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Political and Economic Relations Between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy (1081-1197)

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Political and Economic Relations Between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy (1081-1197) Political and economic relations between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy (1081-1197) Daniele Morossi Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds, School of History September 2018 1 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents and relatives for having supported me for all these years, my supervisor, Graham A. Loud, for his help and patience, my MA and BA dissertation mentor, Paolo Cammarosano, for having been an amazing guide in my university career, and Roberta Cervani and Maria Rosa Formentin for their help when I was submitting my PhD application. I cannot omit to mention the academics that have helped me with their suggestions, or by providing PDFs of their articles: Carlo Beltrame, Marialuisa Bottazzi, Vera von Falkenhausen, Peter Frankopan, Richard Greenfield, Jean-Marie Martin, Savvas Neocleous, and Dmitri Nikolaievich Tolstoy-Miloslavsky. Amongst the staff of the IMS, I would especially like to thank Julia Barrow, William Flynn, Emilia Jamroziak, Jonathan Jarrett, and Maroula Perisanidi for their help and support. Many thanks to all the students of the IMS, and in particular to Isabella Bolognese, Clarck Drieshen, Hervin Fernández-Aceves, Antonella Furno, James Hill, Andrea Mancini, Francesca Petrizzo, Trevor Russell Smith, James Titterton, Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto, and Romina Westphal. A huge thank you to my hometown friends who came to visit me in Leeds (Giulia Bellemo, Tommaso Blasina, Matteo Cigui, and Giacomo Perco), and to the ones who did not manage to pop by (Simone Cimador and Federico Palin). 3 Abstract This thesis analyses the evolution of the political and economic relations between Venice, Byzantium, and Southern Italy from 1081 to 1197. These years were mostly characterised by hostile relations between the Eastern Empire and the rulers of Southern Italy, which led to a series of conflicts. In the early ones, Venice fought alongside the Byzantines. This happened because Venice obtained significant commercial concessions in Romania, and worried that the same monarch might hold both shores of the Strait of Otranto, thus potentially hampering its Mediterranean trade. However, from the mid-twelfth century, the Byzantine attempt to acquire land in the Adriatic worried the Venetians, who thus decided not to help the Eastern Empire in its attempt to recover land in Southern Italy. Even though, politically, Byzantine-Venetian relations had already worsened by 1155, the scale of Venetian trade in Romania kept increasing until 1171, when it suddenly stopped after the Byzantine decision to incarcerate all the Venetians who were in the Eastern Empire, and to have their goods confiscated. This measure led to a dozen years of hostility between the two, and to continued reciprocal scepticism, and to the strengthening of the political bonds between Venice and the Kingdom of Sicily. After 1183, Venetian trade in Romania resumed (albeit on a limited scale), but the political bonds between Venice and Constantinople were only strengthened when the Byzantine Empire was facing serious military threats from the West. The best indication that a partnership between Venice and Byzantium could no longer be formed can be seen by looking at what happened in 1185. In this year, William II of Sicily followed in his ancestors’ footsteps by attacking the Balkans, and Venice did not intervene militarily alongside the Byzantines. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements p. p. 003 Abstract_______________________________________________ p. p. 00 4 Table of Contents______________________________________ _ p. p. 00 5 Abbreviations_______________________________________________ p. p. 008 I. Introduction_____________ _______________________________ p. p. 012 II. The Dating of Alexios I’s Chrysobull p. p. 016 III. The Context of the Venetian-Byzantine Alliance of 1081 p. 025 1) Political and Diplomatic Aspects p. p. 025 i) Until c. 950 p . p. 025 ii) C. 950-1081 p. p. 029 2) Commercial Aspects p. p. 038 3) Conclusions p. p. 049 IV. The Venetian-Byzantine Alliance, 1081-1118 p. p. 050 1) Political Outline p. p. 050 i) Robert Guiscard’s Campaigns in the Balkans p. p. 050 a) Robert Guiscard’s motivations for invading the Balkans p. 050 b) The Military Role of Venice p. p. 054 ii) From 1085 to 1107 p. p. 060 a) Venice and the Hungarians p. p. 061 b) Venice and the First Crusade p. p. 064 iii) Bohemond’s Campaign in the Balkans p. p. 065 a) Bohemond’s Motivations for Invading the Balkans p. p. 065 b) Bohemond’s Invasion p. p. 068 c) The Military Role of Venice p. p. 071 iv) From 1108 to 1118 p. p. 075 5 a) Venice and the Frankish States in the Levant p. p. 076 b) Venice and the Hungarians p. p. 077 v) Conclusions p. p. 078 2) Commercial Relations p. p. 