-nieuwsmedia/papier/oplage-telegraaf-ad-klappen/; https://www.svdj.nl/de-stand-van-de-nieuwsmedia/digitale-oplage-kranten-stijgen 81 Nic Newman and Richard Fletcher, Bias, Bullshit and Lies: Audience Perspectives on Low Trust in the Media. Oxford: RISJ, 2017. 82 Stephen Cushion, The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 83 http://www.gfk.com/nl/insights/press-release/gfk-dam-mei-2017-stormachtige-start-topics 84 http://www.quotenet.nl/Nieuws/Verlies-Blendle-toegenomen-voortbestaan-onzeker-zonder-nieuwe-investering-in-2018-208712 85 https://www.npo.nl/nieuws-of-nonsens/05-03-2018/POW_03787753? 90 / 91

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE NOS News (public broadcaster) 6915 Nu.nl 4613 RTL News (including RTL Z and EditieNL) 3713 NOS News online 3011 SBS news 259 online 259 TOP BRANDS Free door-to-door newspapers 2418 De Telegraaf online 237 % Weekly usage Other NPO TV news programmes 187 RTL Nieuws online 157 De Telegraaf 186 Other regional or local newspaper website 125 176 Weekly use Algemeen Dagblad Regional/Local TV news online 125 TV, radio & print Regional TV news stations 146 MSN News 115 At least 3 days per week Commercial radio news 146 de Volkskrant online 49 TV, radio & print Regional radio news stations 126 SBS news online 48 Weekly use Metro 128 NRC online 2 5 online brands de Volkskrant 48 Geen Stijl 3 5 At least 3 days per week BBC News 47 3 5 online brands Metro online CNN 57 BBC News online 2 4 BNR radio news 63 Trouw online 2 4 Belgian TV News 3 5 CNN.com 2 4 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 Online and television79% remain OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% the two most important74% news 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet sources in the Netherlands,59%79% 80% 74% 79% 50% 79%74% 76% Online (inc. social) Smartphone though TV news has fallen 7 66%74% 73% 59%74% 39% 64% 64% 36% Print Computer percentage points in four years. 66% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV 50% Social media50% news use has 43% 39% 52% 42% 36% 43% been in gentle decline since 39% 37% 0% 20% 36% 2016. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 25% 20% 19% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news shows a THIS BRAND News overall NOS Nieuws 7.36 7.59 remarkable increase of 8 News I use percentage points. Although RTL Nieuws 6.72 7.23 ‘fake news’ is a topic, 59% (+8) NU (Nu.nl) 6.69 7.07 discussions centre more around 3rd/37 67% De Volkskrant 6.67 7.2 social media, foreign actors, and NRC (Handelsblad en/of next) 6.66 7.26 politicians than around news fd. Het Financieele Dagblad 6.63 7.09 produced by professional news AD (Algemeen Dagblad) 6.62 7.09 organisations. News in search News in social Trouw 6.55 7.33 BNR Nieuwsradio 6.29 7.19 33% 22% Hart van Nederland (SBS nieuws) 6.02 7.01 Metro 6.02 6.52 PAY De Correspondent 5.97 6.9 De Telegraaf 5.88 6.56 GeenStijl 4.44 5.72

13% (-1) (16th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 22% 1 Facebook 29% (-3) 65% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 17% (+2) 69%

3 YouTube 14% (-) 54% 26% (+4) 4 Twitter 7% (-1) 17% 12% (20th/37) use an 5 Instagram 5% (+1) 24% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 LinkedIn 5% (+2) 22% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 92

STATISTICS NORWAY Population 5.5m Internet penetration 99%

The Norwegian media landscape mixes strong national publishers and public service media, with a reputation for innovation in content and business models. Norwegians’ main news sources include public broadcaster NRK, commercial channel TV2, leading quality newspaper Aftenposten, and tabloids VG and Dagbladet. However, local and regional newspapers remain important remit. Simultaneously, the government is thus a big proportion of the political preparing discussions to consolidate all campaign budget was spent on social for many Norwegians – in print media support schemes (including press media advertising. Politics and social media and online. support and licence fee money) in one have become increasingly interlinked in shared pool for redistribution across media Norway. In March 2018, a controversial Traditional news sources like print and and platforms. This coincides with scrutiny status update from the Minister of Justice television are in decline, while online of NRK’s online presence, and might signal on Facebook caused her resignation and news use remains unchanged from last changes in the regulation of the public almost a change of government. By spring year. Almost nine in ten (87%) Norwegians broadcaster. 2018, Facebook was also heavily debated use online news weekly, one of the in Norway for its facilitation of polarised highest figures in our survey, with user Social media are used as a source of news debate and for privacy issues similar to patterns shifting rapidly from computers by many. While the use of most of the those in the US. to smartphones. Smartphone is now the platforms remains almost unchanged number one device for news in Norway. This this year, Snapchat sees a significant Like many other countries, Norway has also gradual shift away from the computer has increase (4 points). This can be seen in seen the rise of ‘partisan’ news sites in the happened over the last two years, and while the context of Snapchat’s 2017 launch last few years. Resett.no, document.no, and the use of computer now seems to have of one of the first non-English-speaking rights.no, are among the most used, all with peaked, smartphone is still on the rise. Discover news channels in Norway (VG). a tough stance on the issue of immigration Meanwhile, Buzzit, the viral news site and Islam, and all causing public debates Norway remains the country with the launched by local newspaper company that extend beyond their audiences and highest number of consumers willing Nordlys in 2014, closed in autumn 2017, into the general headlines. While these to pay for online news, up 4 percentage leaving no major viral sites left in Norway. sites reach a significant number of people, points since last year. The strong tradition By 2018, some media companies, including they are less trusted than mainstream for print newspaper reading, coupled with local newspaper owner Amedia (owned media, with the public broadcaster NRK the absence of freesheets, has facilitated a by a foundation since 2016) reported topping the list in our survey. transition to digital subscriptions through considerable profits due to increased ad hybrid solutions (typically bundles offering sales and more digital subscribers, coupled access to both paper and digital content). with cost-cutting. Hallvard Moe and Hilde Sakariassen Despite broadcast TV’s decline, it remains Faktisk.no, a non-commercial initiative University of Bergen a source for the majority in Norway. This checking the accuracy of news online, was year, commercial channel TV2 overtook launched as a tool to combat so-called licence fee-funded NRK as the most ‘fake news’. The launch happened in the used. TV2 was established in 1992 with period leading up to Norway´s general a public service remit, but is an ad- election in the fall of 2017, amidst worries funded, private alternative to the NRK. over ‘fake news’ similar to that seen in the 2018 will see negotiations for a renewed US election. The election was expected contract to prolong its public service to be greatly influenced by social media, 92 / 93

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE NRK News (public broadcaster) 5616 VG Nett online 5611 TV2 News 1551 TV2 News online 4013 Local or regional newspaper 2511 Dagbladet online 3410 TOP BRANDS VG 2410 NRK News online 318 % Weekly usage P4 199 Aenposten online 2810 Aenposten 166 Nettavisen 2712 157 Weekly use Local Radio News Local/Regional paper websites 237 TV, radio & print Dagbladet 138 Dagens Næringsliv online 135 At least 3 days per week Radio Norge 127 ABCnyheter 126 TV, radio & print Local TV 116 Bergens Tidende online 104 Weekly use BBC News 49 Adresseavisen online 37 online brands Dagens Næringsliv 48 BBC News online 63 At least 3 days per week CNN 48 46 online brands MSN News Bergens Tidende 63 Dagsavisen online 46 Other foreign newspapers/TV 2 4 CNN.com 63 SVT (Swedish TV) 2 4 BuzzFeed News 46 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 Traditional media79% such as print OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% and television news74% have 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 86% 87% shown significant decline over 74% 50% 74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone 79% 72% 70% the last few years as digital 66%74% 66% 59%74% 39% 66% 36% Print 64% 61% Computer habits become more 66% 50% 59% 54% 20% 50% 51% 50% TV entrenched.50% Smartphones 41% 39% 36% 36% have overtaken computers in 39% 32% 0% 36% 31% terms of news usage 20% 2013 reaching2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% almost three-quarters0% (70%) of 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 our sample0% each week. 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news is relatively low THIS BRAND News overall NRK News 7.42 7.72 despite little social and News I use political polarisation in media Local or regional newspaper 7.05 7.31 use patterns, and financial 47% (-2) A„enposten 7.02 7.56 support. Research shows that 15th/37 59% Dagens Næringsliv 6.95 7.51 trust is linked to politics, with TV2 Nyheter 6.86 7.27 far-right voters and those with P4 6.34 7.05 strong views on immigration Dagsavisen 6.26 6.77 expressing most mistrust. News in search News in social VG 6.23 6.7 Morgenbladet 6.18 7.08 28% 17% Dagbladet 6.15 6.65 Vårt Land 5.88 6.27 PAY Klassekampen 5.85 7.28

Human Rights Service/ 4.93 7.27 HRS (rights.no) Document.no 4.59 6.87

30% (+4) (1st/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 27% 1 Facebook 40% (-1) 78% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 12% (+2) 59%

3 Facebook Messenger 11% (+1) 59% 24% (+1) 4 Snapchat 9% (+4) 47% 17% (29th/37) use an 5 Twitter 6% (-) 18% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 6% (+2) 42% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 94

STATISTICS POLAND Population 38m Internet penetration 73%

Poland’s media environment is characterised by highly competitive and often partisan broadcasters, large web portals, and a divided press. Meanwhile the ruling Law and Justice party has strengthened its control of public broadcasting and is now targeting private media.

When the media regulator slapped a $415,000 fine on private broadcaster TVN in December 2017 for coverage of anti- consumption habits. According to the second in our list of online news sources, government rallies, or ‘propagating illegal industry standard Nielsen ratings, the state revealed that it made half of its revenue behaviour’ in the official language, many broadcaster’s main channel, TVP1, lost on e-commerce, selling clothes, holidays, thought this heralded the end of media 15% in a year while the average viewership home decorations, and loans. freedom in Poland. of its flagship news show Wiadomosci, widely criticised for spreading government Legacy media have been losing their But then -populist propaganda, decreased 20%.86 In response, monopoly on quality journalism, as government paused – partly as a result of the state broadcaster developed an internet-only portals such as top-ranked US government intervention on behalf of alternative measurement system that Onet beefed up newsrooms in order to TVN’s new owners, Scripps Networks, and placed TVP1 and Wiadomosci at the top. differentiate and claim premium ad prices. later Discovery. For the sake of relations Meanwhile, lower ratings translated Onet published major scoops, one of which with the US, and an ongoing multi-billion into lower ad revenues for TVP. The destroyed the reputation of a leader of the dollar weapon deal, the Polish government government injected an extra $233m into biggest opposition movement, and another quietly cancelled the fine and froze work the broadcaster, allowing a shopping spree revealed a spat between Poland and the US on a proposed media bill that threatened on sports rights and new shows, including a over a bill penalising claims of the Poles’ TVN’s investors with limits on the share of soap on 14th-century Polish kings. assistance in the German Nazi-led killings foreign capital. of Jews during the Second World War. Alternative and partisan news outlets The government was frequently at have grown in significance, as noted by Journalism start-ups popped up online loggerheads with journalists and our survey for the first time. Mariusz ‘Max’ and offline: Pismo and Przekroj are new publications critical of their record. Kolonko is a Polish journalist living in the ambitious literary magazines, Outriders When a reporter for the left-leaning US who has built an opinion-based online and VSquare are focused on foreign and investigative news, respectively. Gazeta Wyborcza newspaper heard a new video channel that has similar levels of Other notable launches included digital conspiracy theory about a 2010 president’s reach to more mainstream outlets such as NewsMavens, a feminist take on European plane crash, he exploded at a press briefing. such as Niezalezna.pl or Natemat.pl. The politics and society, and Vogue magazine, a Instead of asking questions, he shouted Karnowski brothers-owned wPolityce.pl new Polish fashionista bible in print. at a ruling party’s leader: ‘You are a liar became a launchpad for a conglomerate of pro-government outlets such a news and a criminal! And you‘ll stand up one Vogue’s first cover, featuring two skinny weekly Sieci Prawdy and an online and cable day in the courts of free Poland!’ Pro- models and a Stalinist sky-scraper in TV channel wPolsce, attracting millions of government commentators argued that the , went viral, sparking a debate dollars of advertising from state-controlled journalist had the line, mistaking about everything from aesthetics to diets. companies. a press conference for an opposition rally. In parallel to the #MeToo movement, some The journalist himself explained that Digital and political disruption of female journalists accused prominent he couldn’t bear any more lies. But the names of the liberal media of bullying and incident reveals the extent of partisanship advertising led private media owners to search for new sources of revenue. , and a of in the Polish media along with the often- a national newspaper lost his job. bitter and emotional tone of public debate. Agora, which publishes Gazeta Wyborcza, None of this is helping overall trust in the admitted that its fastest growing business news among Polish consumers, which fell 5 was tickets and snacks at its cinemas, and percentage points to 48%. heralded a shift to restaurants. Gazeta Grzegorz Piechota Wyborcza reported 133,000 paid digital-only Google Digital News Visiting Senior Research All the three biggest TV networks have subscriptions at the end of 2017; more than Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of lost viewers, partly due to changing the 119,000 copies it sold in print. Wirtualna Journalism Polska (WP), an internet portal that is

86 Average among viewers aged 4 and older. Data of National Broadcasting Council based on Nielsen Audience Measurement. Source: ‘Information on the basic problems of radio and TV broadcasting in 2017’. 94 / 95

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TVN News (incl. TVN 24) 568 Onet.pl 5214 News 4113 WP.pl 4815 RMF FM 4013 TVN24.pl 3710 TOP BRANDS TVP News (public broadcaster) 337 Interia.pl 1031 % Weekly usage Radio Zet 2711 (Gazeta) Wyborcza.pl 1019 Gazeta Wyborcza 2212 RMF24.pl 178 1911 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper TVP.info 177 TV, radio & print Fakt 179 Gazeta.pl 168 At least 3 days per week Eska 136 Fakt online 158 TV, radio & print Regional or local radio 126 O2.pl 146 Weekly use Super Express 128 online 136 online brands TTV 115 Money.pl 117 At least 3 days per week ALSO Polskie Radio (News on Radio 1, 2 or 3) 103 Radiozet.pl 116 online brands Niezalezna.pl 9% Polska 106 Newsweek online 117 Mariusz Max Kolonko 9% Angora 105 Regional/Local newspaper website 106 Natemat.pl 8% Przegląd Sportowy 48 Sport.pl 106 wPolityce.pl 6% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 Online news has opened79% up a OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% gap of almost 10%74% over 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet television news since59%79% 2015 84% 86% 81% 74% 81% 79% 50% 79%74% 77% Online (inc. social) Smartphone amongst those who are 66%74% 59%74% 39% 68% 36% Print Computer connected to the internet with 66% 59% 50% 59% 20% 50% 52% 50% TV 52% the smartphone,50% an 39% 36% increasingly important access 39% 0% 36% point. Weekly print 20% readership2013 2014 2015 2016 201728%2018 36% 27% 20% 18% 16% has declined0% less than in many 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 other European0% countries. 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Increasing polarisation may THIS BRAND News overall RMF FM 6.85 7.55 help explain falling overall News I use trust. At a brand level, the Polsat 6.65 7.36 State TV broadcaster (TVP) 48% (-5) TVN News 6.47 7.26 rates lower than tabloid 14th/37 55% Onet.pl 6.36 7.05 newspaper Fakt. By contrast, WP.pl 6.33 6.95 RMF FM and Polsat, whose Gazeta Wyborcza 5.81 7.36 owners try to stay away from Wpolityce.pl 5.32 7.27 political conflict, have higher News in search News in social Polskie Radio 5.18 6.74 trust scores. Fakt 5.12 6.66 46% 38% Gazeta Polska Codziennie 4.71 4.98 TVP News 4.7 6.32 PAY Radio Maryja 2.89 7.64

16% (-) (11th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 38% 1 Facebook 54% (+1) 73% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 37% (+5) 71%

3 Facebook Messenger 13% (+3) 44% 36% (+4) 4 Twitter 8% (-1) 17% 27% (2nd/37) use an 5 Google+ 6% (-1) 13% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 WhatsApp 6%(+3) 19% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 96

STATISTICS PORTUGAL Population 10m Internet penetration 72%

Portugal is ranked (jointly) highest for trust in the news across our 37-country survey, but low confidence in social media and suspicions about the legitimacy of online news content raise concerns about how long this will last.

Online news in Portugal is almost as popular as television in terms of weekly reach, even if monetising that traffic remains a struggle. In that regard, one of the most significant digital initiatives of the Meanwhile, telecom multinational Altice Looking at the most used sources for news, past year has been the emergence of a new (the successor to Portugal Telecom) is TV brands comprise the top five offline platform called Nónio, supported by six in a complicated process, that raises brands used for news – SIC Notícias, SIC, 87 of the biggest media brands in Portugal. competition issues, to buy Media Capital TVI24, TVI, and public service broadcaster The platform allows users to access Group, the owner of the most watched TV RTP. In terms of online media outlets, the hundreds of news websites, TV streams channel TVI and Media Capital Radios. The two brands listed at the top are digital-born and radio on-demand services, with a single Media Capital group is currently owned by SAPO, a portal which aggregates news from login. For publishers, this opens up the the Spanish media Group PRISA. multiple outlets, and Notícias ao Minuto, possibility of sharing data across multiple followed by legacy newspapers that are websites while offering consumers more Trust in news in Portugal has been also on the internet, Jornal de Notícias, convenience in terms of access. Publishers consistently high. But this year’s report puts Público, and Correio da Manhã. would like to win a greater share of the the country in equal first place with 62% Portuguese digital advertising market, of the sample claiming they trust news Regarding payment for news, the survey which is currently dominated by Facebook in general. While this is consistent with casts a grim shadow over the print sector. and YouTube (display) and Google (search). previous studies, this year’s data point to a The percentage of users who paid for a The Nónio platform was funded by a more nuanced situation – 48% claim they print newspaper in the previous week is €900,000 grant from the Google Digital trust news found through search engines 31% (down 6 points). Less than one in ten News Initiative, as part of its efforts to help but only 29% say they trust news on social (9%) have paid for any kind of digital news publisher monetisation. media. Portuguese news consumers show in the past year, one of the lowest figures in high levels of concern about issues such our survey. Combined with increasing ad- This year the Portuguese media landscape as manipulation, ‘fake news’, and poor blocker usage (up 3 percentage points from has been changed by the emergence of a journalism. Almost half say they have seen last year) the current trends are putting a new media group, called Trust in News, examples of bad journalism in the previous huge strain on legacy print brands’ revenue. which now runs a portfolio of 12 magazines week, and 38% say they have seen content previously managed by the Impresa media which has been manipulated to suit a group, that owns the SIC TV channels and specific agenda. respected weekly newspaper . One Ana Pinto Martinho, Gustavo Cardoso of the two main distribution companies, Analysis of the data combining opinions and Miguel Paisana Distrinews, filed for bankruptcy, leaving the on manipulation of news, ‘fake news’, poor ISCTE University Institute of majority of the newspapers and magazines coverage, bad journalism, and trust in media in the hand of a single distributor, VASP. brands seems to show that the Portuguese This also contributed to the closing of distrust the news environment but tend to Motorpress, a media group that owned trust specific media brands. What could be specialist titles such as car magazine Auto thought as a rather ambiguous relationship Hoje and parenting publication Pais & Filhos. between journalism and consumers can There were 65 job losses as a result, 22 of be explained by the traditional mismatch them journalists. between opinion and practice of citizens: they express concern about the quality of journalism but stay faithful to their preferred journalist and brands in terms of trust.

