Reinhold C. Mueller
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Biological Warfare Plan in the 17Th Century—The Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis
HISTORICAL REVIEW Biological Warfare Plan in the 17th Century—the Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis A little-known effort to conduct biological warfare oc- to have hurled corpses of plague victims into the besieged curred during the 17th century. The incident transpired city (9). During World War II, Japan conducted biological during the Venetian–Ottoman War, when the city of Can- weapons research at facilities in China. Prisoners of war dia (now Heraklion, Greece) was under siege by the Otto- were infected with several pathogens, including Y. pestis; mans (1648–1669). The data we describe, obtained from >10,000 died as a result of experimental infection or execu- the Archives of the Venetian State, are related to an op- tion after experimentation. At least 11 Chinese cities were eration organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, which aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman attacked with biological agents sprayed from aircraft or in- soldiers with plague by attacking them with a liquid made troduced into water supplies or food products. Y. pestis–in- from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. Although fected fleas were released from aircraft over Chinese cities the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture to initiate plague epidemics (10). We describe a plan—ul- was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried timately abandoned—to use plague as a biological weapon out. The conception and the detailed cynical planning of during the Venetian–Ottoman War in the 17th century. the attack on Candia illustrate a dangerous way of think- ing about the use of biological weapons and the absence Archival Sources of reservations when potential users, within their religious Our research has been based on material from the Ar- framework, cast their enemies as undeserving of humani- chives of the Venetian State (11). -
Venice's Marriage to the Sea Blog Post by Jeanne Willoz-Egnor
Venice’s Marriage to the Sea Blog post by Jeanne Willoz-Egnor published May 31, 2019 This weekend marks the annual Festa della Sensa in Venice. Although the festival didn’t start until 1965 it commemorates and recreates the ancient traditional ceremony of Sposalizio del Mar, the event in which Venice is symbolically married to the sea. Hand-colored copperplate engraving titled The Doge in the Bucintoro Departing for the Porto di Lido on Ascension Day. The original artwork was created by Canaletto and engraved by Giovanni Battista Brustolo. This third state engraving was printed by Teodoro Viera in Venice sometime around 1787. [Accession# LE 831] The origins of the ceremony date to the period when Venice was a sovereign state (from 697 AD to 1797 AD). It commemorates two important events in the state’s history: the May 9, 1000 departure of Doge Pietro II Orseolo with a fleet on the successful mission to subdue Narentine pirates threatening Venetian power, trade and travel on the Adriatic and Doge Sebastiano Ziani’s successful negotiation of the Treaty of Venice in 1177. The treaty ended a long standing conflict between the Holy Roman Empire headed by Frederick Barbarossa and the Papacy. Following Orseolo’s victory, each year on Ascension Day Venice celebrated the Doge’s conquest of Dalmatia with a solemn procession of boats led by the doge’s maestà nave to the San Pietro di Castello where the Bishop blessed the doge. The procession then proceeded to the lido at San Nicolò, Venice’s entrée to the Adriatic Sea, where the prayer "for us and all who sail thereon, may the sea be calm and quiet" was offered. -
Petar Ii. Orseolo – Dux Veneticorum Et Dalmaticorum∗
PETAR II. ORSEOLO – DUX VENETICORUM ET DALMATICORUM∗ Gherardo ORTALLI UDK 945.31:949.75“04/14” Dipartimento di studi storici Izvorni znanstveni rad Università di Venezia, Italija Primljeno: 1. IX. 2003. Autor analizira ekspediciju dužda Petra II. Orseola god. 1000. u Dalmaciju, koja je poznata po izvješću Ivana Đakona; utvrđuje nejasnoće tog izvješća o pravom značenju te ekspedicije i pri tome u prvom redu uzima u obzir unutrašnje stanje Mletaka u doba te ekspedicije; prikazuje borbu dviju tendencija u mletačkim vodećim porodicama: pristajanje uz Njemačko Carstvo, kojem je na čelu bila porodica Kandijana, ili uže povezivanje s Bizantom, za koje se zalagala porodica Orseolo. Pobijedila je drugonavedena tendencija dolaskom na vlast Petra II. Orseola, koji je u najtješnjoj suradnji s Bizantom poduzeo s mletačkom flotom pohod sve do Korčule. Taj je pohod bio Bizantu vrlo važan zbog njegove borbe sa Samuilom, jer mu je cilj bio odvlačenje dijela Samuilovih snaga na zapad, ali je bio od velike koristi i za Mletke, jer je Bizant za naplatu mletačke intervencije bio prisiljen ustupiti stvarnu vlast nad kvarnerskim otocima, pridržavajući za sebe samo formalni suverenitet nad njima. Kao daljnji primjer nove snažne nazočnosti Mletaka na Jadranu autor analizira i pomoć koju je Petar II. Orseolo pružio bizantskome Bariju 1003. godine. O toj pomoći sačuvan je dragocjen grafit na otočiću blizu mjesta Vieste na Garganu. Ključne riječi: dužd Petar II. Orseolo, Mleci, Bizant, Dalmacija, 1000.