081 V. A Chameleon Relationship: Venice and Byzantium, 1118-56 p. p. 090 1) Political Outline p. p. 090 i) The Conflict between Venice and John II Komnenos (1119-26) p. 090 ii) The Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily (1127-39) p. p. 101 iii) 1139-46 p. p. 109 iv) 1146-49: The Second Crusade and Roger’s Balkan Attack p. p. 116 v) 1148-56: The Treaty of Thessalonica, and the Byzantine p. Attempts to Recover Part of Southern Italy p. 124 vi) Conclusions p. p. 146 2) Trade p. p. 147 i) Trade within the Adriatic and Ionian Areas p. p. 147 ii) Trade in the Mediterranean p. p. 151 iii) Conclusions p. p. 157 VI. The Increasing Political Distance between Venice and Byzantium, 1156-97 p. p. 159 1) Political Outline p. p. 159 i) The Aftermath of Manuel’s First Italian Campaign, and His p. Second Italian Expedition (1156-58) p. 159 ii) Byzantium, Venice, and the Sicilians United against p. Barbarossa (1158-67) p. 164 iii) The Byzantine Expansion in the Balkans (1161-67) p. p. 177 iv) New Byzantine-Papal Negotiations, and Manuel’s Hostility to 6 Venice (1167-72) p. 179 v) The German-Venetian Siege of Ancona, and the New p. Venetian-Sicilian Alliance (1173-75) p. 190 vi) Myriokephalon, the Peace of Venice, and the Final Years of Manuel Komnenos (1176-80) p. 194 vii) The Reigns of the Final Komnenoi, and of the Angeloi p. p. 200 viii) Conclusions p. p. 218 2) Trade p. 221 i) 1156-71 p. 221 ii) 1171-97 p. 226 iii) Conclusions p. 233 VII. General Conclusions p. 235 Appendix: An incomplete family tree of the Komnenoi and Angeloi p. 238 VIII. Bibliography p. 239 1) Primary Sources p. 239 a) Manuscripts p. 239 b) Published Sources p. p. 239 2) Secondary Literature p. 261 7 Abbreviations Alexiad = Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, ed. and trans. by Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter and Peter Frankopan, rev. edn (London: Penguin, 2009) Alexias = Anna Komnene, Alexias, ed. by Diether R. Reinsch and Athanasios Kambylis, CFHB, 40.1 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2001) Annals = Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium: Annals, trans. by Harry J. Magoulias (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984) ASVe = Archivio di Stato di Venezia BZ = Byzantinische Zeitschrift CDB = Codice diplomatico barese CDI = Codice diplomatico istriano, ed. by Pietro Kandler, 2nd edn, 5 vols (Trieste: Tipografia del Lloyd Austriaco, 1862-65) CDP = Codice diplomatico pugliese CDRG = Codice diplomatico della Repubblica di Genova, ed. by Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo, FSI 77, 79, 89, 3 vols (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 1936-42) CDRCSD2, 1 = Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Slavoniae et Dalmatiae, aa. 743-1102, ed. by Marko Kostrenčić, Jakov Stipišić, and Miljen Šamšalović, 2nd edn (Zagreb: Izdavacki Zavod Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1967) CDRCSD, 2 = Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, aa. 1102-1200, ed. by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium (Zagreb: Albrecht, 1875) CFHB = Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae CSHB = Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae Dandolo, Chronica brevis = Andrea Dandolo, ‘Chronica brevis’, in RIS2, 12/1, ed. by Ester Pastorello (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1938-58) Dandolo, Chronica extensa = Andrea Dandolo, ‘Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 46-1280 d. C.’, in RIS2, 12/1, ed. by Ester Pastorello (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1938-58) 8 DCV = Documenti del commercio veneziano nei secoli XI-XIII, ed. by Raimondo Morozzo Della Rocca and Antonino Lombardo, 2 vols (Rome: Regio istituto storico per il Medio Evo, 1940), vol. 1 DOP = Dumbarton Oaks Papers Falcandus = Pseudo Hugo Falcandus, De rebus circa Regni Siciliae curiam gestis, ed. and trans. by Edoardo D’Angelo, RIS3, 11 (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medioevo, 2014) FRB = Fontes rerum Byzantinarum FSI = Fonti per la storia d'Italia FZ = Famiglia Zusto, ed. by Luigi Lanfranchi (Venice: Il comitato, 1955) Italia pontificia = Italia pontificia: Sive, repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum, ed. by Paul Fridolin Kehr, 10 vols (Berlin: Weidmann, 1906-1975) John the Deacon = John the Deacon, Istoria Veneticorum, ed. and trans. by Luigi Andrea Berto (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1999) Kinnamos = John Kinnamos, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum, ed. by August Meineke, CSHB (Bonn: Weber, 1836) Malaterra = De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis fratris eius auctore Gaufredo Malaterra monacho benedectino, ed. by Ernesto Pontieri, RIS2, 5/1 (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1927) MGH Briefe d. dt. Kaiserzeit = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit MGH Const. = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum MGH DD = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniae MGH Epp.
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