87 https://jpn.up.pt/2017/03/10/nonio-media-portugueses-vao-passar-pedir-login 96 / 97

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE SIC News 7019 Sapo 3012 TVI News 6019 SIC News online 2914 RTP/RDP News (public broadcaster) 5517 Notícias ao Minuto 2812 TOP BRANDS Rádio Comercial 2611 Jornal de Notícias online 2511 % Weekly usage Jornal de Notícias 2615 Público online 2311 Correio da Manhã 2614 TVI News online 2310 2411 Weekly use RFM Correio da Manhã online 2210 TV, radio & print Correio da Manhã TV 2310 Observador 1021 At least 3 days per week TSF 178 MSN News 198 TV, radio & print Público 1711 Diário de Notícias online 1911 Weekly use A regional or local newspaper 1611 Expresso online 1811 online brands Expresso 1015 Jornal Económico 1015 At least 3 days per week Diário de Notícias 148 148 online brands RTP News online A Bola 116 A Bola online 145 105 Dinheiro Vivo 149 Record 106 Correio da Manhã TV online 126 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 There have been few79% OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% underlying changes74% in the 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet media landscape 59%79%in Portugal, 86% 84% 85% 74% 78% 74% 50% 79%74% 83% Online (inc. social) Smartphone with TV and online news the 66%74% 59%74% 39% 59% 36% 63% Print Computer most popular way of accessing 61% 66% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV news. Printed50% media continued 47% 39% 36% 41% to decline in terms of weekly 39% 34% 0% 36% reach. 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% 21% 20% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE High trust figures (62%) have THIS BRAND News overall RTP 7.48 7.78 been a subject of some surprise News I use given the pressures on the Expresso 7.32 7.84 publishers and concern about 62% (+4) Público 7.2 7.73 undue political and economic 1st/37 62% SIC 7.16 7.42 influence. Lower trust in search Jornal de Notícias 7.16 7.7 (48%) and social (29%) indicate Rádio Renascença 7.11 7.95 concern over the reliability of Jornal de Negócios 7.1 7.41 news in third-party environments. News in search News in social RDP 7.08 7.88 Diário de Notícias 7.07 7.6 48% 29% Sapo 6.62 7.19 TVI 6.61 7.2 PAY Correio da Manhã 4.96 6.01

9% (-) (27th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 49% 1 Facebook 53% (-1) 75% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 22% (+2) 69%

3 Facebook Messenger 19% (+3) 62% 31% (+3) 4 WhatsApp 11% (+5) 40% 30% (9th/37) use an 5 LinkedIn 7% (+2) 25% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 6% (+2) 34% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 98

STATISTICS ROMANIA Population 19m Internet penetration 63%

A troubled political environment has generated high levels of debate online and sustained public interest in the news. But strong polarisation in newsrooms has led to continued scepticism, frustration, and low trust in the media from audiences.

While 2016 had been characterised by little or no coverage of an almost non-existent electoral debate,88 2017 saw a radical shift in politics and a 180-degree turn in in the news market, on TV Most mainstream online news brands’ media coverage. The first PSD-ALDE89 and online, is still ProTV, part of Central figures rose slightly and so did news coalition government, which proposed European Media Enterprises, a public portals like Yahoo! News (28%) and Ziare. some decriminalisation of corruption in company which is listed on the com (28%) a local aggregator that also public offices, an apparent attempt to save and the Prague . Another produces its own content. This shows political leaders from criminal charges, public company, Digi Communications, is the appetite among the Romanian public caught the attention of the media.90 The consolidating its position, with its TV news for multiple sources of news, as well as public response was huge, with national channel, Digi 24, its news radio, Digi FM (a the lack of loyalty to specific brands. The street demonstrations in support of new entry on the offline brands list), as well average consumer in our survey says democracy and the rule of law. as its online presence. Antena 1 and Antena they use almost six of the top ten sources 3, part of a family media business, Intact each week, including TV, radio, local After this, newsrooms managed to Group, are following closely behind, while newspapers, and news sites. stimulate and sustain widespread public targeting a different sector of the audience. discussion about the proposed laws, and Online and social media distribution has also about the judiciary, the economy, Most TV channels have seen a decline in opened up new opportunities for small , and public investment. The usage (between 2 and 5%), and CNN is no independent news organisations doing coalition government changed prime longer a brand in the top 20, indicating investigative or narrative journalism, but minister three times between January a change in consumption habits for TV the same applies to partisan sites and even 2017 and January 2018, which further news and talk shows. This is not however hate speech. encouraged the appetite for public debate. the case for entertainment or sports Polarisation of newsrooms increased (this was the year that Simona Halep Independent journalistic initiatives like further, as did the public’s demands, via became the world’s number one women’s the Rise Project, investigative journalists social media, for accountability. The focus tennis player). , the third largest working as part of the Panama and was not only on what journalists covered, Romanian TV station, in rating and market , Recorder.ro, Decât o but also how they did it. share,92 only ranks 11th in offline news. revistă, Teleleu, and reference mainstream newsrooms like ProTV, , and Affordable mobile internet is increasingly Public television (TVR) is maintaining a Hotnews.ro covered themes such as used in Romanian households, and two- historical low in terms of market share hidden corruption money, poverty, and thirds (66%) are now consuming news though it retains some historic trust. Its administrative incompetence. on smartphones, a 10 percentage point improved financial situation, which came increase on last year. According to Media thanks to an infusion of public money, after Social consumption of news is still Initiative,91 mobile telecommunications discussions of possible insolvency, did not dominated by Facebook and YouTube, services are now the biggest spending help it improve its weekly reach (33%), though there is an increasing trend, advertisers, next to medical brands. Internet which remains amongst the lowest for as elsewhere, to use WhatsApp and access reached the status of a quasi-public European public broadcasters. Messenger for finding and sharing news. utility, and is now more accessible than Raluca Radu running water and sewerage. University of

88 https://ro.ejo-online.eu/economia-mass-media/campania-electorala-fost-caracterizata-de-neputinta-si-strategie 89 PSD = the Social Democrat Party; ALDE = the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Party. 90 https://en.ejo.ch/media-politics/another-question-journalisms-role-in-romanian-protests 91 Initiative, Media Factbook, 2017: www.mediafactbook.ro (accessed Mar. 2018). 92 The Romanian Association for Audience Measurement, Feb. 2018: http://arma.org.ro/en/audiences (accessed Mar. 2018). 98 / 99

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Pro TV 6613 Știrile ProTV online 299 Digi24 4312 Yahoo! News 2811 Antena 1 4114 Ziare.com 2815 TOP BRANDS Realitatea TV 3811 Digi24 online 288 % Weekly usage Antena 3 3710 Hotnews 2312 TVR (public broadcaster) 3314 Adevărul online 2212 2910 Weekly use Romania TV Realitatea TV online 206 TV, radio & print Radio Europa FM 229 Stiripesurse.ro 2010 More than 3 days per week B1TV 229 Libertatea online 2011 TV, radio & print A regional or local newspaper 2012 Mediafax 1911 Weekly use Kanal D 198 Evenimentul zilei online 1018 online brands Radio Romania Actualități 177 Antena 3 online 185 More than 3 days per week Prima TV 169 179 online brands Ziarul Financiar online Adevarul 1611 Click online 137 Libertatea 1511 Antena 1 online 135 Evenimentul zilei 1014 România TV online 124

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 82% 42% 67% 66% 71% (-2) (-) (+2) (+10) (-1)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 18% (incl. social media) 16% 18% (-4) 88% (-6) (-1) (-)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Intense discussions about politics, THIS BRAND News overall Pro TV 7.23 7.62 combined with polarisation of News I use newsrooms has led to increased Ziarul Financiar 7.11 8.02 levels of scepticism. A financial 42% (+3) TVR 6.97 7.71 daily, which has one of the only 20th/37 48% Digi 24 6.94 7.85 corrections and retractions page Mediafax 6.94 7.63 in Romania, enjoys one of the Yahoo! Știri 6.66 7.46 highest level of trust. Adevărul 6.37 7.4 News in search News in social Hotnews 6.32 7.34 Ziare.com 6.2 7.07 45% 32% Realitatea TV 6.09 7.11 PAY stiripesurse.ro 6.02 6.92 Antena 1 5.89 7.22 B1 TV 5.72 6.95 România TV 5.39 6.88 11% (-2) Antena 3 5.36 7.29 (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 40% 1 Facebook 69% (-) 83% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 31% (+1) 75%

3 WhatsApp 18% (+4) 52% 30% (+6) 4 Facebook Messenger 18% (+3) 52% 38% (12th/37) use an 5 Google Plus 9% (-) 17% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Twitter 7% (-2) 17% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 100

STATISTICS SLOVAKIA Population 5.4m Internet penetration 85%

Slovak journalism – already tested by questions about institutional independence and the growing popularity of websites publishing ‘fake news’ – was drawn into a political crisis following the of an investigative journalist. Meanwhile a Facebook experiment fuelled debates about the power of dominant social media platforms to sale of Slovakia’s market-leading daily, 60 TV and radio staff expressed their Nový Čas, together with several magazine discontent with the new leadership in an influence news consumption in titles, in a reorientation towards digital open letter of protest in April 2018. Despite unpredictable ways. publishing. Ringier owns aktuality.sk and this, our data on brand trust show that recently bought its smaller rival aktualne. the public service broadcaster is the most In March 2018 Slovakia was shaken by sk. The buyer of Nový Čas is businessman trusted brand by those who use it and the the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak and Anton Siekel, head of the Slovak Olympic second most trusted among those who his fiancée, an event that triggered a Committee, with no track record in the have heard of it. Figures from Median show series of mass demonstrations and forced news industry. In March 2018 Slovakia’s RTVS is still perceived as the most objective the resignation of the Prime Minister number three national daily, Pravda, also TV news source, just ahead of the leading and Interior Minister – symbols of the changed hands, acquired by the Czech commercial station .95 institutionalised corruption that Kuciak group Our Media, which runs several was investigating. Kuciak worked for the regional TV stations and the news portals Propaganda, distortion, and conspiracy news portal aktuality.sk, which had only parlamentnilisty.cz and parlamentnelisty.sk, theories are seen by many commentators recently taken the risky decision to support which have a dubious reputation on as major threats to Slovak democracy. In investigative journalism. The climate of transparency and objectivity. the recent political crisis, the then Prime hostility between sections of the media and Minister Róbert Fico had been accused of the government, mentioned in last year’s Facebook tested its Explore feed in Slovakia resorting to conspiracy theories to discredit report, worsened during 2017, and is seen as (and five other countries) from October opponents, prompting some media a factor contributing to a situation in which 2017 to March 2018, removing posts from to warn they would no longer publish journalists, especially investigative ones, pages (including news organisations) from government statements automatically. feel vulnerable.93 It remains to be seen if people’s newsfeeds. Interaction on the Recent efforts to counter these threats the recent wave of support for journalists posts of top news sites halved overnight. include SME’s weekly review of ‘fake news’ after Kuciak’s death will have a lasting However, even in a country where Facebook stories and konspiratori.sk, an initiative effect on public trust in the profession. is significantly more important as a news set up by the advertising industry which access channel than in most other markets, maintains a blacklist of websites publishing Media advertising spend grew overall by the change had surprisingly little effect untrustworthy material. It is striking that 4.6% in 2017 according to Unimedia, but on traffic to news portals themselves, one self-styled conservative, and much fell by 6% in print, which now accounts suggesting that organic sharing among criticised, online news site, Hlavné správy96 for less than 10% of the total advertising friends may be the key mechanism driving (with an audience reach of about 6%) is market, dominated by TV and online. With traffic to news sites from social media.94 more trusted by those who have heard of it stagnating print sales, Slovakia’s established than any other of the country’s newspaper daily and weekly news titles need to boost 2017 was marked by the contentious or digital-born news websites. their online sales income, so even the slight election in Parliament of a new DG of decline in consumer willingness to pay Slovak public TV and radio (RTVS), followed for online content indicated by this year’s by resignations at the head of the news and Simon Smith survey is a worrying sign. current affairs department amid fears over threats to journalistic autonomy. Jaroslav Charles University, Czech Republic The last year saw two significant Rezník, former head of the state-owned ownership changes. In November 2017 news agency TASR, is perceived to have Ringier Axel Springer announced the close ties to the Slovak National Party:

93 Nonetheless Slovakia was still rated by Reporters Sans Frontières as having the strongest press freedom in the East Central Europe: https://rsf.org/en/slovakia 94 https://medium.com/@filip_struharik/what-facebook-taught-us-when-it-destroyed-our-organic-reach-cadac9c3216 95 http://www.median.sk/pdf/MML2017/MMLOmnibus_2017_IV_Najobjektivnejsie_TV_spravodajstvo.pdf 96 http://www.mediawatch.dog/hlavnespravy-sk-opat-siria-fake-news-opat-ucelovo-klamu-svojich-citatelov; https://dennikn.sk/521950/kto-riadi-prorusky-web-hlavne-spravy- muz-ktory-neodmieta-ani-eurofondy-2 100 / 101

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TV JOJ 6018 topky.sk 4617 TV Markíza 5916 aktuality.sk 3817 RTVS (public broadcaster) 5315 sme.sk 1431 TOP BRANDS TA3 4517 cas.sk 2611 % Weekly usage Rádio Expres 3314 tvnoviny.sk 2413 Nový Čas 2617 aktualne.sk 2314 1217 Weekly use SME pravda.sk 198 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 1411 pluska.sk 1018 More than 3 days per week Pravda 149 noviny.sk 1813 TV, radio & print Plus 7 dní 1013 ta3.com 168 Weekly use Fun rádio 136 hnonline.sk 115 online brands Rádio Vlna 115 dennikn.sk 105 More than 3 days per week Rádio Europa 2 95 48 online brands zive.sk Plus Jeden Deň 69 korzar.sme.sk 83 Rádio Jemné 95 dnes24.sk 57 Hospodárske noviny 85 webnoviny.sk 57

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 80% 40% 51% 47% 66% (+1) (-2) (-7) (+6) (+2)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 27% (incl. social media) 13% 18% (-2) 80% (-2) (+2) (-6)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Though still below average, THIS BRAND News overall TA3 7.13 7.4 trust in the news increased in News I use 2017. Given concerns about RTVS 7.01 7.49 partisan news sites, we might 34% (+7) Rádio Expres 6.39 7.19 have expected a rise in the 30th/37 45% TV JOJ 6.27 6.81 discrepancy between overall hlavnespravy.sk 6.26 6.73 trust and trust in ‘news I use’, tvnoviny.sk 6.21 6.68 but the difference held steady. Pravda 6.21 6.85 News in search News in social Aktuality.sk 6.2 6.69 Sme 6.04 6.52 32% 18% TV Markíza 5.99 6.51 PAY webnoviny.sk 5.78 6.44 Plus 7 dní 5.38 6.0 cas.sk 5.14 5.67 topky.sk 5.1 5.67 11% (-1) Nový Čas 4.85 5.5 (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 37% 1 Facebook 51% (-) 73% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 23% (+1) 64%

3 Facebook Messenger 14% (+4) 45% 23% (+1) 4 Google Plus 7% (+1) 14% 22% (31st/37) use an 5 Pokec.sk 6% (-1) 14% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 5% (+2) 18% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 102