–1003. 1. Trijumfalni prikaz ekspedicije u 1000. godini Ima mnogo prigoda kada se čini kao da povijest juri s događajima koji nameću ubrzanja, koja će kasnije označiti – na više ili manje trajan način, na bolje ili na lošije – opće okolnosti i uvjetovati buduće situacije. -
University Micrdfilms International 300 N
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1 . The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2 . When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. -
ART HISTORY of VENICE HA-590I (Sec
Gentile Bellini, Procession in Saint Mark’s Square, oil on canvas, 1496. Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice ART HISTORY OF VENICE HA-590I (sec. 01– undergraduate; sec. 02– graduate) 3 credits, Summer 2016 Pratt in Venice––Pratt Institute INSTRUCTOR Joseph Kopta, [email protected] (preferred); [email protected] Direct phone in Italy: (+39) 339 16 11 818 Office hours: on-site in Venice immediately before or after class, or by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION On-site study of mosaics, painting, architecture, and sculpture of Venice is the primary purpose of this course. Classes held on site alternate with lectures and discussions that place material in its art historical context. Students explore Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque examples at many locations that show in one place the rich visual materials of all these periods, as well as materials and works acquired through conquest or collection. Students will carry out visually- and historically-based assignments in Venice. Upon return, undergraduates complete a paper based on site study, and graduate students submit a paper researched in Venice. The Marciana and Querini Stampalia libraries are available to all students, and those doing graduate work also have access to the Cini Foundation Library. Class meetings (refer to calendar) include lectures at the Università Internazionale dell’ Arte (UIA) and on-site visits to churches, architectural landmarks, and museums of Venice. TEXTS • Deborah Howard, Architectural History of Venice, reprint (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003). [Recommended for purchase prior to departure as this book is generally unavailable in Venice; several copies are available in the Pratt in Venice Library at UIA] • David Chambers and Brian Pullan, with Jennifer Fletcher, eds., Venice: A Documentary History, 1450– 1630 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001). -
HAA 151 Venice List
Venice HAA 151v Spring 2016 J. Connors 27 March 2016 Summary list of art and architecture studied in site visit March 10-20, 2016 San Marco Façade spolia, Hercules reliefs, St. Mark cycle up to the Porta di S. Alippio. Tetrarchs, Pilastri acritani (St. Polyeuktos in Constantinople). Carmagnola head. Interior: early mosaics in chapels of St. Peter and St. Clement. Pala d’oro. Sansovino bronze door to the sacristy (veiled head of the grieving Virgin). Sea floor of Greek marble slabs. Porta saracenesca (double curves and mosaic) to the Treasury, where everyone chose a favorite object, often of glass remounted in Byzantine enamel. Baptistery (entered a pilgrims during the Exceptional Holy Year of 2016): Sansovino font, late Byzantine-style mosaics, altar as giant slab of stone. Glimpses from the Baptistery and from the portico into the Cappella Zen with bronze altar statues and bronze statue of the gisant Cardinal Zen. Portico mosaics: Days of Creation with Adam and Eve, Noah and the Flood, Joseph and his Brothers. Museum: 4 horses, mosaic fragments, Paolo Veneziano’s pala feriale used to cover the Pala d’Oro on non feast days with scenes of the cycle of St. Mark. Palazzo Ducale Exterior South façade with central window by the Delle Massegne 1400 West façade on Piazzetta with Porta della Carta and Justice Roundel. Three corners: Grape, Fig, Justice, with archangels above: Raphael, Michael, Gabriel. Justice Roundel. Porta della Carta with Doge Francesco Foscari and lion in high relief, and Justice enthroned on high. Virtues: Prudence, Fortitude, Temperance, Charity. Palazzo Ducale Courtyard Scala dei Giganti, with Hypnerotomachia-like emblematic decorations, small prison underneath. -
