Peter Rareş and His Visual Concept: an Ambitious Sixteenth-Century PR Campaign?

CEU eTD Collection

an Ambitiousan Sixteenth-Century PR Campaign? ş Rare Peter MA Thesis in Medieval Studies MA Medieval Thesis in Central European University

and his Visual Concept:and Teodora Artimon May 2010 Budapest

CEU eTD Collection an an Central offulfillment Europeanthe University,requirementsBudapest, partial in Ambitious Sixteenth -Century PR Campaign ş Rare Peter Thesis submitted to the Department of MedievalStudies, Accepted the conformancewith standards in CEU of the of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Stud Medieval in degree Arts of Master the of ______Chair, Examination Committee

and his Visual Concept:and Thesis Supervisor Teodora Artimon (Romania) May 20 May Examiner Examiner Budapest

ies

CEU eTD Collection an Ambitiousan Sixteenth-Century PR Campaign European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment offulfillment Europeanthe University,requirementsBudapest, partial in Central ş Rare Peter Thesis submitted to the Department of MedievalStudies, Accepted the conformancewith standards in CEU of the of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Medieval in degree Arts of Master the of ______

and his Visual Concept:and External Examiner External Teodora Artimon (Romania) Budapest May 20 May by

CEU eTD Collection

an Ambitiousan Sixteenth-Century PR Campaign Central offulfillment Europeanthe University,requirementsBudapest, partial in ş Rare Peter Thesis submitted to the Department of MedievalStudies, Accepted the conformancewith standards in CEU of the of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Medieval in degree Arts of Master the of ______

and his Visual Concept:and Teodora Artimon Supervisor (Romania) Budapest May 2010

CEU eTD Collection declare thatthe herewith present exclusively is thesis my own work, onmy based and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I and bibliography. notescredited in external information as and properly such only Artimon Teodora I, the undersigned, Budapest, 2010 May a of an higher for other education form hasinstitution anythesis beento this in submitted infringesthesis onanyperson’s or copyright. institution’s I thatnopart also declare of that nounidentified and cademic degree. cademic

illegitimate use was of the made work of others, and nopart , candidate for the MA degree in Medieval in degree MA the for candidate ______Signature

research research

Studies Studies declare declare

of the

the the

CEU eTD Collection CONCLUSION CHAPTER IV: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STRATEGY THE IV: OF THECHAPTER EFFECTIVENESS CHAPTER III: PUBLIC CHAPTER THE CHAPTER II: A CAMPAIGN IN NEED OF ATEAM OF IN NEED II: ACAMPAIGN CHAPTER CHAPTER I: MURAL PAINTINGS - I: PAINTINGS MURAL CHAPTER ANNEX INTRODUCTION

Sum Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats: SWOT AnalysisOpportunities and SWOT Threats: Strengths, Weaknesses, Two Reigns, Two Campaigns? Space Religious as Summing Space Up: Political The Peasants and the Large Host Large the and Peasants The Boyars and Internal Pressure The Permanent I Permanent The

Summing Up Painters Clerics The Ruling Council

Summing Up Decryption: A Visual Rhetoric Visual Dialogue Aim of the study Sources and Secondary Literature Secondary and Sources Methodology and Terminology The assessment of the SWOT analysisThePeter assessment Rareş’s ofapplied the to SWOT Moldavia King Matthias and Peter Rareş: a Parallel a Rareş: Peter and Matthias King A Dissimulation: Pocutsia InternalChronicleAn of The Macarie Action: Internal Pressure Other Loyal Boyars Loyal Other Church Founders Family Links Art and Politic Debates on Exteriors on Debates Votive Scenes and Exteriors and Scenes Votive ming Up

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...... MURAL MESSAGES MURAL Table of Contents of Table

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...... 87 85 82 81 75 75 71 67 66 63 60 58 57 55 52 52 50 49 47 42 39 37 36 35 20 18 15 14 11 91 9 8 3 2 1 CEU eTD Collection Moldavia], ed. DanMoldavia], ed. Mazilu Horia 102. 2009), (Bucharest: Gramar, 2 1 stopped Rareş where point the is This public relations may campaign assumed. be West. the in created thecommunicating beginningmajorityof the thewhere council the of ofand with the members being was that league policy regarding the relations with the Ottoman Empire and his aim of joining the anti- external his with year thedisagree in councilto boyars started of a the Less later, number than a thethe in “European empire’s includedof border,but the Danubian them Ottomans.” policy Inaxis. consequence, Porte nolonger the saw the Romanian principalities as states protecting time,Ruling Atthis Council. the Ottomanoffensive was the following Belgrade being voivode bythe elected unanimously 1527, in Moldavia of throne the received Rareş which bestudy. will addressed this in mean scenes, walls entirely painted with four major scenes, exterior repetitive in all the exteriors, and other additional their all had Rareş of reign the during commissioned churches and monasteries The by Rareş,Moldavian commissioned monasteries which bear the messagesof this PR campaign. relationsidentifiable campaign. used thetoday’s with techniques in public that realize me made which relations experience onepublic due in my is ato ofwith of traditional study such field a modern mixture this in interested I became why reason The campaign. this of elements the reconstruct campai (PR) relations” “public a conducted Rareş Peter InIway and policy.thethat hehypothesis his theargue for following, promoted will himself the in also governed,but heway the simply in not man daring a was Rareş However, Moldavia. 1541–1546) the1538; in above quote, Tahsin (Bucharest:Academiei, 1978), 138.

This meant that Mo that meant This …r o…a ot lcuie îndrăzneţu lucrurile toate om…la “…era Gemil, Gemil, When the seventeenth the When The campaign that I will present is comprised of several significant elements. Peter Peter elements. significant several of comprised is present will I that campaign The the northern The relevantoftheaspect exteriorpainting theis most campaign of n Faţ În t to fill in the space left blank. There are a number of thirteen relevant edifices edifices relevant thirteen of anumber are There blank. left inthespace fill to t ldavia found itself in permanent insecurity, as an Ottoman offens Ottoman an as insecurity, permanent in itself found ldavia a Impactului Otoman

century chronicler Grigore Ureche described Peter Rareş (1527 Rareş Peter described Ureche Grigore chronicler century (G. Ureche Rareş) onPeter …He was a daring man.…He adaring was ” in Grigore in ”

, in general, in the limits, actions of the Moldavian ruler are er Rareş in Petru Impact] [Facing the Ottoman INTRODUCTION 1 he was referring to the way the r the way the to referring was he

Ureche,

Moldovei Ţării Letopiseţul

gn in a medieval context, and I and a context, will gn medieval in

ive was highly possible. See: ive

, ed. Leon Ş [The Chronicle of of Chronicle [The uler governed - Buda Ottoman - imanschi Vienna Vienna – 2

CEU eTD Collection primary scenes which were painted on allmonas painted on were whichprimary scenes the monasteries,I will divide them according to typeand importance.I categorize will them in Ages. conventional one methodologyrather w unconventional for a dealing with studies For ofI the the campaign examination analysis outcomes of and its propose the combine to terminology Methodology and goalswhether or itfailed. determi campaign, the of success the assess Iwill end, the in while Rareş’s, as such cases historic to applied be can dissemination information of models modern m possible ways in which itmight have influenced the elites, and the potential dissimulation consequences, the propagation of the Chronicle by the thechoic ruler: controllegitimacy, challenges,andable publicopinion. winning to being commonlyis know generallywhat identifiablewith is doingwas Rareş Peter whatbecause is relations.publicThis medieval as labelled be can it researched, further if and, Ages Middle the in exists process the communication rudimentarycompared of modernstructure to the ones.basic as However, arecomponents three characteristicsof these principality. The the the with policyof intentions Both be to groups convinced of were the meant voivode’s positive reputation and good of Moldavia goers, part of who peasants wouldbe all the church receivers church, support.The influential medieval the message most communication publicspace the ofvisually,the aims publicize the the voivode, beingbyusing of delivered political one, matchingthe contemporary internal and external situations.It was mean message The faith. and art time: the of techniques the using message the generated identified w sender message the study, case In my circumstances. historical the to according defined component is each if times historical including numerous situations, applicablein model is formedmodel is of com three grasps conductedIn the actions bythe Moldaviancommunication a ruler. basic modern terms, terminology relations and campaign,” The “public although methodology. formula modern, ethod used in order to distract the boyars from plotting against Rareş. I will discuss whether discuss will I Rareş. against plotting from boyars the distract to order in used ethod

TheI data main use will is pictorial. In analysingrelevant the exterior mural paintings of Within the discussion of theWithin discussion Ithese out components, point the relevant will strategies used In the address of question orderto the ith Peter Rareş and his team formed of boyars, clergy, and church painters. They They painters. church and clergy, boyars, of formed team his and Rareş Peter ith n as “public relations:” finding sympathy, defending one’s rights and and rights one’s defending sympathy, “publicfinding relations:” as n e of placing the messages on the exterior walls of the monasteries and its its and monasteries the of walls exterior the on messages the placing e of ponents: message sender, message, and message receiver. This This receiver. message and message, sender, message ponents:

existence of such a campaign, I will use modern modern use I will acampaign, such of existence 2 teries, teries,

of Macarie, of the bishop Roman o not not scenes,which do secondary in and ’s army; and second,army; and the boyars. ’s ning whether itachieved its ith the Middle

were first first were , and the , and the

was a was t to

is is CEU eTD Collection discussed in this thesis, it was the second means of communication after the mural of paintings, communication after the was it means the thesis, second discussed this in exile between them.It is significant because, in terms of the communication campaign written during his life textual be gatheredfrom certain chronicles staysasfor The argument my most important hypothesis. alarge such of evidence non- and elite both of audience an to out reached Rareş that sources rely will I research, this In literature secondary and Sources relations strategies andcampaigns. public modern the with identical not are Moldavia, Rareş’s Peter to which, althoughapplied Moldavia. The same shoul observation sense of media, mass applied to PR but topossibilities the and limitations of late medieval relations the in public to hererelations” refer not term note“publicto once does thatthe more of t main purpose the was as that of persuasion, therelated to idea - the sixteenth centuries in but however, public relations of campaign the context the in conventional twentieth and twenty campaign’swhile presenting in I propagator,him the light. bestdiscu possible not will ss the giveIt to people’sbetter the behaviour. aims publicathe understanding purposes of the ap Generally, and examine them according to this logic. method common to marketing practices will help me structure these categories in a logical way andopportunities, threats related the to campaign (the- so the information found these in written classifying sources strengths, into it weaknesses, categorize also will I Rareş. Peter of boyars the and actions, military commissions, church on campaign. will help me highlight the core of the messages sent through the medieval public relations th messages media mass used modern with rhetoric,avisual method the assess Iwill programme of the iconographic order After studied. in appear the this, understand messages to all thehaving exteriors done on

of the thesis. related content the to is methodology The applyingthis reason for Secondly, of introduce theI the campaign, assessment will source for various written primary source is the Chronicle the is source primary because

ublic relations campaignublic relations enhancing means subtly reputation and influencing I believe that examining both textual and sources visual I thatexaminingtextual supportmy both will believe idea time - at is usefulat is for highlighting of the the points focal programme. This tion thatcantion informa the sources, textual the any of in campaign scale is two reigns and the ruler’s period inthe ruler’speriod and oftworeigns his events , which the presents on the mural paintings on the

d be made for the terms “strategy” and “campaign” “campaign” and “strategy” terms the for made be d of Bishop Macarie, commissioned by Peter Rareş and and Rareş Peter by commissioned Macarie, Bishop of century. The term “public relations” will be closely closely be will relations” “public term The century.

3 , but I will also use a number of textual textual number of a alsoI use will , but called SWO called elite people. people. elite he campaign. It campaign.he is important T analysis). Using this Although no is there - first first s CEU eTD Collection Academiei, 1959). [The Sl to Romanian History I] (Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1895). Statului, Imprimeria (Bucharest: I] History Romanian to 1968). Stiinţifică, de Cuvinte 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 a so of existence the of hypothesis the and seve the iconographic programme thatin chronicles with the informationthe comprised. in and it Council Combining the dignities Moldavian Ruling of the the organization of explanation detailed the extremely for useful called principalities and Zapolya. the with OttomanEmpire of duringThe theKingJános reign - so Kingdom Hungarian and large Similarly, host. seventeenth the settlements, the taxes to the Ottoman Empire, as well as the military structure in the small host of the Rul eighteenth Sultan to sent he while the two others refer to the medieval organization of Moldavia. Dimitrie Cantemir’s letters the and Rareş, of life Transylvania the to specifically in refer chronicles two last These throne. his regain exile Suleyman to Rareş’s to referring dates the for seventeenth the is chronicle seventeenth and unfaithful boyars. Chronicle The faithful his of deeds the for and Moldavia of Council Ruling the of head the at actions Rareş’s presentat my for basis the provide will chronicles the detail, of amount fair a with Rareş reigns of the chronicles. Narrating by these be should recalled persuasion ato of campaign narrativ also are study XV Secolele Slavo- collective andwas edited afterwards included thevolumeCronicile in used a in pentru Literatură şi Artă, 1958). Artă, şi Literatură pentru 1967). Petre Petre P. PanaitescuDeStat (Bucharest: pentruLiteratură Artşi

Such as Nicolae as Such Costin Miron Miron Costin, “Istoria Craia de Ungureasca” History [The in the of Kingdom] Hungarian M Descrierea Cantemir, Dimitrie Ne Ion Moldovei. Ţării G. Ureche, Letopiseţul Bogdan, Ioan

avic Polish Poem Polish culce,

ing theof presentation the for elite, Council, the boyars, monastic the and clergy their different The chro medium. niclebyIoan was from Bogdan translated and Slavonic - - [The Chronicle of Moldavia Preceded by A Collection of Words], ed. Iorgu Iordan (Bucharest: Romanian Chronicles, Fifteenth to Sixteenth century -

- , “Poema, Polon

“ century, the most recentcentury, most the chroniclewritten a XVI Cronica O Samă de Cuvinte de Samă O

Iorga,

by Petre P. Panaitescu. P. Petre by description of Moldavia description , also written by M. Costin and descr written Costin byM. , also lui Macarie [The Chronicle of Macarie] Acte şi Fragmente cu Privire la Istoria Românilor I RomânilorIstoria la Privirecu Fragmenteşi Acte 7 describes the relationship of the Hungarians both with thewith Romanian the Hungariansboth relationship of describes the e because, as they were the accounts of the reigns of Rareş, any allusion allusion any Rareş, of reigns the of accounts the were they as because, e ă in in Poem] Polish [The ”

- oldovei century century

”

Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei precedat de O Samă O de precedatMoldovei inŢării Letopiseţul ofWords] Collection [A

[Description of Moldavia], ed. Constantin Măciucă (Bucharest: Lyceum, Lyceum, Constantin (Bucharest:[Description Măciucă ed. of Moldavia],

O Samă de Cuvinte de Samă O of Grigore Ureche Grigore of - ral contemporaneous documents, ral called publicrelationscalled campaign. 3 The other primary sources I Thefor important other my found primary sources 6 - is useful is for understanding the governing practices century chronicler Miron chronicler century Opere 4

[Works], ed. ed. P. Panaitescu[Works], Petre Stat (Bucharest: De ă, 1958).

Centuries]

in in 4 was written during the first half of the

Cronicile slavo Cronicile fter the death of Rareş. The second second The Rareş. of death the fter of Ionof Neculce

ibing Moldavia and Wallachia, Moldavia ibing , ed. , ed.

[Documents and Fragments Petre - române din secolele XV

Costin’s Costin’s

9 this thesis will present P. Panaitescu (Bucharest: 5 which is significant Opere History of the Române din din Române

[Works], ed.

Related Related ion ofion - XVI XVI 8 is is CEU eTD Collection Extérieure Moldave: Oú Meridiane: 1974) and the Ideological Meaning ofand Moldavian the theE Meaning Ideological 14 13 12 11 10 Vătăşianu Virgil wasstudies on not the anti studies. com somewhat nationalist interpretation. One may discuss the scientific pursue type of this have andto period thehim mayencouraged 1980s between the 1960s he explains all the oth as anti exterior the sceneson major the four interprets only programme.He not Ottoman messages. Although theory plausible, his he is over articles three of sequence a In 1960s. the in writing Ulea, Sorin was paintings mural exterior the through Rareş focusesthe exteriorpaintingon describing onthe of origins and André Grabar connected couldantiof havewith messages political that been XVI importantmost of his studies Égli being Les sentiment. anti for persuasion as monasteries the of exterior the on scenes of sequence the th during threatened programme ha de l' de 1984) Meridiane: (Bucharest, Century] Sixteenth SfârşitullaPână SecoluluiXVIal 303. é “L’originalit 10 (1963), 57- Ideological Meanin monastery to the other and which would thus be difficult to interpret as anti as interpret to difficult be would thus which and the other to monastery

Virgil Vătăşianu, Virgil T edition: the used Romanian thisI thesis, For Sorin The additional importanceThe that scenes usual size of scenes secondary are and terms in he collective volume: Roumanie. volume: Égliseshe collective peintes de Moldavie Art M Art

- munist regime which encouraged such nationalist views instead of traditional views religious instead of regime encouraged nationalist munist which such e siè

Ulea, “Originea şi Semnificaţia Ideologică a Picturii Exterioare Moldoveneşti I” [The Origin and the the and Origin [The I” Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii a Ideologică Semnificaţia şi “Originea Ulea, After the publicationof Ulea’s althoughthe articles, accent Moldavian in iconographic The first scholar to refer to the political messages specifically propagated by Peter Henry, the Paul was exteriors comment to onthe Moldavian One first scholars of the the purposes e onth sources, Concerning visual the literature ondial cles. Architecture et peinture et Architecture cles.

des peintures Bukoviniennes dans l’application des principes b principes des l’application dans Bukoviniennes peintures des 93. , 1962). 11 . ve

Idem, and Josef Strzygowski who also do not mention any Strzygowski andmention messages,also donot Josef he who political

g of the Moldavian Exterior Painting I] I] Painting Exterior g ofthe Moldavian 12 Pictura MuralăPictura 14

been byaerscholars. numb discussed independence of The Moldavian being the existence of a complex promotion ofpromotion anti a complex existence of the for extensively argued he and Vasile Drăguţ Vasile and , Quand et Comment Est Comment et Quand ,

e time of the Rareş, historians and historians Rareş, the of time e “Originea şi Semnificaţia Ideologică a Picturii Exterioare Moldoveneşti II” [The Origin Origin [The II” Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii a Ideologică Semnificaţia şi “Originea er additional scenes in the same way. same the in scenes additional er - Ottoman messages, art have other historians - lea

din Nordul Moldovei

[The MonumentsNorthern of Moldavia: F 15 , 10 are the most the are - any type type writtenany the Henrymention in 1930s. not does xterior Painting II]SCIA.AP Paul Elle Apparue” ses de Moldavie la duNord des origines

Henry, Henry, (first published: 1930) 5

[The Mural Painting of Northern Moldavia][The (Bucharest, Mural Northern Painting of Studii şi Cercetări de Istoria Artei. Seria Arta Plastică Arta Seria Artei. Istoria de Cercetări şi Studii Monumentele din Moldova de Nord: de la Origini

RevueRomaine d’Histoire significant art historians who the studied UNESCO UNESCO Collection (Paris: AndréGrabar ed. , mostly art historians, have historians, mostly art interpreted 13 - The fact waswriting he that in a - interprets entire the iconographic - Ottoman feelings. However, like However,Ottoman feelings. like Ottoman. the iconographic programme.

1 (1972), 37- yzantins” yzantins” . Se . rom the Origins to the End of the the of End the to Origins the rom - atheist propaganda theatheist of

e also other studies alsoe other behind the iconographic the behind

mentioned this theory.mentioned this Byzantion

23 (1984), 285- 54. ly differ from one Idem, “La Peinture - Ottoman, but Ottoman, but 1 (1924), 291- à - Ottoman la la : 311.

fin du fin Idem, Idem,

CEU eTD Collection Murală din Nordul Moldovei Mural Painting. Fifteenth Painting. Mural (Bucharest: ELF, 2006). banatului, 1981). 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 Gorovei S. Ştefan though. opinion pragmatic Rareş’s with interfered not boyars action, the had that, implied be thus can It ambitions. Ottoman history, of history his ofe Romanians th Romanians, din Românilor Istoria Dacia Traiana the of history major his of parts different two in Rareş of reigns both discuss to who foughtAlex Ottomandomination. against uniting into againstboyars, the Ottomanthreat. persuade subjects implementedorderto in his Peter that campaign entire an recreate to sources, disciplinary aim in this thesis is not to simply recall the opinions of these scholars, but, using multi- iconography, although they pursue the not outside sphere did it of traditional Ottoman implications, but he does present not them exte the to fifteenth not centuries,but and sixteenth the of art Moldavian the praises he and interpretation this about enthusiast most the is Drăguţ Ştefănescu, D. I. like possibility, sixteenth ofMoldavianand themfocused monasteries theirBoth iconography paintings. onthe of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza, 2002). See also the anti the Painting in Images] (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1970). Meridiane, (Bucharest: in Images] Painting (Bucharest:Columna, 1976), etc. Drăguţ Vasile XIX al Secolul în până Origini la es. Mural The PaintingPrincipaliti and de Icons from Icoanele şi Murală Pictura Power at Probota Monastery?] inPower Omagiu at Probota Virgil Cândea la 75de ani

Ştefan S. Gorovei, Gorovei, S. Ştefan Giurescu, C. Constantin Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru of anti the problematic They discussed anti mentioned briefly very only Ştefanescu D. I. mo Their Maria Magdalena Szekely, - his struggle against the empirehave struggleagainst his Suleyman ofa Great couldbeen Sultan success. the Ottoman imageswell are here. discussed The new wave of historians dealing with the life and policy of Peter Rareş had a more more a had Rareş Peter of policy and life the with dealing historians of wave new The voivode ambitious an as Rareş Peter to refer sources secondary and primary the Both of interpretation the an considered such identified and Therefore,art historians 20 - st important important st osdr ta te oas ee h pie esn o te alr o Rrşs anti Rareş’s of failure the for reason prime the were boyars the that considers century but also mentioned the anti also but century D. XenoD. , Vasile, Florea,

V [The History of the Romani the Istoria of History Românilor [The V Petru Rareş Petru pol, studies are: Vasile are: studies

- Istoria Românilor Istoria Românilor din Dacia Traiana II Sixteenth Centuries] (Buc Centuries] Sixteenth

[The Mural Painting of Northern Mol Northern of Painting Mural [The Dan Grigorescu, and Marin Mihalache, Sfetnicii lui Petru Rar Petru lui Sfetnicii

(Bucharest: Militară, 1982). See also: Idem, also: See 1982). Militară, (Bucharest: : Ea 19 16

and to Constantin Giurescu and view Constantin to his of in the Romanian - Drăguţ, Drăguţ, dem, “Un M Ottomanmessages in t Vasile Florea, Dan Grigorescu and Marin Mihalache. Marin and Grigorescu Dan Florea, Vasile

18 II [The History the of Romanians II](Bucharest: All, 2008). . Xenopol, similarly to Nicolae Iorga in the fifth volume theIorga in Nicolae to similarly . Xenopol,

Pictura Murală din Moldova. Secolele XV the T he focus of this volume is not m not is volume this of focus he -

Ottom aet Mrdae 18) ad igl Vătăşianu, Virgil and 1982), Meridiane, harest: Origins to the Nineteenth Century] (Timişoara: Mitropoliei Mitropoliei (Timişoara: Century] Nineteenth the to Origins eş anifest de 21 andru D. Xenopolfirst modern was historian the 6

and Maria Magdalena Szekely Magdalena Maria and - [The Counsellors of Petru Rareş] (Iaşi: Universităţii Universităţii (Iaşi: Rareş] Petru of Counsellors [The Ottoman theory. Others als Ottoman theory. Others an messages in messages an as the primaryinterpretation. type of , 1996).(Bucharest:ans V] Enciclopedică

nt Uleant discusses the He anti does it. Putere la Mănăstirea Probota ?” [A manifest of manifest [A ?” Probota Mănăstirea la Putere aie Drăguţ he collective volumewith Vasile davia] (Bucharest, 1974). Meridiane:

[The History of the Romaniansfrom Dacia]

[Homage to Virgil Virgil to [Homage Pictura Românească în Imagini în RomâneascăPictura - lea

Rareş, together with his closest his with together Rareş, his [The Feudal Art in the Romanian Romanian the Art in Feudal [The

Muşatinii ra edl î Ţrl Române. Ţările în Feudală Arta edieval Moldavia,edieval however, Cândea [The Muşatin Dynasty] Dynasty] Muşatin [The - XVI o discussed this o discussed this

art history. My 22 at 75 Years], ed.at 75 [The Moldavian are st are

[Romanian

udying udying

Pictura Pictura : See: : See: 17

- -

CEU eTD Collection Tahsin Gemil Tahsin Rezachevici, Szekely, Laude Maior 26 25 24 23 Stahl H. Paul together put ofto acomponents medi the the information in all available personalitywhichruler resulted of the thein novelty painting. of exteriorecclesiastical Using of Rareş consequences. 1538and in its fall the researched has who Gemil, Tahsin and Rareş; Peter of policy external the and relations a also Cihodaru, Constantin Great; the Stephen of researcher of those are names relevant other the Şimanschi, and Gorovei Rareş t on focusing Rareş, Peter of reign the in legacy his and Great the Stephen of reign the examines Şimanschi Leon Similarly, nobility. its and Moldavia situation. The same are views heldVirgil by Pâslariuc, are important from the point of view of this thesis as theygive different insight that the over anti the why reason main the re we boyars the medievalruler environment, a driven They bymoderncontradict previous views. views that the prince in fit thenot following Machiavelliandid modeland asthe describe a him who ruler o reign the of structure the detail Rareş. Peter to Great the Stephen from commissions literary boyars, the succession of the candidates the to Moldavian throne, as well as the church and Latethe Moldavian Ages, Middle focusing onthe period approximately of Stephen the together, and the Sixteenth the Betw Relationships Political (The Spirituality]vol.(Suceava: and etc.I II SfântaMănăstire Suceviţa,2006), ( Putna Monastery as Monastery Putna

Constantin Cihodaru is relevant for my work mywork for relevant is Cihodaru Constantin Rareş Petru Virgil Ş. S. Gorovei and M. M. Szekel Peter Rareş Peter . 25 Pâslariuc The literature on literature The This volume unites a number of significant historians interested in Rareş: except for except Rareş: in interested historians significant of number a unites volume This Movile 23 they pay attention to the organization of the cour of theattention to organization they pay . A History of Stephen the Great] (Suceava: Sfanta Mănăstire Putna, 2005) Putna, Mănăstire Sfanta (Suceava: Great] the Stephen of HistoryA . -

with Century) (Chi Century)

, ed. Leon ed. , Academiei,Şimanschi (Bucharest: 1978). is important is important - (Bucharest: Academiei ambitious personality wasambitious the the primary voivode this. of reasonfor ti Itre i prtaiae Românească Spiritualitate şi Istorie ştii. ,

, his illegitimate son his study on the exile and the internal and external policy of the second reign of of reign second the of policy external and internal the and exile the on study his Raporturile Politice dintre Marea Boierime şi Domnie în Ţara Moldovei în Secolul al XVI alSecolul înMoldovei Ţara în Domnie şiBoierime Marea dintreRaporturile Politice

«Lieu De Memoire» with ş inau: Pontos, 2005).

his work on the Ottoman the on work his the life and policy of Rareş Rareş of policy and life the eenUpper the Nobility the and Monarchy in the Moldavian Principality During y, y, Princeps Omni Laude Maior. O Istorie a lui sources, and relying especially onthe frescoes, my is intention –

) f Rareş. They both see Rareş as a model of a Renaissance Renaissance a of model a as Rareş see both They Rareş. f Roza V Constantin Rezachevici, an authority on Moldavian- Rezachevici,authorityConstantin an Studies andMaterials of Medium History . Both in their individual researches and in those conducted . Bothin researches their in individual and 26

eval public relations campaign. relations public eval with â nturilor, 2002); eadem

his study on th his on study - 7 - Ottoman aims of Rareş were a failure, arguing arguing failure, a were Rareş of aims Ottoman Moldavian relations during bothreigns of Ra

[The Movile [The

he latter in the collective volume Peter 24 who specializes in sixteenth in specializes who e internal policy of Petru Rareş Petru of policy internal e praise the the artand of praise thehis time t, the lives and achievements of the the of achievements and lives the t,

“ăătra un. L Putna. “Mănăstirea . ş In ti Dynasty. Romanian History and and History Romanian Dynasty. ti

their works they describe works their Ş tefan cel Mare

22 (2004): 73- 22

; Ş. S. Gorovei and M. M. oc de M de oc [ 99, etc. 99, Princeps Omni These views views These to Rareş’s Rareş’s to ; Constantin Constantin ; reş Rareş - . century

emorie

Polish Great Great ; and and ; -

lea in in ”

CEU eTD Collection l that gaps and weaknesses success. detailed analysis,the dethroning Without onit. one had mightthat think the campaigna was will Rareş lead reign to of the second campaign the in taking 1538.The in accountthatthe research in voivode was the dethroned continuity into of how find out admired monastery exterior iconographic programmeof decoration, Moldavian loyal his and boyars Rareş which resulted a in medieval publicrelations campaign. On the basisof the much- Peter of efforts common the reconstruct to is thesis this of purpose The Aim of the study However, study show the this strengths will thatmade the campaign and possible, the

the campaign reached its reached campaign the

ed whatbethe to in end, will called, an almost

desired audience and and audience desired 8 a deeper understanding of the impact that the understanding aimpact deeper of how successful this enterprise was enterprise this successful how - successful campaign. successful I propose to ,

CEU eTD Collection for constructionswaswood andwas c 30 29 28 27 t Ana, to II Palaeologus Manuel supposedly by an sent icon Anna, ofByzantine Saint emperor:gifts first theone, from the Byzantine theof icons to time Alexander the Good reported who is have to received themas to arrived that vestments,liturgical in andvisible manuscripts andicons objects, miniatures embroideries, widely receptive Paleologian to art,influences embraced it Constantinopolitan which are principa formed newly As the Empire. Byzantine the Moldavia and Alexander some strongartistic the and Good established cultural between connections painting the in fourteenthcentury. echoes Afterthe first of Slavicinfluence,of the coronation –The first influence onpainting Moldaviaknown in is be to due to the expansion of Bulgarian from the reign theat ofGoodthe (1400beginning Alexander –1432) the fifteenth of - the state formation Moldavian art. rulers for meant first reigns what of the lookingthe complexitywithout at back entire understood its in artistic of decades were place during fifteenth the Rareş Peter and Great the experimentation Stephen of reigns the preceded Virgil that Ştefănescu, D. decades the at th I. concluded and question as this on suchcontemplated have Drăguţ Scholars Vasile Vătăşianu, decorations. exterior bearing one first very the painting of example exterior extant thatthe oldest havemonasteries. hypothesized studies Although decoration exterior the characterize that features artistic outlined clearly Noi Media Print, 2008)

Adela V firstThe traces of art dating from period the of Petru Drăguţ, V. D.I. Ştefănescu, V. Drăguţ argues for the beginnings of the Moldavian medieval art as coinciding with with coinciding as art medieval Moldavian the of beginnings the for argues Drăguţ V. The age of mural paint

canat Probota bemonastery, found difficultascertain to is it monastery thatthis was ă etişi, etişi,

Pictura murală din Moldova , 6. the Artă de Tradiţie Bizantină în România în Bizantină Tradiţie de Artă

Arta Feudală în Ţările Române 27 Moldavian territory.Moldavian which of Moldavia in 1359. However, the first existing evidence of public art dates of public theevidence first existing 1359.However, in of Moldavia , 68.

