Venetian Foreign Affairs from 1250 to 1381: the Wars with Genoa and Other External Developments
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MOSE (EXPERIMENTAL ELECTROMECHANICAL MODULE; ITALIAN: MODULO SPERIMENTALE ELETTROMECCANICO) Overview / Summary of the Initiative
MOSE (EXPERIMENTAL ELECTROMECHANICAL MODULE; ITALIAN: MODULO SPERIMENTALE ELETTROMECCANICO) Overview / summary of the initiative Title: MoSE (Experimental Electromechanical Module; Italian: MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico) Country: Italy (Veneto region) Thematic area: Security, Climate change Objective(s): 1. To protect from flooding the city of Venice and the Venetian Lagoon, with its towns, villages and inhabitants along with its iconic historic, artistic and environmental heritage. 2. To contribute to the socio-economic growth of the area and hence to the development of the port and related activities. 3. To guarantee the existing and future port activities inside the Lagoon in its various specificities of Chioggia, Cavallino and Venice. Timeline: The launch of the project started in 1973, when for the first time the Italian Government took in consideration the realisation of mechanic structures to prevent Venice from flooding. 2003 (start of the works)-2019 (estimation) Scale of the initiative: EUR 5.493 million (2014 estimation) Scope of the initiative • Focused on new knowledge creation (basic research, TRLs 1-4): TO A CERTAIN EXTENT; the development and following implementation of the MoSE project have focused on knowledge creation and prototypes development since the 1980s. However, this is useful to the construction at the three inlets of the Venice lagoon and mobile barriers. • Focused on knowledge application (applied research, TRLs 5-9): YES; the MoSE project aims to apply the developed technological solutions and to demonstrate its validity. Source of funding (public/private/public-private): Public funding: since 2003 (year of start of the works) the national government has been the financial promoter of the MoSE. -
Biological Warfare Plan in the 17Th Century—The Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis
HISTORICAL REVIEW Biological Warfare Plan in the 17th Century—the Siege of Candia, 1648–1669 Eleni Thalassinou, Costas Tsiamis, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Angelos Hatzakis A little-known effort to conduct biological warfare oc- to have hurled corpses of plague victims into the besieged curred during the 17th century. The incident transpired city (9). During World War II, Japan conducted biological during the Venetian–Ottoman War, when the city of Can- weapons research at facilities in China. Prisoners of war dia (now Heraklion, Greece) was under siege by the Otto- were infected with several pathogens, including Y. pestis; mans (1648–1669). The data we describe, obtained from >10,000 died as a result of experimental infection or execu- the Archives of the Venetian State, are related to an op- tion after experimentation. At least 11 Chinese cities were eration organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, which aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman attacked with biological agents sprayed from aircraft or in- soldiers with plague by attacking them with a liquid made troduced into water supplies or food products. Y. pestis–in- from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. Although fected fleas were released from aircraft over Chinese cities the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture to initiate plague epidemics (10). We describe a plan—ul- was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried timately abandoned—to use plague as a biological weapon out. The conception and the detailed cynical planning of during the Venetian–Ottoman War in the 17th century. the attack on Candia illustrate a dangerous way of think- ing about the use of biological weapons and the absence Archival Sources of reservations when potential users, within their religious Our research has been based on material from the Ar- framework, cast their enemies as undeserving of humani- chives of the Venetian State (11). -
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Debt Policy Under Constraints: Philip II, the Cortes, and Genoese Bankers1 by CARLOS ÁLVAREZ-NOGAL and CHRISTOPHE CHAMLEY*
bs_bs_banner Economic History Review (2013) Debt policy under constraints: Philip II, the Cortes, and Genoese bankers1 By CARLOS ÁLVAREZ-NOGAL and CHRISTOPHE CHAMLEY* Under Philip II, Castile was the first country with a large nation-wide domestic public debt. A new view of that fiscal system is presented that is potentially relevant for other fiscal systems in Europe before 1800. The credibility of the debt, mostly in perpetual redeemable annuities, was enhanced by decentralized funding through taxes administered by cities making up the Realm in the Cortes.The accumulation of short-term debt depended on refinancing through long-term debt. Financial crises in the short-term debt occurred when the service of the long-term debt reached the revenues of its servicing taxes. They were not caused by liquidity crises and were resolved after protracted negotiations in the Cortes by tax increases and interest rate reductions. ing Philip II, as head of the first modern super-power, managed a budget on Ka scale that had not been seen since the height of the Roman Empire.2 No state before had faced such extraordinary fluctuations and imbalances, both in revenue and expenditure. Large military expenses were required by the politics of Europe and the revolution in military technology. The variability in both revenue and expenses, coupled with a large foreign component, was met by large public borrowings up to modern levels, a historical innovation that, in later centuries, would be followed by the Netherlands, France, and England. Like eighteenth- century England, Castile (about 80 per cent of modern-day Spain) established its military supremacy through its superior ability to mobilize large resources through borrowing. -
Do the Adaptations of Venice and Miami to Sea Level Rise Offer Lessons for Other Vulnerable Coastal Cities?
