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Implementation through Multilateral Co-operation Energy Technology Initiatives 2013 Implementation through Multilateral Co-operation

Ensuring energy security and addressing climate change cost-effectively are key global challenges. Tackling these issues will require efforts from stakeholders worldwide. To find solutions, the public and private sectors must work together, sharing burdens and resources, while at the same time multiplying results and outcomes.

Through its broad range of multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements), the IEA enables member and non-member countries, businesses, industries, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to share research on breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants and to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes across the energy sector. In short, their work can comprise any technology-related activity that supports energy security, economic growth, environmental protection and engagement worldwide.

Some 40 Implementing Agreements carry out programmes in the areas of energy efficiency (buildings, electricity, industry, and transport), fossil fuels (clean coal, enhanced oil recovery, carbon capture and storage), fusion power (tokamaks, materials, technologies, safety, alternate concepts) and renewable energy technologies, and cross- cutting topics (technology transfer, research databases, and modeling).

This publication highlights the most significant recent achievements of the IEA Implementing Agreements. The core of the IEA Energy Technology Network, these initiatives are a fundamental building block for facilitating the entry of new and improved energy technologies into the marketplace.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2013 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom

Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA.

40Years_Page02_2013_20x27_Q.indd 1 03/10/2013 09:47:39 FOREWORD

Current trends in energy supply and use are simply testing, expert networks, databases, workshops and scientist unsustainable – economically, environmentally and exchanges. Organisations from 46 countries, 58 businesses, socially. Without decisive action, energy-related greenhouse- and four international organisations worldwide are working gas (GHG) emissions will more than double by 2050. In together to further research and share information on the FOREWORD addition, increased fossil energy demand will heighten latest developments in energy technologies through the IAs. concerns over the security of supplies. There are currently 40 IAs working in the areas of efficient We can and must change our current path, but this will take end-use, fossil fuels, fusion and renewables (40 as of an energy revolution and low-carbon energy technologies December 2012, the end of the period covered by this will have a crucial role to play. Energy efficiency, renewable publication). Key recent outcomes designed to advance energy sources, carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear energy technologies include setting international standards; power and new or improved technologies for cleaner, more developing recycling models; carrying out life-cycle efficient power generation, industrial processes or vehicles assessments; analysing case studies of energy technology will require widespread deployment if we are to reduce efforts; preparing technology policy or research and greenhouse-gas emissions and meet energy demand. The development (R&D) best practice guidebooks and manuals; task is urgent if we are to ensure that investment decisions gathering important data; building pilot or demonstration made now do not lock us into decades of suboptimal projects; and crafting policy recommendations on areas technologies. More must be done to push forward the pertinent to certain energy technologies. development and deployment of the technologies we need During 2010-12, more than 300 topics were examined, today - and will need in the future. with the final results of 86 collaborative studies published. Unfortunately, the technologies with the greatest potential The significant recent achievements and activities of these for energy and GHG emissions savings are often unable groups over that period are the focus of this book. The IAs to reach markets. Favourable policy frameworks are an are at the core of a network that co-ordinates and promotes important first step. Increased co-operation between the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of industries, businesses and governments is also necessary. technologies to meet challenges in the energy sector for Lastly, further research to improve the reliability of these IEA member countries and partner countries: the IEA Energy technologies, reduce costs and accelerate deployment is Technology Network. also vital. I strongly encourage those who are engaged in energy The multilateral technology initiatives, or Implementing issues, whether in government or in the private sector, Agreements (IAs), are supported by the IEA and a time- to transform dialogue into action, in particular through proven, flexible, effective mechanism for energy technology collaboration in the IEA Implementing Agreements. collaboration, research and analysis. Since the IA mechanism This publication is produced under my authority as Executive was created in 1975, participants have examined more than Director of the IEA. 1 400 topics in the energy field through applied research, Maria van der Hoeven Executive Director International Energy Agency