, however - century reign of Stephen thecentury Grea of Stephen reign

ings in the time of Peter Rareş is an easily definable definable easily an is Rareş Peter of time the in ings Mural Paintings - 28 onsequently destroyed over time. he wife of Alexander, and the second one, an icon of Theotokos,an icon of one, the second and of wife Alexander, he

In art, nothing is accidental. is In nothing art, , left little evidence. Therefore, the artistic boom that took 30 Moreover, CHAPTER , 173. (Plutarch)

I Muşat (1375 Muşat I 9

Mural Messages Mural [The Romanian Art of Byzantine Tradition] (Bucharest: (Bucharest: Tradition] Art ofByzantine Romanian [The

tradition attributes the existence of two

1391) were1391) lost as prime the material used

t and afterwards can not be be not can afterwards and t litystarted to become

of Moldavian period century. with 29

CEU eTD Collection See: P. Henry, See: P. houses. own the love of Moldavian peasants for façade poly instrument. string Moldavian traditional a playing is David King Testament 35 34 33 32 31 people. decoration symbolize thatshould Stephen’s developed he further: steps few ofand monasteries churches majestic the in to exterior walls outside languageand it took a it took Rareş Peter scenes, religious through enemy of the time, the Ottoman Empire. important their themost authority expressingandMoldavians against out: royalmobilizing his for hetwootherBiblical but alsoparables usedand episodes, it own service.Stephen the Great Therefore,monastic painting usedonly not describeto religious was was ahistorical it alsoto evenbut an certaininspiredextent, bycontemporary artts. that, programmes, iconographical representative own its creating of capable it was only not maturity; Byzantine tradition between the harmonization drawingspacesrhythm, and patterns, emptyconformed to the filled colours, the art: the Byzantine principles of fundamental the to edificescorresponded of these years (1 seventeen of aperiod in monasteries and churches thirty to up decorated and erected he when reign Stephen’s of decades last the in and peaked edifices architecturaland consolidating buildingyearswith early its began in Stephen the Great”, epoch The “gloriousof a art. development new of death of Alexander, he thatbroke disputes political after to out the century.end second Puttingan the half fifteenth of significant age began artistic in innovations the with reign of Stephen the Great from the mu of areas small and art of pieces few a only andtradition love for colours. lively figurative art was developed was not simply by imitation and copying, but itwas taking stylistic and given VIII byJohn Alexander to the Good. Palaeologus However, which in Moldavian the way

V. Drăguţ, V. A. Vaetisi, Drăguţ, V. HenryP. argues that one of important the factors for of the external appearance painting inmight Moldavia be mo Voroneţ of Judgment Last the of scene the in seen be can that example the as Such

More than twodecadesafter father his develop to had a begun language of influence SeveralStephen make to painting the havecapacity use of scholars his of in illustrated and preserved partially only is Good the Alexander time the from evidence artistic The

elements from Byzantineart and intermingling them with local cultural aspects,

Pictura murală Pictura murală din Moldova , 9. Arta de Tradiţie Bizantină în România, 70. . 34

Monumentele din Moldova de Nord, 15. reinstated ancreatingreinstated opportunity thus right internal balance for the the With this development Withthis process, art reached Moldavian religious din Moldova, 12.

the feelings and fears of the sixteenth the of fears and feelings the 32

chromy manifested as in the polychromy of the façades of their 487– 10

1504). The interior iconographic programmes ral decoration can be seen today. The most decorationtoday. can seen ral most be The

reasons which V. Drăguţ points Drăguţ V. which reasons 33 as V. Drăguţ called it, called Drăguţ V. as - century nastery where the Old Old the where nastery

Moldavian Moldavian 35 31

CEU eTD Collection “Politica Externă “Politica 38 37 36 creatingworld thatwas, the fact, forfictional world in of a thea their enter path viewer to days. Thus, using the imagination orof theconsciousness isolation ability andfantasize to a in difficult world. people whoactually donot createthe satisfaction art: of the senses, the stimulation of and effects art representations upon numerous l have Visua scenes. mural exterior the in remains Therefore accountsthe exist. Ottomanthreat, donot these every periodsurelyupon touched this thatmost terms. Although wouldbe of it useful havethe to sermons thatwer accounts lay of eye church- to the stru second, trustworthiness. reinforce to elites oflegitimacy heand his had of the belief the ruling had convince to the lower strata he all, of first matters: two with deal to had Rareş Peter Therefore, strata. social lower the and capacity thatof with the Habsburgs, for he example, also needed the supportof the large host Rareş if Similarly, principality. the of host) large (the army the of of, dreamed Rareş as Great the Suleyman Sultan of Empire ruler of case thein masses, needed thebecause support the of a offensive against military strongly who Indisagreed external policy. theorder with voivode’s continue anti to boyars, his opposing of group a with faced himself found Rareş Thus suzerainty. believed that th Council the in Ruling boyars the some of Great. However, the father, Stephen policy his of whic yetpresenting message presentedobvious traditional religiousiconography, also a it hidden, monasteries in spiritual scenes relating to the history of Christianity, ruling the elite, besides of the northern exteriorwall paintings, Moldavian followed the same By process. clothing the symbols.”visual their experiences transform beingsin to theNathan “necessity human affirmed Knobler of Visual dialogue

N polic the on external details For Knobler, Nathan .

Knobler. h was concernof theMoldavia of to situation of prime the time. The agenda of Rareş was therefore to convince his people of the necessity of adhering adhering of necessity the of people his convince to therefore was Rareş of agenda The anti the continue to determined was Rareş reign, his of beginning the From ggle against the Ottomanthreat, by sacred Therefore, using space as a support. the Dialogul Vizual II Vizual Dialogul ” [External P

e anti

support of religious iconography, the painters of the exterior programmes were were exteriorprogrammes of the the painters of religiousiconography, support Dialogul Vizual

36 goers neededgoers belarge to presented a picture of of affairs thesimple state in Peter Rareş, his noble and ecclesiastic counsellors, through the elaboration the through counsellors, ecclesiastic and noble his Rareş, Peter - Ottoman struggle was useless and that Moldavia should accept and thatMoldavia should Ottoman Ottoman strugglewas useless olicy] in Petru olicy] , 172. y of y of

I [TheI Visual Dialogue (Bucharest: I] 1983), 12. Meridiane,

Rareş

to join his join to cause and thatof not the opposing and nobles;

and the policy with the Ottoman Empire, see: see: Empire, Ottoman with the the policy and , ed. Leon, ed. Ş Rareş 11 - day difficulties and conversion issues related to related issues to conversion and daydifficulties imanschi (Buchar imanschi , the visible aspect of Rareş’s agenda agenda Rareş’s of aspect visible the 37 the masses would comprise most est:Academiei, 1978), 239 - desiredto unite his military

- Ottoman policy, C onstantin Rezachevici, e preached

- Ottoman

during during 242.

the the 38

CEU eTD Collection 39 housekeeper (fig. 1.1,grid 1), Adam ploughing land likean his ordinarypeasant (fig 1.1,grid medieval Moldavia. are These Eve, images her such who asspins spindle likea good just help se display, historians greater images which aorextent, to lesser arehere thestudied All monasteries theenvironment that in exteriormurals. also present is attitudetowardspositive futuconflicts. re possible and courage with viewers the inspired and Great the Stephen of victories the echoed easily Ottoman- the of over the Christians triumph and the of Hell memory, such as the images therefore doomed and Ottomans Tartarsgoing the mouth towards the in common present reignthe Great was ofand Stephenstill recalled.successful The the Moldavian- Hymn,Akathistos Lastand thewhere Judgment and onthe Moldavian landscape.experiences The historical are give every traditional the on reflected that images with together fused experiences historical forward images of brought of ruler Moldavia experience. The eachpublic restedone’s on whatin Knobler called a “visual dialogue.” process of communicating the and message.artist/commissioner the Thusthe viewers engaged the in actively participate expected to was Thetherefore respond. public made the public painting. the commissioner could Theonly or painter create object or of orderan art which t times the to related issues certain of they that experience viewer the offered have might thus together the All scenes Constantinople. the Siege of thatpe question was the defends riderIfuture: the whoConstantinople/Suceava?” successfully “Could be scenes were a collection of images that gave lay the mind an impulse to think further in the besides the visual satisfaction ensured,these scheme colour and rhythm that the shapes, lines, of on.Based everyso Knobler, almost onthe in statement and saints the monastery, corner of military saintswearing their flashing armour andgiving the impression of protecting the other thatwasConstantinople being defended rider, bya Moldavian th Last they Judgment, They

N. Knobler N.

could see the Ottomans with their large going turbans to have their sins weighed in the However, the artist could not capture the entire experience just through the act of through couldcaptureact not experienceHowever, just entire of the the artist the viewer The Furthermore, as elsewhere in European Late Medieval art, every art, Medieval Late European in elsewhere as Furthermore, ,

Dialogul Vizual II, Vizual 172. Dialogul rhaps to came one’s mind after viewing exterior the paintings, more precisely, s

could clearly distinguishsome easily recognisableon figures

might not have otherwise had, an experience that could enrich havean not experience thatcould th otherwise had, might could see a series of scenes of the Virgin Mary watching a besieged abesieged watching Mary Virgin the of scenes of aseries see could

he y livedin. 39 The visual dialogue between Peter Rareş and hi and Rareş Peter between dialogue visual The 12

attacked Constantinople could have attacked Constantinople Ottoman clashes were evoked evoked were clashes Ottoman ey

could see a succession of of asuccession see could n by scenes such as the as such scenes by n e traditional the life in - day life and and day life the walls. - eir day life

view view s

an an s CEU eTD Collection 40 the Although way the the viewers. and commissioners betweenan the been interactive dialogue Constantinople were an intelligible presented Moldavian in dressenemies Moldavia, while at the the of soldiers the Siege of could still getglimpse a in the picture sketched by ruler. the TheLast Judgment distinctly awaiting past encounters Moldavia or the principality of the with the Ottoman Empire, Rareş’s they of reception the in elements viewer the decisive if even However, message. the thus were viewers the of characteristics understand the more profound aspects ofmessage. his The and Rareş Peter by displayed paintings mural the into insight deeper have therefore could and some peopleaddition, were conscious of the precariousof situation the Moldavian principality campaign (i.e. through interior votivescenes several and scenesdepicting dy his mural his in this portraying was and father his of footsteps the in go to trying was who Rareş of Peter of reign the already memoryGreatstill whichhave mentionedduring of the must living Stephen the existed the churchand the country are beautifully pre the rulership,evident: space spaceand becomes thefusion betweenthus political religious the Moldavia is also important that the ruler’s presence was manifested within these calm r comfortable. basis,the historical On scenes this introduced a have could powerful thus It effect. familiar a created They receiver. the and message the of transmitter the between material binding purpose likethe scenes of historical awareness the enemies about of Moldavia, they were the traditional elements found thei together the with artist created the best environment for the creation empathy. of the While combining these two elements, one historical and the other traditional, the commissioner d who are Prodigal Son for typical cart a in as sitting Elijah such other images or and 1.4), (fig. 1.3 horns playingMoldavian Judgment a a traditional way2), women over in mourning

Biserica Voroneţ The visual dialogue present in the monasteries of northern Moldavia thus should have have should northern thus of the Moldavia in monasteries present The dialogue visual viewer the of experience the was dialogue thevisual of side other the On

environment, known and understood byeach peasant, where everybody wouldfeel – the landscape, the natural environment, everyday activities. The significance of the everyday significance of environment, activities. theThe natural the landscape,

sixteenth [The Voronet Monastery] (Iaşi: Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei, 1985), 13.

Rareş. The people who admired the late ruler could easily grasp the message message the grasp easily could ruler late the admired who people The Rareş. ancing together in a hor in together ancing - century Moldavia or the servants of the master the in parable of the

r way naturally these into depictions without being introduced on call for war. for call s

had no knowledge at all of the imminent events imminent knowledgeallof the had at no sented, allowing to make parallels between them. them. between parallels make to allowing sented, 13

, a traditional Romanian round dance. Romanian ă, a traditional

dead man (fig. 1.2), angels in the Last angelsdead (fig.the in 1.2), man

intellectual and emotional epresentations of

nasty). In s . I . have 40 By By

CEU eTD Collection Orthodox apainter’sBanatului,manual 1979), describin ţările române Ştefănescu, D. I. See: inexistent. virtually is today but still existed, Good the Alexander reign of such first the as out pointed be to pre the from remains painting mural of evidence 46 45 44 43 42 41 pointedout is it Humor votivescene, ofIn thean analysis and 2.6). 2.5 straighthis (fig. nose underneath visible is moustache acurls discrete while large in crown his voivode from springs role the has here which seen sleeves, everything embroidered gold. in Under collar his and his sleeves a red tuniccan be dressed ceremonial in wears clothing, ahead onhis crown and a brocade mantlebroad with the a modelof The the monastery. devotional withHim presentswho RareşPeter blesses He handright His withwhile hand left His in Bible the holds Christ the throne, on seated and side right onthe the eye: catch the votivescenes southern side of the western wall of the naos. the on present always glory, is in Christ a seated church to or monastery the the modelof iconographical The scene,the showing founder family programmes. his with together offering the ruler’s will to maintain the independence of principality. his expressing which in all conventional, succeeded as atcharacterizes not representations these Stephen, s the crowns; sovereignty clothes, jewelleryand the of accentstressed on is bytheir sumptuous Stephen the Greatand the members dignity, full a in in offamilybut not humblemanner his portraying the local rulers in “attitudes inherited from Byzantine of images power” and monasteries. churches of Stephen’s everynaos depicted in authority. intention The of the this series is best manifestation of votive scenes thatwere Stephen the only Great not a religious had IAswhen decoration of above, out commissioning the pointed exteriors and scenes Votive canrevealing be of discerned,dialogue. thatvisual part messa the known, be cannot viewers the by received were images relevantmonastery, the to such as apat

V. Drăguţ, V. act isThe not alwaysbymediated may Holy the mediated It Virgin. sometimes be by other saints See the ByzantineErminia Drăguţ, V. Vlad Bedroş, Th e votive scene Moldaviatradition than is older in indeed thetime however, Stephen of the Great, as little ee Rrş otne te rdto o vtv see a icroae i te interior the in incorporated as scenes votive of tradition the continued Rareş Peter - Romanian iconographical programs. iconographical Romanian

trongly highlighting the personality and the social rank of the ruler. of rank the the social and personality highlighting the trongly Humor Pictura murală din Moldova. , 173.

of Northern Moldavia” EAHN of NorthernMoldavia” NEWSLETTER Churches Painted “The

, 18.

o f Dionysios ofFourna,

scenes in Moldavia. Until recently, a fragment of a votive scene dating fromvotive the fragment scene dating recently,Moldavia. a in Until scenes aof of giving a colourful accentgivingcomposition. aof the colourful to

ron saint. ron , 12 -

15. g post

- Stephen Great the age, these votive scenes the are best examples

- tional purpose, but also wanted to express his purpose,his express to also wanted but tional educa - 44 Byzantine painting technique that stood at the basis of the the of basis the at stood that technique painting Byzantine

Constantin ed. 14 AtHumor (fig. and 1.5) ct is mediatedct by the HolyVirgin.

Săndulescu

the interior offoundations, his the interior ges indented to reach them them reach to indented ges - Verna. (Timişoara: Mitropoliei Mitropoliei (Timişoara: Verna. 41

3 (2008),3 29. Moldoviţa monasteries, Moldoviţa The votivepaintings, The 46 The the hair of

Arta feudală în feudală Arta 43 V. Drăguţ Drăguţ V. 45 Rareş is is Rareş 42 who show

are are CEU eTD Collection such asDragal Berende, Centuries)” Central MAdissertation University: (Budapest, European 33. 2008), (Bucharest, Meridiane: 1979). Nicolescu, housemain the of Probota stillfaçade retained fragments painting of represen a Bălinesti at Putna houses the and of remains Bistriţa the decorations;the figural scarce of some housesand discs royal enamelled revealed the monasteries of remains the century: fifteenth the in decoration façade Moldavian 51 50 49 48 47 the painted porches and ofthose of Moldavia sixteenth- Grabar claims a Serbianorigin and demonstrateshis thesis by invoking the similarity between Moldavian houses,walls of traditional n influence Bulgaria a for argues Iranian Henry origin, pleads an for Paul Strzygowski while Josef contradicting conclusions: reached Moldavia of paintings exterior the of researchers early The hypotheses. of level the at remain, will probably and are, practice discussed byathis scholars. number of The of origins exteriors on Debates narthex. the to apses the from edifice, the of walls the all in incorporated was that message large of the Holy the Heoutside walls Cross. of went churcheshis and monasteries and painted an Cavalcade the as such scenes isolated by message political his circulating at stop not did Rareş Stephen of those as aim same churchhe the “sold”with help messageof space. Therefore, his the church. of God. The ruler, ha as also hands the are in and country his that the ruler people forfeeling lay comforting a the creation of representatives His and God with Rareş as such person ranking and the hea world earthly between connection the himself as a small a countrywilling withstand to thegreat forcea ofempire. of Furthermore, ruler the is presenting ruler the as manner glorious same the in himself depicted also Rareş son; his and denoting an aura of triumph. energetic,alive and ofseems the face word. expression ofThe thereal portrait the sense in a but effigy, an merely not authenticity, of characteristics the all has ş Rare Peter of face the that ndArbore brought to light enamelled bricksused for the decoration of the exteriors; in same the way, at the royal

In S. Ulea, HenryP. defended his ar Sabina Ibidem Corina Nicolescu, in her analysis of medievalCorinaherhouses analysis royal Nicolescu, in palaces, of and also The reasons for the appearancepaintings of have the exterior quitethoroughly been the reflected scenes votive His father. his of work the continuing thus was Rareş Peter

Manuela Cismaş. “Power and Salvation and “Power Cismaş. Manuela

Case, Conace s

“Originea şi Semnificatia Ideologica a Picturii Exterioare Moldoveneşti” Exterioare Picturii a Ideologica Semnificatia şi “Originea evti or Bobosevo. See: P. Henry, P. See: Bobosevo. or evti

guments with examples of Bulgarian churches which have remains of exterior paintings paintings exterior of remains have which churches Bulgarian of examples with guments Româneşti Vechi Palate i

, but whenan, but came entire it artistic persuasion, vocabulary to of This brings This me back the to continuity between Stephen the ppened elsewhere in Christian art, inserted his imagery in the the in imagery his inserted art, Christian in elsewhere ppened 49 and a national factor which theexterior polychromy is of the 50 : Donor Representations in Moldavia (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Seventeenth to (Fifteenth in Moldavia Representations : Donor as mentioned a 15

[Old Romanian[Old RoyalMansions Palaces] Houses, and Monumentele din Moldova Nord de century Serbia. century bove. Contradicting Henry, André Henry, Contradicting bove. venly one. The dialogue of a high high a dialogue of The venly one. 48 ting geometrical motifs. See: Corina Corina motifs. See: geometrical ting must have also contributed have to must

outlines the features of the the of features the outlines

51 I, 58. However, Ulea Sorin

, 21.

Great

CEU eTD Collection Meridiane: 1974). Moldavian and Churches Monasteries] in BCMI 57 56 55 54 53 52 the orientedTherefore, scenes norm,two ofimportant is the east. the towards most are placed meeting here, monastery Each denote? scene each of placement the does what agenda, an such i did Rareş that supposing Furthermore, agree. would others few a and Vătăşianu, V. even Drăguţ, V. Ulea, S. ambitions? his of expression grand a in walls the outside painting moved explicitly depicted, scenes the of support theological the on relying reş, Ra Peter that be of non number a significant thecarry exterioriconography arises:question why does most importantly, enhance religious messagesand recall Biblical histories. Despite this, a composed programme religious. of is sceneswhich, it exterioriconographic is The Moldavian faith.” Christian path of onthe undergo to he has trajectory that believer the “translate the can to which power images, complex of the understood clergy thatthe theoutside walls. Sheindicates fact that the motivation to decorateexteriors the was the wish to take the appearancefor exteriorpaintings, indicate the not of the anyshe the influence discusses foreign Byzantine and influence from of the viewSlavic point of the iconography scenes. figural scale small also but abstract decorations includedsimple and only not which the Great during of time Stephen the afrom ofdevelopment was kind painting this that out pointed Vătăşianu origin. Moldavian of are murals exterior the that indicated also first to argue for exterior the paintingsan as original Moldavian creation, the was who Balş, Serbian theory Furthermore, of out date. continuing the theory of Gheorghe demonstrated exteriorpainting thattheat appeared first a a church without porch, Judgment, theanJudgment, entire anti represents iconographical complex Last the of scene the to Hierarchy Celestial the from that fact the discusses He interpretation. typ different afor arguedwho thoroughly Ulea has most of Sorin bringsthe This to position me messages? comment est comment “La peinture e xté and II” Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii a Ideologică Semnificaţia and exterior at of the Petru order

Ibidem See:A. Văetişi. See: V.V built palace royal Hârlău the of Church George St. The e: hoge Balş, Gheorghe See: a Ideologică a Picturii Exterioare Moldoveneşti I,” “Originea şi şi “Originea I,” Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii a Ideologică a Semnificaţi şi “Originea articles the See 56 To briefly of could exteriorpainting, it return of the thesudden to problem development The a exteriorprogrammeis mirror of Biblical teachings aspect and obvious the most of , 73. However, one has to question this unil this However,question to has one ătăşianu, - apparue.” elle

e interpretation of anti fo ofan r arguing murals the Moldavia, northern of

Arta de Tradiţie Bizantină în România.

PicturaMuralăNorduldin Moldovei

ieiie i ăătrl Mloeet dn ecl l XVI al Veacul din Moldoveneşti Mănăstirile şi Bisericile

Rareş in 1530.

54 A more recent study, that of Adela Văetişi, argues for both

III (1928).

the exterior wall decorations that had been employed employed been had that decorations wall exterior the 16 ateral view of the exterior programme. programme. exterior the of view ateral

by Stephen the Great in 1492 and painted in the interior in the interior and painted in 1492 Great the Stephen by

[The Mural Painting of Northern Moldavia] (Bucharest,[The Painting of Mural - Ottoman move rieure Moldave:rieure o - lea 55

[The Sixteenth [The . Although she does

53 Biblical teachings Virgil Vătăşianu Virgil ment. 52 making any making ndeed have 57

- - ù Ottoman religious , quand et et quand , - Century Century CEU eTD Collection Tehnica Tabloului (same) effects that it might have had on the sixteenth the on had have might it that effects (same) mad thus I sunset. during Probota reasonThe why offer I this comes example frommy experiencewhen personal seeing Last the Judgment scene at by v a interpreted visually is painting wall, close entrance the to of edifice. the 2010). 64 63 http://www.crestinortodox.ro/carte 62 61 60 59 58 heading for their last judgment the in scene of endof the days. window ornam have receivedof as animationand andifferent turmoil aura shades bygothic offered the 1538, when, uponthe uneasy facedLast situation by Moldavians, the sceneJudgment the may monastery. couldimag only One the of theenters space oneLast when Judgment gives on it of light thebecause impression of porch the of architecture gothic “restless” the with harmony its of because scholars surface The scene. Last Judgment the illuminate as wellas on other evenings, light the the of settingenters sun eight the tall windows to gothic windows. monastery bylarge screened relevant example is the Last Judgment of Probota monastery situated which tension increasing of period a culminated on14September entered 1538when offortress Suceava. the Ottomans the was This dethroned. was Rareş Peter and Moldavia is example the Easter celebration of 1538,a few before months the Ottoman Em One mass. at present were Christians of number alarge when feasts great the to connected Hour t came themay daily pious when – connectedpray the to to liturgical hours be the eveninga reddishscene twilight sheds light onthe of thevariation day. last The of light viewer. differently of themand oneach may one thus interpretationsubtly influence theof the onthe in westernwall. usuallyLasteast, is Judgment while positioned the facing always is Hierarchy day: Celestial the under the during sun the trajectory theof direct precisely because thiswindow (the of feature the However, this interior. most is indicate example the relevantimpact to thescene the on church the of Formulary of Saint Sava], in the chapter “Duminica Învierii Domnului” [Ressurection Sunday] at at Sunday] [Ressurection Domnului” Învierii “Duminica chapter the in Sava], Saint of Formulary

This examplemay subjective considered be as there is no source attest to the effect that am I discussing here. Drăguţ, V. wind large The Dumitru HavelMarc discusses the light influence painting, of stressing on that light the variations determine way the a monas Râşca and Arbore the are exceptions two The Sfinţit cel Sava Sfântului al Mare cel See the hours of Easter the in Saint Tipicul Sava,

o 59 the the

Thuswhile the mor bright Almaş,

Pictura murală din Moldova. Ninth HourNinth to evening Vespers – ows of the exonarthex did not allow painting on its exterior, therefore the scene can be found on on found be can scene the therefore exterior, its on painting allow not did exonarthex the of ows ents alternating with lightened reddish areas fell upon the characters that were

[The Technique of Painting] of Technique [The Petru

Rareş Voievod Rareş e a parallel between the effectse aparallel betweenmyself had the Last on that this Judgment the and - 935-

iewer and that acuteness the alwayslight. depends on See: Marc

82827- ine theine effect ithad on participants the at the Easter mass in

[Voivode , 26. , ning Sun lights the scenehierarchy lights praying of Sun saints,ning of the s amplifying the meaning of the scene). the of meaning the amplifying s

duminica

(Bucharest, Meridiane:(Bucharest, 1980). Petru - century church century 61

17 teries, where onLast the placed Judgment is teries, the Southern but it has an even greater significance when it is is it when significance greater even an has it but - Rareş](Bucharest, Meridiane: 62. 1970), - invierii

At the Vespers celebrated on Easter Sunday, Easter on celebrated Vespers the At

of the scene has already been admired by by admired been already has scene the of domnului - goers. goers. - a

- 64 pastelui

Whether Peter Whether

- in the exonarthex of the thein exonarthex 100

(accessed on January 23, 58 Natural light falls [The Big Church Church Big [The

fromFirst the pire over took Rareş

had 60 63 Have - One One goers goers and and

the the 62 l,

CEU eTD Collection Academiei: 1978), 57 . 67 66 65 Moldoviţa (1537),and GeorgeBaia of Arbore (15(1534)Saint (1541), George 35–1538), of Saint Suceava of those preserved, best the is which (1535), Humor of those commissioned also everything”. floc ruler: his caregood he “like takes of a shepherd the characterises he when unity internal for will voivode’s the emphasizes Ureche Grigore strengthen the capacity for resistance, and consolidate to internal unity. The chronicle of throne. the towards possible as energies an ideological and cultural stimulate to and throne the to favourable structure social a consolidate to were Rareş crowned objectives newly circumstances, whichInofinternalcondition these the created anxiety. matter of time until the Danubian principalities had to face an imminent Ottoman wave, a theItwasa Kingdom Ottomonly therefore 1521, and 1526. an the in Hungarian Empire in power. anti situation was delicate, some as gr internal the and external the Internally,before, of the political principalitysituations were of out balance. asthe discussed 1527, January 20 on Moldavia of throne the took Rareş Peter category. first the of meaning the accompanying as interpreted maygroupor ofmaybe sceneswhich not a diverse monasteries, second while category the is scenes that is principal to the political aim of Ra iconography compos is historical debate wouldbe the first one be to analysed.From point this of view, the exterior religiouspersuasive and a from ofin not one,typical view the point art obvious which iconographicexterior In the discussion, programme this willanalysed be from a political- andpolitics Art provokingandbe ofreasons may thediscussed imply ruler below. several persuasive thatwill Last positioned Judgment 1978), 47 . , 91. Moldovei Ţării Letopiseţul

Constantin Cihodaru, Constantin Toderaşcu, Ion Ş c u psoi bn i tăuet tra a aa n ot prie tăua i rvgia. e: G. See: priveghiia”. şi străjuia părţile toate în aşa sa, turma străjuieşte şi bun păstoriu un ca “Şi - Ottoman efforts andmaking a political compromise at the price of losing centralized 65 As mentioned above, the oldest exterior is that of Probota (1532) monastery, but Rareş Rareş but monastery, (1532) Probota of that is exterior oldest the above, mentioned As con political the scenes, the of one each detailing Before

This condition resulted from the critical international situation: Belgrade had fallen to 67

“Înscăunarea” [The Enthroning] in in Enthroning] [The “Înscăunarea”

“Politica Internă” [The Internal Politics] in Politics] Internal [The Internă” “Politica ed of two categories of scenes: the first category comprises a set of aset comprises category first the scenes: of categories two of ed

in suchin a manner on purpose debatable. is The however, result is, - artistic affirmation meant to mobilize as many of the internal

oups of boyars were circulating the idea of abandoning the werecirculating boyars of the of abandoningoups idea the 66 Petru 18 With these two challeng

e. en iash (uhrs, Acad (Bucharest, Şimanschi Leon ed. , Rareş e ad ht s eeiie n ah f the of each in repetitive is that and reş Petru k, he takes care and watches over over watches and care takes he k,

, ed. Leon Şimanschi (Bucharest, (Bucharest, Şimanschi Leon ed. , Rareş text needs to be clarified. When When clarified. be to needs text s Rrş edd to needed Rareş es,

Ureche, emiei: emiei:

CEU eTD Collection historians writing after 1989. after writing historians were int encouraged, erpretations wasreligious he a pioneer of a theory thatwas and quoted by accepted art - non when regime communist the under wrote he Although for. arguing am I that campaign PR the for useful wall,while represented are on scenes secondary the the northern one. 72 71 70 69 68 of meant pointing influence eachhow to relevantout different scene and were particularities in of the chapterI onpart build of will what Ulea has alreadygoing the suggesteddetails into by novelty and amplitude “of plenty a painting alsoconcordance ref but the with moment, his give to masters skilful ordered Rareş the of in severescene, situation he argue orthat cameto secondary, primary of view. social and point political Moldavia the of exteriors art see to historians first of Uleathe one S. was rhetoric visual A Decryption: Georgeimportantlyand Nicholas. of like saints world, consequences; theand original sin its and sa other scenesfrom the Parable the aGenesis of shortcyclefrom the Son; picturing Prodigal the creation of the He themes. by primary the blank left were which spaces the so the are there illustrated, always exception without are which themes major four these Besides wall. always present onthe western appears; Jesse of Tree the the representation of the Siege represented is of Constantinople while onthe façade opposite On either the northern the southern façades or the scene of the Akathistos Hymn together with which groups represent different of angels, saints, prophets, apostles, holyfathers or martyrs. registers horizontal six usually on arranged characters of number agreat with ascene is which is also called, it as Prayer Grand the or Hierarchy, Celestial the presents always apses three the monasteries. decoration ofrepeatedeach manner the Therefore, anthe in unchanged on of dated. be yet to are which monasteries, Bălineşti and Dobrovăţ the of painting the commissioned have (1551 Râşca –1538), (1536 Coşula (1530), Hârlău guidanceandof Grigoriewhobishops the Roşca Macarie legacy the continued andof ideology late the rule r.

peinture e S. Ulea, “La peinture most the interpretation his consider I viewUlea, of point nationalistic possible ofthe am aware I Although See: S. Ulea, southern the on depicted are scenes two these Probota, or Moldoviţa as such monasteries larger of case the In of death the after exterior the on painted were monasteries Voroneţ and Râşca The aven details the path of which through the soul twenty

The The first group paintings, of mural which create the core of the exterior entirety, are

“Originea şi Semnificaţia Ideologică a Picturii Exterio Picturii a Ideologică Semnificaţia şi “Originea xté rieure Moldave: o rieure

69 the fourth important theme is the Last which almost is the is theJudgment, fourth theme important

71 Constructing a system of ù , quand, et comment est lecting the desired mentality.” - called secondary themes which are meant to fill in fill to meant are which themes secondary called 19

1552) and Voroneţ (1547). Voroneţ and –1552) - 70

four before customs entering Heaven; are Moldoveneşti are 69. I,” - These are scenes of the Customs of Customs the of scenes are These elle a elle visual connections betweeneach connections visual pparue,” 295. Petru n monasteries n 72

In second this part

ints’ lives, most

Rareş but under the the under but Rareş Moldavia, Peter Peter Moldavia, Also, he Also, might

from a a from

CEU eTD Collection Research K ed. 76 75 74 73 Rareş rhyme, punning metaphor, and others. Knowing tha of thedeliveryaswith rhetorical forms such which coincide mainlyof delivery elements of contact with the evaluation of the image made the by viewer. This last implies step the creation characteristic of the desired outcome. The which in manner an object pres is meant thatthehad message have to certain tone and state a invokeof a mind certain benot The arrangement leftvisual the of message. out step sight.last wouldbe of the This coul demonstrated a space of spaceentire that courtyard, the ause walls to desire the using but Not onlyexteriorwere the walls church the of first seen the be when entering to the monastic experience, viewer's church step was finding suitable support,which the most the in sixteenth centurywas inevitably the imagery closely theand to everyday most understanding viewer life of related the forinfluential tools the targets which wouldeventually ofmessage, his tools in it concretize initial step, suitable supportfor and it, making sure thatit was being the in correct dispersed way. The most the finding message, desired the creating elaboration: of a scheme needed he that meant rhetorical.level is of which organization – meaning carry that forms visual all as era, particular e useto applied a modern is to methodology media, breaking a that message down the into been may although it Erwin relatedcurious to of Panofsky’s iconology.Therefore,seem theory advertising industry; symbol systems,importantly most images. also but of allother onlynot analysis human ofBurke, texts, the rhetorical who encouraged t development theoretical new fairly rhetoric.by visual of applyingthe theory the behaviour of the laypeople, if indeed they influenced anyone. Theof be doing way will this lements prescribed by visual rhetoric can be used in the same way on images from any any from images on way same the in used be can rhetoric visual by prescribed lements

Ibidem Linda Scott, M. Meltzoff, Stanley Foss, K. Sonja enneth Louis enneth – Peter Rareş was concerned wit concerned was Rareş Peter Visual rhetoric the studya describes imagesbranch as rhetoric.It of of a traditional is , 266.

