DOCSLIB.ORG

Doctoral Dissertation Márton Rózsa Byzantine Second-Tier Élite In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Eötvös Loránd University

Faculty of Humanities

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

MÁRTON RÓZSA

BYZANTINE SECOND-TIER ÉLITE
IN THE ‘LONG’ TWELFTH CENTURY

Doctoral School of History
Head of the doctoral school: Dr. Gábor Erdődy

Doctoral Programme of Medieval and Early Modern World History
Head of the doctoral programme: Dr. Balázs Nagy

Supervisor: Dr. Balázs Nagy
Members of the assessment committee:

Dr. István Draskóczy, Chair
Dr. Gábor Thoroczkay, PhD, Secretary

Dr. Floris Bernard, opponent Dr. Andreas Rhoby, opponent

Dr. István Baán, member
Dr. László Horváth, PhD, member

Budapest, 2019

Contents

Contents ........................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................5 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................11

1. 1 Defining the élite: The historiography and the definition of Byzantine ruling stratum.........13

1. 2 Sources .............................................................................................................................21
2 The Komnenian political system and the élite............................................................................28
2. 1 The political system and the imperial relatives...................................................................28 2. 2 The positions of the second-tier élite..................................................................................43
3 Families from the second-tier élite.............................................................................................58
3. 1 The Akropolitai.................................................................................................................58 3. 2 The Aristenoi ....................................................................................................................64 3. 3 The Pantechnai..................................................................................................................75 3. 4 The Pepagomenoi..............................................................................................................84 3. 5 The Sarantapecheis and Tessarakontapecheis.....................................................................91 3. 6 A comparative analysis of families ....................................................................................97
4 Individuals in the Byzantine élite ............................................................................................103
4. 1 John Melidones and Thessalonike....................................................................................103 4. 2 The man of Alexios I: Constantine Choirosphaktes..........................................................108 4. 3 The man of Alexios III: John Belissariotes.......................................................................114 4. 4 A comparative analysis of individual prospects................................................................122

5 Lands and landowners: Distinct cases from the local élites of the provinces.............................129

5. 1 The patrimony of the Kephalades ....................................................................................130

5. 2 Eudokia’s dowry and the hungry landlords: the social background of a sales contract ......139 5. 3 The patrimony of the Bourtzai: the provincial branch of an élite family ...........................145

5. 4 Dispute over land: a case from the chartulary of Latros....................................................151 5. 5 A comparative analysis of individual affairs ....................................................................158
6 The value of office- and titleholding in the letters of the second-tier élite................................161
6. 1 Office- and titleholding in the letters of Theophylact of Ochrid........................................161 6. 2 Office- and titleholding in the letters of Michael Italikos and George Tornikes ................169 6. 3 Office- and titleholding in the letters of Michael Choniates..............................................174 6. 4 A comparative analysis of narratives on office- and titleholding.......................................177
7 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................181 Bibliography..............................................................................................................................185

3

Acknowledgements

My work could be not accomplished without the help of numerous people. I would like

to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Balázs Nagy who supported my efforts through

many years and to Niels Gaul who advised me the topic of this dissertation. My deepest

appreciation goes to István Lénárd Magyar, my former supervisor, Marianne Sághy and Terézia Olajos who helped me from the early stages of my university studies, in their memory, after they tragically passed away last year. I am indebt to István Baán, Péter Molnár, Albrecht Berger and Péter Bara who read the earlier versions of my dissertation and

provided invaluable comments for me. I am deeply grateful to Claudia Rapp, Andreas Rhoby, Eric McGeer, Jonathan Shaw, Sergei Mariev, Werner Seibt, Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt, Floris Bernard and Nikolaos Zagklas who helped me during my studies and

research projects. Special thanks also to all the Medievalists who taught me at the Eötvös Loránd University.

I could not complete my dissertation without the help of several foundations and insti-

tutions such as the Balassi Institute, the Österreichischer Austauschdienst, the Aktion Öster-

reich-Ungarn Stiftung, the Hungarian Academy in Rome and the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. I owe my deepest gratitude to my family who patiently supported

me in many ways. Finally, I would like to thank my friends, Mónika, Judit, Pisti, Giulia,

Grigori and Maria for the long discussions and their help in the years of my studies.

4

Abbreviations

  • AHR
  • American Historical Review.

  • Alexiad
  • Annae Comnenae Alexias, 2 vols., ed. by Diether

R. Reinsch and Athanasios Kambylis (Berlin and New York, 2001). English translation: The Alex-

iad of Anna Comnena, trans. E. R. A. Sewter

(Harmondsworth, 1969).