3 © OECD/IEA 2013 © OECD/IEA 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Carrie Pottinger had overall research and editorial Roland Bründlinger, Russell Conklin, David Crossley, Debbie responsibility for this publication. Diana Louis provided Cutler, David de Jager, Eberhard Diegele, Mark Ellis, John research and editorial assistance. Support and direction was Gale, George Giannakidis, Jerry Gibbs, Andreas Hauer, provided by Ulrich Benterbusch and Ingrid Barnsley. The Elmer Holt, John Huckerby, Asa Jardeby, Richard Kurtz, IEA desk officers for Implementing Agreements (IAs) also Myeun Kwon, Bo Leckner, Brian Lloyd, Piero Martin, Ignacio provided valuable input: Keith Burnard, François Cuenot, Martin, Luciano Martin, Christophe Mayr, Brad Merrill, Mike John Dulac, David Elzinga, Araceli Fernandez-Pales, Steve Mongillo, Pamela Murphy, Niels Nielsen, Lori Nielsen, Nils- Heinen, Alex Koerner, Yoshiki Endo, Uwe Remme, and Tali Olof Nylund, Malcom Orme, Christoph Richter, Ulrich Samm, Trigg. Rebecca Gaghen, Head of the IEA Communication Jan Sandvig, John Sarff, Ingrid Schjølberg, Greg Smallwood, and Information Office (CIO) and her team designed, edited Detlef Stolten, Yuichi Takase, David Terranova, Jonathan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and published this book: Muriel Custodio, Astrid Dumond, Thomas, John Topper, GianCarlo Tosato, John Tustin, Cheryl Haines, Angela Gosmann and Bertrand Sadin. Martijn van Walwijk, Mike Walker, Hsin Wang, Patricia We are particularly grateful to the following individuals Weis-Taylor, Robin Wiltshire, Franz Winter, and Alan Wolsky. who provided information for their respective Implementing Agreement: Masato Akiba, Duarte Borda, Ana Brito e Melo,

5 © OECD/IEA 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD...... 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 5

INTRODUCTION...... 9

IEA IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS...... 11.

TABLE OF CONTENTS • QUIET ACHIEVERS IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION...... 13.

• CROSS-CUTTING ACTIVITIES ...... 17. Climate Technology Initiative...... 18. Energy Technology Data Exchange...... 19. Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme...... 20.

• END-USE TECHNOLOGIES...... 21 Buildings Buildings and Communities ...... 22 District Heating and Cooling...... 23 Energy Efficient Electrical Equipment...... 24 Energy Storage...... 25 Heat Pumping Technologies...... 26 Electricity Demand-Side Management...... 27 High-Temperature Superconductivity...... 28 Smart Grids...... 29 Industry Emissions Reduction in Combustion...... 30 Industrial Technologies and Systems...... 31 Transport Advanced Fuel Cells ...... 32 Advanced Motor Fuels...... 33 Advanced Transport Materials ...... 34 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles...... 35

• FOSSIL FUELS...... 37 Clean Coal Centre ...... 38 Enhanced Oil Recovery ...... 39 Fluidised Bed Conversion...... 40 Greenhouse Gas R&D ...... 41

• FUSION POWER...... 43 Environment, Safety and Economy of Fusion...... 44 Fusion Materials...... 45 Nuclear Technology of Fusion Reactors ...... 46

6 © OECD/IEA 2013 Plasma Wall Interaction...... 47 Reversed Field Pinches...... 48 Spherical Tori ...... 49 Stellarator Concept ...... 50 Tokamaks...... 51

• RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN...... 53 Bioenergy ...... 54 Concentrating Solar Power ...... 55 Deployment ...... 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS Geothermal ...... 57 Hydrogen...... 58 Hydropower ...... 59 Ocean ...... 60 Photovoltaic ...... 61 Solar Heating and Cooling ...... 62 Wind ...... 63

STATISTICS...... 65

TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12...... 67 SCOPE AND PORTFOLIOS...... 75 ENERGY SECTORS...... 76 PARTICIPATION...... 77

IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES...... 87

TECHNOLOGY FORCASTING ANALYSIS AND STRATEGIES...... 89 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY NETWORK...... 90

IEA ENGAGEMENT WORLDWIDE...... 93

INTERNATIONAL LOW-CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM...... 95 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME...... 95 BILATERAL SYMPOSIUMS...... 95 PARTNERING WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR ...... 95

FOR MORE INFORMATION...... 97

IEA SHARED GOALS...... 99 IEA FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATION ...... 100 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS...... 103

HOW TO BECOME A PARTICIPANT...... 105

CRONYMSA ...... 106

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... 108 IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT WEBSITES...... 110 IEA INFORMATION...... 111