STATISTICS SPAIN Population 46m Internet penetration 87%

The media landscape in Spain is characterised by popular broadcasters, a newspaper sector which declines in print but leads online, with El País and El Mundo in first and second place, and some of the most diverse and competitive digital-born news brands in Europe. Meanwhile the sovereignty crisis in Catalonia has put journalism to the test. In the last ten years, the audience for print voluntary paid members in April 2018, Extensive coverage of the referendum newspapers in Spain has almost halved, whereas the former specialises in premium in Catalonia and the response from the with magazines losing a third of their reach, ad format innovation. Alternative and State – including police deployment, direct according to the Estudio General de Medios sometimes partisan sites such as OKDiario instructions to the Catalan government, (EGM) survey. There was a slight decline in (12%), established in September 2015 by a judicial action, and a snap regional election – TV, but 85% of over 14s still watch it daily, and high-profile investigative journalist and aimed went on for months. Around this very divisive six in ten users listened to radio of any kind. A at ‘non-conformists’ seeking exclusives, eye- issue, the four -based newspapers and record 75% went online every day in 2017, up catching headlines, and hard-line editorials, the two main titles in Catalonia joined the from 26% a decade before.98 The circulation are more successful than elsewhere. main Spanish political parties in defending crisis affecting print dailies in Spain has led the legal status quo. The leading and most to the closure of 26 newspaper presses in Encarna Samitier became the only current moderate paper in Catalonia, La Vanguardia twelve years. El País has now outsourced its female editor-in-chief of a national general- (50% total offline/online reach in this territory) own printing with editor-in-chief Antonio interest newspaper, as new owners Henneo called for dialogue in face of a ‘devastating’ Caño saying: ‘It is necessary to allocate efforts appointed her to lead 20 minutos, a print situation. A broader spectrum of views was and resources to where readers and the freesheet in some cities and a digital-only reflected by commercial TV and radio, where future really are – in the new technological brand elsewhere; it is the second-largest political talk shows dominated airtime, and by platforms.’99 source of online news for adults under 45, digital-native sites in Madrid and . reaching 23% weekly, with El País at 28% in The increase in digital advertising has not this age band. Henneo also bought digital- Spanish public broadcaster RTVE is regularly compensated for the decline in traditional ads born Lainformacion.com and refocused it on criticised for pro-governmental bias in its for the main media houses in Spain, according business news, and Axel Springer launched news coverage and a lack of balance in its to InfoAdex.100 Broadcast television groups Spain. BuzzFeed Spain (8% use of sources and commentators; a law and Mediaset account for 85% of weekly reach among under 35s) continues not in September established open and public the advertising expenditure, even if they only to cover general news; it focuses on popular competition and the need for a two-thirds attract half the audience. The main telecom culture, evergreen viral posts, and content (rather than simple) majority in Parliament for operators promote bundled offers with a with a feminist perspective on its vertical appointing its governing board and presidency, landline, mobile, broadband, and interactive BuzzFeed LOLA. but the subsequent process has been severely television with VOD such as Netflix and HBO. delayed. The Catalan Broadcasting In response, legacy broadcasters, including The two main remaining newsweeklies CCMA is also questioned for focusing so much the three largest free-to-air channel groups in Spain, Interviú and Tiempo, known for on the pro-independence process, despite the –Mediaset, Atresmedia, and RTVE– and the their investigative journalism among other high audience ratings of TV3 and Catalunya regional PSBs, are working on a common features, closed down in January 2018. Ràdio, fully in . on-demand video distribution platform over They belonged to Grupo Zeta, publisher of digital .101 Barcelona-based El Periódico, which itself is The Spanish government has recently set up restructuring severely. a working group of parliament to Spain has one of the most diverse home- deal with the issue of ‘fake news’. Politicians, grown, digital-born sectors in Europe, with publishers, and representatives from online the two most successful El Confidencial Samuel Negredo, Avelino Amoedo, search and social media platforms have been (19%) and Eldiario.es (18%) now third and and Alfonso Vara invited to contribute, but as elsewhere there fourth respectively in weekly reach. Both are Center for Internet Studies and Digital Life, are concerns that government action could independent and journalistically motivated University of Navarra threaten press freedom.97 organisations; the latter reached 30,000

97 http://www.abc.es/espana/abci-congreso-crea-grupo-trabajo-para-luchar-contra-fake-news-201803182108_noticia.html 98 http://www.aimc.es/a1mc-c0nt3nt/uploads/2017/05/resumegm317.pdf 99 https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/12/16/actualidad/1513457282_998706.html 100 https://www.estrelladigital.es/articulo/economia/publicidad-television-generalista-retrocede/20180311175528343196.html 101 http://www.elmundo.es/television/2018/03/21/5ab27c77e2704e12448b47e5.html 102 / 103

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Antena 3 news 5416 El País online 2711 LaSexta news 4413 El Mundo online 229 TVE news (public broadcaster) 4113 El Con‡dencial 199 TOP BRANDS Telecinco news 3211 Eldiario.es 1018 % Weekly usage Cuatro news 3214 20 Minutos online 177 El País 2814 Antena 3 online 156 2111 Weekly use El Mundo Marca online 155 TV, radio & print Regional or local TV news 196 Yahoo! News 136 At least 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 179 LaSexta online 136 TV, radio & print Cadena SER news 176 MSN News 135 Weekly use 20 Minutos 169 RTVE online (public broadcaster) 137 online brands COPE news 156 La Vanguardia online 125 At least 3 days per week Marca 137 126 online brands Público Onda Cero news 136 ABC online 125 ABC 116 OKDiario 127 La Vanguardia 116 HuPost 116 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 Social media use for79% news has OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% levelled off after 74%several years of 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social media Tablet 59%79% continuous growth. Meanwhile 74% 85% 50% 74% 79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 79% 72% 76% two thirds now access the news 66%74% 69% 59%74% 39% 36% 60% Print 64% Computer on smartphone (64%) up 5 61% 66% 50% 59% 56% 20% 50% 51% 50% TV percentage50% points on 2017, with 39% 36% Android the majority platform. 39% 0% 35% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 201728% 2018 36% Almost a quarter (23%) now 22% 20% 20% 13% also use smart/connected0% TVs 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 to access news0% – level with the 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 declining tablet. * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Commercial broadcast brands THIS BRAND News overall Antena 3 6.08 6.93 that prioritise news are the News I use most trusted in Spain. The two LaSexta 6.06 6.98 most successful digital-native 44% (-7) El País 5.94 6.97 sites (Eldiario.es and El 18th/37 48% Cadena SER 5.92 7.35 Confidencial) also do well. Eldiario.es 5.89 6.99 Public service broadcaster TVE El Condencial 5.85 6.76 is among the lowest-scoring. Cuatro 5.84 6.66 News in search News in social El Mundo 5.84 7.28 20 Minutos 5.78 6.68 38% 27% El Periódico 5.76 6.65 La Vanguardia 5.61 6.64 PAY TVE 5.54 6.67 ABC 5.41 7.18 COPE 5.32 7.38 Telecinco 5.25 6.69 11% (+2) (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 53% 1 Facebook 48% (+1) 75% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 36% (+4) 82%

3 YouTube 26% (+2) 74% 31% (+3) 4 Twitter 22% (+4) 39% 32% (9th/37) use an 5 Instagram 8% (+2) 35% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Google Plus 5% (-) 13% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 104

STATISTICS SWEDEN Population 10m Internet penetration 93%

Swedish audiences are served by a vibrant mix of strong commercial and public service media. Local and national newspapers are amongst the most successful in the world at driving digital subscriptions.

Traditional news business models are under pressure in Sweden, as elsewhere. Most news publishers continue to generate significant revenues, but only after cutting staff and implementing four (26%) paying for some form of digital but also that many Swedes use different efficiency programmes. The total news access in the last year. By the end news media in a complementary way. number of newspaper titles remains of 2017 the largest news publisher in relatively consistent, but the cost of Sweden, Aftonbladet, had a quarter of a The survey data also provide unique distributing each single copy continually million paying online news subscribers. findings into the extent in which Swedes increases, compounded by declining print Their profit for the full year was 255 turn to ‘partisan’ and anti-establishment subscribers. These problems are especially million SEK (US $30m), an increase on the news sites, with four different sites each critical in less-populated areas, and several previous year. Svenska Dagbladet and the reaching around one tenth of the Swedish news publishers (such as MittMedia) are on many newspapers run by GOTA Media and online population on a weekly basis. By the verge of shifting to postal distribution. MittMedia, have also increased their online comparison, the online news sites of Prompted by the report of the Media subscription base. national quality newspapers and public Inquiry in late 2016, the government came service broadcasters range from 15% to up with plans for an increase in subsidies Most Swedish news media run their 46%. Kristoffer Holt’s research shows for print newspaper distribution, support own websites and apps in addition to these partisan sites to be mostly positioned for local journalism in ‘news deserts’, selecting news for third-party platforms on the right wing, presenting themselves as well as support for innovation and like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. This as alternatives to the legacy media, who development.102 The EU Commission, enables commercial and public service are perceived to censor critical information however, must accept the plans before media to reach broader audiences, but at on issues such as immigration.104 they can be implemented. the risk of helping digital intermediaries to build their own businesses by capitalising Oscar Westlund Industry data from IRM Media show on the resulting data. Some news University of Gothenburg that the overall advertising revenues publishers get a significant proportion of in Sweden increased to 37.7 billion SEK their digital traffic via intermediaries (e.g. (US $4.5bn), further fuelled by growth in Expressen), whereas other news publishers online advertising, especially from social have deliberately sought to restrict traffic media and online video. Print advertising and reduce dependence on third-party is in decline. A Nordic-focused report on platforms (e.g. MittMedia). ad wars shows how digital intermediaries such as Google and Facebook have Our 2018 survey findings show that mobile developed into extremely successful news consumption has continued to rise, competitors, taking most of the advertising and is now used by three out of four Swedes. pie from news publishers.103 Importantly, Mobile news remained slightly higher than with the declines in print advertising news access via computers, and much and the rise in use of ad-blockers (32%), higher than tablets. TV remains the second many Swedish news publishers nowadays most used news source, whereas print make most of their revenue from direct scores significantly lower. In comparing the payments from users. Sweden scores reach of these sources and devices for news second highest in our survey when it one should take into account that the time comes to paying for news, with one in spent accessing the news varies significantly,

102 Prop. 2017/18:154 – Journalistik i hela landet. 103 J. Ohlsson and U. Facht, Ad Wars. Gothenburg: Nordicom, 2017. 104 See e.g. K. Holt, ‘Journalistik bortom redaktionerna?’ in SOU 2016:30 Människorna, medierna, marknaden (pp. 403–28). Stockholm: Wolter Kluwers, 2016. 104 / 105

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Sveriges Television (SVT) news 5617 A„onbladet online 4611 TV4 news 5219 Expressen online 3211 Sveriges Radio (SR) news 4113 Tv4.se 209 TOP BRANDS Regional or local newspaper 2210 Dagens Nyheter online 188 % Weekly usage Metro 1017 Regional or local newspaper website 177 A€onbladet 168 Nyheter 24 1016 115 Weekly use Dagens Nyheter Sr.se 167 TV, radio & print Expressen 116 SVT News online 156 At least 3 days per week Svenska Dagbladet 83 Svenska Dagbladet online 157 TV, radio & print CNN 47 Göteborgs-Posten online 125 Weekly use Göteborgs-Posten 63 Dagens Industri online 49 ALSO online brands BBC News 63 Sydsvenska Dagbladet online 37 Fria Tider 11% At least 3 days per week Nyheter Idag 10% Dagens Industri 3 5 BBC News online 37 online brands Ledarsidorna 8% Media from outside country 3 4 CNN.com 63 Samhällsnytt 8% Sydsvenska Dagbladet 2 4 MSN News 3 5 Nya tider 6% Uppsala Nya Tidning 1 3 Metro online 3 5 Samtiden 6% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 Online and mobile79% media are OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% the main routes to74% news in this 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 89% 87% highly connected country. TV 74% 50% 74% Online (inc. social) 74% Smartphone 79% 72% 69% news shows signs of decline, 66%74% 59%74% 39% 36% 65% Print 64% Computer falling 5 percentage points in 66% 59% 50% 59% 56% 20% 50% 53% 50% TV the last three50% years while fewer 43% 39% 36% 37% than four in ten (37%) now read 39% 34% 0% 36% 30% a print newspaper 20% at 2013 least once2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% a week. 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Four out of ten Swedes (41%) THIS BRAND News overall Sveriges Radio (SR) News 6.73 7.38 express trust in the news in News I use general, with higher scores for Sveriges Television (SVT) News 6.68 7.19 the sources they use 41% (-1) Local or regional newspaper 6.56 7.06 themselves. The gap is largest 23rd/37 51% Svenska Dagbladet 6.47 7.0 for partisan sites like Fria Tider Dagens Nyheter 6.28 7.13 and Nya Tider where users are TV4 News 5.99 6.5 almost twice as likely to trust Ledarsidorna 5.51 7.47 the brand compared to those News in search News in social Metro 5.31 5.92 who have just heard of it. Nyheter 24 5.01 5.63 29% 14% Nyheter Idag 5.01 6.94 Expressen 4.99 5.58 PAY A onbladet 4.89 5.61 Samhällsnytt 4.82 6.92 Fria Tider 3.83 6.77 Nya tider 3.77 6.76 26% (+6) (2nd/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 30% 1 Facebook 36% (-) 73% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 13% (+1) 64%

3 Facebook Messenger 9% (+1) 54% 32% (+6) 4 Twitter 8% (-) 17% 20% (6th/37) use an 5 Instagram 7% (+1) 48% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 WhatsApp 3% (-1) 22% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 106

STATISTICS SWITZERLAND Population 8.5m Internet penetration 89%

In turbulent times for Swiss media, a referendum to abolish licence fees was rejected at the polls, but intense pressure on the public service media remains. Meanwhile, and much less publicly noticed, concentration in the private media sector has intensified.

In March 2018 voters in Switzerland decisively rejected (72%) a proposal to abolish the broadcasting licence fee, which which might direct revenue from the Against this overall trend of media funds multi-lingual public service operator public broadcaster to private online media concentration and downsizing of SRG SSR (SRF/RTS programmes) and partly companies. journalism, new online pure players have finances 34 regional private radio and entered the scene. .ch, active since Various players in the Swiss media TV stations (‘No Billag’ initiative). Public 2014, has established itself among the top landscape have diverging interests, debate and earlier polls had made many online brands (14%). More recent arrivals different economic difficulties, and their expect a closer outcome, and the discussion include Republik, focused on quality relationships range from competition before the vote was highly emotional and reporting, that launched after a widely to cooperation. This can be seen in the polarised. According to our regular ‘Vote covered crowdfunding drive in April 2017 turbulent changes in Switzerland’s only Monitor’ analyses, no campaign in recent had generated more than 3m Swiss francs remaining news agency SDA, which is years started as early and triggered as in subscriptions and donations. Similarly, owned by both private media and the much media attention as the ‘No Billag’ in French-speaking Switzerland, Bon pour SRG SSR and receives a small part of its initiative.105 Most media coverage was la tête was launched, intended to partially budget from the national administration. critical of the initiative, reflecting the stance fill the gap after the highly respected news In early 2018, the owners partially sold of the vast majority of political parties and magazine L’Hebdo had been shut down SDA to the Austrian news agency APA, and organisations. However, news coverage by Ringier in 2017 for cost reasons. With announcements to cut almost a quarter of was also highly critical of the current a different concept, nau.ch started in late all journalism jobs led to a widely covered performance of SRG SSR. 2017, focusing on (domestic) breaking news, strike by SDA’s staff. mainly spread on social media channels Legal actions are still outstanding against and on screens in regional public buses and As in previous years, media organisations SRG SSR over its participation in Admeira, at petrol stations. However, none of these have intensified both cost-cutting and an advertising platform it founded with the players is reaching more than 3% of online cooperation,106 developments that state-owned telecom and cable company users, thus not yet making it to the list of markedly increase media concentration. Swisscom and the private media company top brands, which remains relatively stable. First, starting in 2018, Tamedia, Ringier, which specialises in tabloid Switzerland’s largest private media journalism, event marketing, and ticketing. company, is further homogenising its Under pressure from political parties news outlets, affecting the main (regional) Linards Udris and Mark Eisenegger from the right and from private media, the newspaper in each of Switzerland’s five Research Institute for the Public Sphere and public broadcaster promised reforms and largest cities. Except for its tabloid Le Matin Society, University of announced hours after the referendum and for its top free-sheet brand that it will start cutting costs also since (20 minutes), all national and international it expects to generate 100m Swiss francs core news and sports are to be produced less in future. While cutting costs in centrally. Only local content and comment administration etc., the SRG SSR claims it sections will continue to be unique. will use more resources for the production Secondly, Tamedia has bought Goldbach of news. Media, Switzerland’s largest advertising The public broadcaster is braced for further sales company, becoming the main challenges with Switzerland’s largest party, competitor of Admeira in the ad market. the right-wing populist SVP, considering Thirdly, NZZ Mediengruppe and AZ Medien a new vote to halve the licence fee. The announced in late 2017 that they will create Swiss government will present a new law a joint venture including their regional on media policy in the summer of 2018, press and online news outlets.

105 http://www.foeg.uzh.ch/de/analyse/dossier.html 106 See the latest edition of the ‘Yearbook 2017: The Quality of the Media’ at http://www.foeg.uzh.ch/en/jahrbuch.html 106 / 107

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (GERMAN) ONLINE (GERMAN) SRF News (public broadcaster) 6716 20 Minuten online 4810 20 Minuten 4916 Blick and online 3210 Blick (incl. evening and Sunday) 3313 SRF News online 2310 TOP BRANDS German public TV news 2610 Bluewin news 217 % Weekly usage German commercial TV news 2310 Watson 147 Regional or local newspapers 199 Tages Anzeiger online 136 198 Weekly use Other commercial TV Teletext online 125 TV, radio & print Private radio news 188 gmx 114 More than 3 days per week Tages Anzeiger 135 NZZ online 115 TV, radio & print CNN 69 Regional/local newspaper websites 49 Weekly use SonntagsZeitung 67 MSN News 48 online brands Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) 37 Spiegel online 2 5 More than 3 days per week online brands TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH) RTS News (public broadcaster) 75 20 Minutes online 5010 53 PAY 20 Minutes RTS News online 2815 Le Matin (incl Sunday Edition) 37 Bluewin news 2510 French commercial TV news 37 Le Matin Online (incl Sunday) 229 French public TV news 31 24 heures online 198 24 heures 21 Teletext online 189 (+1) Commercial radio news 19 MSN News 137 12% Regional or local newspaper 17 Yahoo! News 105 (17th/37) pay for News of private broadcasters 10 Tribune de Genève online 93 ONLINE NEWS Tribune de Genève 10 Le Monde online 95 German 11% Le Nouvelliste 9 Le Temps online 48 French 15% BBC News 9 Regional/local newspaper website 85 TV

Print

SOURCES OF NEWS OnlineTV (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS*

2016–18 TVPrintSocial media 2016–18 100% PrintOnline (incl. social media) 79% 100% OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 100% 74% Social media Tablet 74% Social media 100% 82% 66% 80% 59%79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 69% 74% 50% 74% 61% 67% 79% 63% 64% Print Computer 66%74% 60% 62% 59%74% (+10) 39% 55% 29% 50% 36% 50% 50% TV 47% 66% 50% 59% (14th/37) use20% an 50% 39% 36% 29% AD-BLOCKER 39% 24% 0% German 28% 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% French0% 31% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST News overall News I use News in search News in social 33% (+6) SHARE NEWS 52% 59% 33% 22% via social or email 10th/37 German 54% German 60% German 33% German 23% French 49% French 55% French 31% French 16% 18% BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) COMMENT ON NEWS (GERMAN) (FRENCH) via social or website ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND

SRF News 7.16 7.63 RTS News 7.28 7.56 NZZ 6.92 7.73 Le Temps 7.01 8.04 Tages Anzeiger 6.67 7.45 24 heures 6.74 7.15 TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING SonntagsZeitung 6.34 7.15 Tribune de Genève 6.68 7.42 Rank Brand For news All Luzerner Zeitung 6.33 7.73 France Télévisions 6.53 6.97 Basler Zeitung 6.0 6.35 La Liberté 6.5 7.43 1 Facebook 33% (-2) 62% Weltwoche 5.89 7.18 Le Matin 6.39 6.71 Bluewin 5.84 6.76 Le Nouvelliste 6.37 7.15 2 YouTube 24% (+1) 61% 20 Minuten 5.78 6.15 20 minutes 6.06 6.46 Watson 5.39 6.45 Bluewin 6.05 7.15 3 WhatsApp 22% (+1) 67% gmx 5.16 5.93 Private TV news 6.03 6.48 Blick 4.86 5.71 Bon pour la téte* 5.64 n/a 4 Instagram 7% (+2) 26% Yahoo! News 4.93 5.63 5 LinkedIn 7% (+2) 21% MSN 4.92 6.17

* Note: No figure for users of Bon pour la téte 6 Facebook Messenger 7% (+1) 31% (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 108

STATISTICS TURKEY Population 80m* Internet penetration 70%

Media Freedom in Turkey has deteriorated over the last year with further intimidation of journalists, new laws to restrict internet broadcasts, and the sale of a leading media group to a pro- government businessman.