Environmental Management https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01198-z Do the Adaptations of Venice and Miami to Sea Level Rise Offer Lessons for Other Vulnerable Coastal Cities? 1 2 3 Emanuela Molinaroli ● Stefano Guerzoni ● Daniel Suman Received: 5 February 2019 / Accepted: 29 July 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Both Venice and Miami are high-density coastal cities that are extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels and climate change. Aside from their sea-level location, they are both characterized by large populations, valuable infrastructure and real estate, and economic dependence on tourism, as well as the availability of advanced scientific data and technological expertize. Yet their responses have been quite different. We examine the biophysical environments of the two cities, as well as their socio- economic features, administrative arrangements vulnerabilities, and responses to sea level rise and flooding. Our study uses a qualitative approach to illustrate how adaptation policies have emerged in these two coastal cities. Based on this information, we critically compare the different adaptive responses of Venice and Miami and suggest what each city may learn from the 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: other, as well as offer lessons for other vulnerable coastal cities. In the two cases presented here it would seem that adaptation to SLR has not yet led to a reformulation of the problem or a structural transformation of the relevant institutions. Decision-makers must address the complex issue of rising seas with a combination of scientific knowledge, socio-economic expertize, and good governance. In this regard, the “hi-tech” approach of Venice has generated problems of its own (as did the flood control projects in South Florida over half a century ago), while the increasing public mobilization in Miami appears more promising. -
Peddling Print in Renaissance Florence and Venice Rosa M
Sixteenth Century Journal XLII/3 (2011) ISSN 0361-0160 “Selling stories and many other things in and through the city”: Peddling Print in Renaissance Florence and Venice Rosa M. Salzberg University of Warwick Mobile and marginal, street sellers tend to disappear from the historical record, yet they played a very important part in the dissemination of cheap print from the earliest days of Italian publishing. They operated in the most central spaces of Italian cities such as Venice and Florence, selling cheap printed pamphlets, fliers, and images alongside other small consumer goods. They helped to make print accessible to a wide audience, often engaging in oral hawking or per- formance that could reach beyond the confines of the fully literate minority. However, these sellers occupied an ambiguous position in Italian cities, more often welcomed by customers and audiences than by guilds and government authorities. The increasing restrictions on print peddlers introduced in the era of the Counter- Reformation reflect the efforts of civic and religious authorities to grapple with the contemporary challenges of a burgeoning print market. In February 1560, several cartolai (stationers) petitioned the Duke of Florence, Cosimo I de’ Medici, for an exemption from a recent prohibition against selling in the street on religious holidays. All three petitioners— Tommaso di Antonio del Grasso, Santi di Giuliano Ceserini, and Bartolomeo di Luca— emphasized their poverty and responsibility to provide for large families. They explained that they had been accustomed, “according to long tradition” (secondo l’antica con- suetudine) to sell various kinds of cheap printed texts and images on feast days in the Via Calimala, near the Mercato Vecchio in central Florence, and elsewhere around the city. -
Padua Municipal Archives from the 13 to the 20 Centuries