7 © OECD/IEA 2013 © OECD/IEA 2013 INTRODUCTION

Accelerating research, development and deployment ll renewable energies and hydrogen (technologies (RD&D) of energy technologies and systems is a crucial and deployment) and fusion power (international component of resolving key global challenges, such as experiments); and promoting efficient use and production of energy, and ll cross-cutting issues (information exchange, modelling, ensuring energy security. To provide a platform for IEA technology transfer). member countries to address these challenges and facilitate INTRODUCTION collaboration with other partners, the IEA established a Cross-cutting initiatives provide tools and mechanisms that mechanism in 1975 for developing multilateral technology enable participants to implement technology programmes. 1 initiatives (formally known as Implementing Agreements The ETDE IA allows access to its extensive database of [IAs]) in 1975. scientific information to more than 90 partner countries. The CTI IA engages with IEA partner countries individually IAs provide a flexible mechanism for governments, industries and through regional events in order to share best practices, and businesses, and international and non-governmental build capacity, and facilitate technology transfer and organisations from IEA member and partner countries financing. An example of this is the Clean Energy Project (non-IEA countries) to leverage resources and multiply the Development Initiative for India and the Asia Forum for results of research into energy technologies and related Clean Energy Financing. Through energy models, the ETSAP issues. Through these initiatives, governments partner IA provides energy stakeholders with the tools necessary to with industry and other organisations to pursue energy improve national energy plans, making them more reliable technology research, forming a cost-effective, global energy and realistic. technology network. Improving end-use energy efficiency, whether in buildings As of December 2012, there were 40 IAs working in the and commercial services, electricity, industry or transport following areas: sectors, is crucial for the environment and energy security. ll efficient end-use technologies (buildings, electricity, Fourteen IAs currently research various aspects of these end- industry, transport); l l fossil fuels (greenhouse-gas mitigation, supply, 1. IAs are referred in their abbreviated form in the text. The full formal names are transformation); provided in the section For More Information.

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This map is without prejudice to the status or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.

9 © OECD/IEA 2013 use sectors. One recently created IA co-ordinates policies, Renewable energy technologies provide clean, flexible, promotes standards and analyses issues related to energy standalone or grid-connected electricity and heating or efficient electrical equipment (4E IA). cooling. Ten IAs deal with renewable energy technologies Fossil fuels are at the core of energy demand in the transport (including deployment), bioenergy, geothermal, hydrogen, and electricity generation sectors and will continue to be hydropower, ocean systems, solar (concentrated power, for many more years to come. The work of six IAs focuses heating and cooling, photovoltaic), and wind. on finding ways to build on existing resources, while at Eight IAs co-ordinate national and regional fusion power

INTRODUCTION the same time getting the most from every barrel of oil or programmes in both IEA member and partner countries tonne of coal while reducing costs and improving efficiency. and share experimental results on safety and materials, Key areas of interest include enhanced oil recovery, carbon tokamaks, and alternate concept devices and physics. capture and storage (CCS), science and technologies for clean coal-fired power generation, fluidised bed conversion technologies and multiphase flow applications.

10 © OECD/IEA 2013 IEA IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS Quiet Achievers in International Energy Technology Collaboration Cross-Cutting Activities End-Use Technologies Fossil Fuels Fusion Power Renewable Energies and Hydrogen

11 © OECD/IEA 2013 © OECD/IEA 2013 2, along with important features of this unique unique this of features important with along 2, technology collaboration tool. over outcomes key 2010 some of summary brief a is Below Convention (UNFCCC) Change technology mechanism, established in 2010. Climate a for Framework Nations United the of creation informed information) more For International Energy Technology Collaboration (see chapter: Of note, the IA mechanism and its related IEA Framework for or co-invention registered by two or more of the IA participating countries, some countries between participating in an IA and patents countries. The second study found a positive correlation for increase knowledge sharing; and, the participation to ofnetworks of partner strengthening and creation the property); (i rights sharing equal sector; private the by participationfor chance thestructure;governance flexible report highlights key advantages of the IA mechanism: the this initiatives, other to mechanism IA the comparing By practice; and capacity building for research and innovation. property; putting science and technological innovation into funding and spending; knowledge sharing and intellectual priority-setting; criteria: five to according compared were mechanism IA organisations,theincluding orinitiatives Seven mechanisms. collaborative technology and science international to regard with practice best examines study Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for Organisation the by independently conducted studies separate two of subject the been has mechanism IA the Since the last edition of maximum term of five years, which is renewable. merged their activities with another IA. Each IA is allowed a have been created, while 40 have either ceased activities or 81 IAs 1975, Since governments. country Member IEA of A new IA may be created at any time to respond to the needs IEA member countries. beyond science, and technology energy on collaboration a as international of recognised means effective and flexible, time-proven, being increasingly is mechanism (IA) Agreement Implementing IEA the initiatives, technology In existence for longer ffectiveness than many other international energy Agreement The TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGY ENERGY INTERNATIONAL IN ACHIEVERS QUIET