  • Basilakes, Orations
  • Nicephori Basilacae Orationes et epistolae, ed.

by Antonio Garzya (Leipzig, 1984).

BCH

Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.

  • Byzantinische Forschungen.
  • BF

  • Birch, Seals
  • Walter de Gray Birch, Catalogue of seals in the

Department of Manuscripts in the British Mu-

seum, 6 vols (London, 1887–1900).

Blachernai

Paul Gautier, ‘Le synode des Blachernes (fin 1094). Étude prosopographique’, RÉB, 29 (1971), pp. 213–284.

  • BS
  • Byzantinoslavica. Revue internationale des

études byzantines.

Bryennios

Nicephori Bryenii Historiarum libri quattuor, ed.

by Paul Gautier (Brussels, 1975).

  • Byzantine Aristocracy
  • Michael Angold (ed.), The Byzantine Aristoc-

racy, IX to XIII Centuries (Oxford, 1984).

Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα.

Byz. Sym.

  • BZ
  • Byzantinische Zeitschrift.

  • Cheynet and Vannier, Études
  • Jean-Claude Cheynet and Jean-François Van-

nier, Études prosopographiques (Paris, 1986).

Jean-Claude Cheynet, The Byzantine Aristocracy and its Military Function (Aldershot, 2006).

Jean-Claude Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations à

Byzance (963 – 1204) (Paris, 1990).
Cheynet, Aristocracy Cheynet, Pouvoir

5

Cheynet and Theodoridis, Sceaux

Chilandar

Jean-Claude Cheynet and Dimitri Theodoridis,

Sceaux byzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis. Les sceaux patronymiques (Paris, 2010).

Mirjana Živojinovič, Vasiliki Kravari and Chris-

tophe Giros (eds.), Actes de Chilandar, vol. 1. (Paris, 1998).

  • Choniates, History
  • Nicetae Choniatae historia, 2 vols., ed. by Jan

Louis van Dieten (Berlin, 1975). English transla-

tion: O city of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Cho-

niatēs, trans. by Harry J. Magoulias (Detroit, MI, 1984).

  • Choniates, Orations and Letters
  • Nicetae Choniatae Orationes et epistulae, ed. by

Jan Louis van Dieten. Berlin and New York, 1972.

  • Docheiariou
  • Nicolas Oikonomidès (ed.), Actes de Docheiar-

iou (Paris, 1984).

DOP DOS
Dumbarton Oaks Papers. John Nesbitt et al., Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of

Art, 6 vols. (Washington, DC, 1991–2009).

  • English Historical Review.
  • EHR

Eustathios of Thessalonike, Capture

Eustazio di Tessalonica. La Espugnazione di

Tessalonica, ed. by Stilpon Kyriakidis (Palermo, 1961).

  • Guilland, Institutions
  • Rodolphe Guilland, Recherches sur les institu-

tions byzantines (Berlin and Amsterdam, 1967).

IRAIK

  • Извѣстія
  • Русскаго
  • археологическаго

института въ Константинополѣ (Izvestija

Russka go Arheologičesk ago Instituta v Konstan- tinopole).

  • Italikos
  • Michel Italikos, Lettres et discours, ed. by Paul

Gautier (Paris, 1972).

Iviron

Jacques Lefort et al. (ed.), Actes d’Iviron, 4 vols. (Paris, 1985–95).

6

  • Jordanov, Corpus
  • Ivan Jordanov, Corpus of Byzantine Seals from

Bulgaria, 3 vols. (Sofia, 2003–9).
Kazhdan and Wharton-Epstein, Change Alexander Kazhdan and Ann Wharton-Epstein,

Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries (Berkeley, CA, 1985).

Kazhdan and Ronchey, L’aristocrazia

Alexander Kazhdan and Silvia Ronchey, L’aris-

tocrazia bizantina dal principio dell’XI alla fine

del XII secolo (Palermo, 1997).
Kinnamos, History

Ioannis Cinnami Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum. In: Ioannes Cinna-

mus. Nicephorus Bryennius, ed. by August Mein-

eke (Bonn, 1836), no. 1.

Latros

Christian Gastgeber and Otto Kresten, Das Char-

tular des Paulos-Klosters am Berge Latros (Vi-

enna, 2015).

Laurent, Bulles métriques

Laurent, Corpus, vol. 2 Laurent, Corpus, vol. 5

Laurent, Orghidan Lavra

Vitalien Laurent, Les bulles métriques dans la

Sigillographie byzantine (Athens, 1932).