– 21, No. 2(1997), 265. the stages needed for the production of visual rhetoric, the next step in this analysis is analysis is this step in rhetoric, next the visual production for of the stages needed the moreover, as the choice of elements visual andmodulate helps to the placement

which calls Linda Scott “the invention of an argument,”

“Theory of Visual Rhetor Visual of “Theory

“Images Advertising: in for Need a The Theo Smith (Routledge: 2005), 141.

“On the Rhetoric of Vision” Leonardo ofVision” Rhetoric “On the 76

however, it has been also used in art historical approaches where it has has it where approaches historical art in used also been has it however, portant to see how Rareş chose the most visible support of all. of support visible most the chose Rareş how see to itis important

ic” in Handbookic” of visual communication: theory, methods, andmedia hat off took thewith work of rhetorical theoristKenneth h transmitting a particular messagemasses, to the which 74

73 20 Visual rhetoricemployed is mostly in the 3, No. 1(1970), 27. t these are – are these t ry of Visual Rhetoric.” TheJournalry Rhetoric.” of ofVisual Consumer from architecture to paintingarchitecturefrom – to and were, in the case of Peter Peter of case the in were, and

75 was finding was the most ented is in direct s. Thes. second

have a a have d , CEU eTD Collection Hymnography” in Dumbarton in Oaks Papers Hymnography” and initially and - seventh 424- in Language” Advertising in Rhetoric of “Figures Mick. wa this suggesting and expectation from deviate 82 81 80 79 78 77 specifically appears as a it onthe invoking siege occasions. relevant late Byzantine afterwards, period and victory, with was identified bei her, which was later iconography. adaptedto It to important is note that the hymn, during the God attack. repelled the people and withstood hymn was written after the 626Persian siege when Constantinople the Constantinopolitan of Holy Virgin. Its origin is muc deviating and complex more trope the and memorable less scheme the making modes, figurative The memorable. figuration the make and eye the that the familiar is presented in an unfamiliar way. The figurative argument is meant to catch irony The and figurative paradox. argument marked is by and incongruity, deviation hyperbole, m antithesis, comprised rhetorical figuresas of various such are subsequently which deviation, allof and reversal, substitution, repetition, types: of four irregula order and repetition while the trope is more complex in the sense that itis marked by excessive by characterized is scheme The a trope. or scheme a either kinds, two of be may elements:figurative a mod the suit to found expression the situation. best way its alter to dis indeed hadRareş emphasize theto roles of the different arguments figurative order in understand to whether Constantinople: Monuments, Topography, Everyday Life death.related to See: Engin

V. Drăguţ, V. r Byzantine to connected also was which chant victory a as Hymn Akathistos the presents Akyurek Engin The Prooemiumwords containsthe “Our Lady of which Victories,” was probably added on the occasion of the Ibidem Language” Advertising in Rhetoric of “Figures Mick. G. D. McQuarrie, F. E. Studiesvisual stress in with rhetoric the impact the alteration of of a makingvisual object purposeofthe it 438.

became a central figure for the Byzantines, who dedicated this twenty this dedicated who Byzantines, the for figure acentral became century victory over the Persians, as it is most likely that the hymn was originally written before the siege the siege before written was originally hymn the that most likely asitis the Persians, over victory century The Hymn Akathistos 1.6)the representation visual is (fig. of the famous hymn of the A figurativeargument, I as will use itin this analysis, is comprised of following the

. rities. Furthermore, the rhetorical operations deriveFurthermore,figurativeare from therities. rhetorical themodes operations and

. Humor dedicated to the Annunciati the to dedicated , 28. 81

covered the most effective way to express his thoughts and whethercovered thoughtshe effective his express had theto most way The hymn, althougha chant,” “warrior

Akyurek, “Funeral Ritual in the Parekklesion of the Chora Church” in Byzantine in Church” Chora the of Parekklesion the in Ritual “Funeral Akyurek, e, a rhetorical operation and a rhetorical figure. The figurative mode mode figurative The figure. rhetorical a and operation rhetorical a e, h debated but the Prooemium leads many scholars believe that the the that believe scholars many leads Prooemium the but debated h

9 (1956):9 141- on. See: Egon Wellesz, See: Egon on. y a different interpretation. See: E See: interpretation. y different a 80 Whatever origin, the itis certain that the Mother of 21 , ed., Nevra Necipoglu (

walls of 174. The Journal of Consumer Research level of incongruity distinct is in the two

“The Akathistos. A Study in Byzantine Byzantine in Study A Akathistos. “The 77

82 , 426. verse does include not any verse Leiden dward F. McQuarrie, David

etonym, metaphor, pun, etonym, metaphor, ng chanted onvarious : Brill,2001),: 101. - four versed to hymn 22, No. 4 (1996), 78 meaning meaning

ituals ituals

G. G. CEU eTD Collection mixture of metaphors which reveal Constantinople as the capital fortress of Moldavia,capital Suceava as of reveal fortress the Constantinople mixturewhich of metaphors Constantinople of Siege of the the image problem of discussed have the persuasion. historians Art andsaint a way introduce to the and last most relevant scenepurpose for of the political memorability and thus th twenty other the after one repeated Mary of life the from moments (tableRepetition 1) here effective is gives as it redundancy the to message. Having various representing the Nativity, the Annunciation, of and theMary, Adoration so on. the Crucifixion downwards, the repetitive one encounters scheme of the twenty (Table 2,Siege of Constantinople) MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. political message. scene be can of delimited, which twenty described the in following way:grids of a twenty number nine each representing a different the Moldavian monasteries (Table of of the 1,Scenes theHolyVirgin) life MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. Supposing that one reads the entire scene of the Hymn from the upper part going part the upper Hymnfrom theof entire the scene reads Supposing thatone

------

identification of the defeat of the Ottoman army metaphoric of the Moldavian identification rider Suceava metaphoric with of Constantinople identification life incredible her emphasize scenes of series the as Virgin Holy the in trust life Her of miracles repetitive the on accent metaphoric identification of the Ottoman army identification of th presentation HolyVirgin of the (fig. 1.7) and have insisted on its mobilizing significance. The Siege is a a is mobilizing Siege significance.its The on insisted have and (fig. 1.7)

e impact of the message. It is a way to accentuate the power of the the of power the accentuate to It away is message. the of e impact

. The verses as depicted of Moldavia, the in hymn, can be therefore

e Holy Virgin as the protector of Constantinople as thee protector HolyVirgin

→→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ - eight bear a spiritual message and the last one bears a bears one last the and message aspiritual bear eight

(scene of political message) political of (scene miracles) and life (of messages) spiritual of (scenes Metaphor Destabilization Trope Siege of Constantinople - Repetition Scheme The life of the Holy Virgin

- -

eight spiritual scenes scenes spiritual eight eight times raises the

CEU eTD Collection 85 84 83 scene,“allow viewers designed when to judge to themselves they see Cynthia Hahn comments that itwas meant as a self sins. their of consequences the of aware people make to meant was scene This order. church social a of scene a all of first is Judgment Last The Voroneţ. at as wall, western entire the on depicted adult. of heightofintensified the bySiege,an at which located the viewing is the position depictedMoldavian situation the in peak of the scene. Moreover, the message even is more whi message gradual predictedthe situation by the Siege depiction. of Therefore Constantinople a the Hymnis content of the scene,recallmust he hethe times is living order in comprehend to gravity the of therefore include own experiences his the in one, schematic the than complex more is figure tropic interpretation: a one schematic which wouldeventually a to tropic lead one. By nature, its the as the a withstands fearful Moldavian Ottomanarmy. soldier who rider typicalConstantinopolitan (fig. his in wouldbe identified, Moldavianclothing, 1.8) war would be decoded. desired most decodi The the Depending Ottomans. of on the viewer’scomprehension, level of these one messages defeat Moldavians the where abattle or defeated being are Ottomans the where abattle forms: fortress given a of walls literal – interpretation between a chosen could therefore have “reader” of the image the freedom has choose to own interpretative his concept. A Moldavian (table 2). are characterized Metaphors byby only not several, one conceptbut target council chamber Late Medieval in present depictions Judgement Last the discusses who Zapalac Sorensen ofinterpretationexample generalgiven Eldyss anotherscene by of the possible in Kristin is swear…toLaw onlyand keep the God eyes,I my as before thatbefore answer for must God at “I municipalcourt: a servein elected to those by oaths taken the counterpartsvisual of Conrad Rudolph (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 56.

Cynthia F.E. McQuarrie, D.G.Mick. “FiguresRhetoricAdvertising ofLanguage”, in 429. Zolt á - n K educational programme and a warning for all the people who do not conform not who allthedo people for warning educational programmeand a Th Takenin its entirety, the Akathistos Hymn wouldtheref

Hahn, “Vision” in in “Vision” Hahn, ö e Last 1.9)anothere Moldavian is theme (fig. Judgment major which usually is vecses. vecses. s Met

and courtroom aphor: A Practical Introduction ch invokes the protectivech power of the Holy Virgin for the difficult – A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe that could have taken at least thatcouldtaken two interpretation have or complex a more

s . She interprets the . Sheinterprets 23

(Oxford interpretation fully order in to the understand

ng wouldindeed where last, be the the ir presence in these locations as being the the being as locations these in presence ir - : Oxford University Press University Oxford : assessment of looking the person at the 84 inviting The elaboration. viewer must a battle taking place outside the the outside a battle takingplace

ore have two stages of stages of two have ore the Lastthe Judgment.”

: 2002),: 108.

to the the to 83 85 , ed. ed. , the the An An CEU eTD Collection Regensburg, 1500- was visible by over E theirpatronage Representation of Power in the Context ofOttoman Context the in ofPower Representation of power. Also in of context art,the the desire of sixteenth Theywere aimed communicate to Ottoman imperial a to claims European audience through aWestern discourse designed by a Venetianworkshop and seen as a telling at rulers. demonstrationthe power concerns anof Ottoman helmet the Such of example Vernon J. Parry and M. A. Cook (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr University Cambridge (Cambridge: Cook A. M. and Parry J. Vernon Empire to 1730: Chapters from the Cambridge History of Islam and the New Cambridge Modern History Emperor CharlesEmperor Parry, V.See: “The V.J. Reign the Sulaiman of Magnificent,” 90 89 88 87 86 Earth. are by two divisions divided people;sinful of ofof both these the souls goodand layers theof areThe above river fire. other weighing the of layer the Court, second the Celestial of layer upper regions: the fourdivided in fire which into doomed people are the open falling towards mouth of theIt devil. therefore is usually thebyaway:river in following represented vertically planred the is entire of divided scen the of layout The contact. close in was Rareş Peter of principality the which with Athos, Mount surprising. not is expansion connection the to Ottoman Venice. with Empire, thewith Habsburg France’srivalry from Suleymanallied Francecould with profit he because Sultan emphasis. While gained Judgment Last the of thatthe idea comes nosurprise with In Ottomans. where context, power this one trying each imperial another, was dominate to sixteenth LastMoldavian exterior appear Judgments context of the tumultuous sixteenth- in the as especially scene, Judgment Last the of interpretation specific and additional an is Lastthe Judgment.”

S. Ulea, between rivalry Ottomans the andThis the Habsburgsvisible is also the in iconographic of propaganda the Kristin See moreSee Reign in:“The Parry, of Magnificent. V.J. the Sulaiman 1520 A short e is therefore similar to those of the sixteenth

The inspiration of this scene in Moldavia came through the Byzantine iconography of Byzantine of iconography came through the Moldavia scene in this The of inspiration

88 Eldyss Sorensen Zapalac,

- - că a Picturiia că Exterioare Moldoveneşti Ideologi 76. I”, Semnificaţia şi “Originea lived anti lived century was dominated by the imperial rivalry between the Habsburgs and the the and Habsburgs the between rivalry imperial by the dominated was century the Habsburgs were the Habsburgs together of putting an thinking anti 89

In the development of the idea context, of this days the end of in Europe in 1600 - Ottoman alliancewassigned Ottoman in between spring the Pope of andPaul 1538 III, Venice, 86 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), 32. 1990), Press, University Cornell (Ithaca: Therefore,

the river: on the left side is the Heaven and on the right side, is the the the side, right is and theon Heaven is left side onthe river: the

In His Image and Likeness: Political Iconography and Religious Change in uropean artists. See: Gülru

the anti the - Ottoman interpretation of the Moldavian iconography - Hapsburg 24 tribute of Ottoman sovereignty in the Western world. world. the Western in of Ottoman sovereignty tribute - - century monasteriesAthos. of century sultans of uniting Constant uniting of sultans century - Papal Rivalry” Bulletin Art Papal The

Necipoglu, “Suleyman the Magnificent and the the and Magnificent the “Suleyman Necipoglu,

ess, 1976), 79- - A History of the Ottoman Ottoman 66” in the of History A 87- - 89. Ottoman league together 103. -

crown of Sultan Suleyman Suleyman Sultan of crown

71 (1989), 401- inople with Rome inople 90 The scene is is scene The century. The , ed. , ed. 427. 87 it

CEU eTD Collection sinful are true portraitswhich make themrelevant. most groups These clearly outline distinct the groupsandgoodare rather schematically conventionally of the the depicted, groups of the themselves. within While are differentiated groups that evil are good and groups of row: both different level,is also involvedat it is this another. repetition Although reversal, the tworows of good and evilare simil register this in the contradicting introduces of good elements and characteristic evil.As is of the repetitiveof operationtherow. CelestialCourt Thethe present antithesis reversal through a attractoperation is methodto 4). operation e (table This of the reversal viewer’s antithesis) (Tablerighteous 4,Sinner and MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. lightregister. onthe second halos seemglowing shed to andrepetition reinforcesthe their uniformity golden halos. The present here is the repetition of almost identical characte rhetoricalgroups operation The saints. the Baptist of and the John flanked and sits byMary Celesti 3, (Table MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. The second row takes the level of deviation a step furtherThethe rhetorical a level second takesstep of by introducing deviation row the therefore is row first The

- an equality of judgment - - distinction good distinction –bad righteousness implies repetition denotes and and uniformity equality, which the Court of Heaven, headed by Christ, awaiting the theofjudgment Court Heaven, awaiting headed of byChrist, souls al Court)

the Celestial Court (table 3) –

→→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→

25 ar to mirror images which inversely reflect one one reflect inversely which images mirror to ar

rs, their similaritybeingenforced by

i n its centre Christ Pantocrator Pantocrator Christ centre its n have weighed) their souls goingrighteous to people (Sinners and Pantocrator) the by headed Court Celestial (The Antithesis Reversal Scheme 2 Row - Repetition Scheme 1 Row

from

that of the first first the of that ye more than than ye more

CEU eTD Collection Externă,” 92 91 amplifylight colours and lines simple The block. a create unitary which halos,except for their even not are visible faces whose of some characters, identical almost of instances multiple are there of repetition; enhancesThis order significance in (fig. the the very Gates 1.10). reach to group, large this brigh Heaven towards – of thewho Gates are already heading of righteous people group be givento repetition.what an is The seems immense repetition by by characterized entirely afiguration fire is of river depictionThis on the the lefteof sid Heavens) 5, (Table MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. as the analysis throughthe psychological demonstrate. point, focal rhetoricwill visual and clothing group the Furthermore, Moldavia. freedom of the those who threaten their through accentuation their that physiognomy transmit the belief in victoryand in the fact argue that eternal punishment is waiting for historians art other and Drăguţ messa understanding a in crucial point the is of (fig. Ottomans 1.11) from politicallyMoldavia Zapolya differed often János I or Sigismund of Poland as such rulers because people bad the among situated also were Latins the but threat, permanent and strategist a neighbours. were Christian The his Turks with conflict situations in often found himself military good very a not was person, ambitious remarkably a although Rareş, seen. be barely can are plac which but of people, sinful categoryincluded the in havebeen could easilygroup of heretics,who theycontrast the apurpose plan; special of Latins Ulea and S. thatthese Tatars. sometimes highlighted groups depicted the were with – Turks nationalities: several of people of features

For more on the dissensions between Rareş and Sigismund I and J and I Sigismund and Rareşbetween dissensions the on more For S. Ulea, t white The third figural category is Heaven and the people heading towards Heaven (table 5). 5). (table Heaven towards heading people and the Heaven categoryis figuralThe third

229-

“OrigineaPicturiişia Ideologică Semnificaţia Exterioare Moldoveneşti 77. I”, 266. – - - headed by the Apostle Peter with the key to Heaven in his hand. The people in in people hand. The his in Heaven thewith key to the Apostle Peter by headed goodness and peacefulness of the goodnessHeavens and peacefulness tranquillity of the Heavens

especially in the Voroneţ version, give the impression of pushing one another another one pushing of impression the give version, Voroneţ the in especially

91 The presence of all the “evil” groups has already been explained: Peter explained: been already has groups “evil” the all of presence The

→→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→

26 which comprise num the most depicted on the lower left corner in a corner a in left onthedepicted lower á

nos Zapolya, see ed in the river of fire where they of where river fire ed the in - Repetition Scheme Heavensand people holy

V. Last V. ge Judgment; of the of the damned becomes becomes damned the of : C. C. :

Rezachevici. “Politica erous group – 92 . The group. The

CEU eTD Collection 93 rhetorical The the damned. group of the attention on centre the something they more: do to Last seem Judgments the Moldavian However, similar. been also reactions have must same involuntary Considering responses? that the iconographywas the similar, immedia Last evokeJudgments the did Moldavian the imagery involuntaryreactions. Thus, evoke must Moreover, order in he discussesfor that succeed to the expression visual the power of visual carvings” stone the do as realistically and forcefully dramatically, as damned the of fate horrible the convey can mu communicate can argument visual the scenes, of types these of context the in how, stresses He arguments. visual didactic as scenes the humanity meets its end. the fear which energy and in of stressriver fire the red the and of between the brown earthly the contrast and the hills the of lines the of discontinuity The lines. and irregular coloursbyvivid embodied is eyes his front of in unfolding drama as the the viewer to out scream to seems scene it stimulates the imagination, but also because the of technical features used byartist: the the because only not attention captures the chaotic scenery the This dead. resurrectionguide of the that figures allegorical two becowho thus me are earthpersonified, and personification: water used figure is The by sea.gives bodiestaken rhetorical of people who the alsothe back people they eaten.Waterpersonified have is by woman surroundeda by creatures the of the sea, the remainsopens andwhile out, animals thevomit lets tombs bodies of the humans scenery and represented theis human the water.figure, illustrates The land bya land who (Table 6,Earth) MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. thewith imageright bythe scene offered onthe and becontrast to strongly found Heaven in the and sensation of calm only perfection thatis Marguerite H.Helmers (

J. Anthony Blair, J. J. AnthonyJ. Blair discusses the communicationof condition the medieval Last Judgment Table 6 gives the rhetorical analysis of the earthly during days. world the last The - Chaotic state of thedays last

“The Rhetoric of VisualArguments” rhetorics visual in Defining – New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates referring to the tympanums of Gothic cathedrals that bear this scene. thatbearof this Gothicreferring cathedrals the to tympanums

→→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ ch as than oral“no better words or written arguments

27 side of the river. : 2004), 53.

Personification Substitution Trope Earth onthe day last

, ed. Charles A. and Hill Charles ed. ,

of the te te

CEU eTD Collection personification implies questioning what the personified image stands for, making it more intriguing. more it making for, stands image personified the what questioning implies personification the multiplications, its disturbing with eye the catches repetition While does. elements various of repetition the more than much ofthe imagination action the implies the personification Judgment, of the Last stimulation of imaginationmore becomes complex, the deviationmore becomes intense. example, For in the case 94 Thesaints. martyrs, angels, apostles prophets, are and of bishops, allheading the axis towards of themil row from are separated characters holy the “ordinary” another division: of kind (Table saints’ prayer) 7,All MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. form the classical praye the Baptist and John HolyVirgin bythe flanked Christ, central apse of the ofmiddle the axis missionaries, hermits andmilitary saints. Thefact that itis a prayer is incontestable: in the peopl groups or saints of holy different which of depict all registers, six or five usually of aseries in a prayer represents scene large This Saints. the All enti it as others the all of scene largest the is Hierarchy Celestial The 1.12). (fig. Hierarchy Celestial political views and goals. ofcentral the thedamned,Rare group is Peter point this particular division, which was “titled” the the with judgment Because of theomans. Ott of personifications and lines asymmetrical the by captivated be to meant was Judgment Last the ati like are focal aregroups the ofwhichalready with accentuatedOttomans point thefamous damned, the of world the earthly division, much deviationin more is complex dient of the case gra eye. The the to attractive less are which figures are schematic divisions the other two also a trope, and is group includes the Ottoman which characterized is by the trope. forthe mode figurative of Except the second row, which explanation for this is that the focal point of the entire scene is the left sid

The gradient of deviation is measured gradientThe im the is by of level the of deviation rely covers the surface of all three apses, and its identity is stated in the name The Prayer of of Prayer The name the in stated is identity its and apses, three all of surface the covers rely It interesting is note to that the scene, besides the natural hierarchical presents divisions, A scene third of importance vital the in anti tle of the division oftle of the theearthly division Thus,the sixteenth- world.

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registers - Repetition Scheme upper five) (or four The

century looking person at e of the earthly world,

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itary CEU eTD Collection important at Voroneţ is the fact that John the New is represented in the most important place, important most the in represented is New the John that fact the is Voroneţ at important as happenscentralaxis, atfigure Vorone the in of Christ usually depicted onthe right the in side of Christ register, whoreplaces but sometimes the anoth Moreover, character. warrior simply participating an in everyday prayer, he taking but is normal part a in prayer a with the New not is John signifiesthat fact highlights, the George.Ulea asSaint S. placement, This theregister, martyrs, the but inregister the of of military the character saints, right after first the afterIslam. the convert NewtheMuslims to in register represented he not is refused to John of tive of the anti perspec important from this point of view. martyr Heis a saint who issignificant even more from the characters are alsoThe important. presence the ofNew, Saint patronJohn of saint Moldavia, is of which concepts these initiate substitute the imagination process important, but the actual are theonly presence However, concepts. not substitute alluring rhythmic but using of by war concept towards the directed thus viewer is the war. is attentionof broader concept,which The their military affiliation. These representations of specific clothing the with operation thebear stop All saints which not accessories of indicate repetition. various repetition is similar to that present in the register above, but the rhetorical interpretation does closest to the eye of viewer, the the lower registers of the military saints(table 8). The (Table 8, Military saints’ prayer) unified prayer. passionate and silent similar effect to that inLast the Judgment.figure Each transmits the same message, of that a glowing a create ofrepetitiveness whose the figures, halos the by marked is procession calm quietly of the nucleus prayer, towards by represented the various instances This of Christ. oneother, front footemphasizing. in moving ofseem allin Thethehead with to characters, image usuallybeing the middle the register, each within present is Christ of image adifferent where apse, central the MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. The political message of the Celestial Hierarchy can be found in the registers that are are that registers the in found be can Hierarchy Celestial the of message political The

- engage all of military saintsin a single pra

- Ottoman campaign as he was killed at the Cetatea Albă in Moldavia by Moldavia in Albă Cetatea the at killed was he as campaign Ottoman Deisis

mentioned The above. repet

er important image is that of Saint George, thatofer is Saint image important whoonly not is

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yerfor military success ition visible here(table is worth 7) ţ monastery (fig. 1.13). Equally Equally 1.13). (fig. monastery ţ registers Metonymy Substitution Trope The or last two lower

or spears are indicators of a a of indicators are spears or

CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 characters supported is by of military saints used above the repetition and the viewer interprets more captivating one thanused the in upper the registers. The the metonymy with used specificrhetoricalwhich figure eye, is of closer the only because not thebut to are because they registers lower the in characters the of representations the sees churchgoer The registers. other spirit. of the Moldavian monasteries can as having be interpreted the same encouraging Christian themselves for The it. placement of theof execution Saint the New John on the exterior walls effect, have opposite the were refuse theypublic executions meantto conversion, discourage to Christians to proved executio sequence showingVisualising representations martyrdom. the martyrdom, his the of public representingthe John Saint New only not statically, him presented also presented but a in him Moldavian neo- Martyrologion New the as Just way. same the in interpreted be can iconography exterior Moldavian the on New Nikodemos also had a simila neo of- compilation the of lives Islamic The conversions. have with deal to imitation in the deedsall Christians,” of neo because permitted the appearance of new martyrs, one Nikodemos’ of Saint five answers was that of the compilers of the lives of neo- Hagioritet in Nikodemoswas, the Saint found. also be the can New 100known neoalmost Islam. There are acceptto conversion martyrdom refers who Balkan achieved to Christians martyrdom for through execution refusing hermits pray fora military cause. corresponding register the to hermits’ monastery, makingthe atentire thus Humor group of lead Michael, Archangel the way, on the right side George, Saint of while Saint Demetrius is portrayed the on left.In a similar 2000 Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman P (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 82.

Ibidem, 16. Nomikos see: the Hagiorite, Saint Nikodemos of answers the five all For Anton ), 15 ),

It is also fundamental to see ofIt how the the significance alsoto fundamental is militaryregisters relates to the Saint John the New and the idea of neo- the Newof the idea and John Saint Minkov, Minkov, - Nomikos Michael Nomikos Vaporis As stresses, although the effect. particular of be can n, 16.

- martyrs can thus stand as thus “personifica can martyrs Conversion to Islam mart

yr can be seen as having the same purpose. Moreover, the scenes scenes the Moreover, purpose. same the having as seen yr be can was meant inspire to Orthodox the muralChristians, imagery of the 97 encouranging Christians to stay with their faith and eve faith their stay with to encouranging Christians

r purpose, stand to as The examples. imagery the John of Saint

in the Balkans: Kisve Bahasi Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670 -

. When Martyrologion New asked the why God had martyrs, er of the celestial armies, replaces the image of Christ, Christ, of image the replaces armies, celestial the of er 96 so that they can stand as examples for who Christians as examples thattheystand so can eriod, 1437- 30 ere. Neo here. be should pointedout martyrdom 1860 tions of the sort of courage of thedeserving tions sort (New York: -

martyrs, Witnesses for Christ: Christ: for Witnesses Vaporis, M. Saint Vladimir's Seminary Press, Press, Seminary Vladimir's Saint he eighteenth he 95 among which John among which martyrs of Saint Saint of martyrs - century, onecentury, n sacrifice sacrifice n 1730 -

CEU eTD Collection “A Historiated Tree “Aof Tree Historiated Jesse” Dumbarton Oaks Papers Coming,Ascension an and patriarchs the of scenes that in not and appear do Moldavia appear as insuch models other theAnnunciationare of the Second 100 99 98 Pec) at one the as (such dynasty Nemanjid the of tree genealogical the of creation the is correlations of relevantsuch The development procession. most a dynastic Vladislav, and with monasteries Tree the dynastic role. Therefore, itis particularly interesting at how Sopocani the andArilje is thus needed:Taylor M. argues that liturgical the roleTreecomplemented the of is a by He position this suggests noreal with supporting arguments however. A different interpretation Hierarchy Celestial the of message the completing ofa means as iconographical programme exterior the into introduced was Jesse the Tree of anti the in scene the interpreted has however, Ulea S. human nature, a human body and and soul, thathe was born from mother, his the Virgin Mary. full possessed a Christ iconography that demonstrating byits doctrine the incarnation, of assert a material is scene the of meaning original The intentions. persuasive national almost the same as in other foreignregions, withintrusions no that can allude to anypolitical or apr into Jesse of Tree closelylinked toAthonite the model. are Moldavian versions concluded thatthe has genealogyand this of the different versions analysedconnections has theand between origins Taylor D. Michael sides. the on separated are kings, eighteen OldTestament and scenes, New while the prophets, ancestors and philosophers OldTestament between six upperVirgin; themappear of figure figure the and of the Jesse the bottom central points: two encompasses Jesse, from descending as Christ of genealogy the provenance.representsTree, certain thattheyawhich evident,is allhave so The common is it scene unknownas but is the iconographical characteristics between the ones mentioned above and a in number of monasteries Greece, in Bulgaria and Serbia, Romania. The original suc Tree the of versions eighteen are There and looking “just never innocent,everfinal.” is norit is ideas learned and experiences past by framed always is image an at looking discusses, Helmers co the images byconnecting correspondingly thatdraw the elements onwar the with closest Hill, Marguerite H. Helmers (Routledge: 2004), 65. 2004), (Routledge: Helmers H. Marguerite Hill,

Ta Marguerite H.Helmers,

ncept of war he has in hand:in the Ottoman- ncept of he war has S. Ulea, ylor points out the special features of the Moldavian model in comparison to the Athonite one: particular particular one: the Athonite to in comparison model features ofthe Moldavian the out special ylor points The last major theme thatappears onthe Moldavian the wallsTree is of Jesse (fig. 1.14).