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QUIET ACHIEVERS IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION QUIET ACHIEVERS IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION 14 and electricity network R&D). while two others have closed– (relating IA) to cleanGOT coal and science IA (ISGAN technologies oil and gas and Initiatives were created. Since the 2010 edition of IAs more or one when years illustrating peaks with time, represents the number of signatures and withdrawals over Table 1 mechanism. IA the of history the in withdrawals) resulting in the third lowest net participation (signatures less organisations13withdrew, and IA sponsors)anjoined as non-governmentknownentities, or parties,contracting as known governments, (either organisations 18 2012, In IAs have varied significantly over time. from, withdrawals and in, (signatures) participation New as withdrawals – reflects changes in priorities and budgets. sectorentities. Similarly, newparticipation wellasIAs– in importance given to that topic by governments and private magnitude The of membership IAs. in an IAto underlines the strategicsignatories become have 414 entities than more date, To capacities. research national expands and experts of networks national creates industries, and governments between connections builds participation IA Membership vehicles (HEV IA). created in 2011, and the IA focusing on hybrid and Initiative, electric Vehicles Electric CEM the between developed was collaboration close a second, the In grids. smart on framework for the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) initiative new IA was established (ISGAN IA) to serve as a managerial a 2011, April In publication. this of edition last the since field this in developments notable two been have There (SBSTA). Advice Technological and Scientific for its Body of Subsidiary activities the in participates also and (UNFCCC) the United Nationsto Framework (COP) Convention on ClimateParties Change the of Conference side every holds at which events IA, CTI the is example longstanding high of number a to An important aspect of the IA mechanism is its contribution Links tointernationalprocesses the first time. for IA an organisationsjoined 32 2010-12, over network: technology energy the to partners respectable attract to sametimethelending credibility turnhelpsIAs.Thisinto at while work, Agency’s the of visibility the increases This organisations. international and universities industries, enterprises, multinational institutions, research agencies, IA activities enable the IEA to collaborate with government IEA andtheIAs:awin-winsituation , two new IAs have been created – on smart grids,

‑ l evel international initiatives. One One initiatives. international evel [4] Energy Technology © OECD/IEA 2013 Unless otherwiseindicatedallfiguresourcesareIEA. States (38 of 40 IAs as of December 2012), Canada (32) (32) Canada 2012), December of as IAs 40 of (38 States the majority of participants in IAs (75%), led by the United represent to continue governments country member IEA u economies contributes greatly to the work of the IAs. fewer Much with countries resources. Moreover, technology with development in emerging engaging for provide framework a explicitly issues cross-cutting address that IAs the Indeed, increase. to continues IAs through countries partner to transfer opportunities technology and building capacity for countries, member IEA beyond to expand continues membership IA As IA. each of evaluation (CERT)engagespartnerwithcountriesregular through its Technology and Research Energy on Committee IEA The Tunisia may also be considering becoming IA members. Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Morocco (2011) and Slovenia (2012). membercountries. Twocountries haverecently joined IAs: was participating in 15 IAs, a greater number than six IEA China 2012, 31 December of As IAs. total all in of participation 12% for account now countries partner total 19 A of priority. a be to continues countries partner of participation the increasing co-operation, technology and participation. To address global challenges through science country partner in increase 575 38% a from includes this 600; grown to has IAs in participation 2010, Since . IAs three of Chairs each are Switzerland and Germany Austria, while IAs, of number greatest the of Chairs are (four) Italy and (four) Japan (five), States of an IA, the United Committee IEA in the Executive In of terms leadership countries. member all among fourth placing 2012, by IAs 28 joining to 1993 in IAs in participation no from growth, largest has Korea had the participation. their more than doubled have countries three these 1983, Since (31). Japan and Number of IA signatures and withdrawals