Vitalien Laurent, Le corpus des sceaux de l’Em-

pire byzantin, vol. 2 (Paris, 1981).

Vitalien Laurent, Le corpus des sceaux de l’Em-

pire byzantin, vol. 5 (Paris, 1963–72).

Vitalien Laurent, La collection C. Orghidan

(Paris, 1952). Paul Lemerle et al. (ed.), Actes de Lavra, 4 vols. (Paris, 1970–82).

The Life of Saint Meletios

Chrysostomou Papadopoulou (ed.), Συμβολαὶ εἰς

τὴν ἰστορίαν τοῦ μοναχικού βίου ἐν Ἑλλάδι, vol. 2: Ὁ ὅσιος Μελέτιος “ὁ Νέος” (Athens, 1968).

Nicolas Katasképénos, La vie de Saint Cyrille le Philéote moine byzantin (+1110), ed. by Étienne

Sargologos (Brussels, 1964).

The Life of Saint Cyril

  • The Life of Saint Nikon
  • Dennis Sullivan (ed.), The Life of Saint Nikon:

Text, Translation, and Commentary (Brookline,

MA, 1987).

7

  • Magdalino, Empire
  • Paul Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Kom-

nenos, 1143 – 1180 (Cambridge, 1993).

Spyridon P. Lampros ‘Ὁ Μαρκιανὸς κῶδιξ 524’,

2 parts, NE, 8/1–2 (1911), no. 1, pp. 3–59, no. 2, pp. 8–192.

Marcianus 524

Michael Choniates, Letters

Michael Choniatae Epistulae, ed. by Foteini Ko-

lovou (Berlin and New York, 2001).
Michael Choniates, Σωζόμενα

Μιχαὴλ Ἀκομινάτου τοῦ Χωνιάτου Τὰ σωζόμενα,

2 vols., ed. by Spyridon P. Lampros (Athens, 1879–80).

  • MM
  • Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi. Sacra et

profana, 6 vols., ed. by Franz Miklosich and Josef Müller (Vienna, 1860–90).

NE

Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων.

  • Neville, Authority
  • Leonora Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provin-

cial Society, 950 – 1100 (Cambridge, 2004). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3 vols., ed. by

Alexander Kazhdan (New York and Oxford, 1991).

ODB

  • Oikonomides, Dated Seals
  • Nicolas Oikonomides, A Collection of Dated

Byzantine Lead Seals (Washington, DC, 1986).

Βυζαντινά ἔγγραφα τῆς Μονῆς Πάτμου, 2 vols.,

ed. by Era L. Vranousi and Maria Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou (Athens, 1980).

Patmos

  • PbmZ
  • Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit,

ed. by Ralph-Johannes Lilie et al. 2 parts (Berlin and New York, 1998–2013).

Prodromos, Historische Gedichte Psellos, Chronographia Psellos, Scripta minora

RÉB

Theodoros Prodromos, Historische Gedichte, ed.

by Wolfram Hörandner (Vienna, 1974).

Michaelis Pselli Chronographia, 2 vols., ed. by

Diether Roderich Reinsch (Berlin, 2014).

Michaelis Pselli Scripta minora, 2 vols., ed. by

Eduard Kurtz (Milan, 1936–41).

Revue des études byzantines.

8

Šandrovskaja, Sfragistika

Valentina Šandrovskaja, ‘Сфрагистика (Sfragis-

tika)’, in Alisa V. Bank (ed.), Искусство

Византии в собраниях СССР. Каталог

выставки (Iskusstvo Vizantii v sobranijach SSSR. Katalog vystavki), 3 vols. (Moscow,

1977), vol. 1, pp. 132–8, vol. 2, pp. 16–7, 133– 53, vol. 3, pp. 163–66.

  • Šandrovskaja and Seibt, Bleisiegel
  • Valentina S. Šandrovskaja and Werner Seibt,

Byzantinische Bleisiegel der Staatlichen Er- emitage mit Familiennamen, vol. 1 (Vienna,

2005).

Schlumberger, Sigillographie

Gustave Schlumberger, Sigillographie de l’Em-

pire byzantin (Paris, 1884).

Scylitzes Continuatus

Ἡ συνέχεια τῆς χρονογρφίας τοῦ Ἰωάννου

Σκυλίτση, ed. by Eudoxos Th. Tsolakes (Thessalonike, 1968).

Seyrig

Jean-Claude Cheynet, Cécile Morrisson and

Werner Seibt, Les sceaux byzantins de la collec- tion Henri Seyrig (Paris, 1991).

Skylitzes

Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, ed. by

Hans Thurn (Berlin and New York, 1973).