“OrigineaPicturiişia Ideologică Semnificaţia Exterioare Moldoveneşti 88. I”,

is correlated with dynastic images of Stephen Dragutin’s sons, Uros and Uros sons, Dragutin’s images of Stephen correlated dynastic with is Defining Visual Rhetorics Visual Defining in Rhetoric” through Arts Fine the “Framing ogram of persuasion comes in question. The question. in iconography ofcomes persuasion ogram of the Tree

the twelve tribes of I 99 By accepting Taylor’s conclusions, the meaning of the the meaning conclusions, Taylor’s Byaccepting in Europe which appear in Italy which Europe in appear in at the Orvieto Dome

34 (1980- 31 Moldavian military conflicts. As Marguerite 100 - and thus sustaining its military purpose. and sustaining thus its Ottoman 1981): 125 - srael next the to kings. See: Michael D.Taylor, 98

approach. His hypothesis is that hypothesisHis that approach. is 176.

, ed. Charles ed. , A. ion of the ofion the

which which

is is h

CEU eTD Collection 67- Cihodaru, 102 101 Althoughmessage,also illustrations. beI orBiblical seen they may as entirely donot ordinary apolitical reflecting ones primary the to scenes additional as both interpreted be may scenes always the Customs of present: Heavens, the are almost themes the secondary Three of ones. primary four of the completing meaning the meaning, a secondary had scenes These walls. the on represented also were scenes other walls, to due usually However, mind. in had have might Rareş Peter that system. genealogical feudal the towards respect impose to meant also Vătăşianu V. ignore. social a as scene this to refers to difficult image an create acanthus of branches by another one to linked figures of number great the where 9), (table Rareş of succession divine and legitimate Jesse) of Tree 9, (Table MESSAGE: FIGURE RHETORICAL IV. OPERATION III. RHETORICAL MODE II. FIGURATIVE FIGURATION I. surprising. not the genealogy is of Christ throne. the boyars a started conspiracy form to theyagainst him, a real would become danger the to once that conscious was ruler The Rareş. of opposition internal the attract to trying were and grouped were usurpers potential These Great. the Stephen of sons legitimate the themselves proclaimed throne the to pretenders of series foundson, a himselfin delicate precisely situation for reason.he was this crowned, After a illegitimatedynastic an implications were suggestedas with the Moldavian Tree? Peter Rareş, a implyingthose ofthus divineordination of Jesse, their rule. with Nemanja Stephen of descendants the equates which and Jesse of Tree the from derived

The worries of Rareş were materialized with the 1538 conspiracy of conspiracy 1538 the with materialized were Rareş of worries The D. Taylor M. 73.

102 These four images are the fundamental ones for aso for ones fundamental the are images four These ametapho becomes Jesse of Tree the of scene entire the Therefore,

“Politica Internă” [Internal Policy] in in Policy] [Internal Internă” “Politica Therefore, t Therefore, ,

“A of Tree Historiated Jesse”, 164. - - message directed towards the boyars the towards directed message identification of the genealogy identification thatof of Christ the of Peter with Rareş

he thathe fact tried to strengthen position his by makinga with parallel

- political message and

→→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ →→→→→→→→→→ Petru

in Poland, Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire the OttomanEmpire and Transylvania Poland, in Rareş 32 Parable ofandParable the Son Genesis. Prodigal These , ed. Leon Şimanschi (Bucharest, Academiei: 1978) Academiei:(Bucharest,Şimanschi Leon ed. ,

he implieshe this that Biblical imagewas

- the boyars against him. See: Constantin Constantin See: him. against boyars the called public relations campaign campaign relations public called

101 Metaphor Destabilization Trope Jesse of Tree The the size of the monasteries’ monasteries’ the of size the Could it Could be thatthe same

r evoking the evokingr the

CEU eTD Collection of a political interpretation, it is mostly only itis interpretation, political of a possibility the discuss indeed do they when and sources Biblical on drawing only usually is scenes secondary the Vătă V. (like others of the Moldavian exteriors, feel I like his interpretationmost is to the quoted.be proper Whilemanywere there heresies, others. and 105 104 103 in Parable thatthe could be it interpreted Son: the Prodigal the of Parable of wasthe boyars that with Adam who symbolicallyhad their to sell for soul land.A similar message directedagainst says the that landlord was being identifiedwith the Devil, while peasants the w Interpreting from of the theseview point scenes of the Moldavian situation of theUlea time, descendantshis under andof himselfand Satan. it thus fell thethe hand Devil. Adam signed order toin able signsoul he workhis he beto sold forto athrough it, hadwhich deal to Adam and his the land was that andhim him told to came however, the Devil daynecessary One food. that Adam, after beingexpelled from P intriguing scene Adam’s of deal with Devil. the This composition illustrates the heretical belief the Thus, he stresses details. goes into alsogeneral Ulea interpretation, Moldavia. Besides this away making from thus sin, them to God listen and fulfiltheir greate Knowingteachings, Biblical Ulea these thatthe Moldavians wouldknow thinks howkeep to Genesishighlight were meant to Original the Sinwhichwasremoved byChrist’s sacrifice. sc while the avoid, should he and what behave should goodChristian a churchgoers how of illustrations the Customs of Heavens and the Parable were meant demonstrate to to scenes Moldavia,” of freedom the for prayer a“grand calls he what as altogether and other Sin. scenes, allevidently representing Original Adam from Paradise, thetemptation, expulsion the Eve, the creation of Adam, of creation the Heaven, and Earth representing scenes a few of comprised also is Genesis allus grids are which few Moldaviain through a scene represented well known Prodigal a is Son of twenty apasses number through It world.Christian represe Ulea’spresentS. onthem. interpretation themand discuss inter with agree

See: Every customsin represents ahuman that custom’s at judged each is stop - As S. Ulea is the art historianwho hasmostwidely investigated the political messages of the secondary scenes ions to Christ as the Christ to returns. andions soul the sinful lost Good The Shepherd scene of whom to

S.Ulea, “Originea şi Semnificaţia Picturiia Ideologică Exterioare Moldoveneşti I are additional scenesthatwere the neededprayer for be by to are received two God. The UleaS. argues the four thatwhile primaryconsidered and scenesmay betaken the in found else anywhere be not is scene which an is original of Heavens The Customs preting all the secondary scenes as bearing a political message, I will briefly briefly I will message, apolitical bearing as scenes secondary the all preting şianu, G. Balş, V. Drăguţ, etc.) who have studied the Moldavian mural paintings, their view on on view their paintings, mural Moldavian the studied have who etc.) Drăguţ, V. Balş, G. şianu,

nts a traditional Romanian belief that the soul, after the body dies,

- one customs before it reaches Heaven. reaches it before customs one

briefly mentioned. aradise, had work to landorder in his produce the to 33

103

like lying, anger, murder, stealing, stealing, murder, anger, lying, like ’s deal’s with the Devil 104 , st prayer,st protect to ”

58. The Parable of the of Parable The 105

the secondary secondary the ere identified identified ere enes of of enes CEU eTD Collection e symbol of the sin indicated here with the campaign of Peter Peter of campaign the with here indicated sin the of e symbol althoughI connect th would not sin, for stand which statements metaphorical all are cycle the Genesis and Son Prodigal of Heavens, thethe of Parable Customs the onefigures: hand, and On metaphor metonymy. against the Ottoman Empire. neo progr the whole into thefit iconographic New image His (fig. John 1.16). Moldavia’s patron, Saint hands slaying their enemies. A similar image often that appears on exterior the walls is that of 1.15) saints military three Humor and Moldoviţa at both canthe monastery. life George ofbe onthefaçade Moreover, Saint northern Humor seen thecommon with Hymn and he not is the patron sai hassaint nothing George, althoughthe in Saint life of representstwelve the different scenes political- scenesas all the saints depicted here are military saints that would normally saints. This third level is more plausible to be a level that is supporting the role of the primary one. a political than meaning spiritual amore have which scenes additional as scenes these for argue of the Prodigal of andHeaven Son the Customs as are not plausible as he states.I wouldrather this specific interpretation.I think thus that Ulea’ grasp message, this detectto one grid had this from the other grids of the Genesis and give it - sixteenth evident.not Therefore, the where was visibility its rightmany partsmall the of roof,cycle which,under arepresented moreover, times wholeis a is scene the Therefore, adetail. being thus Genesis, of cycle alarger of part is scene this that an inter whether such oneself ask must one Devil, the with Adam of Deal the of scene the as such details specific into might becomea threat. However, itis difficult to assess in this way scenes. the While Uleagoes the of support the gaining Rareş: of policy social and soul alost transgressora of of sinner. the Rareş, will thus unit were against the who fact thatthose said - martyr who refusedto convert Islam, to he was one of the most suitable figures to militate amme just like it fit in the register of the military saintsof the Celestial Hierarchy. As a – Looking at the secondary scenes, it i it scenes, atLooking the secondary However, ascenesird level th of the in cycles may be identified the of with lives various internal the reflecting also as interpreted were scenes secondary the this, to According are placed on the left side of the Akathistos Hymn, side their with swords or left spears their in the on placed are military Thus,at Probota monastery message. the to Akathistos next Hymn a cycleof pretation is possible. Taking the example Deal, the of itmust be stressed

s clear that they are composed of two rhetorical two composed of they are clears that y of the ruling power from whatever reasons, is a whatever is reasons, from y the power ruling of 34 s arguments concerning Genesis, the Parable Parable the Genesis, concerning arguments s

masses against who the powerfulboyars nt of the monastery.A similar cycle with – George, Demetrius and Mercury (fig. (fig. Mercury and Demetrius George,

century orderto in Moldavian,

be included in a in be included CEU eTD Collection 3, No. 1 (1970): 27- othermonasteries the are onlyof suppositions. painters the Macarie; chronicler Rareş’s by commissioned Cotronas, Stamatello painter, Greek a by Rareş p was which Râşca of that is case special a painter; unknown an as to referred usually is he but Marcu, herald the with identified sometimes is Voroneţ of painter the Coman; Dragoş by painted Humorople; and were Baia painted by Toma of Suceava;was Constantin Arbore of Siege the of scene the on indicates signature?) (maybe inscription an as Suceava of Toma painter court Rareş’s supposedly was Moldoviţa 108 107 106 expressed onthe walls solemn of the holy monasteries? expres is argument Moreover,of argues a Hill church? greatly thatpeoplethe are tonewhich in an influenced by have beenfor more a suitable medieval society supportits values and to beliefs than the walls thatthe audienceassumptions alrea members beliefs, and or conflictsvalues the muchwith greatly the appealsupports affectedbyhow is any appeal of effectiveness the that says Hill Charles easily. more viewers his reach him thepainter functions exploited of rhetoric visual which made hi process.complex Although knowing without modern terminology,- the sixteenth presentation those whom to bebe yet clear form distinctions, in in andstrong fine the levelmould of supple, and variety, with unity order surprise, with mix central theme, “concentrate to onhis was the painter a place in visible unexpected the andwith positioned the by or by size colour, by accentuated be to needed elements Specific desires. requested the was vital to the painter,therefore he hadto mould the material in suchway a that itmirrored orderin make to theas message clear as Theby possible. offered feedback the c anti an of message specified the power t more targetedchurch accessibleaudience. he his ownto made purposes, his messages for his the of space sacred the Using message. political own his added Rareş Peter known everyon to e, generalwithin iconography oftopics The that, conception the is exterior exciting of aspect the Summing Up metonymy. in concretized are which and war of concept the indicate which figures are saints military the all hand, other the On ş. Rare Marguerite H.Helmers (

Charles moreFor on the role of A Not all the painters of the exteriors of the monasteries are known: the painter of of painter the known: are monasteries ofthe the exteriors of the painters all Not presented, previously s The painter commissioned had aconvincing difficult task, as peoplea a take stand is to The messages onMoldavian church displayed walls came the directly rulingfrom hrough the brush of the commissioned painter. The commissioned painter ofThehrough thepainter. commissioned the brush

A. Hill A. ,

38. Defining Visual Rhetorics “The Psychology Visual of Rhetoricalin Images” Defining

sed. Once more, what could be more suitable than a devotional tone New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates the see: painter Stanley commissioned M itwill reach.”

- Ottoman prayerand he had find the to proper language visual

107

dy hold about relevantdy hold topics. 35 employment of visual rhetoric. aimof employmentof The visual

: 2004), 28. eltzoff,

“On the Rhetoric ofVision Rhetoric “On the s task easier and which made made which and easier task s aintedyears afew after the death of

108 , ed. Charles A. Hill, A. Charles Hill, ed. , What else would else What 106 ommissioner was given given was , ” Leonardo century century

CEU eTD Collection “Înscăunarea”Enthroning] [The in 112 111 110 Mentality Wallachia in Moldavia. Fifteenth and Seventeenth to Centuries] 1997), (Bucharest:159. Paideia, 109 relationship between the the “fatherly and image” the towards Although theabeing nobility. attitude protective thus image,” “fatherly a as defines Ţighiliu that something result second reign, some of the boyars goodcollaborators who remained faithful him to the enduntil of his sword grand Drăgşan, Danciu, Nouă; Hotin; Cetatea of bailiff of Mihul, bailiff Rareş: of Council Ruling new the in appear names new direct descendants of the nobles of Alexander the Good and Stephen the Great. Onlyfour surrounding boyars coming well himselfwith from unchanged, the Rulingalmost keptboyars; Council the structure he accordingly of boyars. important most The new ruler the cameto throne after had been he chosen bythe rela honestyalso characterizedthe beginningof the denied.” be cannot that “honesty acertain had it relations, by tense characterized was it frequently arguingrelationship thatalthough between theand ruler the boyars artists. and clergy, well defined spheres above: they mentioned boya were three the from came people These messages. specific the of propagation the for basis the as functioned artistic thattogether spheres thereligiousand political, people who orchestrated scene was dominated was scene political Moldavian Moldavia, the of affairs the in internal ahave influence much stronger

I. Ţighiliu. Ţighiliu. I. Ş. S. Gorovei. Petru Co Ruling new the in changes the on more For Iolanda Ţighiliu, Ţighiliu, Iolanda ed Rareş, relied on relied Thepublic relations organisation headed campaign, of the byPeter Rareş, Until the second halfthe of sixteenth

in an opposing group. Ingroup. opposing th an in Societate şi Mentalitate în Ţara Românească şi 111 although the relationship with other boyars although relationshipother started rapidly with and deteriorate to the oitt ş Mnaiae n aa oâesă i odv. eoee XV Secolele Moldova. şi Românească Ţara în Mentalitate şi Societate

The first method of estimating the intelligence of a ruler , 18. , Rareş

by the voivode by

two ruling partners changedaccording to the political situation of is to looktheundhim. aro to at menis he has

Petru

A Campaign in Need of a Team of Need in Campaign A ) Prince The Machiavelli, (N.

, ed. Leon, ed. Şimanschi (Bucharest:Rareş Academiei, 58. 1978), - boyar partnership. Iolanda partnership. boyar e boyar mentality, the voivode should represent represent mentality,voivode should the e boyar CHAPTER uncil and the boyars who were replaced, see: Ion Toderaşcu. Ion see: replaced, were who boyars the and uncil - 36 century, whenOttoman the Empire started to

- be

Moldova, 163. arer; and Ion, comis arer; and

II - known Moldavian families who wereknown Moldavian his and Rareş Peter between tionship

rs 112 , that is, a necessary attribute of the ruler ruler the of attribute anecessary

part of the Ruling Council, Ţighiliu elaborates on the the on elaborates Ţighiliu . 110 ae fud in found Rareş - XVII

[Society and 109

This This

CEU eTD Collection Artă, 1958), 387. Polone Miron Costin] in Miron Costin, Opere Costin, Miron in Costin] Miron 116 115 114 113 various functions, out who owners carried represented land bythe horsessupply and control to system. the gardening and lastly, sectors; theof job the comis and vineyards; the high stewardwas who thealso had royal deal to chef, the with fishery and a forwith ruler’sdrinksby oforganizing meetingsand the official voivode;the audiences of the of charge in was who noble the was seneschal the expenses; and income of evidence keeping administr finance the was treasurer the cavalry; direct representatives central of sword the grand power; - Moldavia, having mostly military but also administrative and judicial tasks and being the judicial attributes;bailiffs the were assigned to govern over th magistrate was theofficial high who guided the internal affairs of the state, who but also had voivode;” “spokesman the also theof was and he present not were metropolitan bishop highest rankRulinglead Council, thewhen the in Moldavian Council the ruler or officials nodignity. with Each function was as represented following: the logothete held the l ( senescha one one bailiff grand of Suceava, sword fortress, Nouă Cetatea the of bailiffs two fortress, Neamţ the of bailiffs two fortress, Hotin the state:” composed of The Ruling was Council The Ruling Council rebel. to boyars the have onthe other been hand,might while which positive, it have led some theof been cause com on rely wasCouncil thus Ruling theThe to ruler. still of fidelity theirwho oath respected those boyars could Rareş boyars, the and ruler the of interests diverging the and Moldavia Costin, Costin, Moldovei

Ş. S. Gorovei, Petru Costin Miron de Româneşti Ţărei şi Moldovei Ţării Descrierea Descrierea Moldovei Cantemir, D. Descrierea Descrierea Cantemir. D. see: members Council, ofthe ofthe Ruling duties ofthe a fullFor description posed of diverse boyars with different mentalities and opinions, which and onone opinions, hand differentposed with mentalities could of boyars diverse Opere despre Moldova si Ţara Românească Ţara si Moldova despre Generally, the status of boyar was a special category in the feudal system, which was was which system, feudal the in category aspecial was boyar of status the Generally, , 152 , 113 postelnic

[Writings], ed. Petre Petre [Writings],P. ed. Panaitescu DeStat 238Literatură (Bucharest: Pentru Artă,si 1958), - one logothete ( one logothete 164;

ecira ăi Mloe ş Ţri oâet d Miron 387 , de Româneşti Ţărei şi Moldovei Ţării Descrierea

, 31. , Rareş , one steward( high ceaşnic ), one

dministrating the royal vineyards and gathering the taxes onwinethevineyards taxes gathering anddministrating the royal

logofăt

, 153.

[Writings], ed. Petre P. Panaitescu (Bucharest: De Stat Pe Stat De (Bucharest: P. Panaitescu Petre ed. [Writings],

), one governor ( ), one

twelve high officials, “counsellors on secret matters of of matters secret on “counsellors officials, high twelve [The History of Moldavia and Wallachia in Polish Verses] in M. M. in Verses] in Polish Wallachia and of Moldavia History [The 115

- bearer (spătar bearer 37 ator, dealing with the state’s treasury and and state’s treasury the with ator, dealing

was to take care of the royal stables and and stables royal the of care take to was vornic stolnic [Description of and Wallachia by Moldavia ), one treasurer (vistiernic treasurer one ), bearer was the commander of the the of commander the was bearer ), two), bailiffs ( ), one e different divisions of divisions e different ceaşnic 116 comis - Istorie în Versuri Versuri 389; în and Istorie (the most important

) of the the ) of pârcălab and a few other was responsible was responsible ntru Literatură şi Literatură ntru ), one ), one 114 - 239.

the the the the

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Costea Albotă Ignat Crăciun Ignat Danciul Huru Danciul Huru Manoil Felea Manoil Costea Cârje Costea 1527 Efrem Huru Efrem Efrem Huru Efrem Ion Liciul Ion Liciul Drăgşan Mateiaş Glăvan Toader Toader Dumşa Toader Toader Mihu Mihu Vlad Ion – 38

1538

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E. Turdeanu called Grigorie Roşca the “grand patron of the literary activ literary the of patron “grand the Roşca Grigorie called Turdeanu E. Archbishop Dosoftei first Raporturile Pâslariuc, V. see: this on hypothesis, more For chapter. following a in argument this willI present Petru Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii - , 91. Moldavian 1530. hostilitiesin While Toader’s participation in the campaign of Peter Rareş was strictly military, the military,strictly was Rareş Peter ofcampaign the in participationToader’s While chur Toadercommissioned evidenceThere that no is a was Toader

- lea si Grigorie de la Neamt, Doi Mitropoliti Necunos Mitropoliti Doi la Neamt, de si Grigorie lea 89(1997), 1230- pillar of Rareş’s armed conflict with with conflict armed Rareş’s of pillar reş. reş.

mentioned Grigorie Roşca as the cousin of of cousin the as Roşca Grigorie mentioned

1243.

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(Leiden: (Leiden: 40

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V. Pâslariuc explains howdifficultmission this not have could been“the doneby anymost othervaluable than This is anmany estimated as number of been the edifices destroyed have over See: Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii Society Western in Welfare Handel,Gerald Social iff of Suceava (founder of of the Dormition the Church Mother in of of the Christ ch 135 , 84. ’s The first act that was entrusted to Toader was a six a was Toader to entrusted was that act first The The name of the logothete great ToaderBubuiog church, but of the the construction financed whothe person only not A founderwas The Moldavian nobles showed a great founding interest churches in and monasteries. who are assumed have to churches built and have to donated objects churches. to I visual programme. visual - 136 Voivode ruled. After the coronation of Rareş, like most of the boyars of Ştefaniţă, of boyars the of most like Rareş, of coronation the After ruled. Voivode century only not Moldavia by threatened also Suleyman thebut Magnificent,

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, 486. Rareş 134 Except for Except these four founders, are there at least eight

(New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2009), 50.

42 Sfetnicii lui Petru lui Sfetnicii

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The exteriorThe painting Tomasignature theS Suceava. of also bears painter of the Ibidem. V. Drăguţ, Humor Ş. S. Gorovei, Petru diplomaticThe missions concerning the anti ş ov as a Ferdinand to herald order ofov Habsburg of arrangea to in treaty the conditions Pictura Românească în Imagini tain whethertain monastery the was built by logothete the on As can be seen, Toader Bubuiog, the first man of the state after the ruler, was the the was ruler, the after state the of man first the Bubuiog, Toader seen, be can As The inscription says the that monastery was built on of 15. August an logothete, great Teodor, boyar of God, the servant the tiredness the of costsand built…with church was this Stephen voivode, voivode, of son Peter the of wish the will ofWith the Father and and Son Holy the helpthrough of the Spirit, Besidesmatic and diplo military his actions, proof probably obvious theof most

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Monumente Istorice Bisericeşti din Mitropolia Moldovei şi Sucevei şi Moldovei Mitropolia din Bisericeşti Istorice Monumente more For on events the see: atC. Făgăraş, Rezachevici, Externă,“Politica Cronica lui Macarie Bogdan, I. “A came royal order from Sultan the Suleyman to Ibidem, 104. the For of career Mateiaş, Szekely, M. M. see: Cronica lui Macarie Bogdan, I. Not only was the logothete one of the voivode’s most trusted men,he but Not onlymost was the logothete voivode’s also one was of the remained who Rareş, of man trusted a was Mateiaş held he adignity atreasurer, as career political his started Mateiaş logothete The while Mateiaş remained in the fortress still ruled by Mailat’s people. Mateiaş was Mateiaş people. Mailat’s by ruled still fortress the in remained Mateiaş while

of Putna, which he afterwards donated in 1535 to the Dobrovăţ mona Dobrovăţ the to 1535 in donated afterwards he which Putna, of 157.

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I Id See: Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii Politice V. Pâslariuc, Raporturile mai era carii hatmanul, Barbovschii pre şi mare cel vornicul Grozea pre trimis au şi oaste gătit au “...îndată Cronica lui Macarie Bogdan, I. Ibidem, 167. Drăguţ, Vasile G bi . Balş, “Bisericile şi Mănăstirile Moldoveneşti”, 61. Moldoveneşti”, Mănăstirile şi “Bisericile Balş, .

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started his career during the rule of Stephen the Great as a grand sword sword grand a as Great the Stephen of rule the during career his started 159 163

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...s - au întorsu cu izbândă la domnu său, Pătru vodă. Pătru său, domnu la izbândă cu întorsu au Sfetnicii lui Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii The boyar which, by his actions, proved himself to be the most faithful noble of Rareş noble be faithful actions, to the proved most himself his The which, boyar by the magistrat of Danciul the brother Huru, 166

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164 e Efrem Huru, held a high dignity for 25 dignity25 for a Huru, high held e Efrem 169 Therefore, either people seven died, or

Comis lui Macarie lui

Simion 168

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ciul ciul the the , CEU eTD Collection 177 176 175 174 173 172 er. chapt in following a presented be will function their wassoldiers This needed. large hostwasmainly of free comprised details peasants. More on these twoarmies of Moldavia.people the Godsalvation wanted for towards direct to his “supreme voivode and were the thatthe the prayers” murals paintings. argued, Ulea As S. the Roşca, Grigorie manifested Archbishop of personality was campaign entire The the vital. was campaign the in network clerical the of importance discussing when above noted As Clerics painting.respected of the canons exterior might have founded the church aligns the with other him loyal chu founded the church. Although thewas painting the completelytime, fact in destroyed thathe plausible thathe more making it church, thus the in bailiff buried is The the mother of Zăhăreşti, of church the of founder the been have to supposed also is Hâră there. buried be to right the had thus and monastery, after the plausi in even close him have to if “as wanted Probota Rareş at buried was he that concluded Rareş, to bailiff the of loyalty the praising 1545 when he was who Hâră, for meant was fate same disobeyed boyars. the the rebellious that be may it therefore council, new Lăcustă’s w Rareş of brother the that known is It him. punish to fact in was back him calling for reason the that argue would I Rareş. to loyal remaining helpingRareş. of mistake the forforgiven been had he sayingthat and hi calling Lăcustă Stephen from letter a received he Transylvania, in stay him by stood Moldavia together he the with voivode1541,when became During in Hotin. the bailiff of the Hâră Transylvania, in stay entire Rareş’s during Transylvania at the last very moment, togetherwith his room - him.” abandon discussing to “Origineaşi Semnificaţia Picturiia Ideologică Exterioare Moldoveneşti II,” 37-

V. Drăguţ, Dicţionar Enciclopedic de Artă Medievală Românească, 321. V. Pâslariuc, Raporturi See: Bogdan, Cronica I. lui Macarie Petru Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii “ e S Ue, Oiie ş Smiiai Ielgc a itri xeiae odvnşi , 57 I,” Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii a Ideologică Semnificaţia şi “Originea Ulea, S. See ...ţara să ...ţara voroveşte să- ble, for another thecould burialbe reason a thathe Probota donor was the to in death his until Hotin of bailiff remained Hâră Rareş, of reign second the During in the space of the church, the space of the clerics and the space of the mural mural the of space the and clerics the of space the church, the of space the in

buried atProbota inside monastery. thesite, royalburied burial Pâslariuc, lpărăsească. le Politice le , 121.