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Materiale Textkulturen Schriftenreihe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 933 Herausgegeben von Ludger Lieb Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Jan Christian Gertz, Markus Hilgert, Hanna Liss, Bernd Schneidmüller, Melanie Trede und Christian Witschel Band 23 Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture Edited by Tobias Frese, Wilfried E. Keil and Kristina Krüger Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM ISBN 978-3-11-062913-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-062915-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063347-4 ISSN 2198-6932 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964345 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Frese et al., published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston This book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover Images: Florenz, San Pancrazio, Capella Rucellai, facade. Photo: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). Typesetting: Sonderforschungsbereich 933 (Nicolai Schmitt), Heidelberg Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen www.degruyter.com Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Contents Acknowledgements V Tobias Frese, Kristina Krüger Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture. -
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Byzantina Symmeikta Vol. 29, 2019 Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries) ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ Χαράλαμπος Institute of Historical Research, Athens https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 Copyright © 2019 Χαράλαμπος Γάσπαρης To cite this article: ΓΑΣΠΑΡΗΣ, (2019). Byzantine families in Venetian context: The Gavalas and Ialinas family in Venetian Crete (XIIIth- XIVth centuries). Byzantina Symmeikta, 29, 1-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.16249 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ SECTION OF BYZANTINE RESEARCH ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION ΕΘΝΙΚΟ IΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ CHARALAMBOS GASPARIS EFI RAGIA Byzantine Families in Venetian Context: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE TheBYZAN GavalasTINE E andMPI REIalinas (CA 600-1200):Families I.1.in T HVenetianE APOTHE CreteKAI OF (XIIIth–XIVthASIA MINOR (7T HCenturies)-8TH C.) ΤΟΜΟΣ 29 VOLUME ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ / APPENDIX ΑΘΗΝΑ • 20092019 • ATHENS http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ ΣΥΜΜΕΙΚΤΑ 29 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΑ SYMMEIKTA 29 APPENDIX http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 15:19:54 | NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION INSTITUTE OF -
Venetian Foreign Affairs from 1250 to 1381: the Wars with Genoa and Other External Developments
Venetian Foreign Affairs from 1250 to 1381: The Wars with Genoa and Other External Developments By Mark R. Filip for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 1988 Table of Contents Major Topics page Introduction 1 The First and Second Genoese Wars 2 Renewed Hostilities at Ferrara 16 Tiepolo's Attempt at Revolution 22 A New Era of Commercial Growth 25 Government in Territories of the Republic 35 The Black Death and Third ' < 'ioese War 38 Portolungo 55 A Second Attempt at Rcvoiut.on 58 Doge Gradenigo and Peace with Genoa 64 Problems in Hungary and Crete 67 The Beginning of the Contarini Dogcship 77 Emperor Paleologus and the War of Chioggia 87 The Battle of Pola 94 Venetian Defensive Successes 103 Zeno and the Venetian Victory 105 Conclusion 109 Endnotes 113 Annotated Bibliography 121 1 Introduction In the years preceding the War of Chioggia, Venetian foreign affairs were dominated by conflicts with Genoa. Throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the two powers often clashed in open hostilities. This antagonism between the cities lasted for ten generations, and has been compared to the earlier rivalry between Rome and Carthage. Like the struggle between the two ancient powers, the Venetian/Gcnoan hatred stemmed from their competitive relationship in maritime trade. Unlike land-based rivals, sea powers cannot be separated by any natural boundary or agree to observe any territorial spheres of influence. Trade with the Levant, a source of great wealth and prosperity for each of the cities, required Venice and Genoa to come into repeated conflict in ports such as Chios, Lajazzo, Acre, and Tyre. -
The Role of Ezio's Struggle in Italian