The social history of Byzantium, ed. by John Hal-

don (Oxford, 2009).

Social History

  • SOsl
  • Symbolae Osloenses.

  • Stavrakos, Bleisiegel
  • Christos Stavrakos, Die byzantinischen Ble-

isiegel mit Familiennamen aus der Sammlung des Numismatischen Museums Athen. (Wiesba-

den, 2000).
Theophanes

Theophanis Chronographia, ed. by Carl de Boor,

2 vols. (Leipzig, 1885). English translation: The

Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, trans. by

Cyril Mango and Roger Scott (Oxford, 1997).

Theophylacti Achridensis Epistulae, ed. by Paul

Gautier (Thessaloniki, 1986).

Theophylact, Letters

9

TM

Travaux et mémoires.

Tornikes, Letters

Georges et Démétrios Tornikès. Lettres et dis-

cours, ed. by Jean Darrouzès (Paris, 1970).

Ioannis Tzetzae Epistulae, ed. by Pietro Luigi M.

Leone (Leipzig, 1972).

Tzetzes, Letters

  • Wassiliou-Seibt, Corpus
  • Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt, Corpus der

byzantinischen Siegel mit metrischen Legenden,

2 vols. (Vienna, 2011–16).

Zacos and Veglery, Lead Seals

George Zacos and Alexander Veglery, Byzantine Lead Seals, vol. 1 (Basel, 1972).
Zonaras

Ioannis Zonarae Epitome historiarum, ed. by

Moritz Pinder and Theodor Büttner-Wobst

(Bonn, 1841–97).

ZRVI

Зборник радова Византолошког института (Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog instituta).

10

1 Introduction

Second-tier élite means to be subordinate among the privileged. This is a curious situa-

tion, as the members of such social stratum experience their superiority to the lower echelons of the society, and their vulnerability to and dependence on the leading circle at the real top of the community. These are highly general ideas, but they characterise the specific group that is the focus of this thesis, the Byzantine second-tier élite. This is a curious phenomenon of the Byzantine society that frequently attracted the attention of modern scholars in the past. The reason for this scholarly interest is mainly related to the fact that this stratum played an important and active role in the literary production of the Komnenian period. Nevertheless,

the Byzantinists’ concern for the stratum is less visible due to the inconsistencies in the ter-

minology.1 Despite the considerable interest in second-tier élite, there is no extensive study, which focuses on this particular social group. This deficiency is the main reason for this dissertation.2
The designation of the Byzantine second-tier élite implies little about the chronological confines of the study. The main interest of this dissertation is an era, which was called after the imperial house of the Komnenoi. The Komnenian dynasty ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1081 to 1185, but the end of the period bearing their name is usually placed to later events, the fourth crusade, the sack of Constantinople and the collapse of the empire in 1204. It is not surprising that scholars occasionally refer to the era as the Byzantine ‘long’ twelfth century too. The thesis applies this extended periodisation, admitting that it simply relies on political dates. In fact, the development of the second-tier élite chronologically did not suit the confines of the period. This dissociation may cause a problem in regard to the terminology of the social group. Therefore, a short explanation is necessary here. In this dissertation,

the Komnenian second-tier élite does not designate a group in a given period solely. Instead,

the term denotes a distinct social phenomenon, which had specific characteristics developing in the era in question. The situation will be described in details in the following parts of the dissertation. It is also important to note that vertical classification was not the peculiarity of

the Komnenian period. The term ‘second-tier élite’ can be used in connection to other eras

too. Therefore, a precise terminology is necessary, and I apply the pure term ‘second-tier

1

The problem of terminology and the secondary literature on the stratum is presented with more details in subchapter 1. 1, pages 13–21.

2

It is worth noting here that Niels Gaul drew my attention to the second-tier élite in the beginning of my doctoral studies.

11

élite’ when the argument does not need distinction. The study deals with the chronological

matters of the development of the stratum in details later.