Padua Municipal Archives from the 13th to the 20th Centuries: A Case of a Record-keeping System in Italy GIORGETTA BONFIGLIO-DOSIO RÉSUMÉ L’auteure décrit dans cet article le système de gestion des documents de 1’administration municipale de Padoue entre le 13e et le 20e siècle, par la commune libre, la seigneurie des Carraresi, les fonctionnaires de la république de Venise, puis 1’administration locale avant et après 1’unification nationale (1861, mais 1866 pour Venise et Padoue). Elle analyse principalement la chancellerie médiévale et moderne, alors que les archives étaient conservées et gardées par des institutions chargées de 1’administration publique, puis le travail bureaucratique et historiographique exécuté aux 19e et 20e siècles. À cette époque, de nouvelles méthodes de gestion, adoptées par les états créés par Napoléon et s’appliquant aux archives courantes, ont également influencé la conservation des archives historiques. Cet article montre comment une ville italienne a conservé sa mémoire administrative et a créé une institution spécifique afin de préserver et d’étudier ses documents historiques. ABSTRACT This research describes the record-keeping systems of Padua’s municipal administration from the 13th to the 20th centuries, i.e., by free commune, Carraresis’ seigniory, public servants of the Republic of Venice, and local administration in the context of the State before and after the national unification (1861, but for Veneto and Padua 1866). The focus is on the analysis of the medieval and modern chancellery, while archives were preserved and kept by corporate bodies charged with public administration, and afterwards bureaucratic and historiographical work carried out in the 19th and the 20th centuries. -
University Micrdfilms International 300 N
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1 . The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2 . When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. -
ART HISTORY of VENICE HA-590I (Sec
Gentile Bellini, Procession in Saint Mark’s Square, oil on canvas, 1496. Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice ART HISTORY OF VENICE HA-590I (sec. 01– undergraduate; sec. 02– graduate) 3 credits, Summer 2016 Pratt in Venice––Pratt Institute INSTRUCTOR Joseph Kopta, [email protected] (preferred); [email protected] Direct phone in Italy: (+39) 339 16 11 818 Office hours: on-site in Venice immediately before or after class, or by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION On-site study of mosaics, painting, architecture, and sculpture of Venice is the primary purpose of this course. Classes held on site alternate with lectures and discussions that place material in its art historical context. Students explore Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque examples at many locations that show in one place the rich visual materials of all these periods, as well as materials and works acquired through conquest or collection. Students will carry out visually- and historically-based assignments in Venice. Upon return, undergraduates complete a paper based on site study, and graduate students submit a paper researched in Venice. The Marciana and Querini Stampalia libraries are available to all students, and those doing graduate work also have access to the Cini Foundation Library. Class meetings (refer to calendar) include lectures at the Università Internazionale dell’ Arte (UIA) and on-site visits to churches, architectural landmarks, and museums of Venice. TEXTS • Deborah Howard, Architectural History of Venice, reprint (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003). [Recommended for purchase prior to departure as this book is generally unavailable in Venice; several copies are available in the Pratt in Venice Library at UIA] • David Chambers and Brian Pullan, with Jennifer Fletcher, eds., Venice: A Documentary History, 1450– 1630 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001). -
Duchess and Hostage in Renaissance Naples: Letters and Orations
IPPOLITA MARIA SFORZA Duchess and Hostage in Renaissance Naples: Letters and Orations • Edited and translated by DIANA ROBIN and LYNN LARA WESTWATER Iter Press Toronto, Ontario Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Tempe, Arizona 2017 Sforza_book.indb 9 5/25/2017 10:47:22 AM Iter Press Tel: 416/978–7074 Email: [email protected] Fax: 416/978–1668 Web: www.itergateway.org Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Tel: 480/965–5900 Email: [email protected] Fax: 480/965–1681 Web: acmrs.org © 2017 Iter, Inc. and the Arizona Board of Regents for Arizona State University. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sforza, Ippolita, 1445-1488, author. | Robin, Diana Maury, editor, translator. | Westwater, Lynn Lara, editor, translator. Title: Duchess and hostage in Renaissance Naples : letters and orations / Ippolita Maria Sforza ; edited and translated by Diana Robin, Lynn Lara Westwater. Description: Tempe, Arizona : Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies ; Toronto, Ontario : Iter Press : Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2017. | Series: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies ; 518 | Series: The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe. The Toronto Series, 55 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016059386 | ISBN 9780866985741 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sforza, Ippolita, 1445-1488—Correspondence. | Naples (Kingdom)—Court and courtiers—Correspondence. | Naples (Kingdom)—History—Spanish rule, 1442-1707--Sources. Classification: LCC DG848.112.S48 A4 2017 | DDC 945/.706092 [B]—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059386 Cover illustration: Pollaiuolo, Antonio del (1433-1498), Portrait of a Young Woman, ca. -
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space
Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Materiale Textkulturen Schriftenreihe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 933 Herausgegeben von Ludger Lieb Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Jan Christian Gertz, Markus Hilgert, Hanna Liss, Bernd Schneidmüller, Melanie Trede und Christian Witschel Band 23 Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture Edited by Tobias Frese, Wilfried E. Keil and Kristina Krüger Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM ISBN 978-3-11-062913-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-062915-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063347-4 ISSN 2198-6932 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964345 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Frese et al., published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston This book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover Images: Florenz, San Pancrazio, Capella Rucellai, facade. Photo: Miguel Hermoso Cuesta, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). Typesetting: Sonderforschungsbereich 933 (Nicolai Schmitt), Heidelberg Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen www.degruyter.com Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/4/19 9:22 AM Contents Acknowledgements V Tobias Frese, Kristina Krüger Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space The Interlacing of Real Places and Conceptual Spaces in Medieval Art and Architecture. -
The Istanbul Memories in Salomea Pilsztynowa's Diary
Memoria. Fontes minores ad Historiam Imperii Ottomanici pertinentes Volume 2 Paulina D. Dominik (Ed.) The Istanbul Memories in Salomea Pilsztynowa’s Diary »Echo of the Journey and Adventures of My Life« (1760) With an introduction by Stanisław Roszak Memoria. Fontes minores ad Historiam Imperii Ottomanici pertinentes Edited by Richard Wittmann Memoria. Fontes Minores ad Historiam Imperii Ottomanici Pertinentes Volume 2 Paulina D. Dominik (Ed.): The Istanbul Memories in Salomea Pilsztynowa’s Diary »Echo of the Journey and Adventures of My Life« (1760) With an introduction by Stanisław Roszak © Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, Bonn 2017 Redaktion: Orient-Institut Istanbul Reihenherausgeber: Richard Wittmann Typeset & Layout: Ioni Laibarös, Berlin Memoria (Print): ISSN 2364-5989 Memoria (Internet): ISSN 2364-5997 Photos on the title page and in the volume are from Regina Salomea Pilsztynowa’s memoir »Echo of the Journey and Adventures of My Life« (Echo na świat podane procederu podróży i życia mego awantur), compiled in 1760, © Czartoryski Library, Krakow. Editor’s Preface From the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Istanbul: A female doctor in the eighteenth-century Ottoman capital Diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Com- monwealth go back to the first quarter of the fifteenth century. While the mutual con- tacts were characterized by exchange and cooperation interrupted by periods of war, particularly in the seventeenth century, the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) marked a new stage in the history of Ottoman-Polish relations. In the light of the common Russian danger Poland made efforts to gain Ottoman political support to secure its integrity. The leading Polish Orientalist Jan Reychman (1910-1975) in his seminal work The Pol- ish Life in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century (»Życie polskie w Stambule w XVIII wieku«, 1959) argues that the eighteenth century brought to life a Polish community in the Ottoman capital.