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[5] 2012 enterprises, industry associations and private research research consortia. Six of the private 16 new sponsors and are located in partner associations industry enterprises, renewableincludedenergies.multinationalandThisfuels IAs, the vast majority of which were in IAs relating to fossil in participants became sponsors new 18 2010-12, Over currently represent 10% of all participation in IAs. sponsors, as known formally entities, Non-governmental governments. member IEA beyond participation for allow they that is IAs of feature important another activities, academia and government in fostering successful research sector, private the among links of importance the Given SolarPACES). partner country participants (concentrating solar power, or and countrymember IEA of number equal an has IA One can and is being learned from partner country experiences. u Number of sponsors participating in IAs u Number of partner countries participating in IAs

10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 7 4 0 8 2 6 9 5 3 1 0 5 1996 Figure 3•Sponsorparticipation 1985 Figure 2•Partnercountryparticipation 1986 1997 1987 oae nIAmme countries member IEA in Located oae nprnrcountries partner in Located 1998 1988 1989 1999 e participations New 1990 2000 1991 1992 2001 1993 2002 1994 1995 2003 1997 2004 1998 1999 2005 2000 2006 participations Total 2002 2003 2007 2004 2008 2006 2007 2009 2008 2010 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 © OECD/IEA Community(EURATOM) participates eightthesevenofin Energy Atomic European the and areas, of range broad a in 13 IAs in participates Commission European The IAs. in participate also organisations international Important informally are companies engaged in IAs, either as participants or consultants. 500 than more Currently, project. IA an in participates or informally consulted is industry where instances cover figures the do nor IA, an industryrepresentto themtheExecutiveon Committee of data will not represent those cases where governments ask shown in the Statistics section of this publication. However, The full list of companies participating in IAs as sponsors is were located in partner countries. IAs in sponsors new all 2012, In Emirates). Arab (United de Investigaciones Eléctricas (Mexico); and, Masdar Carbon Instituto the (China); Institute Engineering and Planning Chinese Wind Energy Association and the Electrical Power Economic the Community of (Brazil); West African States (Cape Petrobras Verde Islands); the including: countries, energy demand to non-IEA countries. global nature of today’s energy challenges and the shift in energytechnology, and is particularly important given the structure of IAs as a form of international collaboration on effective and flexible the to testament a is This countries. partner and entities non-governmental of involvement IEA member country governments as shown by the increased The value of IA Clean participation is capturing attention beyond the under type project Development a Mechanism of the UNFCCC. as CCS of approval driving desalination plants in electricity; arid regions; and,for facilitating steam high-temperature create to power concentratedsolar using work: of areas new includesThis highly of number substantial. is large 2010-12 over addressed topics specialised the from gained The knowledge technology. energy on collaboration international facilitating in role a play to continue will IAs worldwide, challenges sustainability and energy significant Given Conclusion could be encouraged further in the coming years. of energy. Indeed, international organisation participation field the in working organisations international between synergies encourage to efforts IEA recent with consistent is This IA). (Hydrogen hydrogen on focuses that IA an in Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) participates Nations United the and IA) (GHG CCS to relating IA the in participates (OPEC) Countries Exporting Petroleum for international of number the organisations participating in IAs to five. The Organisation bringing tokamaks, to related IA fusion the joined Organisation Energy International Fusion ITER the 2012, In fusion. to relating IAs 2013