The Byzantine second-tier élite as a whole is a very large topic. An extensive study that

treats all the aspects of the stratum would be too long for the limits of a doctoral dissertation. Furthermore, the former observations have revealed numerous characteristics of this social group. However, some previously studied elements still need reconsideration due to the results of historical studies made in the recent years. Therefore, the thesis deals with the relations between the political system and the second-tier élite and the nature of the distinction

Recommended publications

  • A Synopsis of Byzantine History, –

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-40474-8 - John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 John Wortley Frontmatter More information JOHN SKYLITZES: A synopsis of Byzantine history, – John Skylitzes’ extraordinary Middle Byzantine chronicle covers the reigns of the Byzantine emperors from the death of Nicephorus I in to the deposition of Michael VI in , and provides the only surviving continuous narrative of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. A high offi cial living in the late eleventh century, Skylitzes used a number of existing Greek histories (some of them no longer extant) to create a digest of the previous three centuries. It is with- out question the major historical source for the period, cited con- stantly in modern scholarship, and has never before been available in English. Th is edition features introductions by Jean-Claude Cheynet and Bernard Flusin, along with extensive notes by Cheynet. It will be an essential and exciting addition to the libraries of all historians of the Byzantine age. is Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Manitoba. He has published widely on the Byzantine era, and completed several translations to date, including Les Récits édifi - ants de Paul, évêque de Monembasie, et d’autres auteurs (), Th e ‘Spiritual Meadow’ of John Moschos, including the additional tales edited by Nissen and Mioni (), Th e spiritually benefi cial tales of Paul, Bishop of Monembasia and of other authors () and John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Histories (AD –) , a provisional transla- tion published
  • Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger – the First One Not to Become a Blind Man? Political and Military History of the Bryennios Family in the 11Th and Early 12Th Century

    Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger – the First One Not to Become a Blind Man? Political and Military History of the Bryennios Family in the 11Th and Early 12Th Century

    Studia Ceranea 10, 2020, p. 31–45 ISSN: 2084-140X DOI: 10.18778/2084-140X.10.02 e-ISSN: 2449-8378 Marcin Böhm (Opole) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-3176 Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger – the First One Not to Become a Blind Man? Political and Military History of the Bryennios Family in the 11th and Early 12th Century ikephoros Bryennios the Younger (1062–1137) has a place in the history N of the Byzantine Empire as a historian and husband of Anna Komnene (1083–1153), a woman from the imperial family. His historical work on the his- tory of the Komnenian dynasty in the 11th century is an extremely valuable source of information about the policies of the empire’s major families, whose main goal was to seize power in Constantinople1. Nikephoros was also a talented commander, which he proved by serving his father-in-law Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) and brother-in-law John II Komnenos (1118–1143). The marriage gave him free access to people and documents which he also enriched with the history of his own family. It happened because Nikephoros Bryennios was not the first representative of his family who played an important role in the internal policy of the empire. He had two predecessors, his grandfather, and great grand- father, who according to the family tradition had the same name as our hero. They 1 J. Seger, Byzantinische Historiker des zehnten und elften Jahrhunderts, vol. I, Nikephoros Bryennios, München 1888, p. 31–33; W. Treadgold, The Middle Byzantine Historians, Basingstoke 2013, p. 344–345; A.
  • Byzantine Conquests in the East in the 10 Century

    Byzantine Conquests in the East in the 10 Century

    th Byzantine conquests in the East in the 10 century Campaigns of Nikephoros II Phocas and John Tzimiskes as were seen in the Byzantine sources Master thesis Filip Schneider s1006649 15. 6. 2018 Eternal Rome Supervisor: Prof. dr. Maaike van Berkel Master's programme in History Radboud Univerity Front page: Emperor Nikephoros II Phocas entering Constantinople in 963, an illustration from the Madrid Skylitzes. The illuminated manuscript of the work of John Skylitzes was created in the 12th century Sicily. Today it is located in the National Library of Spain in Madrid. Table of contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 - Byzantine-Arab relations until 963 7 Byzantine-Arab relations in the pre-Islamic era 7 The advance of Islam 8 The Abbasid Caliphate 9 Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 10 The development of Byzantine Empire under Macedonian dynasty 11 The land aristocracy 12 The Muslim world in the 9th and 10th century 14 The Hamdamids 15 The Fatimid Caliphate 16 Chapter 2 - Historiography 17 Leo the Deacon 18 Historiography in the Macedonian period 18 Leo the Deacon - biography 19 The History 21 John Skylitzes 24 11th century Byzantium 24 Historiography after Basil II 25 John Skylitzes - biography 26 Synopsis of Histories 27 Chapter 3 - Nikephoros II Phocas 29 Domestikos Nikephoros Phocas and the conquest of Crete 29 Conquest of Aleppo 31 Emperor Nikephoros II Phocas and conquest of Cilicia 33 Conquest of Cyprus 34 Bulgarian question 36 Campaign in Syria 37 Conquest of Antioch 39 Conclusion 40 Chapter 4 - John Tzimiskes 42 Bulgarian problem 42 Campaign in the East 43 A Crusade in the Holy Land? 45 The reasons behind Tzimiskes' eastern campaign 47 Conclusion 49 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 51 Introduction In the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors coming from the Macedonian dynasty.
  • Imge A&Ea Dem Bepaa® Dbs P&Mareaats Mattaabs' I, Voa Kanflftaaimopat, By3, 37, 1987 (1S88), 417=418