Turkey has been under a since a failed coup attempt of July 2016, which has enabled the ruling AK party to gradually strengthen its control over the media. Independent watchdog Freedom journalists. Some independent journalists them, whereas media that take a more House has classified Turkey as ‘not free’ for such as Ünsal Ünlü stream regular live critical line such as FOX, Cumhuriyet, and the first time this year. news shows as well. Perhaps as a result, Sözcü are at the top. news usage of YouTube (+9) and Twitter First, at the suggestion of the ruling (+10) has risen significantly in the past year. Traditional media brands using content party, a law on internet broadcasting repackaged from print, television, or from was introduced, requiring online video Another related development is the sale by news agencies, and digital-born web portals streaming services to apply for a licence Turkish media mogul Aydin Dogan of all his which aggregate stories from the same from the regulator, RTUK. Access can be media outlets to Demirören Holding, a pro- sources continue to represent the biggest blocked if the permits are not secured. government conglomerate with interests online media. Apart from them, there is RTUK checks the content, and has the primarily in energy and construction. only one digital-born brand (Onedio) in the power to issue fines. Opponents say the Dogan Media owned the top-selling top online media list. government is tightening controls ahead of Hürriyet daily, CNN Turk, a nationwide news planned elections, with powers to block and agency, TV channels, radio stations, and the Beyond mainstream media, there are a remove content from news sites and social Yay-Sat distribution network. In a phone number of smaller digital-born brands media already being used. As five of the conversation with then Prime Minister that continue to operate freely, providing nine members on RTUK’s governing council Tayyip Erdoğan in 2014, a recording of alternative perspectives. These include are appointed by the ruling party, critics which was leaked, the owner of Demirören OdaTV, T24, Diken, Duvar, Bianet, argue that the licensing mechanism itself is Group was apparently reduced to tears Medyascope TV, Ahval News, which is likely to be abused by the government. and apologised for a critical article in his funded by Al Arab Publishing, Journo, newspaper.110 and ArtıTV. However, they have not yet While the content of the law is open established sustainable models, and cannot to discussion, a leading expert, Yaman Opposition figures have said the sale afford to employ full-time experienced Akdeniz, says: ‘Every Turkish media service creates a ‘big monopoly’ in Turkish media, reporters for investigative journalism. provider with internet media services and it is widely seen as being likely to They are mostly accessed by the operating from outside Turkey will be further limit the free press. Veteran people in the big cities, and they try to 108 subject to licensing.’ In theory any journalist Kadri Gürsel tweeted: ‘By this reach other audiences through social journalist or individual who posts a video on huge takeover including Hürriyet, Turkish media, particularly Facebook which is the the internet will also need a licence. mass media industry comes under the most popular platform in the country. direct political control of President This is likely to affect alternative news Erdoğan.’ It is significant to note that the providers, since most of the news outlets Dogan Group was larger than Demirören which can criticise the government Servet Yanatma when the ruling party came into power in are online, and the internet is the main Visiting Research Fellow, Reuters Institute 2002. news source for people who oppose the for the Study of Journalism 109 government. Live streaming through For the first time this year, our data now Periscope and YouTube have increasingly show trust scores for individual news become popular for free media like brands. It is striking that pro-government Medyascope TV and Özgürüz. DW Turkish outlets like and Ahaber, and public also increased its content on YouTube broadcaster TRT have the lowest trust by hiring several experienced Turkish among people who are simply aware of

108 https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/373846?download=true 109 Servet Yanatma, Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017: Turkey Supplementary Report (2017): http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Turkey%20Digital%20News%20Report.pdf 110 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/europe/turkey-media-erdogan-dogan.html 108 / 109

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Fox TV news 5815 CNN Türk online 3718 CNN Türk 4716 Hürriyet online 3615 NTV 4316 Mynet 3211 TOP BRANDS Hürriyet 4021 NTV online 3216 % Weekly usage TRT news 3714 Sözcü online 3011 Sözcü 3615 Sondakika.com 2814 Kanal D news 3515 2511 Weekly use Milliyet online TV, radio & print Habertürk TV news 3215 Haberler.com 2212 At least 3 days per week ATV news 2912 Habertürk online 2111 TV, radio & print Milliyet 2615 İnternethaber 1018 Weekly use Show TV 2613 Cumhuriyet online 177 online brands Star TV 2613 Ensonhaber 1017 At least 3 days per week Cumhuriyet 2212 179 online brands AA (Anadolu Ajansi) Sabah 1321 Onedio 166 Ahaber news 218 TRT news online 158 Posta 2013 Sabah online 159 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2015–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2015–18 Two-thirds of our 79%urban sample OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% (66%) use social media74% for 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 88% 87% news, though this has declined 74% 50% 79%74% 75% 77% Online (inc. social) 72% Smartphone from a peak of 73% in 2016. In 66%74% 65% 59%74% 67% 39% 66% 67% 36% Print Computer Turkey many people are 66% 50% 59% 57% 20% 50% 47% 50% TV switching to50% closed messaging 39% 46% 36% apps like WhatsApp (30%) to 39% 0% 36% discuss the news. 20% Meanwhile2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 24% 25% 20% the smartphone0% (72%) remains 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 the most frequently0% used 0% 0% 2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182015 2016 2017 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018 device to access news. * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news overall has THIS BRAND News overall FOX TV news 6.59 7.56 declined (-7 over the last three News I use years) as government control NTV news 6.37 7.16 over the media has increased. 38% (-2) CNN Türk 6.32 6.92 Distrust (40%) in news is 27th/37 43% Cumhuriyet 6.05 7.42 higher than trust (38%) for the Sözcü 6.0 7.49 first time with very few sitting Habertürk 5.89 6.85 on the fence, showing the Hürriyet 5.76 6.66 extent of media polarisation. News in search News in social Mynet 5.73 6.54 Kanal D news 5.71 6.72 38% 33% AA (Anadolu Ajansi) 5.67 7.64 Milliyet 5.65 6.79 PAY TRT news 5.53 7.44 Show TV news 5.38 6.7 Sabah 4.74 6.99 Ahaber 4.6 7.09 26% (2nd/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 56% 1 Facebook 51% (-3) 76% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 41% (+9) 75%

3 Twitter 35% (+10) 51% 33% (+6) 4 WhatsApp 30% (+5) 74% 44% (4th/37) use an 5 Instagram 24% (+7) 59% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Facebook Messenger 9% (-) 35% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 110 110 / 111

Americas Section 3 3.25 United States 112 3.26 Argentina 114 Analysis by Country 3.27 Brazil 116 3.28 Canada 118 3.29 Chile 120 Americas 3.30 Mexico 122 112

STATISTICS USA Population 327m Internet penetration 90%

Some leading US news outlets have benefited from a year in which the relevance of the press has never been more apparent. Across the industry, however, traditional and digital-born media alike continue to struggle for audience attention and advertiser dollars.

The 2016 election of Donald Trump continues to send shockwaves through the collaborative reporting tools. US outlets US media. For journalists, the theme of share of Americans who report using various such as the New York Times, the Center for the Trump era has been the relentless and news outlets on a weekly basis. Notably, Investigative Reporting, , and the frenetic pace of the news cycle, from neo- the same pattern appears online and off: Columbia Journalism School contributed to Nazi rallies, nuclear brinksmanship, and the local newspapers, local TV news, and the the Paradise Papers report, and ProPublica #MeToo revelations, to multiple lawsuits major broadcast networks are all down launched the ‘Documenting Hate’ project alleging affairs and sexual harassment by several percentage points from last year, with hyperlocal, regional, and national print Trump and the ongoing Special Counsel as are major online news aggregators like and broadcast partners, among many others. investigation. Meanwhile, the president’s Yahoo! News and HuffPost. Other digital- sharp attacks on the news media continue. born media were also not immune, with BuzzFeed and Vice seeing revenue losses. The magazine industry also saw a major shift, with Iowa-based media company Against that backdrop, the so-called Meredith Corp. completing its purchase of ‘Trump Bump’ for news publishers has not The future of local news remains a crucial storied publisher Time Inc. for $1.8 billion in faded as quickly as predicted. The share of question, with consolidation and downsizing January 2018. Meredith, known for lifestyle Americans willing to pay for online news affecting outlets across the country. magazines, announced in March that it held steady this year at its new high of 16%, Alternative newsweeklies took a particularly planned to sell several of Time’s flagship after almost doubling in last year’s survey. hard hit last year – and L.A. titles, including Time, Fortune, Money, and Quality national newspapers especially Weekly saw large newsroom cuts, while Sports Illustrated. appear to benefit from the combination The City Paper closed outright. Additionally, local TV news – a source of high of high-profile investigative reports and a Finally, platforms have continued to stoke ‘digital first’ strategy. The New York Times media usage and trust – became the subject of a controversy in April when CNN revealed controversy. In March 2017, hundreds of saw digital subscription revenues rise by companies pulled ads from YouTube after a fifth over 2016, itself a record year, while that Sinclair Broadcast Group, which owns nearly 200 stations nationwide, told its they were placed next to extremist content; the Washington Post broke 1 million digital the site came under fire again months later subscribers for the first time in 2017. anchors to read a script about ‘the troubling trend of irresponsible, one-sided news for videos depicting children in disturbing situations. Reports also surfaced that the National magazines and websites focused stories plaguing our country’. UK firm Cambridge Analytica harvested on political coverage, such as Slate, , the personal data of up to 87m Facebook and Mother Jones, have likewise benefited Some new initiatives are responding to users and may have used it on behalf of the from elevated interest even as the dramatic the local-news deficit. ProPublica’s Local Trump and Brexit campaigns, compounding post-election surge in support tapered Reporting Network supports a full-time ’s troubles in the ‘fake off. Investigative non-profit ProPublica is investigative reporter in seven newsrooms news’ era. boosting its 2018 budget 50% over last in cities with populations below 1 million, year’s on the strength of contributions from while Report for America is a Teach for small donors. In contrast, this year’s survey America-style programme connecting emerging journalists with local newsrooms. shows that partisan sites such as Breitbart, Lucas Graves and Joy Jenkins Facebook announced that, despite , and Occupy Democrats, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism despite high profiles during the election, an overall decrease in news on users’ have a fairly limited weekly reach. feeds, it planned to prioritise news from local publishers, starting in the US and But audience fatigue may be setting in. expanding in 2018. Mirroring reports of declining US news traffic from audience-trackers such as comScore, Collaboration remains an important trend our survey shows a sizeable drop in the in US newsrooms, supported by a growing variety of conferences, funding sources, and 112 / 113

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Local televison news 309 Hu‡Post 189 Fox News 298 Yahoo! News 186 CNN 239 New York Times online 178 TOP BRANDS Regional or local newspaper 2312 CNN.com 166 % Weekly usage NBC/ MSNBC News 238 Fox News online 165 ABC News 229 Washington Post online 157 2210 Weekly use CBS News BuzzFeed News 147 TV, radio & print Local radio news 156 Local TV news websites 146 At least 3 days per week NPR News 125 NBC/MSNBC News online 125 TV, radio & print BBC News 106 Regional or local newspaper website 127 Weekly use New York Times 49 MSN News 126 online brands PBS News 49 BBC News online 105 ALSO At least 3 days per week Breitbart 7% City paper (e.g. Globe) 48 USA Today online 106 online brands Daily Caller 5% USA Today 85 City paper website (e.g. Boston Globe) 106 Occupy Democrats 5% Washington Post 62 NPR News online 95 The Blaze 4% Wall Street Journal 2 5 CBS News online 95 InfoWars 3% TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 Consumption of news79% has OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% fallen significantly74% across TV, 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social media Tablet 59%79% online, print, and social media 74% 50% 74% 75% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 79% 72% from a high point last year, 66%74% 73% 71% 59%74% 39% 36% Print Computer which coincided with the 66% 56% 50% 59% 57% 54% 20% 50% 47% 50% TV Trump inauguration.50% TV news 39% 45% 36% has been worst affected but 39% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 201727% 2018 36% 28% social media are also down 9 21% 22% 20% 20% 16% points. More0% people access 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 news via smartphone0% than by a 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 computer or laptop for the first time.

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Attacks on the ‘fake news’ THIS BRAND News overall Local television news 6.5 7.09 media by Donald Trump may News I use have contributed to a slight Wall Street Journal 6.06 7.24 decrease in overall trust (-4). 34% (-4) ABC News 5.84 7.17 Revelations about the use of 30th/37 50% CBS News 5.84 7.27 Facebook data in the 2016 NPR News 5.82 7.98 elections help explain low Washington Post 5.78 7.39 trust in social media (13%). New York Times 5.75 7.42 News in search News in social NBC/MSNBC News 5.56 7.21 CNN 5.38 7.2 26% 13% Yahoo! News 5.24 6.27 Hu Post 5.11 6.74 PAY Vice News 5.07 6.56 BuzzFeed News 4.85 6.12 Fox News 4.84 7.0 Breitbart 3.69 6.96 16% (-) (11th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 35% 1 Facebook 39% (-9) 68% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 20% (-) 62%

3 Twitter 14% (-1) 26% 27% (+4) 4 Facebook Messenger 7% (-2) 39% 24% (18th/37) use an 5 Instagram 6% (+1) 27% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Snapchat 5% (+3) 17% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 114

STATISTICS ARGENTINA Population 44m Internet penetration 79%

Argentina is characterised by a strong and concentrated private media system, comparatively weaker public media organisations, and high online connectivity compared to other Latin American countries.

In spite of relatively high levels of news consumption, citizens tend to distrust both the media and politicians in Argentina. Media and their regulation are often politicised, and the law to regulate The crisis in the news industry was also including the first two, and four out of ten convergence between broadcasting and evident in the closure of newspapers, some in the online ranking, including the second internet services has yet to be considered of which had been in operation for more and third. However, for the first time, the by Congress. than a hundred years, such as 141-year- top online outlet was Infobae, which is old Herald, the country’s not a Grupo Clarín subsidiary. While there Online and smartphone access to news only English–language newspaper, and is one state-owned broadcast television has achieved a dominant position among 112-year-old La Razón. A news agency, station, several public cable and radio the population surveyed for this study. Diarios y Noticias, also folded after 35 years stations, and one state news agency, they Almost nine out of ten online users get of operation. In contrast, Tiempo Argentino, have significantly lower audience levels their information from the internet each a newspaper that had been heavily than commercial outlets, and only one (TV week – more than any other source, associated with the administrations of Pública) appears among the top brands on including television (76%) and print media former presidents Nestor Kirchner and the online list, and none of them are named (42%). Social media are a popular source Cristina Fernandez continued weekly on the radio, TV, and print ranking. of news, used by 72%, including 60% who publication as a worker-controlled co- get information on Facebook, 37% on operative. The politicisation of broadcasting, WhatsApp, and 27% on YouTube. Seven out telecommunications, and communication of ten mention the smartphone as a device Grupo Clarín, the most important media regulation may be related to trust in to access information, compared to 63% organisation in Argentina – which already the news media, which has been at that access news on their computers, and controlled its namesake newspaper Diario comparatively low levels for some time. 17% that use a tablet. Clarín, one broadcast television station, There have been instances of false the largest cable company in Argentina, information disseminated through Argentina’s main newspapers have several cable stations, including a 24- the media, as documented by the responded to declining print circulations hour news channel, an AM radio station, country’s most prominent fact-checking and advertising revenues by launching several FM radio stations, and an internet organisation, Chequeado, which launched paywalls. Clarín, the country’s top-selling service provider – further consolidated a new section called ‘Falso en las redes’ daily, began charging users in April 2017. its dominant position by merging with (Fake on social media) to debunk La Nación, the second largest newspaper, Telecom, a telecommunications company. misinformation. However, Argentines have followed with a similar announcement in The merger amounts to more than half traditionally been quite sceptical about August, and Infobae, a highly popular digital- of the market for broadband internet news stories and outlets. born portal, and the most-accessed news connections, and created the first company site according to this survey, announced allowed to offer ‘quadruple play’ (landline in November that it would also start telephony, mobile telephony, cable, charging for content. Clarín reached 50,000 Eugenia Mitchelstein and Pablo and online services). Other companies subscribers in November.111 However, it still Boczkowski will have to wait until January 2019 to gets three-quarters of its revenue from the Co-Directors, Center for the Study of Media offer quadruple play, according to the print edition. Only 12% of respondents have and Society, Argentina administration’s proposed regulation, paid for online news in the previous year, which has yet to be discussed by Congress. and Facebook, Google, and Netflix captured 80% of all internet traffic during the second Grupo Clarín’s dominant stance is also 112 half of 2017. Therefore, the feasibility of evident in the positions its news outlets online revenues replacing print revenues as occupy in the top brands ranking. It owns the main source of income for newspapers four out of the top ten in our offline ranking, remains to be seen.