THE ROLE OF EZIO’S STRUGGLE IN ITALIAN REVOLUTION ERA IN OLIVER BOWDEN’S ASSASSIN’S CREED RENAISSANCE THESIS BY REDY LUHUR BUDIASTA 0911110243 STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2013 THE ROLE OF EZIO’S STRUGGLE IN ITALIAN REVOLUTION ERA IN OLIVER BOWDEN’S ASSASSIN’S CREED RENAISSANCE THESIS BY REDY LUHUR BUDIASTA NIM 0911110243 STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2013 THE ROLE OF EZIO’S STRUGGLE IN ITALIAN REVOLUTION ERA IN OLIVER BOWDEN’S ASSASSIN’S CREED RENAISSANCE THESIS Presented to Universitas Brawijaya in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra BY REDY LUHUR BUDIASTA NIM 0911110243 STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY 2013 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP Herewith I: Name : Redy Luhur BudiAsta NIM : 0911110243 Address : Jl. Watugilang 17A, Malang declare that: 1. This thesis is the sole work of mine and has not been written in collaboration with any other person, nor does it include, without due acknowledgement, the work of any other person. 2. If at a later time it is found that this thesis is a product of plagiarism, I am willing to accept any legal consequences that may be imposed on me. Malang, 5 September 2013 Redy Luhur BudiAsta NIM. 0911110243 This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Redy Luhur BudiAsta has been approved by the Boards of Supervisors. Malang, Supervisor Dr. Sri Herminingrum, M.Hum. NIP. 19550418 198303 2 001 Malang, Co-Supervisor Fredy Nugroho S, S.S., M.Hum NIK. -
Th E Early Circulation
T HE E ARLY C IRCULATION of Andrea Dandolo’s Chronica per extensum descripta in the light of the ms. Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, J.IV.7 1 By Miika Kuha This article examines the early circulation of the universal chronicle of the doge and prehumanist Andrea Dandolo (1306–1354). The focus of the present study is to give new insights in the transmission of Dandolo’s chronicle – and in general in the Venetian textual culture of the period – by analysing its second oldest manuscript witness, the ms. J. IV. 7 of the Turin National University Library. It will be argued, furthermore, that the Turin copy is closely linked to an early reworking of Dandolo’s chronicle, the Chronica Venetiarum attributed to the Gran Chancellor Benintendi de’ Ravagnani (c. 1318–1365). Both Chronica Venetiarum and the Turin copy reflect the response of contemporary readers to Dandolo’s chronicle as it started to circulate outside the ducal chancellery. Andrea Dandolo’s historical works During the decades after and before the dogeship of Andrea Dandolo (1342– 1354)2, history writing flourished in Venice both in vernacular and in Latin. 1 The research for this article was financed by the project Transmission of Knowledge in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Tralmar, no. 267518, 2013–2017), funded by the Academy of Finland and the University of Jyväskylä. I would like to thank prof. Outi Merisalo (Tralmar, University of Jyväskylä) for good advice and generous help both as regards my research on Venetian historiography and preparing this text for publication. I wish also to thank Dr. -
THE BERNARD and MARY BERENSON COLLECTION of EUROPEAN PAINTINGS at I TATTI Carl Brandon Strehlke and Machtelt Brüggen Israëls
THE BERNARD AND MARY BERENSON COLLECTION OF EUROPEAN PAINTINGS AT I TATTI Carl Brandon Strehlke and Machtelt Brüggen Israëls GENERAL INDEX by Bonnie J. Blackburn Page numbers in italics indicate Albrighi, Luigi, 14, 34, 79, 143–44 Altichiero, 588 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum catalogue entries. (Fig. 12.1) Alunno, Niccolò, 34, 59, 87–92, 618 Angelico (Fra), Virgin of Humility Alcanyiç, Miquel, and Starnina altarpiece for San Francesco, Cagli (no. SK-A-3011), 100 A Ascension (New York, (Milan, Brera, no. 504), 87, 91 Bellini, Giovanni, Virgin and Child Abbocatelli, Pentesilea di Guglielmo Metropolitan Museum altarpiece for San Nicolò, Foligno (nos. 3379 and A3287), 118 n. 4 degli, 574 of Art, no. 1876.10; New (Paris, Louvre, no. 53), 87 Bulgarini, Bartolomeo, Virgin of Abbott, Senda, 14, 43 nn. 17 and 41, 44 York, Hispanic Society of Annunciation for Confraternità Humility (no. A 4002), 193, 194 n. 60, 427, 674 n. 6 America, no. A2031), 527 dell’Annunziata, Perugia (Figs. 22.1, 22.2), 195–96 Abercorn, Duke of, 525 n. 3 Alessandro da Caravaggio, 203 (Perugia, Galleria Nazionale Cima da Conegliano (?), Virgin Aberdeen, Art Gallery Alesso di Benozzo and Gherardo dell’Umbria, no. 169), 92 and Child (no. SK–A 1219), Vecchietta, portable triptych del Fora Crucifixion (Claremont, Pomona 208 n. 14 (no. 4571), 607 Annunciation (App. 1), 536, 539 College Museum of Art, Giovanni di Paolo, Crucifixion Abraham, Bishop of Suzdal, 419 n. 2, 735 no. P 61.1.9), 92 n. 11 (no. SK-C-1596), 331 Accarigi family, 244 Alexander VI Borgia, Pope, 509, 576 Crucifixion (Foligno, Palazzo Gossaert, Jan, drawing of Hercules Acciaioli, Lorenzo, Bishop of Arezzo, Alexeivich, Alexei, Grand Duke of Arcivescovile), 90 Kills Eurythion (no.