    Imge A&Ea Dem Bepaa® Dbs P&Mareaats Mattaabs' I, Voa Kanflftaaimopat, By3, 37, 1987 (1S88), 417=418

    Durham E-Theses Matthew I, Patriarch of Constantinople (1397 - 1410), his life, his patriarchal acts, his written works Kapsalis, Athanasius G. How to cite: Kapsalis, Athanasius G. (1994) Matthew I, Patriarch of Constantinople (1397 - 1410), his life, his patriarchal acts, his written works, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5836/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 MATTHEW I, PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1397 - 1410), HIS LIFE, HIS PATRIARCHAL ACTS, HIS WRITTEN WORK: The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. MASTER OF ARTS THESIS, SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM 1994 A 4} nov m This copy has been supplied for the purpose of research or private study on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement.' =1= CONTENTS ABSTRACT XV-V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VX-VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DC NOTES ON PROPER NAMES X GENERAL INTRODUCTION A brief Historical, Political and Eccle• siastical description of Byzantium during the XTV century and the beginning of the XV.
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
  • The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century

    The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century

    Hawliyat is the official peer-reviewed journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Balamand. It publishes articles from the field of Humanities. Journal Name: Hawliyat ISSN: 1684-6605 Title: The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century Authors: S P O'Sullivan To cite this document: O’Sullivan, S. (2019). The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century. Hawliyat, 8, 41-93. https://doi.org/10.31377/haw.v8i0.335 Permanent link to this document: DOI: https://doi.org/10.31377/haw.v8i0.335 Hawliyat uses the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA that lets you remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes. However, any derivative work must be licensed under the same license as the original. The Turkish Conquest of Anatolia in the Eleventh Century S.P. O'Sullivan Many historical events are part of common knowledge yet are understood only superficially even by specialists. Usually this is because the historical records are insufficient, something we would expect for remote and inconse­ quential events. But an event, neither remote nor at all unimportant. which remains obscure even in its broadest outlines would be cause for surprise. Such is the case for the conquest of Anatolia by the Turks. which took place during the late II th century. specially between 1071 and 1085. The Turkish con­ quest was important mainly because it spelt the end of the Greek presence in Asia. The Hellenic movement to the East eventually reached the borders of India and then slowly fell back in stages, each territorial loss inevitably followed by the extinguishing of Greek culture.
  • Rhetoric and the Philosopher in Byzantium*

    Rhetoric and the Philosopher in Byzantium*

    Rhetoric and the philosopher in Byzantium* STRATIS PAPAIOANNOU The scene is familiar. A Byzantine ‘sophist’ enters the stage. The ‘philoso- phers’ are polite and graciously greet him, yet reject his company. In their eyes, he is not one of them. By contrast, the ‘sophists’ or, as the text also names them, the ‘rhetoro-sophists’ receive him with enthusiasm and grant him an honourable place among themselves. The (early?) twelfth-century author of the Timarion, to whom we owe this description,1 could not have imagined how his positioning of the Byzantine philosopher or, as he prefers to call him, ‘sophist’ would endure beyond the infernal stage of Hades, where Timarion’s oneiric experience takes place. Byzantine philosophers may still be valued today for their rhetoric and other technical skills (of, say, copying, collecting, or commenting upon philosophical texts), but rarely for their philosophy.2 The author of the Timarion did not, of course, have the future of Byzantine philosophers in mind. What his sarcastic pen was aiming at was to disqualify the philosophical aspirations of self-professed philosophers of his immediate present. He did so by referring to an age-old anxiety of pre- modern Greek writing dating back to, at least, the writings of Plato in fourth-century Athens. The anxiety pertained to the definition and regulation of the relation between discursive content and discursive form, between thought and language, or, as it came to be seen, between philosophy and rhetoric. The anxiety was provoked by the desire on the part of self- proclaimed ‘philosophers’—such as Plato—to mark a distinct, privileged space for their own discursive production within the highly competitive field of public discourse in Athenian social life.3 The negotiation between philosophy and rhetoric remained a constant point of reference for many generations of Greek writers.
  • The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi

    The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi

    The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi A struggle for supremacy 867 - 1071 J.J.P. Vrijaldenhoven S0921084 Van Speijkstraat 76-II 2518 GE ’s Gravenhage Tel.: 0628204223 E-mail: [email protected] Master Thesis Europe 1000 - 1800 Prof. Dr. P. Stephenson and Prof. Dr. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers History University of Leiden 30-07-2014 CONTENTS GLOSSARY 2 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST STRUGGLE OF THE DYNATOI AND THE STATE 867 – 959 16 STATE 18 Novel (A) of Leo VI 894 – 912 18 Novels (B and C) of Romanos I Lekapenos 922/928 and 934 19 Novels (D, E and G) of Constantine VII Porphyrogenetos 947 - 959 22 CHURCH 24 ARISTOCRACY 27 CONCLUSION 30 CHAPTER 2 LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE PERIOD OF THE WARRIOR EMPERORS 959 - 1025 32 STATE 34 Novel (F) of Romanos II 959 – 963. 34 Novels (H, J, K, L and M) of Nikephoros II Phokas 963 – 969. 34 Novels (N and O) of Basil II 988 – 996 37 CHURCH 42 ARISTOCRACY 45 CONCLUSION 49 CHAPTER 3 THE CHANGING STATE AND THE DYNATOI 1025 – 1071 51 STATE 53 CHURCH 60 ARISTOCRACY 64 Land register of Thebes 65 CONCLUSION 68 CONCLUSION 70 APPENDIX I BYZANTINE EMPERORS 867 - 1081 76 APPENDIX II MAPS 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 1 Glossary Aerikon A judicial fine later changed into a cash payment. Allelengyon Collective responsibility of a tax unit to pay each other’s taxes. Anagraphis / Anagrapheus Fiscal official, or imperial tax assessor, who held a role similar as the epoptes. Their major function was the revision of the tax cadastre. It is implied that they measured land and on imperial order could confiscate lands.
  • Anna Komnene's Narrative of the War Against The

    Anna Komnene's Narrative of the War Against The

    GRAECO-LATINA BRUNENSIA 19, 2014, 2 MAREK MEŠKO (MASARYK UNIVERSITY, BRNO) ANNA KOMNENE’S NARRATIVE OF THE WAR AGAINST THE SCYTHIANS* The Alexiad by Anna Komnene is well-known. At times it raises controversial issues (e.g. concerning “full” authorship of the Byzantine princess), but all in all it represents a very valuable source of information. In this paper the author strives to examine just how precise and valuable the pieces of information she gives us in connection with the war of her father emperor Alexios Komnenos (1081–1118) against the Scythians (the Pechenegs) are. He also mentions chronological issues which at times are able to “darken” the course of events and render their putting back into the right context difficult. There are many inconsistencies of this type in Anna Komnene’s narrative and for these reasons it is important to reestablish clear chronological order of events. Finally the author presents a concise description of the war against the Pechenegs based on the findings in the previous parts of his paper. Key words: Byzantium, Pechenegs, medieval, nomads, Alexiad, warfare The Alexiad by Anna Komnene1 is well-known to most of the Byzan- tine history scholars. At times it raised controversial issues (e.g. concerning “full” or “partial” authorship of the Byzantine princess),2 but all in all it represents a valuable written source. Regardless of these issues most of the scholars involved agree that it will always remain a unique piece, a special case, of Byzantine literature,3 despite the obvious fact that Anna Komnene’s * This work was supported by the Program of „Employment of Newly Graduated Doc- tors of Science for Scientific Excellence“ (grant number CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0009) co-financed from European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic.
  • Sind Für Diesen Dreigeteilten Index Ausgewertet Worden. Mittelalterliche Namen Werden Nach Dem Vor- Namen Geordnet (Verweisung Vom Familiennamen)

    Sind Für Diesen Dreigeteilten Index Ausgewertet Worden. Mittelalterliche Namen Werden Nach Dem Vor- Namen Geordnet (Verweisung Vom Familiennamen)