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17 © OECD/IEA 2013 CROSS-CUTTING ACTIVITIES 18 emissions by 7.1 million tonnes per year CO(t/ reduce to potential the have and investments total of USD 5 billion representprojectsThese 2010. in 69 to pipeline the (proposals in projectsbeing PFANprocessed) CTI had 2012, increased of to end 164, the comparedBy receiving CTI PFAN support have increased Projects significantly. Asia. Central and (CIS); States Independent of Africa; West Commonwealth the Caribbean; Africa; the and America Central East regions: new four including Over the last two years the CTI PFAN Network has expanded, from the PFAN global network of investors and financiers. business plan and by introducing mature projects to investors assistanceand throughfinanciallypreparation a soundof early an stage ofdevelopment, at providing professional projects support promising identifying by this achieves It financing. of need in projects energy clean and investors between gap the bridging by emissions gas greenhouse reducing to dedicated initiative multilateral global, a is ThePrivateCTIIA Financing Advisory Network (CTIPFAN) Spotlight There are 11 Contracting Parties. (UNFCCC). Change Climate on Convention Framework Nations United the of Network and Centre Technology with the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate and building; capacity exchanges of experts. The CTI targeted IA anticipates working closely financing; project to access training; assessments; needs technology out carry Initiative (CTI IA) provides a framework for governments to Technology Climate the for Agreement Implementing the international countries, organisations, private business partner and financing communities, with co-operation In Background development and diffusion of clean technologies. with emerging economies is an important step to acceleratingshare best practice, knowledge, tools and financing options burdentobuild anenvironmentally sound future. Efforts to East. Middle the and India China, in standardsliving rising by expected to rise by overontext one-third before 2035, underpinned is countriesnon-member OECD in demand energy global IEA the to According Policy PARTNERS MEET FINANCIERS PROJECT economies will hold an increasing share of the worldwidethe increasing ofshare an hold economies will electricity.peopleresult,accessstilllacktoemerginga As increase70%worldwidedrivein a demand,1.3 billion as Climate Technology Initiative Technology Climate 1 The need for electricity in emerging economies willeconomies emerging electricity in for need The

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Industry END-USE Emissions Reduction in Combustion Industrial Technologies and Systems

Transport Advanced Fuel Cells Advanced Motor Fuels Advanced Transport Materials Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

21 © OECD/IEA 2013 Buildings and Communities

REAL SAVINGS WITH RETROFITS Policy context Near-zero energy consumption in new – and existing – buildings and communities is possible. Designing a carefully

BUILDINGS chosen research and development (R&D) strategy will enable the building industries to move from incremental – to substantial – energy savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

Background The aim of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research and Development on Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC IA) is to take advantage of energy-saving opportunities to remove technical obstacles to market p Factory assembling of a large, prefabricated façade module (Austria). penetration of new energy conservation technologies for community systems and residential, commercial, and office buildings. To implement this strategy, EBC IA activities focus Retrofits also present advantages compared to demolition and rebuilding. This includes, for example, reduction in

END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: on dissemination, decision-making and building systems. construction cost, time and local disturbance, minimal There currently 27 Contracting Parties, including China and waste and long-term reduction in CO emissions. Israel. 2

Spotlight CURRENT PROJECTS The main challenge to achieving energy conservation in the Air infiltration and ventilation centre buildings sector is designing technologies and systems for Development and demonstration of financial and existing buildings — approximately 80% of all buildings in technical concepts for deep energy retrofits OECD countries. Energy-efficient communities Some energy savings can be achieved through renovating building components such as windows, roofs, facades or Evaluation of embodied energy and CO2 emissions heating systems. However, full building retrofits achieve for building construction substantial energy savings. High-temperature cooling, micro-generation and cost-effective energy and CO emissions The EBC IA project, Prefabricated Systems for Low Energy 2 optimisation in building renovation Renovation of Residential Buildings, investigated the effectiveness of building renovation through the use of Low temperature heating in buildings large, prefabricated renovation modules for both façades New generation computational tools and roofs. Related energy technologies in buildings The study demonstrated that substantial energy savings are possible in typical apartment buildings that represent Reliable building energy performance approximately 40% of European dwellings. Retrofits of characterisation based on full-scale dynamic measurements 350 apartments measured as part of the study demonstrated energy savings between 80% to 90% or 30 kilowatt hours Reliability of energy efficient building retrofitting 2 2 per square metre per year (kWh/m /yr) to 50kWh/m /yr. Towards net zero energy solar buildings The prefabricated modules can be applied to many types of existing buildings and allow for larger window sizes, and Total energy use in buildings: analysis and ventilation systems integrated into the façade. Retrofits in evaluation methods the study were found to extend living space, for example, by incorporating balconies into apartments or by creating new rooftop apartments. REFERENCES Photo courtesy of Gap-solution GmbH (Austria). www.iea-ebc.org