111 Knight Center, 2017, ‘Paywall en América Latina: Reporte especial del Centro Knight sobre suscripción digital en diarios de la región’: https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/es/blog/00-19005-paywall-en-america-latina-reporte-especial-del-centro-knight-sobre-suscripcion-digital 112 CABASE (Cámara Argentina de Internet), 2017 Estado de Internet en Argentina y la Región: http://www.cabase.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CABASE-Internet-Index-II-Semestre-2017.pdf 114 / 115

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TN (Todo Noticias) 4812 Infobae 4516 Canal 13 news 3613 Clarín online 3814 Telefe news 3411 TN online 3712 TOP BRANDS C5N 3211 La Nación online 3213 % Weekly usage A regional or local newspaper 2714 Minuto Uno 1911 Clarín 2715 Página/12 167 2712 Weekly use América TV news Regional/local newspaper website 146 TV, radio & print A24 229 Yahoo! News 147 More than 3 days per week La Nación 2011 Olé 135 TV, radio & print TV pública news (Public Broadcaster) 1019 MSN News 125 Weekly use Radio Mitre 196 CNN.com 116 online brands Crónica TV 178 115 More than 3 days per week Regional or local TV news 166 115 online brands Public television and radio news online Canal 9 news 157 Primicias Ya 106 CNN 138 Perl online 105 Canal 26 news 136 Diario Uno online 95

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 76% 26% 72% 71% 63% (-5) (-4) (-2) (+9) (+1)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 42% (incl. social media) 10% 17% (-3) 89% (-3) (-) (-3)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Four out of ten respondents THIS BRAND News overall Telefé noticias 6.18 7.17 trust the news media, a lower News I use proportion than in 22 of the La Nación 5.91 6.87 other countries included in the 41% (+2) Infobae 5.89 6.54 report. However, just over half 23rd/37 52% TN 5.86 6.97 trust the news they use, and Radio Mitre 5.73 7.66 trust in news in search and A24 5.57 6.76 social media are lower. Clarín 5.46 6.45 News in search News in social TV pública 5.43 6.46 Per l 5.09 6.39 37% 29% Radio Diez 5.03 6.68 PAY Página/12 4.98 6.66 C5N 4.86 6.41

12% (+2) (17th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 58% 1 Facebook 60% (-5) 80% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 37% (-4) 80%

3 YouTube 27% (-1) 74% 28% (-3) 4 Twitter 18% (-1) 29% 35% (16th/37) use an 5 Instagram 13% (+4) 42% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Facebook Messenger 9% (-1) 36% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 116

STATISTICS BRAZIL Population 211m* Internet penetration 66%

The Brazilian media market is characterised by strong commercial broadcasters, popular online portals, and a legacy newspaper sector struggling to find new business models. At the same time, Brazilians are some of the most enthusiastic users of social networks and messaging apps in the world.

Though the numbers are slowly changing, publishing its content on the social media The country’s economic recovery in 2017, TV continues to be the most powerful platform in February 2018. At that time, after two years of recession, contributed to media outlet in the country. In 2017, the paper had 5.9m followers on Facebook. a 15% growth in computer sales – after half Brazilians watched an average of six hours According to data compiled by Folha de S. a decade of declining results (IDC Brasil). and 23 minutes of TV each day– six minutes Paulo, the number of interactions (shares, This surge in the market for PCs seems more than the previous year, according to comments, and likes) generated by Brazil’s to have influenced the choice of devices Kantar Ibope Media. Moreover, free-to-air ten largest newspapers on Facebook fell used by Brazilians to consume journalistic TV stations attracted 53.6% of the gross 32% in January, when compared to the content. Smartphone use also continues advertising investment in the country, a same month last year. An article published to grow. marginal decrease over 2016. on the paper’s website said that algorithm changes would facilitate ‘the spread of The four biggest TV broadcasters in the Newspapers’ advertising share was almost ‘fake news’. country were, once again, ranked as the stable in annual terms. However, the total top offline brands in terms of weekly circulation of the top 11 paid-for dailies Amidst the growing debate about ‘fake usage. The overall percentage of Brazilians continued to shrink. In the past three years, news’ in the country, Brazil’s top electoral that pay for online news stood at 22%, the number of print copies sold fell by court started to discuss with the press and the fourth highest among a sample of 37 41.4% whilst digital circulation rose 5.8% the leading social media companies ways to countries – in line with the rather modest (IVC Brasil). The declining tendency might combat the problem in preparation for the growth of digital newspaper subscriptions explain why the major Brazilian dailies 2018’s presidential elections. The Brazilian during the last three years. The use of tightened their online paywalls in 2017. federal police has said it will identify and ad-blockers increased by almost a third punish authors of ‘fake news’ in the absence over the last year as Brazilians seem to be At least three regional newspapers reduced of new legislation. Brazil has 145m voters more concerned about security and privacy the frequency with which they publish in and 130m Facebook users (Statista). issues. the last year. Founded in 1919, Gazeta do Povo – one of the most influential dailies Brazilians’ passion for social networks in the southern state of Paraná – became shows no sign of waning but there’s clearly a weekly publication, focusing resources a change in preferences going on. Two- Rodrigo Carro on its digital version. In the north-east thirds (66%) of respondents to our survey Financial journalist and former Reuters region, two papers published in the state use social media as a source of news. That’s Institute Journalist Fellow of Piauí (Meio Norte and O Dia) shifted from almost the same figure as the previous year. seven to six days-a-week delivery, putting Nonetheless, the use of Facebook for news out weekend editions. Furthermore, the continued to decline, falling from 69% to fashion magazine Estilo, a Brazilian version 52% in two years. of the US title InStyle, was closed at the end of 2017. At the same time, WhatsApp and Instagram use grew, not only for news consumption Facebook’s decision to modify the but for other purposes too. Brazil has the algorithm that runs the news feed, second largest user base on Instagram, with prioritising ‘meaningful interactions’ over 50m monthly active users.113 And WhatsApp ‘relevant content’, caused the best-selling had 120m users in the country by May Brazilian daily, Folha de S. Paulo, to stop 2017.114

113 http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2017/10/1931057-com-50-milhoes-de-usuarios-brasil-e-segundo-no-ranking-do-instagram.shtml 114 http://link.estadao.com.br/noticias/empresas,whatsapp-chega-a-120-milhoes-de-usuarios-no-brasil,70001817647 116 / 117

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Globo news 6815 Globo News online (inc. ) 4816 Band news 3614 UOL online 4417 Record news 1231 O Globo online 3315 TOP BRANDS Jornal do SBT 2810 MSN News 2711 % Weekly usage O Globo 2710 Folha de S. Paulo online 2613 Regional or local newspaper 2413 Yahoo! News 2611 188 Weekly use Folha de S. Paulo Terra online 2011 TV, radio & print CNN 178 Band News online 189 More than 3 days per week O Estado de S. Paulo 168 O Estado de S. Paulo online 179 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 166 Record News Online (inc. R7.com) 158 Weekly use BBC News 168 BBC News online 148 online brands Rede TV News 128 Jornal do SBT online 136 More than 3 days per week TV Brasil 95 137 online brands CNN.com Metro 69 Um jornal local online 127 Jornal O Dia 85 New York Times online 105 Jornal Extra 57 BuzzFeed News 95 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 Brazilians are some79% of the most OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 74% 100% 74% 100% enthusiastic users of social 90% Social media 100% Social media 100% 66% 90% Tablet 59%79% media in the world, but use for 74% 83%Online (incl. social media) 50% 74% 75% 75% 72% Smartphone 79% 72% news has declined markedly 66%74% 59%74% 39% 66% Print 36% Computer since 2016. Most of this relates 66% 50% 59% 50% 20% 50% 50% TV to lower interest50% in Facebook 47% 39% 36% as newer networks such as 39% 0% 34% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% Instagram and WhatsApp have 23% 13% 20% 20% 14% been embraced.0% This goes 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 hand-in-hand0% with strong 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 growth in smartphones use for * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information news over the last five years.

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news overall stood at a THIS BRAND News overall Band NotÌcias 7.18 7.83 high level of 59%, well above News I use that of the news found in O Estado de S. Paulo 7.04 7.84 social media (32%). The 59% (-1) Folha de S. Paulo 6.96 7.49 influence of social media on 3rd/37 58% Jornal do SBT 6.93 7.85 this year’s presidential UOL 6.82 7.47 elections remains a key factor Record NotÌcias 6.79 7.8 influencing opinion. Globo NotÌcias 6.78 7.33 News in search News in social O Globo 6.74 7.46 Terra online 6.57 7.49 50% 32% Rede TV NotÌcias 6.43 7.59 PAY iG. Online 6.31 7.21 HuPost 5.87 7.41

22% (-) (4th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 61% 1 Facebook 52% (-5) 75% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 48% (+2) 83%

3 YouTube 34% (-2) 78% 23% (+6) 4 Instagram 16% (+4) 48% 38% (31st/37) use an 5 Twitter 14% (+2) 26% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (-1) 39% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 118

STATISTICS CANADA Population 37m Internet penetration 90%

In this highly concentrated bilingual media environment, publishers are under increasing financial pressure with the closure of dozens of newspapers and associated job cuts. Government initiatives to support local journalism and digital innovation may offer some relief but the media’s struggle to reinvent itself goes on. academic and research community, the foreign brands, although French-language In 2015, the Star, Canada’s biggest West End Phoenix, a subscription-only respondents are less likely to use the latter. selling newspaper, launched a tablet-only print-only local publication in Toronto, and app that was hailed as a revolution in the Athletic/Athlétique Canada, offering Canada’s new cultural policy for the digital news. This year the app, known as Star in-depth sports coverage. age was outlined in September, including Touch, was axed with the loss of 30 jobs a review of the mandate of both the public after a reported outlay of as much as US In French-speaking Quebec, home to 20% broadcaster and broadcast and telecom $30m. Neither readers nor advertisers had of the population, only two newspapers, regulator. The Liberal government named a apparently shared the vision and it was Journal de Montréal and Journal de Québec, new chair of the Canadian Radio-Television replaced with a much simpler mobile and continue to issue print editions seven days and Telecommunications Commission, Ian tablet app. a week. These are tabloids owned by the Scott, a telecom executive and lobbyist; family-run company Quebecor. La Presse and a new president and CEO for the CBC, ’s parent company, Torstar, and the stopped its last remaining print (Saturday) Catherine Tait, a television, film, and digital Postmedia chain, which owns the National edition and became 100% digital. Le content executive. Post – both groups own many regional and Soleil ended its Sunday print edition in local papers – arranged to swap 41 titles. March. Community newspaper publisher The 2018 federal budget provided modest Soon after, 36 of them closed with the Transcontinental sold dozens of its local support (US $39m over five years) for loss of almost 300 jobs. In March 2018, weeklies, and is also looking to sell the local news in underserved communities, the Competition Bureau searched the Montreal edition of Métro International. and an additional US $7.8m for minority- Toronto offices of both companies, because language community media. Publishers of suspicion of possible anti-competitive The daily Moose Jaw Times-Herald closed had requested US $275m a year. After years conduct. The Chair of Torstar’s Board of after more than 125 years. Another of resistance to a ‘Netflix tax’, the Canadian Directors, John Honderich, said quality Saskatchewan newspaper, the Albert government’s position seemed to waver. journalism was in crisis and that the Daily Herald, was acquired by its staff. Quebec has promised to apply sales tax to company was ‘very, very close to the end’. digital products and services. It has also The Rebel Media, a hard-hitting far-right- earmarked US $52m over five years to Private TV networks are also affected. Global wing website, fired one of its contributors support innovation in print media through TV, the second-most watched private TV for her coverage of a ‘Unite the Right’ an employment tax credit. station, cut 80 jobs, but is creating 50 new rally in Charlottesville. Several other roles, mostly for local journalists in Ontario. contributors left the site in the wake of the As Canada prepares to go to the polls in 2019, controversy. the Facebook Election Integrity Initiative was The Globe and Mail, the second biggest announced. The social media company will paper, launched a print redesign and an The public broadcaster CBC hired four contribute to develop digital news literacy, online metrics strategy to guide news anchors for its flagship news show, offer online emergency support, and training selection for its print edition, but stopped The National, to replace veteran Peter sessions for political parties. delivery in four provinces on the Atlantic Mansbridge; Radio-Canada, the French- coast. Vice Canada and Rogers Media language public broadcaster, sold its Colette Brin ended their local TV co-production; landmark tower and will move to a new Centre d’études sur les medias, Université Canada went off the air. building in 2020. Laval

Several new media initiatives were Traditional broadcasters, especially launched. These included the Conversation privately owned networks, are the most Canada, a branch of an Australian-based used media brands among Canadians. non-profit that sources content from the MSN News and CNN are the most popular 118 / 119

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (ENGLISH) ONLINE (ENGLISH) CTV news 4013 CBC News online 2710 Global news 3514 CTV News online 2310 CBC news (public broadcaster) 3212 MSN News 187 TOP BRANDS A community or local newspaper 2916 CNN.com 187 % Weekly usage CNN 2710 Yahoo! News 187 Local radio news 268 HuPost 1017 208 Weekly use News Global News online 158 TV, radio & print Toronto Star 179 Globe and Mail online 147 More than 3 days per week BBC News 146 Toronto Star online 146 TV, radio & print Globe and Mail 137 BuzzFeed News 147 Weekly use Metro 126 BBC News online 125 online brands Fox News 95 Local radio news online 104 More than 3 days per week online brands TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH) TVA/LCN News 6711 TVA News online 1031 Radio-Canada/RDI News (public broadcaster) 5615 Radio-Canada/RDI News online 279 Journal de Montréal/de Québec 3215 MSN News 257 Local or regional weekly newspaper 1711 La Presse online 247 PAY Local radio news 155 Journal de Montréal/Québec online 206 TV5 news 115 Canoe.ca 106 Métro 95 HuPost 95 24 hours 95 Local radio news online 37 CNN 49 Le Devoir online 47 9% (+1) A regional newspaper 48 Sympatico.ca 63 (27th/37) pay for L’Actualité 57 Local or regional weekly online 63 47 ONLINE NEWS Le Devoir L’Actualité online 46 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) * SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 TVPrintSocial media 2016–18 100% PrintOnline (incl. social media) 79% 100% OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 100% 74% Social Media Tablet 74% Social media 100% 66% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 59%79% 75% 76% 73% 74% 50% 79%74% 71% 67% Print 64% Computer 66%74% 59%74% 39% 48% 36% 50% 66% 48% 50% TV 50% 59% (+3) 44% 29%20% 39% 36% (14th/37)50% 39% use an 36% 31% 39% 24% 22% 0% AD-BLOCKER 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20182016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 * 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST

News overall News I use News in search News in social 34% (+9) SHARE NEWS 58% via social or email 5th/37 63% 36% 21%

BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) 20% (ENGLISH) (FRENCH) COMMENT ON NEWS ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT ALL THOSE THAT HAVE  ALL THOSE THAT via social or website HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND HEARD OF BRAND USE THIS BRAND

ICI Radio-Canada Info/ CTV/ CTVNewsnet 7.21 7.8 ICI RDI 7.87 8.2 CBC/ Newsworld 7.17 7.79 La Presse 7.59 8.3 TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Global News 7.1 7.6 La Presse Canadienne 7.48 8.04 Globe and Mail 7.0 7.51 TVA Nouvelles/LCN 7.42 7.88 Rank Brand For news All CityTV News 6.92 7.59 Le Devoir 7.42 7.88 6.85 7.57 L’Actualité 7.22 7.86 1 Facebook 38% (-2) 67% Maclean’s 6.76 7.89 TV5 Nouvelles 7.13 8.01 Toronto Star 6.65 7.28 CBC/Newsworld* 7.07 n/a 2 YouTube 22% (+4) 63% Vancouver Sun 6.54 7.34 CTV News* 7.04 n/a

Metro 6.27 7.19 Journal de Montréal 6.97 7.53 3 Twitter 12% (+1) 25% ou Québec 24 Hours 6.26 7.47 24 Heures 6.77 7.43 4 HuPost 6.21 6.96 Canoe.ca 6.64 7.8 Facebook Messenger 10% (+2) 44%

5 Instagram 6% (+1) 27% * Note: No figure for users of CBC/Newsworld & CTV News in the French sample (did not meet 50 minimum threshold) 6 WhatsApp 5% (+2) 16% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 120

STATISTICS CHILE Population 18m Internet penetration 77%

News access on social media is growing in Chile, but the most important source of news is still free-to-air television. Responding to shrinking audiences and declining advertising revenues, television brands have started to expand to other platforms for content delivery.