, 201. Rareş

172 , 96. Moldovei Tarii ” See: G.Ureche, Letopisetul , 99 and, 99 Ş. S. Gorovei, “Stefan Lăcustă,” 165

hrfr, eas o Hr, ae cud era to retreat could Rareş Hâră, of because Therefore, 176 although there is no inscription to demonstra to although noinscription is there

48 - world.” as captured and killed by members of byas captured of and members killed 175

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174 - and only returned to 166. He refused return, to m back Moldavia to m

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that

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CEU eTD Collection Climacus” in Dumbarton Oaks Papers 183 182 181 180 179 178 Climacus. John headed by wearing Macarie dress, bishop’s being who is welcomed next to the ladder by drag themdown the whodevils want to by they goare threatened monks byone On thevisible. as upone ladder, Heaven. of Customs the of theme here. outcome different a having ladder the of fate the Moldavia, of case the in impact anoticeable had Climacus or Climacus Climax. the hermit John by centurythe seventh lifestylewritten in ascetic principles of the the ladder ofthe church. Thetransposed scene belief these echoed which Last scene Judgment the besides symbol. Therefore, needed an iconographical thegain in after order true happiness to envisione hesychasm. Hesychasm non- the psychological promoted climate, Macarie in a military campaign against this threat, resulting in a fatalistic state of mind.” of fearfor and a Ottomandomination direct “full atmospherewas This the to sultan. countrytributary thatwas aenvironment defeated of bishop. Stamatelos Kotronas, for decided but Toma, Rareş, of painter court the choose not did Macarie However, Rareş. of Macarie. bishop of guidance careful R Stephen son his of reign the during and Rareş of death the after done at Râşcachurch was 1542.TheTherefore, built in of painting churchandthe was finished the III. of Bogdan achurch the the remains newfoundation of on build to funds the to bishop offered Rareş 1541, in throne the Regaining edifices. these of conception the on advisor an as MonasteryRâşca, thein andof of Roman Church Episcopal theboth of construction the in

V. Drăguţ, Pictura Murală din Moldova , 36. Ste the “Embellishing Duffy, John Ibidem, 20. Bălan, M. V. Drăguţ, Dicţionar Enciclopedic de Artă Medievală Românească , 261. Mihail ial ăa epan te dooy f aai i te post - the in Macarie of ideology the explains Bălan Mihail t being Besides Bălan, Mănăstirea Râşca, 19. s, Macarie had the Ladder the had Virtues façade Macarie s, (fig. onthe of southern 2.3) of painted

Mănăstirea Râşca

ladder. At the bottom, a long line of monks are going the ladder towards line ofare monks long a Attheladder. bottom, 179 he official chronicler of Rareş, Bishop Macarie (fig. 2.2) played a role role a played 2.2) (fig. Macarie Bishop Rareş, of chronicler official he a Greek who could more easily mirr easily more could who aGreek 182 ău epan, h Lde o Vrus elcd h old the replaced Virtues of Ladder the explains, Drăguţ V. As

[ Râşca Monastery] (Bucharest:7. ASA, 2009), ps: Elements of Presentation and Style in "The Heavenly Ladder" of John John of Ladder" Heavenly "The in Style and Presentation of Elements ps:

53 (1999), 2. d a strong inclination towards a pious life and repentance in and repentance in a life towardspious d a stronginclination 183 At the top of the ladder, the face of Christ in heaven in is Christ face of the the ladder, Attheof top 178 Finished 1554,Macarie in the legacy continued thus

- life. For the propagation of this current, Macarie current, Macarie of the For propagation this life.

some of the Moldavians started to lose their faith 49 of doctrine of Orthodox combative or the hesychast beliefs of the of beliefs hesychast the or

181 The spiritualgu

1541 environment, an environment, 1541 areş and under the the under and areş 180 idance of

In this

CEU eTD Collection 188 187 186 185 184 colours, also by but scenes dynamic – fine and lines figures His of the compositions. painting characterized is by warmththis of the the draw green to a of lot also ofbut red, great deal a including scale colour mainly warm a used Humor. He at paintings the interior and the both exterior did thathe one assume can 2.4), metaphorically the in anti makingTomaplayer a prime next visible is inscription the to image rider of the Moldavian the facing O sceneConstantinople simplyreads: which TOMA. and school because his of ancapital in inscription letters onthe Siege visible of been have to certain is Humor at work The Suceava. of George Saint and Baia Toma, of guidance direct voivode.” calls he as great r and glorious Moldavian Suceava,courtier of “painterthe fromhimself: Rareş of court the of member a artists, medieval Romanian important most the of considered one is Toma anonymous painters. bythese initiated continued the programme gap,as this in he consideredhave to are fills is Toma the painter of Suceava unknown, power. central the of accessible widely and new a as it characterizing Rareş of reign the during developed that painting the discusses Drăguţ art have to historians developed a “profoundlypresentation” innovative number of painters anonymous. remain These s alarge quite recognized, is Suceava of Toma as such painters of reputation artistic the While known. well are names few a boyars, his and Rareş by commissioned monasteries the w information about the painters Although scarce is there Painters also he death.his Furthermore, life. latter’s the during anti the messages continued through spiritual spreading Rareş of campaign the supported Roşca,

Unfortunately, the “signature” of Toma is not visible anymore. visible not is Toma of “signature” the Unfortunately, V. Drăguţ, Pictura Murală din Moldova , 29. V. Drăguţ, Dicţiona Ibidem. V. Drăguţ, V. Florea. Pictura Romanească în Imagini Although the painters of the first exterior paintings at Hârlău, Dobrovăţ and Probota and Dobrovăţ Hârlău, at paintings exterior first the of painters the Although Lookingatgave aid the he to monastic settlements, Macarie, similarlyto Grigori e

186 A was painting presumably at school Suceava, founded probably the under r Enciclopedic de Artă Medievală Românească , 303.

187 iconographical programme which carried out the work at Humor, Moldoviţa and probably and Moldoviţa Humor, at work the out carried which

such as the Siege whichof offull Constantinople is 50 , 51. , ixteenth

185

188 - meantcommunicate to message the - Ottoman ideology ruler the of after

century painters are considered by by considered are painters century ho worked on the exterior walls of exteriorwalls of onthe ho worked It is interesting note to that the - Ottoman campaign. Therefore,

184 of the painting. V. ttoman army (fig.

done by him uler, Peter Peter uler, CEU eTD Collection 193 192 191 190 189 626. An i Hymn,which by inspiredPersian theConstantinople Akathistos Chosroe in the of the siege the scene depict does the nolonger Moldavians and the but Ottomans, the original event of Heaven. An import representing as the of lives George scenessuch saints and Demetrius, the Customs Genesis, unexpected of agglomeration miniatures,” to wall, next the hymn. On t the southern wall,the but Last was Judgment moved from the western to wall the southern kept on still is Hymn Akathistos exterior.The onthe of the scenes iconographic succession which composed is of a great deal of blue becan noted colour scale the different deteriorated, have exteriors all,althoughthe First of Byzantine the to of tradition the related largely was painting interior The predecessors. his of that from experiences” artistic great the monasterycommissioned by bailiff. the the As mural painting“consummated had its was called bythe nieceof the bailiff decorate Arboreto 1541 and in theexterior interior Iasi, of Coman priest the of son Dragoş, monastery. Arbore of painter the Coman, Dragoş exterior the painting of these last three edifices although almost has entirely been lost. Suceava, of Demetrius Saint of Church the to as well as Moldoviţa, Baiaand Saint George of Suceavaalso bear stylistical similarities to both Humor and developto the programme further, creating compositions. The complex painting more of many similaritiesof Humor, to that although the larger size of wallsallowed the the painter he but manner than previous painters. of and Tomapaintingfreer is more a in delicate particularity much compositions of the similarly wear suc shiny and and mother Constantine the his Helen, image clothes andof who ornaments beingthis wife the votive sceneswhere and children the voivode,his his are alladorned with movement (fig. 2.5) –

Ibidem, 69. V. Drăguţ et all V. Drăguţ, Dicţionar Enci Ibidem, 63. V. Drăguţ et all

was undoubted a member of Toma’s workshop. memberToma’s a of was undoubted A second ar second A nscription onthe (fig. scene shift this indicates 2.8): Erminia

, , Pictura Românească în Imagini Pictura Românească în Imagini h ornamented vestments (fig. 2.6). Moreover, V. Drăguţ describes that a that describes Drăguţ V. Moreover, 2.6). (fig. vestments ornamented h , although the exteriorwas rather different painted from exteriors. previous tist listed among most the significantpainters the of sixteenth ant representation can whereant the be in Siege of seen Constantinople, and the glitter of the vestmentsof the figures – clopedic de Artă Medievală Românească, 132. 192 during the first reign of Rareş, the art of Coman was different different was Coman of art the Rareş, of reign first the during

he western wall, a representation of what Drăguţ calls “an “an calls Drăguţ what of representation a wall, western he 189 The author of the painting of Moldoviţa is still unknown, still is Moldoviţa of painting the of author The , 67. , 59.

193 and cold colours. Secondly,cold and changed Coman the (fig.2.7) can be seen of 85grids composed 51

190 The painting of Moldoviţa bears Moldoviţa of painting The

the finest example of of example finest the - century is is century

191 of of

CEU eTD Collection 196 195 194 painters. he which propagated help ofcampaign of“ messages his his the with the through church the in ally powerful a had thus Rareş ruler him. bysupporting religious space for ownpurposes, political his while the clergygained the privileges from the used Rareş sphere: each other’s used how they note to important Itreligious is sphere. and sphere political spheres: two mainly from came groups These messages. discussed s painters the did edifices,while the religious of painting andthe construction also commissioned but clerics supervised monasteries,commissioned the the Rulingchurch. Council of boyars The Threegroups of people were presented above,majority the whomwere connected of the to Summing Up further connection onhis the to monastery. information Voro at painter the Although Marcu. is Monastery Voroneţ with connection in mentioned sometimes is name whose painter second surprising.The seem not does painter choosinga Greek Molda knownIt thatthe orthodoxy. is close and Athos between connection Mount Romanian why answer a chose Greekfor Macarie paintermonastery,the common his is the but most painted programme court of at initiated the Rareş. to want not did However, whether heits in believed message henot, kept the lines or of the iconographical painter the that be may it Rareş, of reign second the during power Ottoman under Moldavia Having campaign. Rareş’s of end the of ignificant for arguing that there existed a common effort to create and disseminate the the disseminate and create to effort acommon existed there that arguing for ignificant

See: V. Drăguţ, Pictura Murală din Bălan, M. T ranslation in: D. I. Ştefănescu, vian voivodes donated and financed several monasteries on Mount Athos, financed onMount several monasteries andvian voivodes donated The names of two other painters are known. The first one is Stamatelos Kotronas who who Kotronas first one Stamatelos is The painters other are known. The of two names beginning may the signal of Constantinople Siege representing the newof This view invaders. Mary hermade with and of afi prayers thunders rain Virgin the Heraclius. theEmperor The in days of Lebanese,and Scythians the with Persian against Constantinople armies, The emperor Chosroe went neţ is anonymous, he is sometimes referred to as the Herald Marcu. There is no no is There Marcu. Herald the as to referred sometimes is he anonymous, is neţ the Râşca monastery in 1554 in monastery Râşca the

Mănăstirea Râşca, 18. most visible act: they painted. presentation The of thesepeople groups w 194

Arta Feudală în Ţările Române

Moldova, 36. 195 supervised by Bishop Macarie. It is still aIt question still byBishop supervised Macarie. is

52 , 199.

defame Ottoman the Empire. team” of nobles, clerics and and clerics nobles, of team” re fall upon the re uponthe fall 196 thus as

CEU eTD Collection European Review European R and culture. See: Emil Turdeanu, inter strong their to due which, monasteries) Neamţ and Putna the as monasticstates Moldavia hadwere Renaissance important the some humanism, centres (such thatby touched and The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages 198 197 Great an estimated 400.000people Moldavia, livedin the population thus density always was lowest the - sixteenth fact the in of thatthedensity population Moldavia statement theI with possibility.great hadMoldavian have wouldnot a supportthis interaction sixteenth scarce. rather was Ages Middle the in communication that today thecommunication Ages. in Middle Menache as problematic known estimates was S. clarification of the communication channels political goals. and act calculatedto his make boyarspeasants his effortswouldconvinceboth for sure that Peter aspirationthe of rebelliousTherefore, the causeboyars. ofwould join Ottoman Empire; while, onthe other side, none of the peasants, members of the large host, – Moldavian families important andCouncil of – the targeted boyars In conditions, ideal ambitions. ruler’sand policy the upperis and nobility, lower the boyars categories: twosocial of comprised was ruler the Moldavian of century public whosewithout help the strategic planning of thew ruler

Although the sixteenth the Although communic the of development the to insight an gives author The The public was the third component of the campaign Peter theof component of third The the public was Before entering into any details of the mediation between Rareş and his target groups, a groups, target his and Rareş between mediation the of details any into entering Before Eachgroupsoffer of something these had twotarget to - century Moldavia where, a eview

in Europe from the sixth to the to nineteenth the sixth - Europein from

9 (1930):9 124 - 34 (1955):99 - - century principal century 132. The Public is merely a multiplied “me.”

122 and Marcu 122 “Centres of Literary Activity in Moldavia, 1504 in Moldavia, Activity Literary of “Centres

and the free peasants. peasants. free the and ity wasitynot as developed from a communicationpoint ofview as other lthough in the age of the Renaissance, the of age in lthough CHAPTER (Mark Twain) (Mark

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 9.

The Public , Beza 53

is needed.Itis say to needless is thatpublic “The Roumanian Chroniclers” The Slavonic and East Chroniclers” Roumanian “The would stop militating for subjugation to the the to subjugation militatingfor would stop

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198

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CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 already the boyars shown that been and greater had faster access news to and documents. thesethe counterparts visual histories. of forConstantinople wouldhave example had a impact onthe stronger public if accompanied by of the siege thatof or New the of John story the messages: of the transmission clear for the and The resisting iconography be wothus conversion. dependentuld and sermons oneach other Islam OttomanEmpire, of themes onthe touched sermons thatthe supposed maybe it opinion, the meaningand specificmessages of theaof Also iconography. influencing mean public helpe have would these that assume to easy is it Rareş, of reign the during manipulated publicopinion. Moreover,there noinformation onthe is althoughsermons held wall the peasant, Moldavian the to recognisable easi were that symbols certain Bearing paintings. wall exterior the and church the was public ofMoldavian Peter context development of comm The started importance opinion to of public grow systematically encouraged which the faster itwas transmitted to the lowerclasses inway the they desired. political practice the of elite, highlighting that faster the elite the receivedthe information, the spoken world, while the peasants had wouldhave a rather access minimal any to of information except type and making difficult. thus communication among being the Europe, lowest in about a quarter comparable to Italian of the population forced to flee. flee. to forced reorgan to time no had Rareş Accordingly, Ruling the about Rareş informed just only Suceava. of fortress the to close was already Ottomanarmy had the conspiracyCouncil’s when Hâră boyar the 1538, of events the of eve information may be illustrated by events the led that to the dethroning of first ofof lack consequences the showing Aexample brief ones obtaininformation. to first the being of advantage the of aware been have would Rareş with together Council Ruling 19 (2000) on Manolescu,

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“Cum Trăiau Românii în Evul Mediu” [How Romanians Lived in the Middle Ages] Middle the inLived Romanians [How Mediu” Evul în Românii Trăiau “Cum http://www.romlit.ro/cum_triau_romnii_n_evul_mediu

The Vox Dei The Vox

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ize his army and notify his soldiers and he was was he soldiers and and his notify armyhis ize 54 - sized scenessized could have influenced and , accessed on April 13, 2010. cipalities collectively. See: Nicolae Nicolae See: collectively. cipalities 200 Thus,the d people understand Peter Romania Literara

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199 the the ly ly , CEU eTD Collection Omni LaudeOmniA of Maior. Stephen History the (Suceava:Great] Muşatinii, 2 oiia raiis f tpe te ra cud o hv be fly ple t toe f ae bcue f feudal of because Rareş of those to applied fully been have not could Great the Stephen of realities political himself and his father in orderto better secure his throne. He usesword the “suffi dupa el inca au fostu om cu ci pacate, pentru lucrurile lui cele vitejesti, carile nimenea din domni, nicimai nainte, nici 206 205 204 203 202 visually. Peter could equal.”him, after before nor him nobody,not which brave deeds his because of man, but ahe sinful was call Saint him Stephen voivode, because not which ofsoul, is his i day they this until “After death, his recalled: GrigoreUreche chronicle of as the heroic, as most him crusade” almost half deal with the principality’s external issues, that with the is, anti- fatherhis As Eugen the and Denizefirstaimof and asserts, dynasty.Stephen foremost was to of power bypoiting the effective to out was most control way andand powerthe emphasize his Peter because strategies different his of influencing happened This publics. was imageGreat.the theof second,of perpetuation Stephen the the less obvious, strongly Theanti the very first connectedwas them. twoelements necessary that is Having twocategories seen ofhighlight it to publics, the Great the Stephen of image permanent The more difficult to manipulate. C information and as they were the ones dispersing seems it apparent it, that theywere much information as part an integral of their rule.” centu eleventh the from category social anew as mural paintings): “their purpose was manipulate to both large masses of people, which emerged peasants and lower using case, strata, (in this the suitable means the most were important the Moreover, gate boyars, information the of Medium History Medium of

C. Cihodaru stresses how, at the beginning of his reign, Petru reign, his of beginning the at how, stresses Cihodaru C. mana ca lui Dumnezeu, numoartea pentruin sufletu,ieste “Ce ii astazi Stefan dupavoda, sveti zicu ce lui, pana See: Denize, Eugen Ibidem. self with his father and, most importantly, with his power and deeds which were perceivedwhich were deeds and power his with importantly, most and, fatherself his with aceia l

Rareş emphasized the the emphasized Rareş M. M. Szekely and Ş. S. Gorovei, S. Ş. and Szekely M. M. In his relationship both with the boyars and with the peasants, as an illegitimate son, an son, illegitimate the as peasants, and thewith boyars In relationship both his Rareş’s of all throughout present was Great the Stephen of image the that argue I 206

204 - au -

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“Stephen the Great and the Battles AgainsttheGreat and Turk Battles “Stephen the the

19 (2001):19 115. 205

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Letopisetul Tarii Moldovei

Princeps Omni Laude Maior. O Istorie a lui Ştefan cel Mare celŞtefan lui a IstorieO Maior.Laude Princeps Omni

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[Princeps

CEU eTD Collection ey otniy ht ae tr Rareş that continuity very interested at the beginning of his reign and which was partially commissioned by him. B. him. by commissioned partially was which and reign his of beginning the at interested Rareş’s was Great of the Stephen which site in monastery old an of burial remains the to next royal monastery this built He the Probota. of location the is example eloquent most The Stephen. by commissioned paintings their and monasteries of remains he to next monastery new an entirely he commissioned monasteries or father, his by built monasteries his commission to chose Rareş way the 15th and 16th Centuries” in Studies in andMaterials of Medium Centuries” H 16th and 15th the MonasteryProbota Between Ecclesiastic the the Hierarchy Significance and Reign.The Some during of Privileges n relatives of the ones who had who ones the of n relatives served bee or O Stephen. of reign the during place seeing ascene likeSiege theof Constantinoplehave recalledthe could with clashes Ottoman the army that took 57- one wouldone arguefor this as image a“brand.” anti to attract people to a common mission. attractto common people a to a meant adequate for campaign startingpoint importantly, an been wouldhave reliability, with 210 209 208 207 Cihodaru, Constan See: visible. similarities se the make to had he “tools” available the all used Rareş Thus, divergences. classes. lower of scale the on by representations, it did he theby with boyarsand propagatedrelations onthe ofclass scale his upper tions nobles associa as point historians him out, representations. If onrelationships and relies an imagesolely such discussing the of power the because publics a name, implying ora just name people. most Using association positive to s and Stephen, wouldspontaneouslydesirable evoke us the image Stephen of Greatas the something similar to a totem. ambitious similarities between himself and Stephen, fromimportant the poi protecting order in classes the lower make to thempart ofpolitical his enterprises and, father and of his boyars Thus bykeeping the Great. of Stephen the theperson art continue to anti his in Stephen’s reign. Externally, the “crusading” offather his spirit was the m duringof the council part been whofamily thehad boyars of members keeping or allthe boyars internall layers which supported the economic, and political, military of the initiatives throne. Szekely, Transilvania în Vremea lui Petru

ed such an image, purpose for the doing becomes this clear: a good such as name, thatof

A synonym for “totem” in this contextwould be “brand.” Thus, i Regarding the visual associations, as presented in the chapter Mural paintings. Mural messages Ibidem, 66. 85. See: - Ottoman beliefs and accomplishments of Stephen t Stephen of accomplishments and beliefs Ottoman

I think it is essential to point out theI out possibility essential point is to of it the think usagea before oftotem such Petru Sfetnicii lui Petru lui Sfetnicii

y, Ruling hemake organising not his Council, did when many structure, its changes in “Politica Internă” [Internal Policy] in Policy] [Internal Internă” “Politica - Rareş is attested to have been the most important most the been have to OttomanattestedLast policy.is least, but Rareş not

e. en iash; . Almaş. D. Şimanschi; Leon ed. , Rareş Peter

. Rareş nt of view of persuasion, by of visuallynt viewto ofallowingpeople experience the persuasion,

ied Rareş used the image of his father to make people like him and trust and him like people make to father his of image the used Rareş

to establish between establish to Rareş

210 f course, the who could people recall suchwould events most likelyhave [Moldavia and Transylvania during Petru during Transylvania and [Moldavia thenexclusively he it did through a system of mental

served in the large host. A similar example of visual association is the the is association visual of example A similar host. large the in served

that could be uniqueness associatedwith a that could Petru

, ed. Leon Şimanschi (Bucharest: Academiei, 1978): 1978): Academiei, (Bucharest: Şimanschi Leon ed. , Rareş himself and his father. See: Bogdan 56 he Great are paralleled inGreat paralleled are he the ones Petru

208 ae Voievod Rareş

istory istory I believe that Rareş symbolically used used symbolically Rareş that believe I n today’s terms, if a similar situation occurred, situation occurred, if terms, similar a n today’s

. He either commissioned the painting of the painting commissioned either He . 14 (2006):14 131- 209 odv şi Moldova Constantinescu. R. ;

Rareş] (Bucharest: 1978); M. M. M. Rareş] (Bucharest: 1978); Hypothesising that Rareş that Hypothesising - 150. P. Maleon highlights this this highlights Maleon P. ost obvious constant obvious ost

of of -

Petru Petru , I argue that the the that I argue ,

Maleon, Rareş. People People Rareş. nd, most nd, most 207 family, family, Also Also

“The “The tin tin

CEU eTD Collection the oneswho helped to enthrone him,while theywere also the oneswho dethroned him. 214 213 212 211 Februaryin thewhoonly 1528andSzeklers not suppress against wereZapolya rebelling but Moldavian voivode was attachedof the Zapolya, to company he enter decidedto Transylvania the in involved cr Hungarian the of for Habsburg Zapolya Ferdinand and conflict between János got Rareş as changed situation the However, boyars’. twelve the of advices and t between Council relationship the Great. Therefore,of the Stephen the the fact son was thathe resultchose of as unanimously the athe the RulingTheyones voivode Council. who were period aFor short very Internal Pressure Peter of clear: the is two rulerships already theargued in historiography, Ruling one Council, fact, the of nobles the of those were which and Rareş of those clearly were decisions and acts which wealth, of theirsaving living.” way people, their their would mean, fact, because in that saving Moldavia risktheir for lives Szekely to states, “ready hand, dethrone and him offer the throne a to member of their own group. They were, as M. M. onthe but other hand,could, supporttheir onone voivode, interestssimilar and who desires, families who were legitimized by theiraristocratic continuity. They weregroup a that had artistic affirmation meant to mobilize in the favour of the crownall the internal energies.” for and theof “stimulate system ofan alliances to cultural the ideological reigning power and preoccupat Rareş’s Internally, thewith fact that the important families who had been members of favoured the Council him. along Council, Ruling existing the changesin minimal made only Rareş whyreasons the of one who and proved faithful rulership. be to characterwas astartThis foof promising r a the new step ruler’s new the by managed was coronation Rareş’s of time held at power the group political himself.Theimportant that most people around of Moldavia concentrate to was Rareş of program initial the 1527, in throne the to Coming InternalP Boyars and

For about one year, from hiscoronation in Ja As usually Petru Szekely, M. lui M. Sfetnicii Interna “Politica Cihodaru, C. Rareş been these have wouldnot without men. the same he ruler was characterized by normality in the sense that Rareş was ready to accept the the accept to ready was Rareş that sense the in normality by characterized was ruler he ae wr a opc gop mmes f well of members group, compact a were The boyars of Rareş

was

the medievalthe case, and as Szekely also argues, the boyars held a significant power. Theywere

214 ressure beginning of Rareş’s reign, there was no internal pressure from pressure internal no was there reign, Rareş’s of beginning the at , ” 57.

ion wasion maintain to a social structure that wouldbe convenient

areş , 487. nuary 1527to this event inFebruary 1528.

57 212 Although itis impo 213

- brother, Logothete brother, Toader,

- known Moldavian Moldavian known ssible to determine

all the important own. As the own. 211

CEU eTD Collection Pâ Petru about same affirmations 87. Viteazul” Forerunner [A of in Michael Brave] the Petru N See: territories. these regain to managed Rareş Szeklers, the of repress makemore the probable - re them and reins and them 218 217 216 215 behind team subchapter. for the large host; the internal dimension is identifiable with the boyars, the subject of this case of the which in masspublic, the dowith to has thus dimension the public.Theimage external and known to makingthemessages desired aspect obvious most of a campaign:strategic producing a plan, creating correct a and positive the with has do external dimension to The one. anone internal and an external dimensions: together. class lower the the theneeded upper authoritarianwith Rulingandahis Council strategy class keep rule, to he internal tensions wasthe also starting of point public the relation Ithat the start of the argue dissensions. created any longer,advices counsellors his from Tension was growing rapidlywhen Peter when disagreedhim. with it Council Ruling the in changes make to started Rareş policy, external voivode’s the to subscribe startePocutsia campaigns Poland’s in various in situations. he trusted andhad loyal whom helped his nobles advice. Trans in campaign military the of success the after because, boyars the and V.Rareş between consultation Council. last the was this Ruling that argues Pâslariuc the consulted Rareş Carpathians, the cross to decision final the making had supposedly also murdered merchants several Moldavian Br in ruler redeem when Augustis 1531 his armydefeated andthe practically all taken Moldavian are commanders The prisoners.

slariuc, V. Pâ V. One the makes Paslariuc rules. own his by living man impulsive an as Rareş portrays historiography Romanian Rareş’ was Transylvania, entering for reason real the fact, In

example of Rareş helping his trusted boyars trusted his helping Rareş of example slariuc, 216 The internal dimension whatgets is entire theengine communication of started.It is the Creating the strategy for such campaign a necessarily implies dealing with two wasThis the start of Moldavia’s the internalwithin Ruling pressure felt Counc

Raporturile Politice Raporturile However, while he stopped taking advicefrom the Ruling as Council such – ed

talled

all all Raporturile Politice Raporturile a and campaign their internal communication which produces a successful of them and although he su he although and them of

them in old positions. See: V. Pâ V. See: positions. old in them annexation of Moldavian lost territories in Transylvania. In fact, after the after Infact, successful in Transylvania. territories lost ofMoldavian annexation

, 86 Rareş, almost characterizing him as blinded by his initial militaryV. See:byhis initialsuccesses. almost characterizingRareş, himblinded as 218 - 87.

, 89.

d and as the boyars grew more and more reluctant moregrew to and more the boyars and as d spected

Rareş, ruling in an authoritarian way and not taking not and way authoritarian an in ruling Rareş, slariuc, are

them of fleeing the battle the battle fleeing of them , ed. Leon Şimanschi (Bucharest: Academiei, 1978), 1978), Academiei,(Bucharest: LeonŞimanschi ed. , Rareş theevents of the battles and Obertyn of Gwozdziec in Rareş, were mainly the lower classes eligible eligible classes lower the mainly were Rareş, ylvania, he stopped asking the council for council asking the stopped ylvania, he

Raporturile Politice Raporturile s

goal to make his authority visible and thus to thusto and visible hismake authority to goal icolae Grigoras, s campaign of Rareş. Besides Besides Rareş. of campaign s , 91 field intentionally, he forgived he intentionally, field aşov. - 92.

215

“Precursor al lui Mihai However, before 217 However, as he still still he il.

CEU eTD Collection unsuccessful end. unsuccessful which an to trust, on led was based not with the boyars his relationship ofview them he gave privileges), point (as diffic not was over classes lower winning the although However, father. trustworthy ofhis the image Szekely, Polirom, 2002). 224 223 222 221 220 219 together wi this result may bad be internal communication andlack of trust. was disastrousas the dethroning. outcome his ofcampaignto his for explanation led A simple lesser boyars over his side with his to constant care for theseonthe but other classes, hand it the and peasants the won Rareş because successful was it hand one On not. or successful was throne, althoughatCornea. theHuru time governorofe wasth currentAlexandru ruler, the re to actions policyand his supporting voivode in the bycommissioning churches with exterior painting as Bubuiog, incase the of the keep throne to helpinghim and Rareş of message transmitting the the been ones would have people These Rareş. to loyal most boyars the of one Huru, Efrem or Bubuiog Toader Logothete have would Rareş hand, other collaborated some of with the boyars whomhe the considered in council, trustworthy, liket the On commissioned. he chronicle the in himself of image internal action w Peter and persuade the wouldhave larger This publics. been the framework the internal for action of could dowas team inform to his policy about his Rareş thing significant most The action. crucial a was together doing were they what that fact the of aware noblemen his made he the way and in and plans ideas the disseminated ruler his would be an efficient Therefore, actor. of the campaign the success would them of one each that so program Rareş’s in steps the know to had have would and role own action. of specifiedfield each own having his formedandcourtiersCouncil acirculating team, bythefew his Ruling and within boyars other campaign. Şiman werewith dealing eithermilitary administrativemost or issues, the crucialdonors. were actors the alth Therefore, monasteries. was commissioning ofview) point campaign’s

As pointed out above, one way Rareş demonstrated that people can trust in him was by paralleling himself to to himself paralleling by was him in trust can people that demonstrated Rareş way one above, out pointed As Ibidem Toader Bubuig one commissioned of the best preserved Moldavianmonasteries, th biographies, boyars’ the presenting chapter the in As shown B see: dimension, internal the on more For Leon -

schi (Bucharest:Academiei, 1978), 320. enter the Moldavia 1541with order in from Suleyman take theto Magnificent back the Rareş, but due to the internal disagreements, it could not have been done this way. The The way. this done been have not could it disagreements, internal the to due but Rareş,

Analysingcampaign the general froma point view, of difficult itis whether say to it Sfe Şimanschi , 143. tnicii lui Petru lui tnicii 219 th the internal political situation made his “public relations” team suffer because of

Peter

, as rather focused generally on the boyars by the ruler presenting them a good a them presenting ruler bythe boyars generallyon the focused rather as

“Personalitatea Domnului” Personality [The of in Voivode] the Petru

ae’ srtg cud ae en tutrd n h ifrain ht was that information the on structured been have could strategy Rareş’s

, 74 Rareş

- 80.

ernard Dag

220 59 enais, enais, Each member of the team would have had his had would have the team of member Each

and projects, could further thatit and so oninform – like Huru did when he allowedhe Peter when like Huru did Relationist de Profesia

the most important part of their part mostthe important ough some members of the ruling elite elite ruling the of members some ough 223 His explosive His personality [The PR Profession] (Iasi: (Iasi: Profession] PR [The at of Humor.at See: M. M. lie in the way that

, ed. LeonRareş

action (from a a (from action ult from this this from ult 221 or by by or

Rareş Rareş 222 224

he he ,

CEU eTD Collection Theories of the Middle Age (Bucharest: Eminescu, 1989). Eminescu, (Bucharest: (1985), Ages:Cronicarul in Macarie] Middle Surprising Chronicler Macarie” [A the n Romania the SCIA Personality of and Gierke von Friedrich Otto See: land. of owners the of rights the limiting were individuals the which on conditions the prescribed who ruler, Principautés Roumaines 228 227 226 225 Monastery. manuscripts – Slavonic transcriber of career when anointed heof on bishop Roman was the 23April his of peak the reached he Monastery, Bistriţa the of superior samefather be to on Going monastery. the of superior father the became subsequently Monastery, Neamţ the of environment Macarie (d. 1558), a who monk was culturallyand spiritually in formed action of thewaswho campaignmay Macarie, the bishop b One ofimportant the most men of the court who played an essential role shaping in the internal MacarChronicle of An Internal Action: The impinged onthe boyars’initiative and led some of them to rebel. which thinking of way authoritarian an adopted Rareş team, his of suggestions and comments mistake in the internalInste situation. property byruler had be theof to sanctioned Moldavia. decided onthe of right dominiumeminens counteracting of the upper the tendencies nobilityownto large which implied policy predecessor’s his continue to ruler the among pushed the boyars trust is the right eminens dominium of of lack of Rareş’s ofexample the making. consequences tellinga commondecision lack A of Polish Moldavian the in resulting translated were texts Slavic Moreover, two versions of the Chronicle Putna when chronicles started be to written; Great of Stephen the the time before just genre hadIn begun environment. a literary Moldavia, Peter centuries, importantly most but the he roy was

For moreFor informa The Internă “Politica Cihodaru, C. See Rareş’s times. Rareş’s : -

dominium eminens 14 Moldavian and- Russian Peter Ştefan - 48.