    INDEX Alle Kapitel bis auf den Katalog (Kapitel 7.2.) sind für diesen dreigeteilten Index ausgewertet worden. Mittelalterliche Namen werden nach dem Vor- namen geordnet (Verweisung vom Familiennamen). Personen und Sachen Abt 155, 158, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169 Anonymer Professor 15, 37, 39, 58, 81, 87, Achilleus Tatios 84, 197 133, 148, 157, 176 Adressant 31, 39, 42 Anonymer protobestiarios 15 Adressat 31, 36, 39, 42, 57, 60 Anonymer protonotarios 15 Adresse 41, 67 Anonymus Marcianus 16, 58, 60, 81, 88, Adrianos Komnenos 106 90, 118, 202 Äbtissin, Klostervorsteherin 99, 163, 181, Anrede, 182, 184, 185, 198 abstrakt 41, 44, 94, 141, 144, 147, 149, Ägypten 35, 123 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 173, 179, 184, Aikaterine, Kaiserin 138 192, 193 Aineias von Gaza 15, 57, 58, 63, 180, 197 Alliteration 72, 77 Ainios → Ephraim Amt 108, 155, 200 Akropolites → Konstantinos annominatio 73 Alcuin 29 Antike 44, 78, 92, 95, 98, 107, 116, Alexander der Große 81 117, 118, 122, 200 Alexandros, Kaiser 139, 140 Berufsbezeichnung107, 110 Alexandros III., Papst 15 Bruder 52, 53, 54, 120, 124, 127, 128, Alexandros von Nikaia 14, 15, 58, 63, 160, 194 101 direkt 40, 42, 57, 59, 70 et passim Alexios I. Komnenos 138, 146 Eigennamen 40, 60, 71 Alexios Aristenos 75, 80, 108, 177, 201 Alexios Giphardos 177 Epanalepsis 76 Alexios, monachos 15 Etymologie 73 Al-Muqtadir 68, 148, 150–152, 173, 200 Familienname 67 Amtsbruder 160 Fehlen 115 Amtskollege 48, 54, 128, 201 Frage 128, 129 Anastasios, Kaiser 38, 130 Frau 67, 119, 170, 178, 180, 181, 182, Anastasios 15, 38 184, 185 Anastasius III., Papst 154, 200 Freund 52 Anchialos → Michael Funktionsbezeichnung 107, 108, 155, Andronikos I.
  • Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection

    Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection

    Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 2016–2017 Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Annual Report 2016–2017 © 2017 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. ISSN 0197-9159 Cover photograph: The Byzantine Courtyard for the reopening of the museum in April 2017. Frontispiece: The Music Room after the installation of new LED lighting. www.doaks.org/about/annual-reports Contents From the Director 7 Director’s Office 13 Academic Programs 19 Fellowship Reports 35 Byzantine Studies 59 Garden and Landscape Studies 69 Pre-Columbian Studies 85 Library 93 Publications 99 Museum 113 Gardens 121 Friends of Music 125 Facilities, Finance, Human Resources, and Information Technology 129 Administration and Staff 135 From the Director A Year of Collaboration Even just within the walls and fencing of our sixteen acres, too much has happened over the past year for a full accounting. Attempting to cover all twelve months would be hopeless. Instead, a couple of happenings in May exemplify the trajectory on which Dumbarton Oaks is hurtling forward and upward. The place was founded for advanced research. No one who respects strong and solid tradi- tions would wrench it from the scholarship enshrined in its library, archives, and research collections; at the same time, it was designed to welcome a larger public. These two events give tribute to this broader engagement. To serve the greater good, Dumbarton Oaks now cooperates vigorously with local schools. It is electrifying to watch postdoc- toral and postgraduate fellows help students enjoy and learn from our gardens and museum collections. On May 16, we hosted a gath- ering with delegates from the DC Collaborative.
  • Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Patriarchate Of

    Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Patriarchate Of

    IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Dale de Lee Benjamin (5/5/2008) Για παραπομπή : Dale de Lee Benjamin , "Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Byzantine period", 2008, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10863> Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Byzantine period Περίληψη : The patriarchate of Constantinople developed closely along with the city itself; thus, the bishop of New Rome gradually developed to the ecumenical patriarch. Ideally, the patriarch worked with the emperor under the principle of symphonia, close and peaceful cooperation. Although individual patriarchs sometimes found themselves completely pushed over by forceful emperors or struggling in confrontation with imperial will, for most of its history the patriarchate cooperated closely with the imperial government and played a major role in the imperial administration both within the empire and with relations with external churches, powers, and peoples. Χρονολόγηση 381-1453 Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός Constantinople 1. Introduction The patriarchate of Constantinople developed closely with the city itself; thus, the bishop of New Rome gradually developed to the ecumenical patriarch. Throughout its history, the patriarch worked closely with the imperial administration, ideally under the principle of symphonia, close and peaceful cooperation. However, individual patriarchs sometimes found themselves completely pushed over by forceful emperors or struggling in confrontation with imperial will. Although the emperor was supposed to respect the church ’s own choice of patriarchate, more often than not emperors ensured that their own candidate became patriarch. Still, for most of its history the patriarchate cooperated closely with the imperial government and played a major role in the imperial administration both within the empire and with relations with external churches, powers, and peoples.