It has been a hectic year in the Chilean media industry. Universidad Católica de Chile sold its share of Canal 13 to trust by those who had heard of the brand. from these platforms. Andrónico Luksic, one of the richest This radio station, originally founded as Presidential elections were held in businessmen in the country, who had a local media in Concepción, became November 2017, in which the right-wing already acquired a big part of the television a national media player in 1991 before candidate Sebastián Piñera was elected in station in 2010. This marks the end of expanding online. Its trust comes from the second round. The campaign featured ‘university television’, a model that was a journalistic track record characterised a relatively small number of false news established almost 60 years ago when by its slogan, ‘Independientes de verdad’ stories that were promoted through the government gave television activity (Truly independent). social media. A study made by El Mercurio to four universities. This development Although many TV brands continue to detected only around 80 ‘fake news’ further increases the commercialisation of perform well, advertising revenues across stories generated by less than 20 websites TV news, bringing Chile closer in line with the industry have declined, leading several read or shared by 3.5m people on social other Latin American countries. publishers to pursue greater media media (Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) 115 ‘Fake For its part, the public station, Televisión diversification. Examples of this include between January and November. news’ is a relatively recent phenomenon in (TVN), got injection of Mega’s acquisition of three radio stations, the Chile and, unlike in other countries, there US $47m for the digitalisation of its signal consolidation of T13 Radio (the news station has not been significant public discussion throughout the country, and another of Canal 13), and creation of an FM radio about the issue. US $18m for the creation of a cultural station in Santiago by newspaper El Mercurio. channel on terrestrial . The switchover to digital terrestrial television Francisco Javier Fernández Medina This injection of public money to support continues according to the schedule set by Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, digitisation has reopened the debate about the government to reach the entire nation Santiago the role and funding of public media in by the end of the decade. Meanwhile, pay Chile. TVN is the only public television television (cable and satellite) added just service in Latin America that is financed over 3m subscribers with a growth of 4.6% solely through advertising (and other TV in the last year. More than half of this figure services offered to private companies), corresponds to . In parallel, which means that it needs to compete with subscriptions to video-on-demand service commercial channels for revenue and for Netflix grew 32.5% in the Chilean market an increasingly elusive audience. between 2016 and 2017. Mega, the first private station in the There is a clear growing trend towards country, remains the leader in terms majority consumption of online news of weekly reach (51%), and is home to on portable devices, among which the many of the most popular programmes smartphone is the preferred choice, used and the most watched news broadcast, by 82% of the online population according AhoraNoticias. However, according to our to our survey. Search and social media are survey, it is not the most trusted news also popular with Chileans, reflected in brand, finding itself in sixth place. Bío Bío both the very high usage figures and the Chile emerged with the highest level of relatively high trust people have in news

115 El Mercurio (2017), ‘Noticias falsas sobre Chile fueron vistas o compartidas 3,5 millones de veces en redes sociales este año’: http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=420624 120 / 121

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE MEGA news 5111 Emol.com 3517 Canal 13 news 4614 Lun.com 3212 24 Horas 3815 Biobiochile online 299 TOP BRANDS Chilevisión 3813 24horas online 238 % Weekly usage TVN (public broadcaster) 3412 El Mercurio online 1221 CNN 2811 Latercera.com 209 249 Weekly use Bío Bío Chile Elciudadano.cl 2011 TV, radio & print Las Últimas Noticias 1221 Elmostrador.cl 2011 More than 3 days per week El Mercurio 2011 ahoranoticias.cl 187 TV, radio & print Free city newspaper 1913 t13.cl 188 Weekly use A regional or local newspaper 168 Cooperativa.cl 166 online brands La Tercera 159 Theclinic.cl 147 More than 3 days per week City newspaper (paid) 136 125 online brands Chilevisión.cl Cooperativa 137 CNN.com 125 ADN 125 Terra.cl 129 La Red 49 City newspaper (paid) online 116

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 75% 36% 71% 81% 47% (-5) (-3) (-5) (+7) (-4)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 40% (incl. social media) 6% 14% (-6) 89% (-3) (-4) (-4)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in the news in general THIS BRAND News overall Bío Bío Chile 7.55 8.07 (53%) has risen over the last News I use year by 6 percentage points, CNN 7.54 7.85 while trust in social media 53% (+6) Cooperativa 7.25 7.94 (40%) and search (49%) is also 8th/37 54% 24 Horas 6.77 7.49 relatively high by international Canal 13 6.68 7.35 standards. Mega 6.64 7.5 TVN 6.39 7.15 News in search News in social La Tercera 6.35 7.04 Chilevisión 6.31 7.13 49% 40% Emol.com 6.29 7.07 PAY El Mercurio 6.23 7.1 Lun.com 5.81 6.71

9% (-) (27th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 60% 1 Facebook 68% (-2) 82% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 36% (-3) 78%

3 YouTube 27% (+2) 74% 24% (-) 4 Twitter 18% (-5) 27% 38% (29th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 13% (-1) 46% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 12% (+4) 40% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 122

STATISTICS MEXICO Population 130m* Internet penetration 65%

Commercial television brands continue to be the most popular and influential sources of news in Mexico. However, domestic digital-born sources are gaining prominence, with international social networks and other platforms helping them reach more and more people.

Traditional media companies continue to be the top choices for news and information struck Mexico in September 2017. Media among the Mexican population. TV Azteca digital platforms. International brands like companies have also faced brand identity and are generally considered to CNN and Yahoo! also have a relatively strong theft, leading to confusion amongst the be the brands with the highest level of position in Mexico. public.117 For these and other reasons, political, economic, and social influence Internet penetration is relatively low in nearly two-thirds (63%) of the online in the country. Companies such as Grupo Mexico, which can distort some of our population say they are either ‘very’ or Imagen, Grupo Milenio, and Radio Fórmula figures. However, it is clear that smartphones ‘extremely’ concerned about what is real have built brands with a loyal audience and are an important device for many Mexicans, and what is fake on the internet when it remain popular with advertisers. Though with nearly three-quarters saying they comes to news. public broadcasting did not develop in the used one to access news in the last week. same way as in much of Europe, Channel In common with other countries from this These facts, combined with the upcoming 22, a university television station operated region, social media – particularly Facebook election, have motivated organisations, by the National Polytechnic Institute and WhatsApp – are widely used for news. institutions, and the media to jointly create (Instituto Politécnico Nacional) is also one a verification platform, Verificado2018.118 of the most used offline news brands. The Mexico continues to be one of the most This project aims to identify ‘fake news’ Mexican press, represented by El Universal, countries in the world to and to counter it with verified information, Grupo , Excelsior, and El Financiero, be a journalist. At the end of 2017, the and will be in operation throughout the also continues to be consumed in print. Committee to Protect Journalists reported electoral process. It has received financial However, Proceso is the only news magazine that Mexico was the deadliest country for support from Facebook, Google News Lab, to retain a paper product. All of these journalists outside of conflict zones, with Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, brands are followed by the public through killings reaching a historic high against the Open Society Foundation, Oxfam, and 116 their digital platforms. backdrop of a global decrease. Twitter.

Mexican audiences have embraced the In 2018 the media will play a special role in of digital-born news sources, with a the political life of the country as elections handful of them among the most popular for President of the Republic, 128 senators, María Elena Gutiérrez Rentería sources of online news according to our and 500 deputies will be held on 1 July. The Universidad Panamericana survey. Aristegui Noticias, named after main political parties in the are former CNN journalist Carmen Aristegui, is MORENA, PAN, PRI, Todos por México, and among the top online brands in our survey for Juntos Haremos Historia. the second year in a row. However, the list of the most popular online brands also includes Mexico has also been affected by the legacy players like El Universal, which has so-called ‘fake news’ phenomenon. False been contributing to Mexican journalism claims have circulated concerning Donald for over one hundred years. UnoTV, another Trump and his position on the North popular source of online news, belongs to American Agreement (NAFTA), the telecommunications company América and the construction of a border wall Móvil, the domestic market leader in mobile between Mexico and the United States. telephony. The firm is increasingly immersed There has also been a proliferation of false in journalism and entertainment through its claims linked to the earthquake which

116 https://cpj.org/reports/2017/12/journalists-killed-iraq-crossfire-murder-mexico.php 117 https://aristeguinoticias.com/1202/mexico/por-denunciar-cuenta-de-fakenews-mensajes-amenazantes-contra-aristegui-noticias-video/ 118 https://verificado.mx 122 / 123

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TV Azteca News 4514 Aristegui Noticias 3713 Televisa News 4011 El Universal online 3717 El Universal 3418 CNN.com 2511 TOP BRANDS CNN 3213 Yahoo! News 2512 % Weekly usage Milenio News 2411 Animal Político 2210 A regional or local newspaper 2415 Website of a city newspaper 2211 229 Weekly use Imagen News Reforma por Internet 2113 TV, radio & print Reforma 2013 TV Azteca news online 208 More than 3 days per week Excelsior 1912 UnoTV online 1018 TV, radio & print Radio Fórmula News 189 Televisa news online 176 Weekly use El Financiero 137 El Financiero online 1017 online brands Canal 22 News 137 Proceso online 169 More than 3 days per week BBC News 126 148 online brands Imagen news online Other local radio news 115 Radio Fórmula news online 146 Other local television news 116 BBC News online 147 El de México 106 El Economista online 138

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 62% 34% 71% 74% 43% (-3) (+1) (-1) (+4) (-2)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 45% (incl. social media) 13% 20% (-6) 90% (+4) (-4) (-1)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Our survey shows that trust in THIS BRAND News overall Aristegui Noticias 7.65 8.67 the news is relatively high in News I use Mexico. Television is the most El Universal 7.1 7.57 popular medium with both 49% (-) El Financiero 7.07 7.7 advertisers and the public. 13th/37 53% El Economista 7.01 7.96 However, the print brands tend Reforma 6.94 7.63 to score better on trust, along Canal 22 6.91 7.82 with the digital-born Aristegui Radio Fórmula Noticias 6.83 7.5 Noticies. News in search News in social Imagen Noticias 6.73 7.49 UnoTV 6.47 7.24 50% 40% SinEmbargo 6.17 7.58 PAY TV Azteca Noticias 5.9 7.02 Televisa Noticias 5.11 6.5

17% (-1) (10th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 59% 1 Facebook 61% (-2) 78% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 37% (-2) 80%

3 WhatsApp 35% (+1) 77% 26% (-1) 4 Twitter 23% (-) 40% 41% (20th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 15% (-1) 54% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 8% (-) 34% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 124 124 / 125

Asia Pacific Section 3 3.31 Australia 126 3.32 Hong Kong 128 Analysis by Country 3.33 Japan 130 3.34 Malaysia 132 3.35 Singapore 134 3.36 South Korea 136 Asia Pacific 3.37 Taiwan 138 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 126

STATISTICS AUSTRALIA Population 25m Internet penetration 88%

Australia’s media landscape has undergone a period of significant transformation over the past year. Outdated media regulations have been scrapped, US media giant CBS has entered the local TV market, and inquiries are being held into the impact of digital platforms on media competition and the future of public interest journalism. The ABC has also been under Online, an increase in the number of After more than a decade of debate, organisational and political pressure. publications has led to mixed results. outdated media ownership laws have been A major restructure has removed the After three years, HuffPost ended its joint overhauled to reflect the digital environment. traditional demarcation between television venture with Fairfax media, resulting The changes involved scrapping the ‘75% and radio, with content creation now in the redundancy of 30 staff, who have reach rule’ which prevented one organisation organised around general themes of news, moved to other news organisations and from broadcasting to more than three- entertainment, and regional/rural. The start-ups. In contrast, quarters of population, changes have led to additional regional has experienced a period of strong growth. and removing the ‘2 out of 3 rule’ which reporters and a boost to podcasting, but In response to a membership drive, the prohibited ownership of television, radio, have also meant cuts to late-night news organisation expanded its paying supporter and newspapers by a single proprietor in programming. The national broadcaster base to 33,000. This success might partly one region. The reforms were welcomed has also been in the spotlight for explain an increase in the number of by the media industry, but critics warn perceived anti-government and liberal Australians paying for online news from concentration of ownership could increase bias which has led to concerns about the 13% in 2017 to 20% this year. further. government exerting political pressure and undermining editorial independence. Advertising continues to shift away from Concern about the health of the news media print to online, which now makes up 50% of in Australia has been the subject of two Contrary to concerns about increased ad spend, the majority of which is going to separate inquiries. The Australian Consumer concentration of media ownership, the major platforms Google and Facebook. and Competition Commission is looking into US media giant CBS bought the failed ’s media survey tells us there the impact of Google and Facebook (plus commercial Ten Network, which had gone has also been a large increase in mobile other search engines and platforms) on the into administration. The arrival of CBS is advertising with ads on social media now supply of news and journalistic content and expected to boost Ten’s subscription video- rivalling TV in impact on buyer decisions. the implications for media content creators, on-demand (SVOD) presence, and there advertisers, and consumers. are hopes the company will also invest in The majority (82%) are now using online news and current affairs which have been sources for news, and 52% accessing social A Senate Committee Inquiry into the savagely cut at the network. media sources. Even so, just 24% of news Future of Public Interest Journalism also consumers trust social media. In contrast considered ways the government could Print publications have had another trust in news overall has risen to 50%. maintain a strong media sector. The inquiry difficult year. Newspaper print circulations recommended the government examine continue to fall, with a 10% drop across tax deductibility of news subscriptions, and the board in the 12 months to November Caroline Fisher extending deductible gift recipient status 2017. However, combined readership News and Media Research Centre, University to not-for-profit news media organisations. figures across online and print present a of Canberra The inquiry also called for an audit of more stable picture, suggesting readers national security and laws are shifting from print to online editions. which limit free reporting, improving After a failed crowdfunding campaign, media literacy in schools, and maintaining the independent children’s newspaper adequate funding for the two public Crinkling News shut down. Bauer Media broadcasters – Australian Broadcasting ceased production of three of its smaller Corporation (ABC) and the Special magazine titles, and Australia Broadcasting Service (SBS). also closed. 126 / 127

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE Channel 7 news 1441 ABC News online 2610 ABC News (public broadcaster) 4014 News.com.au 2610 Channel 9 news 3613 nine.com.au 239 TOP BRANDS Channel TEN news 2410 Yahoo!7 176 % Weekly usage A regional or local newspaper 2315 Morning Herald 167 SBS news 199 BBC News online 145 146 Weekly use BBC News Daily Telegraph online 126 TV, radio & print Herald Sun 147 BuzzFeed News 116 At least 3 days per week Sydney Morning Herald 125 Herald Sun online 115 TV, radio & print Daily Telegraph 126 Regional or local newspaper website 116 Weekly use CNN 115 The Australian 105 online brands The Australian 116 CNN.com 104 At least 3 days per week WIN Television 114 105 online brands The Age online Sky News 115 Sky News online 95 Prime7 105 HuPost 69 The Age 105 Channel TEN news online 48 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 The shift to online79% and mobile OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% is being mirrored 74%in news 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet consumption. 58%59%79% of news 82% 78% 74% 50% 79%74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone consumers are using their 66%74% 59%74% 65% 39% 60% 58% 36% 66% Print Computer smartphones to access news, 66% 55% 50% 59% 52% 52% 20% 50% 50% TV 51% overtaking50% computer and 39% 38% 36% tablets for the first time. Two 39% 36% 30% 0% 36% thirds (66%) continue 20%2013 to watch2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 27% 20% TV news. 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE There has been a significant THIS BRAND News overall ABC News 7.23 7.7 increase in general trust in News I use news from 42% in 2017 to SBS News 7.1 7.77 50%, but trust in social media 50% (+8) Australian Financial Review 6.86 8.22 for news is low at 24%. This 11th/37 55% The Australian 6.66 7.64 possibly reflects a growing Channel 9 News 6.62 7.2 awareness of a distinction The Age 6.56 7.59 between quality journalism Channel 7 News 6.56 7.17 and ‘fake news’. News in search News in social Sydney Morning Herald 6.51 7.45 Sky News 6.31 7.64 39% 24% Guardian online 6.31 7.61 Herald Sun 6.23 7.42 PAY Daily Telegraph 6.09 7.19 HuPost 5.9 7.01 BuzzFeed News 5.43 6.26 Junkee 5.27 6.92 20% (+7) (5th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 39% 1 Facebook 41% (+2) 68% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 20% (+5) 57%

3 Facebook Messenger 11% (+3) 47% 30% (+6) 4 Twitter 10% (+2) 18% 25% (12th/37) use an 5 WhatsApp 10% (+3) 22% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 9% (+5) 28% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 128

STATISTICS HONG KONG Population 7.4m Internet penetration 87%

Chinese money continues to exert influence in Hong Kong’s news landscape as two prominent television broadcasters are the latest to come under the ownership of individuals and businesses that have substantive connections with Mainland .

Shifts in advertising revenue continue to have large repercussions on the Hong Kong media landscape. Between 2013 and paper to gather public views on its proposal of staff due to cash flow problems, while 2016, advertising revenue for TV and paid to liberalise broadcasting laws and loosen the English-language newspapers fell 13% and 32% respectively restrictions on cross-media ownership, conducts a funding drive every year through while online media increased 49%.119 Some which were put in place originally in 1964 to crowdsourcing. Sources of funding for other brands have adjusted to the trend better prevent a single entity controlling different brands are less transparent, however, and than others. TVB continues to maintain its sectors of the media industry. If enacted, there is some speculation that Chinese virtual monopoly on free TV news and has newspapers, advertising agencies, and money is also making its way into some of effectively expanded its presence online. other media companies could acquire TV the online-only brands. Similarly, Apple Daily has an innovative licences and have their own stations, which Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) ceased multimedia motion news format that the government hopes would lead to more its digital radio transmissions in September makes it the only established brand where innovation and investment in the sector. 2017, which marked the end of the short- usage of the online edition (39%) is higher With the exception of Yahoo! News (39%), lived and unprofitable digital radio era than the print edition (26%). almost all the popular online brands are in Hong Kong that at one point had four However, even TVB and Apple Daily are digital versions of established media stations offering 18 digital channels. suffering from declining revenues and outlets. Online alternative news brands Whilst the decision was expected, most profits. It is no surprise then that other including Bastille Post and news and commentary focused on the legacy media institutions are facing even maintain their popularity by targeting niche public broadcaster’s decision to end its bigger challenges. For example, paid TV audience tastes, such as soft news and 24-hour relay of the BBC World Service provider i-CABLE barely managed to politics, respectively. that had been broadcast since 1978 on stave off bankruptcy in 2017 as a group of its analogue channel, to make room for Established in 2016, HK01.com operates investors injected new funds to maintain the state-run Mandarin China National an online news site and a weekly print its operations, which helped save 2,000 Radio that was previously relayed through newspaper. It is currently by far the largest jobs in the process. The presence of two the digital channel. Earlier in the year, online news brand in terms of number of minority investors from RTHK also replaced the broadcast of the journalists hired, reportedly in the 400–700 in the group also raised some concerns on Chinese government’s English-language range, and has quickly established its the increasing amount of Chinese money channel (CCTV-9) in favour of its flagship reputation, appearing in the latest DNR for in Hong Kong’s media industries and its Chinese-language channel (CCTV-1). This the first time (17%) and surpassing other potential impact on editorial independence means that none of the three RTHK TV more established brands. and the broadcasting of news and opinion channels currently have dedicated English programming despite the government’s that is negative or critical towards China. Online alternative news brands finally gained ‘biliterate and trilingual’ language policy The same concerns were raised again when some formal recognition as the government that emphasises proficiency in English, it was later reported that TVB was owned decided to allow journalists from online-only , and Mandarin. by a Mainland Chinese tycoon through news outlets to obtain press credentials a complex web of cross holdings among to attend government press conferences different companies. and media events. Nevertheless, financial viability is a perennial challenge due to the Michael Chan, Hsuan-Ting Chen, Recognising the challenges faced by the lack of revenue. In April 2017, Initium Media and Francis Lee broadcasting sector, the government in reportedly had to lay off a large number Chinese University of Hong Kong February 2018 released a consultation

119 Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, HKSAR Government, ‘Review of Television and Sound Broadcasting Regulatory Regimes’ – Consultation Paper. 128 / 129

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TVB 7212 TVB News online 418 4311 Apple Daily online 398 RTHK(Public Broadcaster) 3012 Yahoo! News 3911 TOP BRANDS AM730 299 Headline Daily online 299 % Weekly usage Apple Daily 267 Oriental online 206 NowTV 2610 RTHK news online 196 258 Weekly use Sky Post AM730 online 197 TV, radio & print 218 Now TV news online 187 More than 3 days per week Metro Daily 198 Hk01.com 178 TV, radio & print Commercial Radio 176 Sky Post online 155 Weekly use i-CABLE 145 Bastillepost 159 online brands 114 Metro Daily online 126 More than 3 days per week BBC News 115 114 online brands Ming Pao online CNN 104 Commercial Radio 114 105 Stand News online 106 Hong Kong Economic Times 104 BBC News online 93

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 76% 30% 59% 72% 47% (+2) (+1) (-1) (+5) (+10)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 46% (incl. social media) 6% 25% (-2) 83% (-) (-1) (-1)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in individual media THIS BRAND News overall RTHK 6.78 7.47 outlets is neither surprisingly News I use high nor low. The most popular Now TV 6.7 7.27 online-only outlets such as 45% (+3) Cable TV 6.63 7.33 HK01.com and Bastille Post 17th/37 49% Commercial Radio 6.51 7.2 enjoy low levels of trust when Ming Pao 6.47 6.93 compared to other long- AM730 6.33 6.81 established media brands. Yahoo! News 6.27 6.74 News in search News in social Headline Daily 6.19 6.71 TVB 6.15 6.42 34% 26% Sing Tao Daily 6.14 6.96 PAY Oriental Daily News 5.86 6.64 Stand News 5.63 6.56 Bastillepost 5.63 6.01 Apple Daily 5.6 6.33 20% (-1) HK01 5.6 6.18 (5th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 48% 1 Facebook 56% (+2) 81% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 38% (-2) 83%

3 WeChat 15% (+1) 52% 20% (+3) 4 Instagram 9% (+2) 37% 25% (35th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (+2) 34% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Line 6% (+2) 23% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 130

STATISTICS JAPAN Population 127m Internet penetration 93%

The Japanese media market is characterised by strong, high- circulation newspapers and by five national television networks, including licence fee-funded public broadcaster NHK. Online news is dominated by Yahoo!, which mainly aggregates other news sources but has started to produce more original content.