227

ae ws rlr ed t lan oh rm h ps ad rm h current the from and past the from both learn to ready ruler a was Rareş Ciobanu, He was also the author of several originalthat have texts lost been through the tionlife onthe and ideology of B

, 161 ,

Istoria Literaturii Române Vechi act referred the to property individuals ofwhich the was subject the to power of the (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 178.

- 209; and S. Ulea , ” 68.

Moldavian chronicles. ad of creating common ground where he could solicit the the could solicit he ground where creatingcommon ad of the so the .

225 already already ,

such as the Liov manuscript from Saint Onufrei Liov fromOnufrei Saint the manuscript as such

which meant that any change in the feudal system of of system feudal the in change any that meant which The diverging interests and opinions thatappeared The and diverging opinions interests O upiztae esnltt a vli ei Românesc: Mediu Evului a Personalitate Surprinzătoare “O ie - called called ishop Macarie, see:Macarie, ishop Turdeanu, E.

60 al chronicler write the history assigned to of praised Anonymousnicle Moldavia Chro of

[The History of the Old Romanian Literature] Literature] Romanian Old the of History [The

228 the ruling figure of Rareş’s father. father. Rareş’s of figure ruling the to hold and enjoy their possessions, always 226

It seems that Peter L

ooking outside the Moldavian outside ooking 1531. Bishop Macarie became a cle Rrşs rgt hand “right Rareş’s called e

Frederic William Maitland William Frederic territories. In he context, territories. this

- German chronicle, the German chronicle, the

Etudes de Littérature des

ae md a made Rareş the eminent eminent the ,

and the Political Political

32 32 .” .” CEU eTD Collection 1994), 452. 233 232 231 230 229 of written by hethe superiorcoronation when was the theuntil bishop history atells father simple the second half of the sixteenth century.It was written in two distinct stages: the fir of in Stephen Rareş, beginningof of the Stephenreign Moldavia the the Great fromto the death Moldavia” was theMacarie, esteemed bishop philosopher, the our “highlychosen father and teacher of prominent personagee of example chronicle,the Hungarian king. the th to in similar Moldavia, more but, importantly the in context of literature, he set himselfas the most onthewhenof mural genealogy Christ paintings he northern paralleledown thatin with his following theKing model of Matthias, Romans. of the as descendants family Hunyadi the h presented whic genealogy a following the fashion of thecomposed time, humanist speeches for characters his and invented ancestors. Bonfini, his glorifies himselfand which Hungary a of Bonfini,history byAntonio In he humanists. with commissioned context, this the immense RerumDecades Ungaricorum the uses of H style” grand in prince a“Renaissance Being figure. aroyal as legitimacy Moldavian one. Although a in styleMacarie, the it to chronicle suggesting of that commissioned. was Rareş chronicle of the the why reasons of might one been have the external influences presented of examples chronicle writing. Therefore, the new chronicle currentMoldavia in plus 1504 annum Polonorumusque Chronica ad his Matthiasofand Miechow sixteenth century as such borders, chronicle writing Byz Byzantine influence and the under influence of the of Chronicle Manasses, bearing of figures speech similar the to under written been have to is thought ofMacarie Chronicle the ofview, point stylistic from the However, geographical reasons andmay thus it viewedmost be asof view. the notable point content influence from the

S. Ciobanu, S. Simionescu, in Paul Cited modelThe the of Ibidem, 453. Jean Peter antine tradition as it was traditionantine by as itlearned Macarie. De Origine et Origine of Kromer,theDe author or Martin

W. Sedlar, W. 1490) appears to be the closest in the closest in be –1490) appears(1458 to chronicle ofThe MatthiasCorvinus Hungarian Peter

Rareş; the second part, written written part, second the Rareş;

232

Istoria Literaturii Romane Vechi

asfoll his author The reign. his and himself glorify to work ample an commissioned Rareş umanism in creating the prestige of his monarchy, Corvinus surrounded monarchy, creating his himself Corvinus of the in prestige umanism

East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000 RerumUngaricorum Decades ower, The Bishophim. chronicle Eftimie,called the history contains of

Petru

was an not T innovation.

Rareş

s js lk Rrş hd o rv his prove to had Rareş, like just different way, us, Corvin (Bucharest:Romanian Enciclopedic, 1970), 170. , 65. , 231

on Rareş also created a unique genealogy for himself himself for genealogy unique a created also Rareş

the order of the new 1527. starts with ruler would have been the easiest to copy for chronologicalfor would the easiesthave to copy and been 61 might -

1500 he principal Polish of historians the Rebus Gestis Polonorum Gestis Rebus have have (Seattle: Universityof Washington Press, be en

a text thata enlivened text the 229

and well aware of aware well and , could have , could have

230 Maybe Maybe st part,st 233 The The

CEU eTD Collection lesmen. andbatt See: Szekely, M. M. 236 235 234 mistakes crucial made who strategist, weak a was Rareş reality tumultuo Rareş’ of history The skills. strategic and military of character the drawing H with description ruler of a theycould trust the ideasan of illegitimate ruler. Bydoing this, commissioned he ofthe and power,their ambitions who leader; theneededknow people to that possibilities n who campaign his for team his also therefore boyars, his were chronicle the Peter tropes to glorify ruler. the and moralizing poeticreligious chroniclerrhetoricalwith also styleusing figure, a uses The unbiased. entirely not time, the at chronicles in trend usual the as is, text Macarie’s thefollo with wordscharacter highlighted“by is an entirelychronologically, new one thewritten but second view: is from – different essentially are parts two could be trusted beyond doubt. Such is the extractcould Suchis regarding bedoubt. trusted of beyond January1528,when the battle who of and war dust himselfentered the who ruler a of courage the stress to aimed were of Obertyn 1531.The in stories telling of the victorious and often bloody battlefield actions

M. M. SzekelyM. M. Ibidem, 95. Bogdan, I. Rareş used the Chronicle to propagate a great self a propagate to Chronicle the used Rareş The striking characteristics of Rareş are underlined when it comes to describing his his describing to comes it when underlined are Rareş of characteristics striking The and blessingthrone followingrite oil. glory, holy with of with the sainted Stephen, hidden beneat of the ever mentioned children the of garland… one he was And thewith royal adorned hetime was Peter month and year same the In F From the very beginningof the second part of the chronicle the strong official thein gravechronicle… they and written the of in oblivion be t deeds the that so superiors, the ofMacarie, the smallest allfatherpious they me, to ordered have and Brave the of Stephen Voivode Peter of thefollowing royalChosen order the becausenot we demonstrate to wanted a high rhetorical but wisdom, by thereforeWe drag started…to the chains until of the words ages of our reign, rom the point ofrom the view point of an internal- so strategy of

“Cronica 90. lui Macarie”,

argues that Rareş was an unskilled military strategist who, because of this, lost a number of number a lost this, of because who, strategist military unskilled an was Rareş that argues Rareşgenealogy:ruler asby a legitimised outstanding his hat happened during past ages and rulerships be not forgotten forgotten not rulerships be and ages past hat happened during

erculean spiritual and physical powe and erculean spiritual

Sfetnicii lui Petru lui Sfetnicii

written in a simple style arranged arranged style asimple the in first one is written

the Great was chosen to rule and at the same same the at and rule to chosen was Great the of the great logothetegreat Theodor; b of the

62 Rareş wing the royal order of the ChosenPeter ofwing the royal order the , 10 , terrible for his enemies, the son son enemies, forthe his , terrible - 11. - h the light, but raised on theraised the light,on but h image. The people who had access to to access who had people The image.

us battles is praised, battlesus is althoughin called medieval public relations, 236 – r. The chronicle begins by chronicle beginsr. by The like the one at the battle 234

eeded know to ecause ecause 235

.” .” a CEU eTD Collection 240 239 238 237 fought many awith time, for long each deaths on the side, but Moldavians being more war. in ended they lve locations…and twe in place took back war the “And events: the described Ureche Grigore land the taking on insistence Rareş’s attack. Rareş’s to led eventually although part supposedly the Polish respected treaty the terms never of the byPeter 1518and Young in the byStephen renewed peace was treaty treaty regarding Poland with the Pocutsia, statute of the clarified. region not was still The for between disputes two states. Although the1499BogdanII in Jagiello. Peter cent the fourteenth of end Atthe Poland. and betweencreated Moldavia quarrels land that Galician territoryfew and 13towns a encompassing hundred villages, by attracting the nobilityto military campaigns directed towards Polish lands. was distract to the attentionof the boyars the internal from pressure. The way was he this did to had Rareş Finding an himselfin uneasy the and boyars’ seeing situation gradually tension rising, Peter A Dissimulation: Pocutsia strategy for his campaign: dissimulation. chronic positive and trustworthy image himself of and his of system of rule.Although writing this a create to was purpose Rareş’s chronicle, particular this With time. the of chronicles the all rebelled had who Szeklers Zapolyaagainst Janos the subduing of purpose the with Transylvania entered Rareş (Eighth

See moreSee in: Toderaşcu I. Ş Bogdan, I. Ion Ion . S. Gorovei,

I Musat received Pocutsia as a guarantee from Poland for the loan he gave to Vladislav Vladislav to he gave theloan for Poland from aguarantee as Pocutsia received I Musat - Toderaş Sixteenth Centuries)] (Iaşi: Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, 2004 Cuza, Ioan Alexandru Universitatea (Iaşi: Centuries)] Sixteenth le was of a influencing means noble public,Peter his The production of the chronicle was apparently by reasons, motivated like promotion h cmags o Pcti cn e dniid s ae’ e srtg. ousa a Pocutsia, strategy. new Rareş’ as identified be can Pocutsia for campaigns The Being winter, Peter there, Peter there, theywere cut the ones who their with inside blades. Andfrom coming back and their onefortresses of down tore their arms theywere and defeated with Szeklers the everywhere and other with the theirgeneralsand in oneplace fighting theirreached and borders byandmountains they ways twoseparate the passed and he divisions two army in dividedhis and he speaking Szeklers, 239 Because the loan was never fully returned, this strip of land started to be a reason be to started of strip land this returned, fully was never Because the loan

“Cronica 96. lui Macarie”,

cu, find form another of persuasion influence to new this strategy them.The aimof Petru

soi Mdeaă Rmnlr sc VIII (sec. Românilor a Medievală Istoria

Voivode subdued them. Voivode subdued , 79. , Rareş :

Istoria Medievală a Românilor

Voivode first conducted warVoivode a against the Hungarian

237

63 .

- XVI)

[The Medieval Romanians [The the History of - I of Moldavia signedI Moldavia a of peace 2005), 41.

Rareş had another crucial crucial another had Rareş 238

had long been a

Rareş in 1527, 1527, in Rareş 240 which which ury ury

CEU eTD Collection lui lui 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 battles: eventuallyat Obertyn failed 1531. on22August second one 1531succeeded in desired occupying in the land, operations the military campaignsAlthoughended therefore Pocutsia in defeat. the in firs wounded, theycould nolonger endure and back” they turned Ureche, n incruntati, rane multe mai cu moldovenii

Seemore: Ibidem, 254. Seemore: Ibidem, 140. See more: Seemore: Ibidem, 157- more:See Szekely, M. M. moreFor informati Petru “Si in 12 locuri au a au locuri 12 in “Si

Letopisetul Tarii Moldovei

- - - - - It note to important is the number of significantboyars who were these involvedin , 150 - Rareş

Rareş shortly afterwards, in the in winterRareş of 1531. afterwards, shortly captur was He Rareş. besides Obertyn of Efrem Huru, governor, fought at Obertyn and was taken captive. taken was and at Obertyn governor, fought Efrem Huru, he betrayal part took a in supposed set bythe boyars. that historians by several argued been has it retreat, the signal to one the was he larg followedand wasbythe Trifan ceaşnic Popescul, field 22andattack. the in night ordered the of unfortunate 21to Augus ruler camp surround to at the Obertyn Polish an army with on21 of 10000men bythe ordered was Pocutsia, in clashes of the at the time porter Suceava Mihu, of ToaderBubuig, logothete, was one ofcommanders onthe the battle military him. against complotting were commanders military two the that think Rareş making a disaster was battle army. taken of bythisconquerfortress Gwozdziec, The the the Polish ofoutcome re to wasmen supposed which 6000 army of the leading with entrusted 1531 in Vla also supposedhave to part taken at Obertyn. is Neamţ, of later brotherhis and second porter ofand the fortess of Cetatea Nouă Ibidem, 190- d, porter of Hotin Fortress, and Toma Barnovschi, the head of Cernăuţi, were Cernăuţi, of head the Barnovschi, Toma and Fortress, Hotin of porter d, 242 153 and Ş t. Although Mihu was precautious with attacking, Rareş arrived at the battle the battle arrived at Rareş attacking, was precautiouswith Mihu Although t.

on Vlad and Toma Barnovschi and the battle a vut razboiu…si multa vreme batandu multa razboiu…si vut

193. 161.

Sfetnicii lui Petru lui Sfetnicii

. S. Gorovei,

, 93 ,

- , ending in 2000 victims from the Moldavian army and army from theand Moldavian ending2000victims in , 94.

, gave the signal for retreat during the battle of Obertyn Obertyn of the battle retreat for during the, gave signal Petru - au mai putut suferi, ci le ci suferi, mai putut au

, 58 Rareş e mass of the army. He was also captured. Because Because captured. also was He army. the of e mass

, 91 Rareş 64 -

69. - 94.

ed after the defeat, but was ransomed by by ransomed was but defeat, the after ed

- 247 sa, cu multa moarte dintru amandoao partile, partile, amandoao dintru moarte multa cu sa,

243 - t Gwozdziec, see: M. M. Szekely, au datuau cales si

245 t campaign in 1530 and the campaignt 1530and in the

241 (my The translation). - 244 au intorsu inapoi” in G. G. in inapoi” intorsu au 246

Da nciu Huru, -

Sfetnicii Sfetnicii field - CEU eTD Collection 251 250 249 248 that they stood by him without betraying him. attention to a sufficient degree, itis certain that ruler the tried to dominate them, making sure himself the boyar’s with distract managedto the whether he chronicle and hel his p of of goodimage acreated he not or Whether boyars. the towardsRareş of authoritarianattitude the note to important is it now for but chapter, final evaluated the in be will question Howagainst the OttomanEmpire. campaign to them convince to had also he attention, boyars’ the distract to have Rareş did only not However, taken. have could Rareş that action effective most the been have would Distracting their attention from possible int properrigues, although method, the not most persuaded, had negative the wouldhave to entire publicrelations influence campaign. goals, sufficiently not the ruler’s if support to rolegroup whose wouldbe of people, of the ruling An system. inconvenient mechanism internal the influence to directed campaign time to plot against him either inside or outside principality.” the the keep to Rareş of desire the was truth the to the hypothesis which thesis, ofwas this also touched seems uponby closer “What Ciobanu: great for importance conclusion of a to historian leads This the capacities. economicboyars’ ha were they high, although obligations subject saying thatthese this principality towardsOttoman the Porte a great deal.” “occupyingeconomicallywould have obligations anregion of prosperous relieved the the with nobility because the relationship improved wouldhave ruler occupying the Pocutsia, events. V. Paslariuc elaborates ontheof hypothesis Stefan Ciobanu Ciobanu. argued thatby the most important for this but arethesis those which discussed the actions of the boyars the in subject, this on discussions several been have There reign. first Rareş’s of end the the beginningof as seen historiography in has Pocutsia defeat, been of thefor this campaign series of of events, aresult was mainly Pocutsia of military.defeat the that hypothesis the for argued others and Szekely M. M. Pâslariuc, V. Gorovei, Ş. when recently, until viable considered was Rareş against plotting boyars the of theory The Pocutsia.

Ibidem. Ibidem, 90. Pâ V. See: Ibidem, 387- slariuc, This theory, highlighted by both Ciobanu and Pâslariuc, confirms the possibility of a theof possibility confirms theory,byThis Pâslariuc, highlighted and Ciobanu both n part in the take military actions have in to attested are who boyars the are These -

Obertyn, but there is almost noinformationObertyn, onhim. there but almost is have wasofThe Colun also attestedthe high taken in battle to part stewardJurj

Raporturile Politice Raporturile 388 and V. Pâ slariuc,

, 91.

Raporturile Politice Raporturile

effective were these strategies? The answer to this this to answer The strategies? these were effective

65 nobility alert so that it would not have any havewould not thatit nobilityalert so , 91. 250

However, Pâslariuc further debates debates further Pâslariuc However, 248 251

249 Because of the impact the of Because d little effectd on the CEU eTD Collection Rex Mátyás (Budapest: Zrinyi Kiadó, 1990), 206 and P György” [Matthias Corvinusand György Podebrad] in Hunyadi Mátyás 255 254 253 252 to meant was comparison show thatthe actions of have theldavian Mo voivode could had a the basisin governing style short This Rareş. to known been have should deeds his so did, andgoverning. way at his theStephen ofsame the reigning whenGreat time Matthiaswas chronicle Matthias’ of aware been have could them. Therefore, no is it surprise thatRareş between Moldavia and the Hungarian enabled Kingdom exchange easy information between rebellions other in Hu provinces.ngarian other any discourage to meant was success military Matthias’ of acclamation The a victory. propagandists royal defeated, the was Moldavia. he Although for consequently set decidedbad light, Matthias t thus revolt. However, the rebellion was although put under still control,portrayed it the king a in posedthe a situation great danger. He set for suppressed Transylvania immediatelyand the The revolt was led by Transylvanian himsel the voivode Transylvaniarevolted. 1467, after reforms,the Matthiasenforcedfinancial nobles of several In byMatthias. was towards done nobles directed action Adiscouraging against similar him. they nobles busy that alsoso for but his once keeping Moldavian territory, ofthe regaining purpose for only not Pocutsia the in a campaign above, military conducted seen as voivode, Moldavian The relevant. are reign Matthias’ of aspects other some Rareş, anchronicle. for haveinspiration work Bonfini’s medieval might been While commissioned up as KovácsaRomans. to it “mixed to story,” refers Ungaricorum Decades Rerum Bonfini’s in presented were descendants His circumstances. different in although Hungarian throne. present. similarly The thatof council, to want Moldavia, not did a foreign onthe king royal council at time a when the memoryof his heroic father, János Hunyadi, was still very by the elected was Matthias King similar. were coronations both of circumstances the all, for voivode. First the haveof Moldavian Hungarianexample could servedas an which king, A andPeter Matthias King

Such as Janus Pannonius, see: Ibidem, 84. Ibidem, see: Pannonius, Janus as Such moreFor on the the to led reforms revolt, that and the outcomes of revolt, the Andr see: E.P. Kovács, “A Hunyadi moreFor on the coronation circumstances of King Matt parenthesis be should made here byreturning the to reigngovernment and of the (Budapest: B (Budapest: , ed. Gyula Rázsó andLászló V. Molnár (Budapest:Zrinyi Kiadó, 1990) The analogy between the actions of the two rulers may be telling. The closeness closeness The telling. be may rulers two the of actions the between analogy The alassi, 2008),73- 252 As mentioned before, l Matthiasalsohis had prove to

- where his genealogy was praised as originating from the ancient ancient the from originating as praised was genealogy his where Rareş: aParallel csal 95. ád,

” 29.

éter o balance with a this victoriousmilitary action. He

E. Kovács,E. Hunyadi “A

66 hias, see: M 253 f, - 254 which enhances the idea of the the enhances which csal acek , ed. Gyula and Rázsó László V.Molnár therefore Matthiasjudged that ád

” [The Hunyadi Family] in H in Family] Hunyadi [The ” Josef, “Corvin Mátyás és Podebrad , 39.

ás would not plot plot would not

Kubinyi, Kubinyi, egitimacy, 255 praised praised Matthias Matthias unyadi CEU eTD Collection Moldavians in Second the Half of Fifth the Century] (Bucharest: 22. Militara,9, 1959), (Bucharest: E Fourteenth Contributions to the History of the Romanian Army] (Bucharest: Militară, 1968), 6. 1968), Militară, (Bucharest: Army] Romanian the of History the to Contributions 27- bows or sword, he ruthlesslycondemned him to have hishead cut off” in I. Cupş ready join to the army always and weapons have war: suitable for if Stephen “found apeasant not having arrows, 261 260 259 258 257 256 communicationgained priority.Direct communication with the ruler’s subjects was difficult defend protective andim maintainhis could still join the cause of the boyarsweremilitating who for Ottoman suzerainty. although the army join obligedto who, case in of danger, peasants free of comprised was host, large army, the the massof the large However, of the voivode. aims the armies meet to thatthey so employtheir thattheyreactpersonal support so would not and against him would Being core the military the of strength Moldavia, of rule the the boyars’ domains, also but participatedmilitary in the campaigns initiated by ruler. the of theon peasants activity the controlling of role only the which played military not power boyars. the courts individual of the voivode and of attacks coming the outside MoldavianIt borders. from the composedcourt was of the t peasantry. host the first historians toverbalize division. this He highlighted an “active army” of one was A. Pessiacov the principality. danger to imminent case of in calledonly together was one large the while one, permanent the was host small the Great: the Stephen of reign the The Moldavian during theof host time Peter The pe attention. the purposeactions distracting canthe of usednobility discouraging and with be their of King Matthias. Furthermore, this comparison can strengthen my argument that military compri 20 April 2010. N. Iorga however noted that during battles the for Obertyn, the Moldaviansmall hostwas he voivode and domains, his importantly, and, most had face it to any of unexpected kind

The Polish chronicl Polish The Ibidem, 9. Ion Ibidem. 28. ra iiaă Otlr oâe n eoee XIV Secolele în Române Oştilor a Militară Arta N icolae Stoicescu, –

sed of only 6000people. See: Nicolae Iorga, Cupş and an “armyat home” sitting asants and the H Large The small host, consisting of about 10000 to 12000 men, about 12000 consistingThe 10000to host, small of In Peter competitive environment, this

Sixteenth Centuries] on on Centuries] Sixteenth

nciclopedică, 1996), 262.

Arta Militară a Moldovenilor în a Doua Jumătate a Secolului al XV al Secolului a Jumătate Doua a în Moldovenilor a Militară Arta

er Dł er utn ş Suioi Cnrbţi a soi Amti Române Armatei Istoria la Contribuţii Slujitori. şi Curteni ugosz describes how, during the time of Stephen the Great, every peasant had be to peasant time Great, the every Stephen how, the of during describes ugosz

http://www.armyacademy.ro/e ost

257 age masspublic.For for purpose, the this political – the large host – the host large Rareş was organized the same way was was it during organized the same Rareş

67 - XVI Istoria Românilor

Rareş needed to “survive;” he needed to to needed he “survive;” to needed Rareş [The Military Art of the Romanian Army in the the in Army Romanian Art ofthe Military [The 259 The boyars’ courts were cen were courts boyars’ The - learning/w which was mainly comprised of comprised mainly was which r thus needed to win the boyars’ winthe boyars’ needed to thus r

[The History of the Romanians] IV IV Romanians] the of History [The 258 orking/capitol_2.html had the role of protecting a,

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, CEU eTD Collection Descrierea Moldovei Istoria Românilor 91. 267 266 265 264 263 262 regularly they hadarrowsall hadand while rudimentary hunting: bowssome andof them clot everyday their in Dressed the nineteen Moldavian provinces: of the nobi are have to thebelonged settlementsknown Huru. to O Dănceşti, Lărgăşani, Bărăşti, Joldeşti, of villages and the northern village Moldavia: a of quarter Rumanii, of the village of Zmeilani, the southern in both and regions Covurlui Putna a the in reigns. number He of settlements owned Suchis examples. the court of Efremgovernor Huru, under Peter relevant the most beas should taken dignities high with boyars of Thesimilar. the courts the royal the policy countryside. throughout propagandizing and supplying information system, this were into integrated king’s officers promoter of a communication system, subordinated the royal it. to Thus,the administration st favour their policy. topublic opinion encourage and the to as kings, their status suitable means strengthen to most the was system acommunication that fact the of aware be to developed asstarted rulers because the of limitations of feudal the system. However, medieval political communication the large army. Out of about 30 000 to 40000men 30000to about thearmy. large Outof of part small a only represented armies their and boyars The cause. his of name the in host Rareş. sharing of information because the boyars, asabove, seen all not did agree the with views of process the for solution alternative an as seen be can means visual The chapter. previous theycould information accordinglydisperse territories where who owned ofboyars his bymeans subjects: informingand his persuading ate of communication in Western Europe. how the Sheexplaines king, becoming the

D. Cantemirshowed thatfrom each provincenumber a ofabout 1000soldiers were N. Iorgaestimated men 6000 were that about of part thehost small at batt the Ş See:Pocutsia.Moldavians fightingat 30000 numberof a forargued Gorovei S. Ş. Szekely, M. M. Ibidem, 150- S. Menache,

On one side, peasants formed the largest part of the infantry and the light cavalry. lightand cavalry. the partinfantrythe theformed largest of On one side, peasants Peter lity or of the nobility’s army. The rest of them were recruited from two groups two of from recruited of themwere rest Thenobility’s army. the or of lity

151. Rareş needed Rareş The Vox Dei The Vox , 262.

Sfetnicii lui Petru lui Sfetnicii

, 166. 262

Giving of describesexamples Francethe and Menache England, theS.

, 150.

to maketo sure thatthe other of layers the society large wouldjoin

, 144 - Rareş hes, the weapons they used were also the ones they used used ones theywere also the theyused weapons hes, the 267 peasants and townsmen. 145, 483. 263 more easily discussed and in more means, byvisual 68 The Moldavian situation should be seen as

cini, Scândureni, Hrănăeşti and Bălăneşti Bălăneşti and Hrănăeşti Scândureni, cini, 265 , only 12000 6000to 264 Peter

ae hd w wy of ways two had Rareş les forles Pocutsia. N.Iorga, See:

ae drn bt his both during Rareş

recrui . S. Gorovei, 266 ted. See: D. Cantemir, D. See: ted. were members were Petru

, Rareş

CEU eTD Collection father wasfather present representing naos, the in him as commissioner the of building. the [Communication through Images] ( Images] through [Communication 272 271 270 269 268 As discussedabove, this scene illustrates not only desirethe ruler,but the also of stimulates category this in fits that scene The achievements. outstanding the most andand known describes creativity.dimension quality The of defeating Ottoman the army. aim illustratedRareş’s it hand, on the other and offorerunners his achievements past military becausdimension relevant for this is of Constantinople be Siege achieved. The andthat havewill been second of dimension durability demonstrating aspiration. implies is This the performances of Stephen and as a pe heir the as himself legitimized Rareş this, With genealogy. own his with Rareş by paralleled suggestively Christ of genealogy the fact in is which Jesse of Tree the was experience for successfulpolic and evoked recent past the of this legitimization. The votive images his of father legitimizes its competences. Peter experience marked is dimension by origin biography the and ofemitting the source which competence characterised Each andis uniqueness. valuesdimensions. of these bydifferent help of images, put to forward one needs values three thatdeter simple group the with Generally,ofa people the persuade rebelliousorderto in opinion. boyars’ 30 000men believe a in victory possible and make to themdesire – it of Peter case To persuade,some morethe in information. bycommissioned Peter we host fortresses. of the artillery and infantry they mainly actions participated in intended defend to be to instruments found in shields.

As As Ibidem, 24. Ibidem, 31. CupşI.

eir dimensions, see: Alain Joannes, Alain see: dimensions, eir th and values trust the on more For Petru The second value is competence which is characterized by the dimensions of quality quality of dimensions by the characterized is which competence is value second The Durability characterizedby is of the experience dimensions The and aspirations. Those 30000peasants roughly 20000to whoof were the andpart large townsmen 268 re be to the persuaded in chapter the in way shown onthe mural paintings a,

270 Rareş decorated some of the monasteries commissioned by Stephen the Great, the votive image of his of image votive the Great, the Stephen by commissioned monasteries the of some decorated Rareş Arta Militară a Moldovenilor For face to face fights they also had spears, axes, sickles or scythes, or sickles axes, spears, had also they fights face to face For

e this scenee this and present: comprises past onone both hand,evoked it the

rson whose genealogy be compared could that with The of Christ. Rareş. Returning to the theme of that chapter, it is necessary to add add to necessary is it chapter, that of theme the to Returning Rareş. the household. The townsmen, onthe other side, were usually part Iasi: Polirom, 2009), 23-

Rareş used some of the exterior painting with the purpose purpose the with painting exterior the of some used Rareş , 22 , - 24.

y of Stephen the Great. The second image relevant relevant image second The Great. the y Stephen of 69 30.

is once more the Siege of Constantinople. of Constantinople. the Siege more once is

272 are the most obvious, images which obvious, are most the Rareş, meant to make 20000- these to meant Rareş,

mine trust: durability, Comunicarea prin Imagini all this, disregarding 269

271 all

CEU eTD Collection naos, whilenaos, votiveof thescenes thewere in boyars represented the Petru of scene votive the commissions, boyar Although monastery. Arbore the have commissioned some ofe monasteries. have th some commissioned who boyars the of scenes votive arethe hand other the on and family, his and Rareş scenesof are On example. onevotive campaign. hand, this are relevantthere the for The votive scenes Thevision. clarity meant de is to dimension 273 ess the is space political his highlight to order messages. The fact ruler the that Moldavia of intertwined religious in the space the with political environment monastic the used Rareş how emphasize to understood by noble the and both upper the average peasant.From this point of view, itis vital alanguage in expressed was it as “universal” may called be that communication of means other side, was lessaggressive, as just but dynamic. Furthermore, the exteriorpainting was a strategyconsiders the for dissimulation The Pocutsia. used ral mu painting approach, onthe one more aggressive if were the boyars manipulate and Theused behaviours. opinions to means their influence to used were that tactics the and publics the presented I have chapter, In this Summing UpPolitical: space as religious s Ottoman attack. of the the defeat the solution, present which Constantinople describes of also bythe Siege isdimension representedbyLast the which Judgment, describes theperspective, ultimate and and solutions meant show the to is Vision refers dimension vision. second to head theThe campaign. of from the clarity of view, point dimension meant reinforce is to the divine thehighlighted Moldavians. contrast in to the is ofOttomans represents futurewhere of the the punishment revealing solutions, from the help of the saints. related Also the to help of the divine theLastis whichJudgment, MoldaviansHierarchy. were technologicallynot the could Although benefit they superior, as the shown representsin scene of additionalhelp, theints Celestial sa the of presence the walls: Moldavian onthe depicted is of superiority type different improbable, a thus present to issues.solutions Moldavian superioritythe was technological Ottomans over some future andover underlinesalso reveals logicaldimension superiorityrivals, techno the imagination to recall past fortunatein the events Moldavian history.creativity The

Such as the famous votive sce votive famous the as Such by clarity The uniqueness, of the valuedetermined last dimensions thatof is Rareş, this this Rareş, of case In the campaign. the of aims the are which perspectives

ential point ofential a point - so ne of Toader Bubuiog and hisfamily in the Humormonastery or that ofArbore in

called public relations strategy: as traditional the practice pace 273 70 monstrate the team of workers behind the Moreover, there is the Tree of Jesse which, Jesse of Tree the is there Moreover, pronaos.

Rareş was always depicted in the the in depicted always was Rareş - like origin of the

and

CEU eTD Collection theAppearance Political Developm Ideology in the and Century Moldavia] Studia Patzinaka Moldavia] Century 2005), 146. Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe See: Mari ApariţiaFixareaT şi monasteries of the dynasticdescension Rareş of Peter need of closeness to the divinity – divinity the to ofcloseness need – burial a such for reasons the religious both discusses She the the divinity. laity and between the relationship 277 276 275 274 le for searching in Therefore, past and his with dynastic the rulerlink can the of to wish highlight to the tradition. point of such an necropolis. actStephen theProbota asroyal Great,The designated his symbolism Peter as such rulers illegitimate of case the in space between bechurch is interesting space andburied it political it, the inside relationship see to pr anot novel was it place.Although close liturgy the to sanctuary, where took the importancewas very founderas buried he of the Theelite ruling of Moldavia by Maria explained presence of a a room with special funerary the in plan function of Molda The exterior painting. before the discussing beupon will touched Moldavian church space scenes those of and Peter of of Moldavian votive Because the followers. meaning of their tombs as the as(fig. well 3.2), tonaos. West the naos, the burial chamber the tombs contains of Peter Peter monasteries. the votivesce connectedspace both to is of the voivode. these two spaces met,there not could be ona nodiscussion campaign persuade to the subjects church returnruling Had in propagated the space to messages it. aided the byoffering power its clergymen, and monasteries to privileges of aseries offered power secular that supposed

Cră Drăguţ, V. B. The funerary room appeared only in mona in only appeared room funerary The - Rareş and his family, his and Rareş P. Maleon, P. ciunher discusses article well in the The first observation concerning the development ofsacred thespacewithin political The concerning first the observation development Crăciun, a

Pictura Murală din Moldova,

In theof example the Probota monastery, destined be to a royal burial place for

“The Probota Monastery Eccle the siastic between 131- Hierarchy and Reign”, the

ipului de Necropolăipului de Voievodală în Moldova în S “Apud Ecclesia: Church Burial and the Development of Funerary Rooms in Moldavia” in Cr ă ciun as a practiceciun dynas highlightingboth 275

277 Rareş has been discussed above, the placement of the of placement the above, discussed been has Rareş

the votive scene (fig. 3.1) can be found on the western wall of the westernwall found onthe be can (fig. 3.1) the votivescene and the variousfactors – social the and

1 introduced secular space into religious space, demonstrating introduced religiousspace, secular spacethe into gitimacy, dynastic such a messagewas associated with the

, ed. Will Coster, Andrew Spicer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Spicer Andrew Coster, Will ed. , ( 2005 ), - defined Moldavian space of royaldefined burial church taking consideration in 25. 64- actice that the founders of the church/monastery were were church/monastery the of founders the that actice

65. sterieschurches and of royal These were commission. the nes andtones the burial chambers existing inside the

71 . See. more: VladBedros,“ ent of the Royal Necropolis in Necropolis Royal of the ent

such as the closeness the as such ae. ae, h ilgtmt sn of son illegitimate the Rareş, Rareş. ecolele al XV tic and spiritual concerns.spiritual tic and - lea şi al al şi lea

Rareş and his wife Elena Elena wife his and Rareş Rolul I Rolul

Fifteenth and Sixteenth and Fifteenth

to the Catholic Church. Church. Catholic the to XVI deologiei deologiei vian churches is - lea

150. tombs inside inside tombs ” [The Role of Role of ” [The

Politice în Politice 274 the the

276 the the -

CEU eTD Collection University of America Press, 2009), 46. 2009), Press, America of University and the Reign, the and the tr to connections Cambridge University Press, 2005), 11. Reformation in Sacred Europe” Space in Early Modern Europe Andrew and Coster Will also: See religions. 282 281 280 279 278 demonstration forof hada usage sacred onlyreligiousone. the meaning, space The of one messages. interpretto the meaning of sacred space according the to one the religiouswithin CosterAs and Will Andrew one. wouldbe Spicer it a pointedout, mistake indicators of the political desires of the ruler. Therefore, from the political realm is experienced recognizable. easily are scenes political of amount alarge exterior interior,votive scenes signalled only thespace is funerar political byand onthe While religious a with combinationof political/profanerepresentations representations. inevitably falls thesphere.Althoughaccent the political profanesituation, can the identified with be sphere evident with the mural paintings of the exterior walls. Contextualizing to the Moldavian rathera mirror ofexternal policy. his theto throne – the Tree authority his offer meant strengthen to was who among could those people alternatives Whi messages. political contained which scene only the not was Jesse Tree of However, the Therefore,of Christ. the voivode wouldoffer bythis, muralauthenticity arguments. more his to knowinge thatthepresented messag space this the with holy within wouldbe identified power suitable space for thereinforcement political of the ruler. The could ruler use the sacred space accidental, was nothing where a place offull potential, perceived be to used way, the exterior walls of the monasteries for political This Christ. of genealogy divine the with Rareş of continuity the thus and genealogy dynastic the between aparallel as seen be can Jesse of Tree the before, presented As sacred. the on by relying religious one,

Ibidem, 15. Discussing religious behaviour, Emile Durkheim observed the division into sacred and profane sphere Derek A. Rivard, See: Ibidem, 153- B. - P. Maleonchurch secular po discussesP. and the Fragments Akathistos the of Hymn,Last the Judgmentand theHierarchy Celestial are d- sacre the Therefore, Moving theproblem church, theof the same to exteriorspacelegitimacy of is visible. 282 ”

Therefore, wouldbe it incorrectme thatthe exteriorpaintings assu to of Moldavia

131. 278

the upper nobility and the Ruling Council – Council nobility and the Ruling upper the on the religioussphere, the both interior and the exteriorof the monasteries are strengthening the ruler’s political authoritywho was thus legitimizing himself anscendental. See: B.

154. Blessing the World. Ritual and Lay Piety in Medieval Religion

279

profane bipolarity emphasized byE. Durkheim emphasized bipolarity profane

- P. Maleon, P.

Spicer. “Introduction: th “Introduction: Spicer.

“The Monastery Probota the between Ecclesiastic Hierarchy 72 wer which were both legitimizing themselves by their their by themselves legitimizing both were which wer , ed. Will Coster and Coster Will ed. , purposes. Because the sacred space was was space sacred the Because purposes. the other three relevant scenes were were scenes relevant three other the - dimensional formula of religion e Dimensions of Sacred Space Sacred in e Dimensions of

Andrew Spicer (Cambridge: 280 (Washington: The Catholic Catholic The (Washington: itwas the also most ychambers, onthe 281 Peter becomes becomes

s in all all s in Rareş Rareş le le CEU eTD Collection 286 285 284 283 Virgin Mary, also the but Deisisscene, the Moldavian iconsmainlyCrucifixion, represented the century. fifteenth the to icons Moldavian first the of creation the dated has Ştefănescu ico were with contact in came religious Moldavian art works average that the on the viewer. The had they probably impact that magnitude reflectsscenes the such of religious in integrated was message political the that fact The viewers. the of feelings the leadagainst the to desireOttomandomination. fight to consequently would which families, and lands their protect to desire the and fear with Rareş reactions. concrete the Hymn Akathistos within – Ottomans clash and betweenthe the Moldavians – images perceived by given negative is that importan further discusses the and scenes,Jaritz scene. the of perception the intensifies surprise and which the thus to viewingrecognition military to close so leads saints sight the the scene, and apparent. theiris visibility Having the Siege theenemies, of Constantinople, of the enemies.at theoflevel top given byPositioned ofis closeness position visible the highly scene help of the with Lastenemies presented the in which Judgment, have been focal identified asof the point with his environment andpolitical situation that he can easilyrecognise andidentifywith. The – Last Judgment the in represented enemies the and connection. a function asof viewer seen be and should a its representationand between distance Jaritz G. eye. adult the of level the at precisely situated are Hierarchy eye the of viewer. The Siege of Constantinople and the military saintsof the Celestial close the to location: a correspondingand have privileged its abundant space scenes political less the However, abundant. more are messages religious traditional the space, political rhetoric a analysis, is clearly one. demarcated Because the the religiousspace is supportfor the of the exteriorspa division royal power transforms itinto a medium of power. At this point, it is important to recall the Schreiner (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2002), 331. 2002), Verlag, Fink Wilhelm (Munich: Schreiner Mittelalter, im Frommigkeit 334. intensifies representations

I. D.I. Ştefăn For more on the reactions to such perceptions, see: Ibidem,334.

Discussing everyday representations within religious religious within representations everyday Discussing Gerhard

The political sphere is thus represThe sphere political thus is

Jaritz, “NaheJaritz, und 283 escu,

In – context Moldavian the

Arta Feudala in Tarile Romane, 285 These These

the experiencethe ofviewer the and his perceptionof thescene. profane See: Ibidem, 333 visual rhetoric, are not situated at the level of the eye. However, the tight tight However, eye. the of situated rhetoric,areat not the the level visual p olitisch

ce into sacred and political. The division, according to the visual according the The to visual division, andce political. sacred into concrete reactions can be identified in the case of the subjects of subjects the of case the in identified be can reactions concrete Distanz als Gebrauchsfunktion s Gebrauchsfunktion als Distanz

- soziale Kontexte, Kontexte, soziale 284 ented by well constructed scenes meant to act upon upon act to meant scenes constructed well by ented Referring to the representations of negative figures figures negative of representations the to Referring specificallyreferring to the Siegeof Constantinople 236. such as the in Ottomans the Last and Judgment the

73 visuelle Praxis k Praxis visuelle

frescoes, G. Jaritz shows that the visibility of visibility the that shows Jaritz G. frescoes, ce their of visibility. Therefore, emotion the this connectionthis bringstogether the viewer

p ä tmit orperliche telalterlicher telalterlicher

argued that the closeness closeness the that argued Ausdrucksformen, ed. Klaus Klaus ed. Ausdrucksformen, religiö ser Bilder,” in Bilder,” ser can lead to to lead can ns. I. ns. D. 286

The The these these - CEU eTD Collection Good and Charles the Bold,” Art Journal See church. the and the Good Golden Fleecewere thewarriors elite Philip that was message The tapestry. the seeing those for clear quite was Gideon second a be to wanting Philip arg Smith C. J. it. see for exampleandHotel entirefaçadethe overthe halls D’Artoisknights banquet of so Fleece that his Golden could Gideon of Moslem heLandsliberate Therefore, the commissionedfrom control. History the Holy 290 289 288 287 power, and hie compared of the to distance others being the thecommunication expressions of importance, ofcloseness some messages, scenes their and theother political religious construct to both the of impact the as well as clear, representation. the to closeness the on concentrate would he as message religious the of significance the of p by their highlighted and eye the to close so were messages political bore which scenes the that fact The sphere. political the for representative were which commanderfight the O capable against to – Jesse of allegory which was meant on one side to associate him with the figure Christ of – that associated Philip with a biblical hero. Similarly, what Peter the Good. long meansus interpreted been asof tapestry acommunication has propagandistic GideonHistory of impact thatsuch large have the representations scale ontheirthe now viewersis lost reflects small iconwall and - thena a seeing from resulting reaction The viewers. the on impact had have must which discrepancy exterior muralthose of the and icons of scales the between difference The with. contact in came usually people average the which was traditionallyentirely painted, the- small Pantocrator.Christ

For moreFor on significanceof the closeness distance and mural ofrepresentations, see: Ibidem, 332 See: “Nah G.Jaritz, ambitio lifelong Philip’s domination, Ottoman from Moldavia liberate to ambition Rareş’s to Similarly mo For royalThis the in focal obvious of the was points exteriormural allegory paintings, re information on icons in s : Jeffrey C. Smith, C. : Jeffrey 288 and on the other side to associate with the him figuretrustworthya of military J. C. J. Smith argues the that tapestrywas meant to communicate a ducal allegory rarchy. 289 The combinationof thespaceand political thebecomes religiousspace thus ues that the communication of the analogy between Gideon saving the people of Israel the and of saving Gideon people between analogy the of ues that communication 1467). The 5.6 meters high and 98 meters high–1467). and theThetapestry Good 98meters (1419 5.6meters of Philip e und Distanz,” 331. 287 Therefore, besides the interior ico interior the besides Therefore, 290

“Portable Propaganda – sized one should have been amazement. A similar situation that situation similar amazement. A been one have should sized

paintings, which were large scale icons, shows an important icons, shows were scale large whichpaintings, ixteenth

48 (1989): 123 -

political sphere. The two spaces were in fact aiding each each aiding fact in were spaces two The sphere. political - century Moldavia and theircentury representations, Moldavia Ibidem, see: 236 ttoman army.

Tapestries as Princely Metaphors at the Courts of Philip the the ofPhilip the Courts at Metaphors asPrincely Tapestries 74 who were to go to war against the enemies of the Christian ofthe Christian enemies warwere to the go against to who 129.

scale icons were the religious objects that that objects religious the were icons scale

nography of churches and monasteries monasteries and churches of nography osition, made the viewer lose some the viewer lose made some osition,

Rareş did was also a royal royal a also was did Rareş

which was hung hung was which with the Tree ed by Philip - 333.

n was to to was n - 240.

CEU eTD Collection Cihodaru. Cihodaru. 293 292 291 be to was Rareş of aim the Therefore, Empire. Ottoman the from independent Moldavia keep lingerat all.” not did he power the received after he “Because notes: Ureche of as theambitions, chronicle 1527 and the 1538.When newearned ruler the throne, he was between Rareş, of reign first the for valid obviously most is above presented definition The campaigns? reigns, two Two campaign. the of success overall the as well as evaluated, and will compared be Rareş of reigns two the this, to According understandings. people’s the and reality social the to messages the adapted he and goals own his for space public the used Rareş campaign. relations Peter of actions the terms, general space according the to environment, the social reality,and theexpect people’s In conduct orderto a publicrelations plan, one has create to a strategy occupy to the public goals to mat anti win enough repress orderto in and power prepare to opposition the boyar principality his for an – eyes which ofpublics, his he quite did easily – image the positive in aand prosper to achieve had claimthe he to throne.legitimize his Second, thus “survive,” to needed Rareş all, of First campaign. the from advantages certain headed byPeter conceivers, group.The theadapting to targeted it and the forinformation are responsible distributing strategiccopeople nceive the message who after legitimizingthe Great, himself of Stephen andconti policy thenuing internal byusing the image andpolitical to importantly, strategyhad most he and father. Third, his of

Internally, Internally, “ Dagenais,Bernard Că nimicaCăau ce după - Ottoman action. In order to achieve these purposes, Rareş and his counsellors needed their needed counsellors his and Rareş purposes, these achieve to order In action. Ottoman The three major elements of the campaign have been shown. It has been shown that the The ofIt three thethat been elements campaign shown. been has major shown have “ Politica Internă Politica Rareş ch those of the public. Therefore, they needed a public and a communication plan. communicationand plan. a a thech public.Therefore,public they thoseneeded of 292 His major aim that would be present in his thoughts his in allthroughout reigns,aim thatwouldbe his present major His

was preoccupied to consolidate his reign bysupporting the peasants andsmall nobility. See: C.

Campania de Relaţ

dobândit domniia n- ,”

57 you occasionally should lookthe at results. - 85.

The Effectiveness of the Strategy the of Effectiveness The However the strategy, beautiful ii Publice

ae ae dniibe ih hs eiiin f h public the of definition this with identifiable are Rareş (Winston Churchill) (Winston au zăbovit. au CHAPTER

[The Public Relations Campaign] ( Campaign] Relations Public [The 75 if the rebelling taken are account boyars into not ” See: G. Ureche,” See:

Letopiseţul Ţă Letopiseţul

energetic and animated by his by his animated and energetic

Rareş, aimed at gaining gaining at aimed Rareş, Iaş i: Polirom, 2003), 28. , 91. rii Moldovei

ations.

293 he had to was to to was

291

In In CEU eTD Collection second r ArboreConstantinople. the only is was monastery exteriorduring decorated that onthe the the to monument other. Therefore,I focus will onthe meaning behind the Siege of at the various styl needlessIt is point tworeigns.to understanding of the campaigns the theproduced within shift Siege only not is point from this of significant view, it but alsois the key scene in programme the Siege is oftinople Constan from theHymn Akathistos cycle.However, the Ottoman campaign.It known thatone is of the illustrativemost scenes iconographical of this anti an connected been scenes have to that major four the same comprise thein first reign All relevance. its lose to started persuasion of campaign painting. date exterior ofdivided accordin the the g to and are monasteries table churches below, the In the at andthe founded time. monasteries churches dividethe to necessary reign is of it Rareş, second and the reign first of campaign the the differences between the andunderstand asses exterior painting wasidentical almost in all the monasteries itwasappliedIn to. order to monasteries the of walls of the society form large his who would The host. iconographic programmeused onthe exterior the clothed Rareş side bycommissioned himself and his boyars to present the situation in his terms to the lower layers other the on while opinions, distractused to methods the and Chronicle influence and of Macarie dissimulation the nobles’ chapters, t previous presented the in so the that reason this of because It Empireanyactions. be without military was should subdued the and to thatthe principality by some of the boyars felt thatany who against the Ot struggle readyall at times formilitary a action against the Ottomans. However, plan his was threatened Saint GeorgeSaint (1532 of Suceava Saint GeorgeSaint (1530) of Hârlău Coşula (1536Coşula Based easy–1546), table,is the infer it to onthis (1541 thatduringreign the second Baia (1535 Moldoviţa (1537)Moldoviţa eign at the will of the niece of the boyar Luca Arbore. As highlighted in a preceding aLuca preceding in Arbore. As highlighted the ofboyar the will nieceof eign at the

Probota (1532) Humor (1535) First reign First 1534) – istical differencesistical of the paintings which are inevitably from visible one

– 1538) 1538)

- called PR campaign of the first reign of Rareş emerged. As As emerged. Rareş of reign first the of campaign PR called Arbore (1541) he tactic of the voivode was divide in two: on one side, he side, he onone two: dividein was the voivode of tactic he Second reign Second

Suceviţa (1595 Râşca (1551 After the death of of death the After

Voroneţ (1547) the monasteries and churches painted painted churches and monasteries the Peter toman Empire wouldbe useless

Rareş – 1552) – 1596)

Date unknown Dobrovăţ Bălineşti

- CEU eTD Collection 296 295 294 martyr the John New, Saint which has been interpreted by Ulea S. a within the Celestial Hierarchy,although of the the row military saintsexists, the image the of of Holy the Most andtion a Theotokos martyrdom Protec the of scene represented, not replacedis Hymn. t still with is of Constantinople Therefore, but the Siege Although the iconography the similar, same is “anomaly” be can noticed the in Akathistos the Akathistos the periodexterior paintingfrom monasteryof four Rareş: of incorporates typical the the scenes architecture iconographic and exterior programme,being type. of this one last the very The Simion Peter the of age and Ieremia by founded monastery, Movilă, Suceviţa The place. took programme mural the disappearance the Siege an of Constantinople, intriguing of resurrection of the exterior after acentury half almost However, programme. iconographical the from erased completely theOttoman sentiments, Siege received of originalmeaning Constantinople its being before place a in few after abrupt steps: being representation of the the Moldavian fundamental anti Virtues. wh Ottoman struggle is the Last Judgment where Ottoman the representatives can still be seen, but anti an of reminder only the Râşca, at Thus Jesse. of Tree the and Hierarchy Celestial the also Rascay monastery,four painted meaningful Siege A of similar Constantinople. more but conclusive phenomenon visible is at Rareş exterior murals contain all the typical scenes, except forAkathistos the Hymn of with the death the after ted decora chronologically monastery painted neţ, Voro is militating message andstops being the centraldepiction of the mural- losesits thus representation The of view. a point political as from neutral be should seen the Ottoman armies anymore, the scene, together with the en clearlyConstantinople Because indicates. does represent not the Siege the Moldavians fighting represents the626by siegeas of a theabove Persians,Slavonicinscription the city of follows the historical events that led to the composition of the Akathistos Hym uniquetheas in exterioriconography is it of Arbore chapter, Siege of Constantinople the “ Embellishing the Steps,” the Embellishing

Ibidem Drăguţ, V. Hesychast the For ere the Last Judgment is balanced by the less violent Hesychast scene Hesychast violent less the by balanced is Judgment Last the ere Therefore,fall of a the significantcampaign a obvious, deterioration is which takes 295 , 289. future voivodes of iconography future Moldavia, bearsan voivodes exterior mirrors thatof which

Dicţionar Enciclopedic de Artă

Rareş. Suceviţa is consider is Suceviţa Rareş. Hymn, the Last Judgment, the Celestial Hierarchy, and the Tree of Jesse. Jesse. of Tree the and Hierarchy, the Celestial Judgment, Last Hymn, the

echoes of t 1 - 17.

lan, lan, Bă M. see: Virtues, of Ladder he

ears later, where not onlyears later,not where theHymn Akathistos disappears, but Medieval ed the “testament” the ed ă 77

Rom ânească, 288. tire cyclethe of Akathistos Hymn 296 M

ă of the sixteenth century church century sixteenth of the n ă stirea R stirea s the essential figure in the âş

campaign. The next next The campaign. (fig. 4.1). Similarly, ca 294 , 19 of the Ladder of the of - 20 and J. Duffy, n: the scene scene the n:

whose whose he he - - CEU eTD Collection military prayer. See: Ibidem. See: prayer. military 301 300 299 298 297 gofind theycould so mountain of arching the at hid the awayand recalls,“the ran Christians affirm are to However, furtherthis. clarifications neededorder in one. first the in initiated campaign the lacked reign second the that argue could one Rareş, of Tatars. the and Latins/Christians the as such Moldavia, of enemies althoughJudgment, accentuated it the features of the Ottomans, f painting, explanation monastery the exterior with Last theOttomans, was unchanged preserved Judgement, the decoration of until the last presented explicitly that scene other the Although defeated. as shown longer no were armies Siege of Constant of the scene hypothesisthis particularlythe is the reason why painting thecampaign exterior its lost power and purpose. A strong indicator of as the principality was alreadyOttomandom under especially Rareş, by propagated messages the to attention special any paying without although programmes, iconographical exterior of the of set practice the revive the to attempt in an was included Suceviţa of be cannot it Rareş, of death anti bear which monasteries the after years fifty some decorated which at as SuceviţaLadder not amplified is as the Romanian mural painting, of Suc Laddergains the other mentioned. Furthermore, priorityas four of the Virtues same scenes the cause longer berepresentation interpreted no should symbola as for the hermits praying for a military the hermits,headed longer isa no bymilitary but saint by SaintBaptist, the John therefore the Hierarchy meaning,for its understanding Turks that being are presented the it is that specifies written, carefully inscription, The turbans. with large pomp, withgreat clothed described, psychological centre of the composition isformed by the group of the Turks, their typology being admirably scenes, andfrom acycle the of Saint life John New. the

At At Drăguţ, V. Suchwhere asrow theheaded by at Humor, is Michael as has archangel asymbol the interpreted and for been a See: S. Ulea, . Drăguţ V. Suceviţa 298 vţ (i. .) s huh o a te ot lbrt rpeetto o sc kn in kind such of representation elaborate most the as of thought is 4.3) (fig. eviţa After Suleymanthe Great entered Moldavia 1538and, in as Theodoros Spandouginos Basedexterior painting discontinuity of thepr onthe suzeraintycouldThe under also be thatMoldavia fact fell strongOttoman after 1538 and build was Suceviţa that fact the and above observations the considering Therefore, (fig. 4.2). The importance of the Ladder of Virtues should also be pointed out as it pointedout also be Ladderof Virtues should of importance the The (fig. 4.2).

Pictura Murală din Moldova, 39.

, the Last the , J

highlights the accentuated features of the Ottomans, giving the example of Voronet: “A “A Voronet: of example the giving Ottomans, the of features accentuated the highlights “Origineaşi Semnificaţia a Ideologică udgmentnot is entire represented alsoporch on The bears Old Testament the porch.

…”See: DrăguţV. 299 - Ottoman messages. I would rather argue that th that argue rather would I messages. Ottoman thus it can easily be seen as an alternative to the Last Judgment Judgment Last the to alternative an as seen be easily can it thus

297 et all, et does appear. not row, Moreover, that the lowest of Picturii Exterioare Moldoveneşti I”: 57 I”: Moldoveneşti Exterioare Picturii

78 Pictura Româneasca î ă

300 ination. or this continuity could be simple: the Last the be continuity simple: could or this in other in monasteries (fig. 4.4). ogramme between the two reigns reigns two the between ogramme

n Imagini 301 inople, where the Ottoman where the inople, also presented the other , 71 e exterior painting - 72. - 93.

CEU eTD Collection Serbian to the Turkish emperor withSerbian the to Turkish emperor arequest.” S a prisoner at the court in Instanbul. See: C See: in Instanbul. the court at prisoner a trovar Re Zuane.” See: N Fragments Related to Romanian History I] (Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1895), 13. 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 favour Habsburgs. of the in Transylvania on up gave Zapolya, Janos of wife the Isabella, after especially Habsburgs, regaining against the OttomanEmpire and its suzerainty.IorgaN. described immediately how after Thus although now “from onhe served the Turks,” coll secretly he other the on while conditions, sultan’s the obeyed Rareş side, one on features: main two having as reign remainto good in allhis with neighbours. relations Rezachevici C. characterized second his the from Council own his construct to beginning time this preferred Rareş attention, its distract to opposing Rulingand Council instead of finding various means either communicate to or it with Insteadthose people whomhewere faithful knew him. to trying term to of come to only himself around gathered Rareş dethroning, the of experience the after that clear becomes sixteen very whichcame had few families had contact from the with previous Ruling Council. number of 22members of the council have been enumerated by of Rezachevici, which C. only fir his of members were who boyars other two and Huru Efrem Huru, Danciu Mateiaş, logothete the for Except trust. could pres external or internal no with reign second his started Rareş Cornea, Alexandru voivode the killed Having Suceava. tax, annual abigger promised had he after 1541, after send 1540to in heletters had the asking to sultan started for forgiveness, king Zuane [Zapolya],”

N. Iorga, “Decimaislujitcum urmăau turcilor.” pre See: Neculce, I. C Ibidem. C nu “Si Instead of 10000annual ducats, Rareş “they [ Sultan: the many letters hand own her by wrote wife Elena His a poi andar per montagna, della volta alla ridusseno si et fuga in missono si questo, sentendo Christianj, “Li . Rezachevici, . “PoliticaExternă, Rezachevici, . “PoliticaInternă, Externally, to contrast in people he with Council the Ruling previously, he strengthened asInternally, presented

onelr o Rrş ae rm nnw fmle ad h lwr nobility. lower the and families unknown from came Rareş of counsellors era nimeniera sa-

Istoria Româ

the throne in 1541,the voivode triedthe re throneto in I. Bogdan, “Cronica lui 102. Macarie”, Bogdan, i See: stea I. impotriva.” nilor nilor icolae Iorga, sure as “there was nobody to stand in his way.” his stand in to as nobody “theresure was 302 310 aborated with the countries interested in an anti in interested countries aborated thewith V, 295- Peter Hoping for a Christian alliance, he wanted to annex also Si Hoping a alliance,heannex to for Christian wanted st council, all the others were changed. During the second reign, a reign, second the During changed. were others the all council, st

” 220. ” 230.

296.

the first reign, Peter reign, first the ae rmie i Taslai fr oe hn w yas In years. two than more for Transylvania in remained Rareş

ce ş Acte promised to give 12000ducats plus an army of 500riders and his son as . Rezachevici, Internă,. “Politica

i Fragmente cu Privire la Istoria R la Privire Istoria cu i Fragmente ee: N I. 304 the Sultan allowed Rareş to return to the throne inthrone the to return to Rareş allowed Sultan the 79 eculce, 309

Letopiseţul Ţă Letopiseţul

Rareş conducted a balanced policy, trying trying policy, balanced a conducted Rareş Letopiseţul Ţă Letopiseţul Peter -

establish the connection the with Rareş did not give up on strugglingon up give not did Rareş ” 209- Petru rii M , 40. rii Moldovei

210. Rareş oldovei

305

omâ

and Elena] wroteand Elena] aletter in

, 41. nilor I nilor - Ottoman league.

[Docu 307 s with an with s ments and and ments gismund gismund 306

303 It thus It thus Thus Thus and and 308

CEU eTD Collection 249- 316 315 314 313 312 311 persuasion to meant a of campaign by characterizednot was reign thus empire. second his The h to anymore could risk ruler not paralleled with thepolitical new situation of Moldavia.Being Ottoman under suzerainty, the Thedecoration thatthe fact anti finished. was monastery’s Voroneţ the once stopped ey second and during th period invisible almost this produced. manuscriptsliturgicalvestments andbeing wooden and jewels, sculpture embroideries, all throughout development continued of artistic Moldavia. The head first experience learnt at his the had from and thatthefirst one,voivode stable than the s between whichPoland, leda Moldavia to and more tense relationship between the two yearsevents thatdisturbed the two last life, his 1545–1546,werea of number of conflicts years r his of Moldaviafortresses reign. thathadto before second belonged The his Transylvania last in the regaining on focused Rareş onwards, point that From fade. to started Ottomans the against catgive 30000 to catch the and sultan, Suleymanand to 1542, IIJoachim on all the movements of the Ottomanarmy,League March the army join against to of 1 the on League the alone joined Rareş thus formed, Pri Ianti the to as during the initiation of the a Buda Thus was successful. not However, 1542, in tates.

See:A. Văetişi, For more on th Extern “Politica Rezachevici. C. See: ofRareş ofthe promise this on treaty the implications details and For A. D. Xenopol, theFor entire text ofand acommentary letter the it,C see: on nce- 251 and A. D. Xenopol, 315 Elector of Brandenburg, and thus he sent a letter to the Polish kingBrandenburg,andletter he the thus saying sentto Polish ofaElector that: Analysing the events of the second reign of Rareş, it is easy to notice that it was more more was it that notice to easy is it Rareş, of reign second the of events the Analysing allow not did Poland Moldavia and The between dissensions commands.I the Turk dowhat to have IIHowever, doanythingathaverun thebecause to to, cannot time, noone I withthen him allmy I with would join faithhim and wouldhelp strength. against the faith and power with who rose king Christian a Isaw If

316

- However, the specific anti specific the However, Ottoman league that was being created and lead by Ferdinand I and Joachim II, I Joachim and Ferdinand by lead and created being was that league Ottoman eign were rather peaceful as he had no more conflicts with the Porte. The only the with Porte. nomoreThe conflicts only had as rather peaceful he eign were e nature of these events,Ş.S. see: Gorovei,

Istoria Românilor din Dacia Traiana Arta de Tradiţie Bizantină ţn Româ theLeague action of the be to inefficient proved the offenseagainst as

Istoria Româ nilor din Dacia Traiana

, after 1542,the relations Ferdinand with stopped being as tight nti ă,” ă,” ave his churches clothed in messages against the sultan and and sultan the against messages in clothed churches his ave - Ottoman League 264. -

Ottoman messages of the church mural paintings were paintings church mural the of Ottoman messages nia 311 80 II, - , 68 Ottoman messages ceased to be used can be be can used be to ceased messages Ottoman

571. Petru - 69. 314

. Rezachevici. . “PoliticaExternă,

and Rareş’s idea of an ample offense ample an of idea Rareş’s and

II, 571 , 214- Rareş tle to maintaintle to Christian the army. , see:, C - 574.

the second reign, with church reign, second church with the

216. . Rezachevici, “Politica Externă,” “Politica Rezachevici, .