Japanese newspapers still sell over 40m It is striking that while NHK and Nikkei Japan’s top online news source, Yahoo! copies each day, among the highest rates are the two news brands with the highest Japan, is increasing its original news in the world, with around 0.75 copies per trust levels in our survey, Asahi was the content, alongside its news aggregation household. The largest print circulation lowest of five major dailies including the platform. Masayuki Takada, an remains the conservative Yomiuri very conservative Sankei Shimbun. In investigative reporter-turned-academic, Shimbun’s 8.56m, followed by 6.26m for the recent years, the liberal has joined as advisory editor. It has been liberal Asahi Shimbun, but total circulation been criticised by politicians from both publishing stories about autism, has 120 continues to fall by around 1m a year. the ruling conservative Liberal Democratic covered schools for ethnic minorities, and Party and right-leaning media. Prime reported on bullying against a government Japanese newspapers’ digital shift is led Minister Shinzo Abe wrote on Facebook employee with a developmental disorder. by the economic daily Nikkei (Nihon Keizai about Asahi’s reaction to an alleged Meanwhile, online financial news service Shimbun, or Japan Economic Daily), which error: ‘It’s pitiful. A miserable excuse NewsPicks announced that it has 60,000 purchased the Financial Times in 2015. For just like Asahi. It’s all expected.’ On a paying subscribers. A free aggregation its growing 558,900 digital subscribers, the different occasion, another conservative app, SmartNews, has been downloaded Nikkei recently changed its policy to publish Diet member, Yasushi Adachi, tweeted: 25m times, while the messaging service exclusive stories online first. ‘Evening Scoops’ ‘Asahi, you shall die’, while right-leaning Line, which is dominant in Japan with 73m are now regularly sent to digital devices magazines publish headlines like ‘We monthly active users, provides news stories at 6pm every day, instead of in the small have to shut down Asahi’. Further analysis through mobile phones. hours. This is a clear shift in strategy towards shows that Asahi’s weaker trust is partly a prioritising the interests of online readers. result of high levels of distrust from these Uniquely across all the countries in this report, Facebook (22%) in Japan is only Asahi Shimbun operates a metered paywall vocal and partisan critics on the right. the fourth most popular social network, and has also been investing in new brands: After this year’s survey was conducted, behind YouTube (51%), Twitter (27%), and Withnews is a youth-orientated website Asahi published a series of exposés which Line (27%). In terms of news, Japanese that aims to provide a different range of rocked the government and slashed Prime also prefer Twitter (12%) to Facebook stories, a more visual style, and greater Minister Abe’s approval rating. The impact (9%), partly because they often feel interaction with reporters. WebRonza is not reflected in this year’s survey. uncomfortable with using real names provides expert articles by academics, Fact-checking arrived in Japan in 2017. A online. Local video-sharing site Niconico is analysts, business executives, and Asahi’s coalition of digital start-ups and media also gaining popularity (+3) partly because veteran journalists. Huffpost Japan is also analysts, FactCheck Initiative Japan (FCJ), it allows user comments to be overlaid affiliated with Asahi. launched a project to verify assertions in directly on videos, creating a sense of a Another big national daily, Mainichi the general election campaign in October. shared experience. Shimbun, has launched an ‘integrated It is unusual in that it uses experts and digital reporting centre’ focusing on digital- citizens to check both politicians’ remarks and media stories. The coalition has both first publishing. Yomiuri keeps its print Yasuomi Sawa liberal and conservative outlets on board. edition bundled with online subscription Journalist, and former Reuters FCJ, funded by public donation, is run by packages, one factor that may have helped Institute Journalist Fellow the paper keep its headline 8m circulation. journalists and academics.

120 http://www.pressnet.or.jp/english/data/circulation/circulation01.php 130 / 131

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE NHK news (public broadcaster) 5713 Yahoo! News 516 Nippon TV news 3915 NHK news online 196 TV Asahi news 3914 Nippon TV news online 115 TOP BRANDS TBS news 3715 TV Asahi news online 115 % Weekly usage Fuji TV news 3415 TBS news online 115 Regional or local newspaper 214 Fuji TV news online 105 189 Weekly use TV news Nikkei online (Japan Economic Daily) 103 TV, radio & print Asahi Shimbun 153 Asahi Shimbun online 49 At least 3 days per week Yomiuri Shimbun 144 MSN News 83 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 136 Commercial radio news online 62 Weekly use Nikkei ( Japan Economic Daily) 113 Nikkei Business online 63 online brands 62 TV Tokyo news online 63 At least 3 days per week CNN 2 5 63 online brands Sankei Shimbun online Sankei Shimbun 1 5 Yomiuri Shimbun online 63 Weekly Bunshun 4 5 Mainichi Shimbun onine 2 5 BBC News 2 4 Toyo Keizai online 3 5 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2013–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2013–18 News consumption79% is down OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% across the board this74% year, with 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 85% TV worst affected. Weekly 74% 50% 79%74% TV 71% Smartphone reach for TV news has fallen by 69% 66%74% 68% 59%74% 39% 63% 36% 65% Print Computer 4 points since 2013 while 66% 50% 59% 59% 20% 50% 50% Online (incl. Social) readers of 50%print newspapers 39% 36% have dropped 26 points to 37%. 39% 37% 37% 0% 20 13 20%2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 36% 20% 17% 21% 19% 0% 9% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 6% 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Japanese have traditionally had THIS BRAND News overall NHK news 6.23 6.73 high trust in authority, but a News I use series of high-profile mistakes Nikkei (Japan Economic Daily) 6.08 6.83 by news media have affected 43% (-) A Local Newspaper 5.87 6.45 general trust (43%). Television 19th/37 43% Nippon TV (NTV) news 5.86 6.37 brands and local newspapers TBS news 5.78 6.31 tend to be most trusted while Yomiuri Shimbun 5.76 6.45 tabloid-style weekly magazines TV Asahi news 5.7 6.26 are least trusted. News in search News in social Sankei Shimbun 5.68 6.51 Fuji TV news 5.64 6.24 25% 20% Mainichi Shimbun 5.63 6.26 Asahi Shimbun 5.35 6.27 PAY Hu Post Japan Edition 5.26 5.95 BuzzFeed Japan 5.15 5.76 Weekly Shincho 4.88 5.85 Weekly Bunshun 4.63 5.92 10% (-1) (26th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 13% 1 YouTube 19% (+2) 51% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 Twitter 12% (-) 27%

3 Line 9% (-4) 27% 17% (+4) 4 Facebook 9% (-) 22% 8% (36th/37) use an 5 Niconico 4% (+3) 15% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 2% (-) 12% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 132

STATISTICS MALAYSIA Population 32m Internet penetration 78%

After decades of authoritarian rule by one coalition, the unexpected General Election outcome of 9 May has thrown up numerous possibilities – many positive – for the media environment in Malaysia.

Even before the latest political upheavals, the past year has seen major media organisations, mainly print and broadcasting, suffering substantial losses. Media Prima, Malaysia’s biggest media There still appears a reluctance on the maximum jail term of six years and a fine of conglomerate, reported a loss in 2017 part of consumers to pay for online news, a MYR500,000 (approximately US $128,000). – MYR669 million (approximately US problem facing organisations like the news 121 $172m). portal and The Malaysian No one was under any illusions – not even Insight, a site which suddenly suspended the then government – that the reason for Media Prima owns all four of the free- operations but plans to start a subscription the law wasn’t essentially political. As media to-air commercial television stations in service. academic Gayathry Venkiteswaran has put it: Malaysia and two national dailies, the English-language and the Trust remains an important issue. The ‘ For most observers, the obvious reason . Circulations recently defeated Barisan Nasional behind this rushed law is to keep the of these once-popular newspapers have government was affected by the scandals scandalous 1Malaysia Development Berhad continued to fall, for two main reasons. and alleged cover-ups and the media’s (1MDB) wealth fund and other financial ability to report these issues fairly is also in misappropriations out of the electorate’s The first is politics. They were openly question. Less than a third (30%) of those focus. This is a punitive law that fails to aligned and strongly supportive of the polled have trust in news overall. provide any clarity on the meaning or former Prime Minister, , at a parameters of ‘fake news’, but criminalises a time when he was embroiled in one major There appears to be greater trust in what are wide array of speech online and offline’.122 financial scandal after another. This made perceived as international media as opposed Media Prima’s media properties increasingly to local, with Yahoo! News being the most But all this seems to have changed since unpopular among Malaysians. Just a little trusted brand. This has much to do with the 9 May. The new Pakatan Harapan (PH) over a week after the BN regime lost the structures and patterns of media ownership government has promised to review, if not elections, Media Prima’s group chairman and control. There are some brands that remove, the AFNL, together with other resigned, following in the footsteps of buck this trend. Malaysiakini (44% reach) coercive laws. It has already established directors from other media companies. has maintained its reputation for providing high-level committees headed by respected independent news and continues to retain individuals to spearhead much-needed The second cause of newspaper woe is the trust of many Malaysians, especially reforms. It may be early days yet, but the digital. The rising popularity and increasing those tired of propaganda. actions of the new administration do point availability of digital online news portals towards a more open environment and a and social media have seen the migration ‘Fake news’ as an issue for the media shifted more vocal media. of traditional audiences to the web. The very quickly, over just a couple of months, number of people using online news from being the subject of a comment by Zaharom Nain sources increased by 3 points, and those Najib to becoming an Act of Parliament. Centre for the Study of Communications using social media for news increased by 5. On 2 April the anti-’fake news’ Law (AFNL) and Culture, University of In contrast those relying on print fell by 4. was passed just in time for the general Malaysia Campus election. The law was hastily drawn up with Smartphones are now the most popular way no feedback from opposition parties, media for people to access digital news. Indeed, professionals, academics, or civil society. while it has not been clearly established yet, It was rushed through parliament with it appears that social media played a key only five opposition MPs being allowed to role in putting across the messages of the voice their opinions. It consists of a vague, then PH opposition during the short election general definition of what constitutes ‘fake campaign period. news’ and yet allows for tough penalties – a

121 https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/02/23/media-prima-posts-quarterly-net-loss-of-rm3782mil 122 Gayathry Venkiteswaran, ‘All the news that’s fit to fake’, New Mandala, 2018: http://www.newmandala.org/news-thats-fit-fake 132 / 133

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TV3 4915 Malaysiakini 4419 The Star 3113 The Star online 329 Awani 2914 Berita Harian online 2410 TOP BRANDS TV9 2711 online 238 % Weekly usage Harian Metro 2613 .com 2317 NTV7 2511 Yahoo! News 2310 2413 Weekly use Berita Harian CNN.com 1221 TV, radio & print Radio Televisyen Malaysia 219 207 More than 3 days per week Sinar Harian 2011 Malaysia Today 1912 TV, radio & print 1018 Siakap Keli News 198 Weekly use CNN 189 Free Malaysia Today 1018 online brands 8TV 189 BBC News online 179 More than 3 days per week Kosmo 1016 177 online brands Utusan online New Straits Times 169 The Malaysian Insight 128 BBC News 157 NST online 115 Al-Hijrah 148 The Sun Daily 105

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 57% 26% 72% 77% 56% (+3) (+5) (+12) (+11)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 41% (incl. social media) 18% 18% (-4) 89% (-) (+3)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Less than a third of our THIS BRAND News overall Yahoo! News 6.12 6.61 Malaysian sample agree that News I use they trust the news (30%) most 6.05 7.03 of the time. This relates to 30% (+1) The Star 6.03 6.29 perceptions that independence 34th/37 34% Malaysiakini 6.02 6.57 is often compromised by NTV7 5.79 6.56 powerful business or political Malaysia Today 5.77 6.34 interests. Borneo Post 5.75 6.59 News in search News in social Radio Televisyen Malaysia 5.48 6.5 Harian Metro 5.4 6.37 30% 21% Siakap Keli News 5.17 6.14 PAY TV3 News 4.93 5.71 Utusan Malaysia 4.84 6.09

18% (-2) (7th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 57% 1 Facebook 64% (+6) 82% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 54% (+3) 82%

3 YouTube 33% (+7) 72% 28% (+1) 4 Instagram 17% (+4) 45% 30% (16th/37) use an 5 Twitter 13% (+3) 25% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Facebook Messenger 12% (+1) 36% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 134

STATISTICS SINGAPORE Population 5.8m Internet penetration 84%

Digital news sites and social media serve as Singapore’s primary sources of news, with three-quarters of the population accessing news through smartphones. Trust in the news slightly increased compared with last year, as media and government initiatives to combat ‘fake news’ dominated the headlines. commentaries, actively participating in Aside from Today ceasing its print Almost half of our online sample (47%) conferences, and publishing opinion pieces publication, the local news media scene say they trust the news in Singapore – up on the issue. The Straits Times, the country’s also saw the closure of The Middle Ground 5 percentage points on last year. Higher paper of record, experienced ‘fake news’ (TMG) in November 2017. Founded in 2015, trust may partly be related to the recent first-hand, after a photoshopped version this alternative news site provided news announcement by the Singapore government of its Facebook post about the King of reports and political commentary. It heavily that it was going to tackle the problem of Thailand went viral in December 2016.124 relied on donations and closed due to ‘fake news’. In January 2018, the government financial difficulties. formed a select committee to address The Straits Times is published by the ‘deliberate falsehoods online’, citing the Singapore (SPH), one of Online, CNA’s website is the most rise in ‘fake news’ across many countries the two main legacy media organisations frequently used (46%) followed by and Singapore’s vulnerability given its high in Singapore. SPH also publishes most of The Straits Times’ website (45%). News internet penetration rates and its population’s Singapore’s local newspapers, including aggregator Yahoo! News comes third (36%). cultural and racial diversity. The committee Chinese-language Lianhe Zaobao, Malay- Today is ranked fourth (26%) followed by invited the public to submit written language Berita Harian, and Tamil-language the alternative site Mothership (23%). BBC representations and also spoke with experts Tamil Murasu. The Straits Times’ average News online is ranked sixth (20%) followed during televised hearings in March 2018. daily combined print and digital circulation by STOMP (19%), a user-generated content decreased from 393,300 in 2016 to 383,600 site run by The Straits Times. The government already has an extensive in 2017 mainly due to the decrease in system of media regulation. The Newspaper print circulation.125 Digital circulation Among social media platforms, WhatsApp and Printing Presses Act governs the actually increased from 116,200 in 2016 to gained more ground, with 42% saying they licensing of newspaper companies while 120,400 in 2017. However, SPH laid off 130 use it for news, up from 38% last year. the Broadcasting Act regulates the employees in October 2017. Our data show Facebook is still a dominant player, but it licensing of broadcasting services as well weekly print readership decreasing from decreased from 55% last year to 52% this as internet content providers, including 53% in 2017 to 43% in 2018 as readership year. The use of WhatsApp, a closed social online news sites. Starting in 2013, the shifts further online. media and messaging app, is particularly government introduced a new framework noteworthy amid the discussions on that required individual licensing for online While Singaporeans also get their news ‘fake news’, as ‘fake news’ being exchanged news sites that publish regular articles on from international news organisations, SPH among friends is harder to track than Singapore news and current affairs, and and the news brands owned by MediaCorp that being posted on more public apps have large numbers of monthly visitors. remain the two key local players. Among such as Facebook. Licensed sites are required to remove traditional brands, The Straits Times is the content that is in breach of content most frequently used (51%), followed by Channel News Asia (CNA, 41%), standards, such as pornographic, extremist, Edson C. Tandoc Jr. MediaCorp’s round-the-clock news TV or racially insensitive content, within 24 Wee Kim Wee School of Communication channel. The company also publishes hours and post a performance bond of SGD and Information, Nanyang Technological Today, which started as a free paper in 50,000 (US $38,000), similar to the bond University, Singapore requirement for television broadcasters.123 November 2000 but became fully digital in October 2017. During its peak, Today News media organisations in Singapore reached a readership of 730,000 in 2012. have also started their own initiatives to address ‘fake news’, inviting experts to write