312

such an alliance to be be to alliance an such promising to inform to promising

Turks, ” 216-

217.

313

CEU eTD Collection Fundamentals of Management Thomas 317 usually of doneimplementation the strategy before improve the the plan. help orderto in analysis. has slightit subjective implications andexpresses it the perception of the person doing the mathem any using without analysed and balanced is significance Their them. of each of significance connected a in are put chart helps enhance the to organisation/campaign,they which the ident After external. are threats and opportunities the while factors, internal are weaknesses and strengths The O S the for acronym marketersfocus the on key issues of their marketing/communication strategies. SWOT is the Itcampaigns. aforenvironment and is tool its examining an organization which helps a bytwenty is modernapplied methodology thoroughly analyse its results itis necessary to used, orderto in it and the strategy relations campaign aBecause public discusses thesis this Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities a reign. first the two reigns, onecampaign; campaign onestrategy and one thatwas conductedsolely during to Therefore, answer Constantinople. the painting after commissioned bear not 1541did the most significant s wasSecondly, situation reflected of this theonas result exteriorpainting, the only exterior str changed political the entire situation the thein political shift observation be should that which couldbeas not seenanythingrelations campaign. a to similar public League,Ottoman whicha of echoed strongly the participation ambitions voivode the and the OttomanEmpire. included This the participation the in Habsburg- useto t a the subjectstried reign of Moldavia independence,which mobilize forstruggle for was a but , 1998), 79- Publishing pportunities andpportunities T

ategy of ruler the which did not allow visible a revolt against the empire of Suleyman. For more on the definition, methods, and procedures supposed by a SWOT analysis,see: Ricky ,

SWOT analysis is one of the most important steps in formulating a Concluding, between the distinction A the beprimary tworeigns noticed. must he most ofhe thegiven most opportunities relations the with principality’s bythe neighbours atically defined parameters. Because of the lack of using any mathematical parameters, parameters, any mathematical using of lack the of Because parameters. defined atically How to Prepare a Marketing Plan: A Guide to Reaching the Consumer Market

81. hreats posed to that organisation or campaign by the external environment. external environment. thecampaign or by organisation posed that hreats to eaknesses of an organisation or campaign and the campaign the and of or an Weaknessesorganisation and trengths

ifying the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, threats thatare

(Boston: (Boston:

Cengage Learning, 61 2007),

Two campaigns? Two reigns, two the question nd Threats: Analysis SWOT - 81

first century organisations for the use of their of their the centuryuse for first organisations SWOT analysis SWOT corresponding methods. use - 94, and 94, John Stapleton and Michael

cene, the Siege of of Siege the cene,

strategy, thus itis

(Hampshire: (Hampshire: initiated anti- is simple:

W. GriffinW. , but , but Gower Gower 317

J. J.

CEU eTD Collection C. Cihodaru, C. campaign. o the determined which ones the analysis, the of view of point the from ones significant most the are campaign Rareş of 319 318 “innovative idea can called what be court produced painters, to ruler, the Rareş, of policy the with discontent their show to started who boyars the of because Moreover, Rareş. of genealogy dynastic the and Christ of genealogy divine the between parallel the signalled T the had Rareş legitimization, needed he because Rareş: of campaign the of generators the of one also was legitimization for need authoritysafe, and throne enough his keep to factors: the positive within although have thedid ruler a reinforce itby legitimizing himself. The fact that he had to legitimize himself is the first leak had to hethe but Great.still Consequently,heorigingoodreputation had Stephen a as of son of because throne the to Rareş elected who people qualified were they Therefore, Great. the Stephen of nobles the of descendants were who and predecessor Rareş’s of Council the ex an had painters team his of attributes those were Rareş, of case the in strengths The of the campaign. evolution the factors had of onthe one each that influence the number ofand positive negative determine factors which the result of the analysis, the but andand fourexterior factors,are therefour for threats. opportunities the the factors, interior the for balanced: are analysis Based diagramfirst observation presentedelements onthe below,thatthe four is of the the Peter The assessment appliedto SWOT analysis of assessing the strateg throne the and independenceMoldavia,lost such an of cannot affirmation correctly bewithout made he because failure a was reign first Rareş’s of campaign the that infer might campaignlations re the in medieval context of Moldavia. One apublic of elements certain study been because, has asshownthe throughout chapters it one can work, of this discuss - sixteenth the on applied be can methodology This campaign. Rareş’s of failure hel analysis will SWOT andbeen effect the into put However, the present inevitably analysis will overview be an of a which campaign has already

For other boyars who wanted to gain the throne of Moldavia and the efforts of Rareş of efforts the and Moldavia of throne the gain to wanted who boyars other For wh elements simplified are these factors that out point is important to It

– perienced Ruling Council which was comprised of boyars who had been members of of members been had who of boyars comprised whichperienced was Ruling Council

which were helpful in achieving the objective of the campaign. First of all, Rareş Rareş all, of First campaign. the of objective the achieving in helpful were which “Politica Intern “Politica . Therefore, although there are a variety of other minor elements, these four and five elements elements five and four these elements, minor other of variety a are there although Therefore, . i SWOT analysis. using without thus SWOT es used, gether the with loyal members the ofCouncil, his clergyand several ă, ” 57 - 85.

ree of Jesse painted on the exterior walls which which walls exterior the on painted Jesse of ree 319 82 this also interfering campaign. with his This Rareş’s Moldavia re are five strengths and four weaknesses; weaknesses; four and strengths five are re p in this case to assess the success or the the or success the assess to case this in p

powerful reputation, it was it notpowerful reputation, ich mirror the elaborate situation of the situation ofthe the elaborate mirror ich

s:” the chronicle thes:” written by –

Ruling Council, clergy, clergy, Ruling Council, 318

imize himself,imize see: legit to However, not is it century case utcome of the the of utcome his his

CEU eTD Collection . See:. Church 320 ment ele destructive most The evident. become goals its reach to campaign the of perspectives the of attributes were which Rareş, of membersofindividual a ofthe team thewhole. teamruler as and theand organisation the by possessed strengths the were theboth building and the painting Moldavian monast of the northern commission orderto supportin financial enough church, had and boyars together the with voivode, the high, were AlthoughOttomantaxes the strengths. of its one campaign, was which Ottoman messages. Moreover, itis also important to mention the financial aspect the of monasteriesthe voivode founded and boyars his by mural in painting bearing specificanti the imp all where Pocutsia with dissimulation the Rareş, of deeds the praised which Macarie Bishop financial support to to support financial

Moreover, Moreover, POSITIVE Opposing the strengths to the weaknesses of the team, the facts that reduced the the reduced that facts the team, the of weaknesses the to strengths the Opposing • • • • • • • • • ortant boyars were involved, and, most importantly, the clothing of the churches andofclothing the churches theortant importantly, involved,and, boyars most were visible. and accessible highly channels: Distribution ode. the voiv by decided government: and Law positive. Council: Ruling outside ruler of Reputation classes. low supporting Environment: painters. + church Collaborators: possible. Financing: positive. Council: Ruling inside ruler of Reputation murals. exterior dissimulation, chronicle, ideas: Innovative Council. R experienced People:

, 224. Rareş Ş. S. Gorovei, Petru Petru

monasteries on monasteries Rareş

OPPORTUNITY

STRENGHTH

not only founded monasteries and churches in Moldavia, in churches and monasteries founded only not

Mount Athos Mount

uling uling

EXTERNAL INTERNAL , such as Hilandar Monastery, Karakallu Monastery or ProtatonHilandarKarakallu or Monastery, Monastery as such , 83

• • • • • • • • views. political in internal changes members, ncil Cou key of Loss Empire. the to taxes increased Finance: Empire Ottoman the from threat + neighbours withall conflicts situation: political External Empire. Ottoman to close position: Geographical accepted. not advices Council: Ruling wi communication low Very boyars. opposing situation: political Internal elaborate. and high too campaign: of Focus Council. Ruling of management Weak

WEAKNESS

THREAT eries.

but also donated important

320

Therefore these these Therefore

th the the th .

NEGATIVE CEU eTD Collection voivode’s protection in exchange for its political and mili tary and support. its political for in exchange protection voivode’s 324 323 322 321 he time: same the at fields military two on acting of mistake the made Rareş that 1538 in that conflicts the other of of view from the point also but Ottoman threat, the of ofthe view point expanding westwards. Therefore, was the situation precarious external political only not from campaign. the Theto Ottoman proximity Empire was a first cause of as tension the was sultan classes.communicate the to supporting message his lower an monasteries innovativecommunication. meansThusthe voivode could represented of the communicationthe channel: usage of was had offer external to environment the great that the opportunity However, reactto against. and also the thus members ofRuling his Council situationwho found this another in problem over fully. theheuse judicialsystem,not it did decided He dis to detriment of nobility. theand the upper in lower nobility the of son Stephen the Great, the and same second, continued policyaiding he of the peasants reputation amongbecause the lower First wastworeasons. classes of positive all,he of w g unreachable only not caused which Rareş of personality the governedby is analysis SWOT the of category campaign. weakness Therefore, the the persuasion enddethroning andof the the voivode of the caused eventually which element the were boyars opposing the Finally, succeed. to chance of Moldavia: a Moldavian military action against the Ottoman Empire would have had little the possibilities with proportional wascampaign not the of the focus reason why the was also reig first voivode’s failure of the fact thein for the key communication presentedthe in previous chapters denotes a very weakmanagementwhich is of lack The uneven. become to the Council within situation allowingthe boyars, advice the of Rareş.” of projects ambitious multiple personality, points his of view he on imposed the boyars beto who“tired started of the of the internal factors was the personalitythe ruler of himself: governing of was that this sign that a the argued Cihodaru Constantin the boyars. and the ruler between that existed dissensions

The The Politice V. Pâslariuc, Raporturile See:“PersonalitateaL. Şimanschi, Domnului,” 318 ewe 13 ad 58 a ml nme o dcmns r ise b te oni o Rrş dntn the denoting Rareş, of Council the by issued are documents of number small a 1538, and 1535 Between Peter dominum eminens Finally, strongly the threats exteriorenvironment of the enough. His exploited not firm,exterior environmentbut were the The of opportunities

Rareş had started with Janos Zapolya and Sigismund I. From this perspective, it was perspective, it I.this Sigismund From Zapolya and Janos with started had Rareş

Rareş became more and more Rareşmore autocratic.became C. Cihodaru, “PoliticaSee: Internă,” 82 oals and weak management, but, most importantly, the opposition of the boyars. importantly,and most weakmanagement,but, opposition oals the

regulation meant that the ruler’s attention was on the lower nobility, which received the which received nobility, was the on lower attention meant that the ruler’s regulation

, 92.

322

the entire space of the exterior walls of churches and and churches of walls exterior the of space entire the Ruling an in autocratic way, - 323. 84

n. Rareş’s overly ambitious personality ambitious overly Rareş’s n. 324

However, although had However, power he advantage the upper nobility

turned the balance of the the of balance the turned 321 having an impulsive 323 he di - 83. sregarded the sregarded

as as

CEU eTD Collection 326 325 his neighbouring enemies in the given political situ was him onlyreasons failure. one ofthis the for Peter betrayed boyars the that fact The failure. a was campaign the Rareş, by conducted in success of amount acertain existed there while that I believe Therefore, Moldavia. of independence the endangered he aim: campaign’s his of opposite the exactly anti an in underestimated the militarycapacities of Suleyman the Magnificent and armies. his Believing campaign were overwhelming. itinerary the an with undisturbed of which aspects rivalled negative the circumstances, persuading were publics have other his and in political could been innovative effective in used byRareş the Although strategies equal. at all was not theirfacts importance equal, was and negative positive the of gh the number thatalthou has shown analysis reign. SWOT The no other choice Transylvania to end thanflee campaign to his and first thus his with together Peter abandoning probably him, host theand boyars the large betrayingWith him Summing Up army. homes, quickly their large disintegrated would beand thetheir Ottomanarmiesfatala wantingprotect confrontation to direct with that understanding host, large the of members the that argues he fact, this attest to any sources presenting without the largecomprised Although host. also who theand layers peasants lower As Pâslariuc presented the events, only not the nobility turnedback its ontheir voivode, but ofnts 1538. eve boyars who slowly oppose to the ruler started and against complot culminating him, the with from the point of the view of persuasion campaign, the most alarming threat was of that the simultaneously ha

See: Ibidem, 104. moreFor Politice on these conflicts,V.Pâslariuc, see: Raporturile Following the ambitions enforced by his strong personality, strong personality, byhis enforced ambitions Following the thatPeter an to outcome the1538led Also events of - Ottoman league that was only created unsuccessfully during his second reign, he did second he did created reign, during his thatwasunsuccessfully only Ottoman league

d conflicts with both his his both with Polish and Hungariand conflicts neighbours.

Rareş could have not defeated, as he wished, all all wished, he as defeated, not have could Rareş 326 85

ation. , 96.

Rareş had probably not expected. not probably had Rareş

the enterprises enterprises the Peter 325

However, However, Rareş had had Rareş

Rareş Rareş CEU eTD Collection wereemphasized either colour importantl bysize, or, most emphasized the message their in paintings by means: the focal various of the points scenes commissioner, the from feedback on based painters, The messages. the of creators actual the present medieval publicrelationsto campaign onanalogy a called I have which model, This Ages. Middle the to applied be can receiver, a message Empire. the purpose ofruler’s keeping the subjects unitedagains with created nobles, loyal of team his with together Rareş, Peter voivode Moldavian the of actors were actors group of Theagainstnobles whohim. third were plotting military his for them use offensives which Pocutsia in were apparently distract to the attention meant of the rebellious to Rareş enabled This commanders. military also were cil,Coun boyars, important of the members specific Ruling campaign. the of the Moreover, signs group, voivode during life, also continued his but to propagate messages his death. afterhis The other the helped only not them of Both Roşca. Grigorie Archbishop and rulership, and life Rareş’s of chronicle the wrote also who Macarie, Bishop were Rareş of time the of clerics important most imp were clerics the as support, ideological an also but messages, his supportfor aonly physical not found ruler In church, the different the ways. people whichthe voivode’s comprised team clerics,and (boyars, were painters) connected in campaign. heroic figure he wanted of Stephen, build to own objectives,his his own Althoughbe identified the he andwith family, the needed his Probota monastery. to himself for necropolis royal anew established he that fact the in seen be can father his exceed to ambition internalOttoman policy governingprincipality. of the the first andmark However, the of his his of footsteps the in walk to wantedRareş rulership. his Peter also for but of ambition, the unusualness forthat he proof ruledhis is twice fact campaign The PR . medieval this in resulted which voivode Moldavian ofthe ambitions audience). or receivers (the public targeted the and themselves, messages the sender), (the messages the generated that team the elements: of of The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct a hypothetical public relations campaign that The church was the most powerful ally of Peter Rareş, to which all the t emphasize to modelof communication this helped with Thecomes methodology that A the boyars, w boyars, the

current of communication, which identifies model a message sender,a message, and as

also connected to the church by their commissions which carried the whichthe carried commissions the church bytheir also connected to CONCLUSION

father, Stephen the Great, concerning the both anti 86 ortant actors in his campaign. Two of the Twocampaign. of ortant actors his in

t the imminent threat of the Ottoman y, by the unexpected. y, the by - day practices, has three significant significant three has practices, day

the pain the public relations

ters, who were who were ters, hree groups of hree - CEU eTD Collection consequences of the failure of the first campaign are his in visible second one, where although his argue, of trust the as some historians and, ofnobles, trust his He the lost successful, itselfwas campaign not. the of Sule way the made which Rareş, against plotted nobles the simple: was result The Council. Ruling he disregardedambitions, the advices ofcounsellors his and stopped communicating the with Followingcampaign. his dominate allowing to the takeall ofpersonality advantagethem, his of layers of society. However, although campaign his had manythe ruler not did opportunities, ruler. but also the Tree of Jesse image to legitimize and andas presentbrave a trustworthy himself Macarie, of chronicle the only not used Rareş conspiracy, boyar the to them lose to not order In ruler. also targeted bythe were boyars the hand, On the other from Ottomansuzerainty. saw them, the peasants would link their message with the ambition of ke scenes onthe exteriormurals of the monasteries, the propagators anticipating thatonce they arm the formed largestmass of of people rebelling Thepart the the cause boyars. join not the of and stand byhim mass of would the people OttomanEmpire, the militaryagainst the offense some of theplott boyars were understandto bythe non- polit monasteries,ruler. strengtheningcombination of of thesacred argument theThe space with the of space sacred the with compatible was expressed were messages the which in tone expressive most task was complex done the This task ofbyusing influencing and behaviour people’s attitudes. the Celestial Hierarchy.The commissioned painters together withcommissioners the had the andConstantinople, the series of militar scene,Judgment the Moldavianagainst riderthe Ottomanarmy standing at the Siege of Last the in hell for heading group Ottoman the scenes: mural the of messages focal the towards Rareş’s of strength the was strategy, campaign. Using the ruler, the unexpected, through the hands ofpainters, his guided the viewer relations public the of point central the monasteries, y of Moldavia, the therefore need was for obvious their support ical space was therefore a successful formula which was composed of simple images easy easy images simple of composed was which formula asuccessful therefore was space ical

yman the Magnificent towards Suceava much easier. easier. much Suceava towards Magnificent yman the Therefore,concept ofMoldavia aby was initiated voivode while campaign of the the upper the and lower the both persuade to methods innovative used thus Rareş Peter Because campaign. relations public the of audience central the were strata lower The Moldavian the of programme iconographic exterior the of element unexpected The

“media” support of the Middle Ages, the church. Moreover, the devotional church. Ages, Middle the “media” the supportof Moreover, the

entire army which abandoned him, and thus he lost the throne. lost The and he him, thus which abandoned armyentire elite, but also byelite. the ing against Rareş, the ruler had to make sure that in the case of a of case the in that sure make to had ruler the Rareş, against ing y byarchangels, headed in the but byChrist saints not 87

. They were targeted by the by the targeted were They. eping Moldavia safe safe Moldavia eping CEU eTD Collection better difficultassess to is understand whether it personality. his While hea not was or the New.exterior walls, such as John stress could be onthe put study of pai the which neomartyrs were areconcerned, image.asfor the more techniques lay as people influencing far the Moreover, Hungarian who had court anpropagated KingMatthias, elaborate and who widely self his t Such is publicrelations. medieval of thestrengthen existence of the argument neighbouringauthorities, other propagatingrulers instances their ofself propulsi and selfambitions onthe their view thegrand time, of powers were the neighbours who geo special T variety patterns. of sphere of see enabling view. studies, point of researchers a medieval events different to from chosen carefully, other methodologiesan th the traditional ones can also be brought the into that, be is should aspectpointed out on the topic.Thegive that a perspective important new art. method,althoughThis used modern in media can studies, applied medieval also beto usefully of the points mural rhetoric. onvisual sceneswere based determined sourcefocal The material. rhetoric helpedmy me refine argument important the andout most point aspects of my primary events, although necessarily applying not Also, connected persuasion. to the concept of visual – past the in event given a evaluating methodologies. U topic. Therefore, of my the contribution work scholarship to the of introduction is these m to a sixteenth By ap relations. apublic as to referred be can understanding Rareş of Peter influence a could country’s have subjects taken place a in multi publicly. theanti Habsburg join to wanted and althoughhe still actions, his in measured and discreet more much was Rareş Peter effect. in longer no was such there still are signs the propagationanti of-

Concluding, this study on Peter Rareş did not simply recall a campaign, but helped to to helped but campaign, a recall simply not did Rareş Peter on study this Concluding, a of composed is Rareş of rulership the as widened, on further be could research This With With this thesis, my was aim to demonstrate that a common controlled effort to Grasping the reign of Peter Rareş from an unconventional point of view enabled me to to me enabled view of point unconventional an from Rareş Peter of reign the Grasping n f ae i te inte the in Rareş of on

- political context of the campaign context political could be stressed. Being by surrounded - century context, Icentury context, sing sing here are certain elements which in this thesis I could only touch upon. The upon. Icould touch only thesis this in which elements are certain here SWOT analysis,SWOT for proved example, be to useful understanding in and ’s campaign, ’s rnational context can be. Also studied the in sphere of tried to demonstrate

such an analysis could be applied to other historical other to historical applied analysis could be an such

I wantedto explain the fact this that common effort Ottoman messages, a publicrelations campaign a plying modernplying and methodologies terminologies 88

- the interdisciplinarythe flexibility of this Ottoman league, he did not show this he show this not did Ottoman league, - layered manner. manner. layered nted on the monasteries’nted - images can be used to to used be can images Through this he case of of case he odern odern s - - CEU eTD Collection Accordingly, i elder thatsame order the in throne. captivityto sultan in son regain to who but also sent his when throne, his he danger lost family awayfrom his man, who sent allof found churches, also ready but crush to He anyagainstwill. standing was his boyar a was an energetic man, open novelty, to also open but He risks. to was a man, readypious to pri Renaissance Maybe these dichotomies of Peter Rareş were the reason for his innovative per innovative his for reason the were Rareş Peter of dichotomies these Maybe n a Romanian play, Stephen the Great lovingly play, anticipate then a Great Romanian Stephen nce, he was certainly a man full of ambitions who pushed them to the limit. He the to limit. who pushed ambitions them of full a certainly hence, man was (Barbu Ştefănescu Delavrancea, Delavrancea, Ştefănescu (Barbu “Rareş, you“Rareş,good boy…” a are not 89 Apus de Soare

) his son’s actions: d his

sonality. sonality.

loving

CEU eTD Collection Fig. detail, Voroneţ of Heaven M Customs 1.2: Fig. detail, Genesis 1.1: Vorone APPENDIX I: MURAL PAINTINGS APPENDIX ţ Monastery. (Photo taken(Photo Monastery.by author). the 90 ona stery. (Photo taken by the author).stery. taken (Photo bythe

CEU eTD Collection Fig. 1 Fig. Fig. : Last Judgment detail, Voroneţ Monastery. (Photo taken (Photo Last by detail, Judgment author). Voroneţ Monastery. the 1.3: Monastery. (Photo taken (Photo Last by detail, Judgment author). Voroneţ Monastery. the.4: 91

CEU eTD Collection Fig. M Fig.Humor Votive 1.5: scene, : Akathistos Hymn,Moldoviţ Akathistos 1.6: onastery a Monastery . (Photo taken bythe author). . (Photo 92 . (Photo taken(Photo byauthor). . the

CEU eTD Collection the author). Fig. Fig. “Moldavian” Rider –“Moldavian” Constantinople 1.8:Siege of 1.7:Siege Constantinople, of Moldoviţ

a Monastery 93 , Moldoviţa Monastery., Moldoviţa taken (Photo by . (Photo taken by the author). taken. (Photo bythe

CEU eTD Collection author). Fig. Fig. 1.10:Entran Last Voroneţ Judgment, taken(Photo Monastery.by author). 1.9: the

Halo rhythmicity, Voroneţ taken(Photo Monastery.by –Halo rhythmicity, the Heaven to ce 94

CEU eTD Collection Fig. Fig. : Southern and Central Apses,and Moldoviţ Southern 1.12: 1.11:

the sinners’ groups, sinners’ –the Last Judgment 95 Monastery. (Photo taken by the author).the taken by (Photo Monastery. Voroneţ a Monastery . (Phot o taken byauthor).o taken the

CEU eTD Collection taken(Photo byauthor). the Fig.

1.13:

Celestial Hierarchy Central Apse – Apse Central Hierarchy Celestial

96 , Voroneţ Monastery. Monastery. Voroneţ , centre lower in George St.

CEU eTD Collection Fig. : Tree of Jesse, Moldoviţ Jesse, Tree 1.14: of a Monastery . (Photo taken(Photo by author). . the 97

CEU eTD Collection author) Fig. Fig. : Scenes of the life of St. John the New, Voroneţ John of of St. Scenes the 1.16: life 1.15:Military Moldoviţ Saints,

a Monastery

98 . (Photo taken byauthor).(Photo the . Monast ery. (Photo taken(Photo ery. by the

CEU eTD Collection Monaster 2 Fig. .1: Archbishop Grigorie Roşca (left) together with the hermit Daniil, Voroneţ Voroneţ Daniil, hermit the with together (left) Roşca Grigorie Archbishop .1: y . (Photo taken byauthor). taken. (Photo the

CEU eTD Collection Fig. 2 Fig. Monastery Râşca 2 Fig. .3: The LadderVirtues, Râşca of The .3: Mon Ladder Bishopled theClimacus, by to Macarie Virtues John .2: of . (Photo taken. (Photo bythe author). astery. author). taken (Photo bythe 100

CEU eTD Collection byauthor). the Fig. Monastery 2 Fig. .5: Turmoil inside Constantinople, AkathistosConstantinople, Hymn, inside Turmoil Humor2.5: Monastery .4: The Molda The .4: . (Photo taken byauthor). taken. (Photo the

vian rider with whom Toma identified himself, Akathistos Hymn, Humor Hymn, Humor himself,Akathistos Toma identified rider whom vian with

101 . (Photo taken taken (Photo .

CEU eTD Collection author). Fig. the Great the Constantine 2.6:

is mother Helen, Humor Monastery and mother his Helen, 102 . (Photo taken by(Photo the .

CEU eTD Collection author). Fig. Arborewall of Monastery Western 2.7: Fig. .8: Inscription onthe Siege Arbore of Constantinople, 2.8: Monastery

. (Photo taken by author).. (Photo the 103

. (Photo taken by the taken by. (Photo the

CEU eTD Collection and taken wife,Fig. Rareş(Photo his of Brancovici. by Peter Elena author). tombs The the 3.2: Fig.taken Monastery.bythe author). Votive (Photo 3.1: scene, Probota 104

CEU eTD Collection i. .: an Jh te ats ised f mltr sit Clsil irrh, Suceviţa Hierarchy, Celestial saint. military a of instead Monastery.byauthor). taken (Photo the Baptist the John Saint 4.2: Fig. Monast Hymn, Akathistos Constantinople. replacing ofFigure the Siege Martyrdom 4.1: ery . (Photo taken byauthor). taken. (Photo the

105 Suceviţa Suceviţa

CEU eTD Collection taken byauthor).Fig. SuceviţaLadder(Photo Monastery.the Virtues, 4.3: of 106

CEU eTD Collection F ig. 4.4: Last Judgment, Suceviţa Monastery. (Photo takenLast Suceviţa Judgment, ig. Monastery.by author). 4.4: (Photo the 107

CEU eTD Collection

ANNEX II: MAP OF THE NORTHERN MOLDAVIAN MONASTERIES MOLDAVIAN NORTHERN OF THE II: MAP ANNEX 108

CEU eTD Collection Neculce, Related to Romanian HistoryI] Iorga, LiteraturăBucharest: De pentru 1958. Stat Artă, şi _____. In Kingdom]. Hungarian the of Bucharest: Panaitescu. P. Petre ed. History [Works], Opere [The Ungurească” Crăia de “Istoria Costin. Costin, Lyceum,Bucharest: 1967. XV Secolele din Bogdan, Ioan. Banatului, 1979. Erminia sources Primary rcdt e Sm d Cuvinte de Samă O de precedat Cantemir, Panaitescu P. Petre Suceve şi Suceveişi Sucevei, (Iaşi: şi Moldovei Mitropolia 1974). Moldovei Mitropolia din Moldovei Mitropolia ed. Suceava], Moldavia Churchand of fromMonuments the Metropolitan Bisericeşti Istorice Monumente Mitro Suceviţa Mănăstirea Mitro Moldoviţa Mănăstirea Mitro Voroneţ Biserica Sucevei, şi Moldovei 1971. Biserica Humor literature Secondary Mazilu Grigore. Ureche, ed.Words], Iorgu Iordan. polia Moldovei şi Sucevei, şi polia Moldovei 1971. Sucevei, şi polia Moldovei 1971. Sucevei, şi polia Moldovei 1971. . Nicolae . Bucharest: 2009. Gramar,

“Poema Polon “Poema

of Fourna, Dionysios of Ion.

Dimitrie.

O aă e uit” A olcin f Words] of Collection [A Cuvinte” de Samă “O Cronica lui Macarie lui Cronica Chronicle [The Macarie] of Acte şi Fragmente cu Privire la Istoria Românilor I Românilor Istoria la Privire cu Fragmente şi Acte

[The Humor Monastery], Humor [The XVI [The Sl [The XVI

eoieu Ţri Moldovei Ţării Letopiseţul Bucharest: Academiei, 1959. . Bucharest: [The Voronet Monastery] Voronet [The

Descrierea Moldovei Descrierea

[The [The ă [The [The In In Poem]. Polish [The ” Bucharest: 1968. Stiinţifică, Suceviţa Moldoviţa - avic . Bucha

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polia , ed. , ed. Iaşi: Iaşi: Iaşi: . CEU eTD Collection Cambridge: Ca in Rooms Funerary Moldavia of Development the and Burial Church Ecclesia: “Apud Maria. Crăciun, Spicer Reformation Europe andCoster, Will Spicer, the Dimensions Andrew. of “Introduction: Sacred Space in 1243. CenturyArchbishops of Sixteenth Moldavia] Moldovei din Secolul al XVI al Moldovei Secolul din Coruga, 57- Şimanschi, Ci Charles A. Hill and Blair, Rhetoric “The Anthony of Visual Arguments J. (1930): 124- Beza, Moldavia] - Sixteenth and the in Fifteenth Necropolis Royal of the Developmnet Appearance and XV al Secolele în Moldova _____. 22- Bedros, Bălan, Centuries)”MA dissertation.nth Seventee to Salvation and “Power Manuela. Sabina Cismaş, Almaş, Dumitru. Brill, 2001. Monuments, Life Constantinople: Everyday Topography, Akyurek, the in Parekklesion Ritual “Funeral of Engin. the Chora ChurchI .” learning/working/capitol_2.html thein Fourteenth - XIV Secolele în Române Oştilor a Militară Arta - Roşca Sucevei şi Moldovei Mol al Roşca Grigorie Mitropolitul hodaru, Constantin. 45. davia and Suceava]. Online study:davia and Suceava].

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Gheorghe al II al Gheorghe - Marguerite H. Helmers H. Marguerite si .” I .” Sixteenth Centuries] - sucevei Rareş Voievod Petru [Voivode n oiia Internă Politica SacredModern Space Europe Early in : Academiei,: 1978. - - lea şi al XVI 4.html - (accessedApril 2010) on20 lea - lea si Grigorielea de la Neamt, Doi Mitropoliti Necunoscuti ai

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