123 https://www.gov.sg/factually/content/what-is-the-licensing-framework-for-online-news-sites-all-about 124 http://www.theindependent.sg/st-investigating-facebook-post-of-president-tan-inviting-new-thai-king-to-eat- 125 http://sph.listedcompany.com/misc/SPH-AR2017.pdf 134 / 135

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE The Straits Times 1651 Channel News Asia online 4615 MediaCorp Channel News Asia 4116 Straits Times online 4513 MediaCorp Channel 8 news 3212 Yahoo! News 3613 TOP BRANDS MediaCorp Channel 3214 Today online 2612 % Weekly usage The New Paper 2310 Mothership.sg 2314 CNN 178 BBC News online 209 155 Weekly use BBC News STOMP 1019 TV, radio & print MediaCorp Radio News 135 CNN.com 178 More than 3 days per week Lianhe Zaobao 49 All Singapore Stu 1017 TV, radio & print Lianhe Wanbao 85 AsiaOne.com 157 Weekly use Shin Min Daily 47 The Online Citizen 149 online brands MediaCorp Suria Berita 2 5 BuzzFeed News 138 More than 3 days per week Other newspapers or broadcast news channels 3 5 117 online brands from outside Singapore Hu Post A regional or local newspaper 3 4 The Independent 107 Berita Harian 1 3 TNP online 83 MediaCorp Tamil Seithi 2 New York Times online 48

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 55% 27% 63% 80% 60% (-2) (-) (+2) (+8) (+8)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 43% (incl. social media) 9% 22% (-10) 87% (-1) (+1) (+2)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Almost half of our online THIS BRAND News overall BBC News 7.18 7.61 sample (47%) say they trust News I use the news in Singapore. By MediaCorp Channel News Asia 7.18 7.59 contrast, only a fifth (20%) say 47% (+5) MediaCorp news 7.03 7.49 they trust the news in social 15th/37 51% The Straits times 7.01 7.27 media, even as its use as a CNN 6.97 7.41 news source has grown by 2 MediaCorp Channel 8 news 6.95 7.43 percentage points (63%). MediaCorp Radio News 6.82 7.55 News in search News in social Lianhe Zaobao 6.49 7.26 Yahoo! News 6.26 6.75 32% 20% The New Paper 6.22 6.9 PAY Shin Min Daily 5.97 6.76 HuPost 5.93 6.54 Mothership.sg 5.24 5.76 The Online Citizen 5.16 5.96 16% (-) All Singapore Stu 5.1 5.66 (11th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 47% 1 Facebook 52% (-3) 77% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 WhatsApp 42% (+4) 86%

3 YouTube 25% (+1) 74% 26% (+2) 4 Instagram 11% (+2) 48% 17% (20th/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (+1) 38% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 LinkedIn 6% (+2) 24% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 136

STATISTICS SOUTH KOREA Population 51m Internet penetration 93%

Digital technology has significantly disrupted the media landscape in South Korea, as home-grown portals have become the leading destination for news, eroding the business models of traditional media companies.

South Korea is one of the countries where online news consumption (84%) surpasses TV news (74%) with online news access largely controlled by giant domestic The way in which these platforms The Korea Communications Commission platforms such as Naver (65%) and Daum recommend news on their portals (using (KCC) announced its willingness to take (38%), which function both as onsite news human editors) has been questioned over regulatory action against ‘fake news’, but aggregators and search engines as well as possible bias and occasional manipulation. has done little so far because of concerns providing email and shopping services. Daum In an international conference hosted that this could curtail freedom of speech also operates the leading social network by Korea Press Foundation, Naver said and expression. Enhanced transparency of and chat apps in South Korea (Kakao Story their recommendation systems would information sources, fact-check journalism, and Kakao Talk) while Naver owns Band and soon completely rely on computerised and digital information literacy are created the popular messaging app Line. algorithms. Naver also went on to considered more realistic and desirable promise to open up their news algorithms approaches. But these powerful platforms are coming to public scrutiny. Meanwhile, the under increasing pressure to do more to help Korea Press Foundation continues to When it comes to individual brands, top the news industry. Both Naver and Daum develop an ‘independent’ public news broadcast channels tend to be more operate differently to Facebook in that they recommendation algorithm. trusted than top newspaper brands. Among pay publishers tens of millions of dollars each broadcast channels, cable channels such as year for access to content126 while restricting Among the social platforms, YouTube JTBC and YTN tend to be more trusted than platform access to ‘approved’ publishers. (+7 percentage points) is becoming more public broadcasting services (KBS and MBC). Eligibility is decided by the Committee for popular, while the growth of Facebook is the Evaluation of News Partnership, which stagnant. Three-quarters (78%) reported The policies and measures to strengthen is made up of representatives from industry that they watched online news videos in the independence and impartiality of and media associations. last week, while more than half (58%) said public broadcasting services have been that they listened to podcasts at least once actively discussed since 2017. Public In 2017, Naver announced that, in addition a month. Blurring the boundaries between broadcasting services are encountering to these content fees, they would start professional and amateur journalism, digital challenges, because fewer younger paying a share of advertising revenues podcasts are gaining an increasing audience people watch TV news. Newspapers that appear around news content. in South Korea. Kakao Talk, the most are still struggling to adapt to the They also said that they would create a popular messaging app, also serves as a digital environment. Amid plummeting readers’ fund called PLUS (Press Linked channel through which news and political newspaper subscriptions and ad revenues, User Support) so that Naver users could information are shared and spread among they have yet to find a way toward a help fund individual journalists or news its users (39%). sustainable future. Digital subscription organisations of their choice. Naver has also strategy is difficult to implement in South set up a series of joint ventures with news The rise of social platforms has prompted Korea due to widely available free news organisations such as mobile websites and concerns about disinformation and ‘fake on portal sites and social platforms, apps around services such as job search, news’. Trust in news overall (25%) was which also take the majority of digital ad travel, movie, finance, education, and lowest among 37 countries, and trust revenues. Only around one in ten (11%) say . Meanwhile, Kakao (linked to in news on social media (19%) was even they have paid for any online news in the Daum) launched a ‘Storyfunding’ service lower. South Korean audiences are equally last year. Although it may be impossible by which users can donate money to concerned about poor journalism (60%) without institutional endorsement and citizen journalists, civic organisations, and and fabricated stories (61%). They also feel readers’ participation, interest in not-for- investigative reporters. that media companies (79%), platforms profit journalism as an alternative model is (77%), and government (73%) should do on the rise. more to separate what is real and what is fake on the internet.

126 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/naver-news-ad-revenue/547412 136 / 137

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE JTBC news 6014 Naver 659 KBS news (public broadcaster) 4615 Daum 3810 YTN news 4617 JTBC news online 317 TOP BRANDS SBS news 4217 YTN news online 239 % Weekly usage MBC news 3414 KBS news online 197 Yonhap TV news 2812 SBS news online 166 209 Weekly use MBN news Chosun Ilbo online 157 TV, radio & print TV Chosun news 2010 MBC news online 146 More than 3 days per week Chosun Ilbo 198 Joongang Ilbo online 127 TV, radio & print Channel A news 199 Hankyoreh Shinmun online 117 Weekly use Joongang Ilbo 1811 TV Chosun news online 115 online brands Dong-a Ilbo 138 Nate news 114 More than 3 days per week Hankyoreh Shinmun 128 106 online brands OhMyNews Maeil Business Newspaper 104 Yonhap News online 105 Kyunghyang Shinmun 69 Dong-a Ilbo online 95 Regional or local newspaper 68 MBN news online 49 TV Print OnlineTV (incl. social media) TVPrintSocial media * CHANGING100% MEDIA SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–18 PrintOnline (incl. social media) 2016–18 Koreans have been79% some of the OnlineSocial media (incl. social media) 100% 74% fastest to adopt new74% mobile 100% Social media 100% 100% 66% Social Tablet 59%79% 86% technologies in our survey, with 74% 84% 50% 74% Online (inc. social) Smartphone 79% 74% 70% 70% saying they use 71% 66%74% 66% 59%74% 39% 67% 36% Print Computer smartphones for news. This is 66% 60% 50% 59% 20% 50% 50% TV not surprising50% given that 39% 36% is one of the country’s 32% 39% 29% 0% 36% biggest and most 20%successful2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 28%2018 36% 25% 20% 14% 20% 12% companies.0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% 0% 0% 20 13 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018

* 2018 computer data may be overstated – see methodology for more information

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Trust in news is amongst the THIS BRAND News overall JTBC 6.79 7.51 lowest in our survey at 25%, News I use but almost half (46%) said that YTN 5.97 6.63 they neither trust nor distrust 25% (+2) SBS 5.77 6.42 news. These results imply that 37th/37 29% Yonhap News 5.56 6.4 a majority of Korean audiences KBS (Public Broadcaster) 5.45 6.29 are uncertain about the quality Hankyoreh Shinmun 5.41 6.74 of news overall. Kyunghyang Shinmun 5.36 6.61 News in search News in social MBC 5.34 6.06 MBN 5.19 6.36 23% 19% Ohmynews 5.07 6.5 Joongang Ilbo 5.02 6.05 PAY Channel A 4.92 6.45 Donga Ilbo 4.87 6.29 Chosun Ilbo 4.55 6.23 TV Chosun 4.55 6.34 11% (-1) (20th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 29% 1 Kakao Talk* 39% (-) 80% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 YouTube 31% (+3) 64%

3 Facebook 25% (-3) 50% 13% (+1) 4 Kakao Story* 12% (-5) 36% 19% (37th/37) use an 5 Twitter 8% (-1) 21% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Band 7% (-2) 27%

* These figures were based on a resurvey of 1006 people in April 2018 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 138

STATISTICS TAIWAN Population 23m Internet penetration 88%

Disinformation (or ‘fake news’) has spread across the Taiwan Strait from China over the last year. And Taiwan’s own competitive news media, heavily influenced by social media, have helped it spread.

In the past year, Taiwanese media have extensively covered stories about the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China sending aircraft and ships to patrol Taiwan. These stories were sparked by social media Taiwan and China confronted each other. projects, and an independent third-party accounts run by the Chinese military, This approach helped Apple Daily online verification mechanism was set up in April which released pictures and videos about attract a large number of page views but, 2018. the PLA operation that were widely shared despite this, its parent group has been within Taiwan. Before long, seven 24-hour struggling to drive revenue and had to cut The second action is to strengthen public news channels were delivering breaking staff in July 2017. As elsewhere, most digital media, something campaigners have news about the Chinese operations every advertising revenue in Taiwan goes to long called for. The culture minister has hour, using the photos and videos made Facebook and Google and few sites charge promised greater support for public by the PLA – but without having verified readers for news. media, and for its part, PTS is running an whether or not they were true. According ‘omnipresence’ project to distribute its to a later strategic analysis, the PLA has The public broadcaster, PTS, is the most content in more places. It has even been been trying to manipulate Taiwan public trusted news brand according to our suggested that as a tactic to counter opinion by using official and unofficial survey, though is used by relatively few the negative effects of social media channels to spread ‘fake news’, even people (15% via TV and 10% online). Since on journalism – loss of ad revenues, though it is unlikely to wage a real war it is subsidised by the state, it is under imposition of censorship, selling of against Taiwan.127 less commercial pressure and largely users’ data to advertisers and political abides by professional values, including parties – PTS should develop into a ‘public As shown in our survey, about three- verifying photographs published by the information platform’ of its own, as an quarters of Taiwanese use social media for PLA. Commercial operators, by contrast, alternative to existing unaccountable any purpose (primarily Facebook and Line) like TVBS (50% offline, 26% online) and social media. and more than half (56%) use them for Apple Daily (38%/31%) are more popular news. However, here as elsewhere, social but less trusted. Some commercial print Independent media are an important media platforms shoulder few, if any, social media are polarised, with the China part of the media scene in Taiwan with responsibilities. Times, for example, adopting a pro-China digital-born sites like Storm Media (19%) editorial policy as the influence of powerful and New Talk (10%), founded by well Since deregulation in the 1990s, Taiwanese Taiwanese tycoons with business interests regarded journalists, attracting dedicated media has been very competitive, with the in China grows. audiences online. The Reporter (3%) is a aforementioned seven 24-hour news cable non-profit news organisation, dedicated to channels, plus five terrestrial television To tackle Taiwan’s media problems, low trust investigative journalism. stations, four newspaper groups, as well in commercial news companies, and the as emerging digital-born news operations. weakness of public media, several actions Lihyun Lin To survive in the digital market, many have have been taken. The first has been to National Taiwan University relied increasingly on sensationalist content, establish fact-checking mechanisms. Some and have adopted stories from social media politicians considered ‘fake news’ to be a with little regard for facts or trust. danger to national security and proposed legislation, though this was abandoned Popular news websites dramatised the because of widespread concern over curbing PLA’s military operations. For example, press freedom. Instead, the government set Apple Daily presented the operations as a up a ‘rumour rebuttal’ service which runs on hyper-real film, creating animations and its agencies’ websites. Non-governmental composite photos in which the leaders of organisations have also set up fact-checking

127 For the discussions of PLA’s warfare against Taiwan, see Ying Yu Lin, ‘China’s Hybrid Warfare and Taiwan’, The Diplomat: Know the Asia-Pacific, 13 Jan. 2018: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/chinas-hybrid-warfare-and-taiwan; J. J. Kung, ‘Invisible Black Hands: Pan Blue Groups are Attacked by Contents from China’, Business Today, 27 Mar. 2018. 138 / 139

TV, RADIO AND PRINT ONLINE TVBS News 5015 Yahoo! News 5414 Eastern Broadcasting News 4215 Ettoday.net 3813 Sanlih E-Television News 3914 Apple Daily news online 1231 TOP BRANDS Apple Daily 3818 United Daily online 2712 % Weekly usage Formosa TV News 3714 TVBS News online 2610 Chung Tien News 3516 Sanlih E-Television News online 239 2713 Weekly use Times Liberty Times online 209 TV, radio & print Next TV 2410 Storm Media 1912 More than 3 days per week 239 cnYes.com 199 TV, radio & print United Daily News 2210 China Times online 189 Weekly use Unique Satellite TV News 2210 Business Weekly online 159 online brands China TV News 2210 China TV online 145 More than 3 days per week News 2210 138 online brands Common Wealth Magazine online Chinese Television System News 168 Nownews 137 Business Weekly 168 Chung Tien News Channel online 127 Public Television Service, PTS 157 Next Magazine online 116

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS TV Radio Social media Smartphone Computer 74% 21% 58% 75% 57% (-3) (-2) (+1) (+10) (+2)

Print Online Blogs Tablet 37% (incl. social media) 9% 22% (-4) 86% (-1) (+2) (-2)

TRUST DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST BRAND TRUST SCORES (0-10) ALL THOSE THAT HAVE HEARD OF BRAND ALL THOSE THAT USE Flooded with misinformation THIS BRAND News overall Public Television Service 6.73 7.62 in social media and via News I use mainstream media, Taiwanese Common Wealth Magazine 6.52 7.21 people have low trust in the 32% (+1) Business Weekly 6.31 7.21 news they use. Yet more and 32nd/37 36% TVBS news 5.85 6.24 more Taiwanese are willing to Ettoday 5.82 6.25 pay for the news they read. Central News Agency 5.79 7.07 United Daily 5.78 6.46 News in search News in social China Times 5.59 6.29 The Reporter* 5.55 n/a 31% 23% Apple Daily 5.54 6.03 PAY Formosa TV News 5.54 6.3 Chung Tien News 5.52 6.17 Storm Media 5.47 6.15 Liberty Times 5.46 6.24

(+3) * Note: No figure for users of The Reporter 18% (did not meet minimum 50 threshold) (7th/37) pay for ONLINE NEWS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING Rank Brand For news All 46% 1 Facebook 56% (+1) 74% SHARE NEWS via social or email 2 Line 53% (+8) 73%

3 YouTube 38% (+2) 73% 23% (+3) 4 PTT (bulletin board) 17% (+6) 29% 25% (31st/37) use an 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (+2) 35% COMMENT ON NEWS AD-BLOCKER via social or website 6 Instagram 7% (+4) 27% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 140 140 / 141

Section 4 Postscript and further reading

The authors welcome feedback on this report and suggestions on how to improve our work via [email protected] as well as potential partnerships and support for our ongoing work. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2018 142

OTHER RELEVANT SURVEYS, ESSAYS AND REPORTS

Marty Baron, Executive Editor, Washington Post ‘When a President Wages War on a Press at Work’, Reuters Memorial lecture, Feb. 2018 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-02/Marty%20Baron%20Reuters%20 Memorial%20Lecture%2016th%20Feb%202018.pdf

Ofcom, The Communications Market Report (Aug. 2017): https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/multi-sector-research/cmr/cmr-2017

Ofcom, International Communications Market Report (Dec. 2017): https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0032/108896/icmr-2017.pdf

Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media (2018): http://stateofthemedia.org

OTHER RELEVANT DIGITAL NEWS PROJECT PUBLICATIONS

Joy Jenkins, and Rasmus Nielsen, The Digital Transition of Local News (April 2018)

Annika Sehl, Alessio Cornia, Public Service News and Social Media (Mar. 2018)

Lucy Küng, Going Digital: A Roadmap for Organisational Disruption (Nov. 2017)

Kevin Anderson, Beyond the Article: Frontiers of Editorial and Commercial Innovation (Feb. 2017)

Lucas Graves, The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe (Nov. 2016)

Antonis Kalogeropoulos, Federica Cherubini, and Nic Newman, The Future of Online Video (June 2016)

Nic Newman, Media Journalism and Technology Predictions (Jan. 2018)

Tom Nicholls, Digital-Born News Media in Europe (Dec. 2017)

Annika Sehl, Developing Digital News in Public Service Media (Mar. 2017)

Jason Vir, Andrew Dodds (Kantar Media), Brand and Trust in a Fragmented News Environment (Oct. 2016)

Zillah Watson, VR for News: The New Reality? (Apr. 2017) 142 / 143 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism e: [email protected] w: reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk w: www.digitalnewsreport.org

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