22 © OECD/IEA 2013 Buildings and Communities District Heating and Cooling

BE THE FIRST ON YOUR BLOCK Policy context The fundamental idea of district heating and cooling (DHC) is simple: connect multiple energy consumers to cost-

effective, environmentally optimal heat sources through a BUILDINGS piping network. Sources of the heat could include combined heat and power plants, biomass or biomass/coal co-firing, capturing geothermal heat and natural sources of heating and cooling, or recuperating industrial waste heat. Policies and measures to promote DHC include financial and fiscal support, utility supply obligations, local infrastructure and heat planning, emissions trading, interconnection measures and capacity building. p Through innovative municipal planning, this new suburban housing development is linked to a district heating network (Neidonkallio, Finland). Background

The Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research, dwellers where heat demand is highest. Yet only 10% to Development and Demonstration on District Heating and 15% of outlying areas (e.g. suburban communities with Cooling, including the Integration of Combined Heat and a majority of single-family dwellings) are connected to END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: Power (DHC IA) examines district heating, cooling and DHC systems as they were not previously considered to be power; energy efficient supply, notably combined heat and economical. power (CHP); cost reductions through improved heating pipes and substations; efficient end-use through efficient DHC system installation is considered to be cost effective customer connections and demand side management; and when it achieves 1 Megawatt hour (MWh) per metre per year reducing the gap between supply and demand through (MWh/m/yr). This ‘benchmark’ is based on DHC systems for thermal storage and system optimisation. There are multi-family dwellings located in densely-populated urban currently nine Contracting Parties. areas. The study found that installing DHC systems can also be cost-effective in outlying areas, despite the lower heat Spotlight demand density of 0.5 MWh/m/yr. In outlying areas there are far fewer design and construction constraints related The overall objective of one recent DHC IA study, Policies to existing infrastructure (telecommunications or sewage and Barriers for District Heating and Cooling outside systems) and lengthy approval processes. In addition, the European Countries, was to identify and review key piping design for low heat density areas is simpler and can institutional barriers to DHC development and review best be made from lighter, cheaper materials. practice in 13 countries (Canada, China, Korea, Russia, the United States and selected European neighbouring countries). In China and Russia, some 200 million people CURRENT PROJECTS are served by DHC systems. Improved maintenance strategies for district The District Heating Technology Platform supported by heating pipe-lines the European Commission addressed these issues for Integrating renewable energy and waste heat 14 European countries. Working together, the two studies with district energy systems: economic and covered 95% of DHC networks worldwide. design optimisation Case studies for each country focussed on the current Towards fourth generation district heating: situation, the policy framework, as well as highlighting experiences with, and potential of, low- barriers to further deployment. Cross-country comparisons temperature district heating and analysis highlighted best practice in sustainable development of DHC systems. Another DHC IA study, District Heating for Energy Efficient Building Areas, aims to understand cost effectiveness of installations, particularly as district heating networks are REFERENCES very location- and case-specific. In northern Europe, district Photo courtesy of Kari Sipila. heating networks reach 80% to 90% of central urban www.iea-dhc.org

23 © OECD/IEA 2013 END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: BUILDINGS 24 global TV sales in 2011. in six countries or regions, representing approximately 45% of nearly 9 519 measurements were collected on over 6 000 TVscomparisons.productsSix were tested.televisionsFor (TVs), and analysis of standby power data to facilitate internationalcollection the in assist to methodologies developed study achievedbeenthroughhavecommercial development. The could than faster and further markets driving – successful particularly was Korea in plan policy comprehensive a of delivery andsignalling Additionally,earlymeasures. policy policies regulatory that otherquicklythandeliversignificant more gainstoappear concludes analysis IA 4E The commitments voluntary (European Union). and States), (United labelling performancestandards, orMEPS (Korea, Canada); voluntary efficiency minimum as such measures includes This 2001. since enacted policies by possible made were gains These reducing electricity consumption of standby use in televisions. target,illustratedasfigurethis showingprogressby the on Themajority devicesof arenowwellcourse on meettothis power forthe first time that the IEA 1-Watt plan toreduce standby PerformanceofDomestic Appliances One recent 4E IA report, Benchmarking of the Standby Power of policy interventions on product performance. and benchmarking work stream of the 4E IA tracks the effect lasting impacts on policy and and real carbon emissions. have The can mapping commitments international High-level Spotlight Parties. are Contracting 12 currently There equipment. will electrical of that efficiencies policies improve to to approaches stakeholders effective other and understand governments for forum a provides It equipment. and appliances efficient energy of field the in development Equipment Co-operative policy sound supports Electrical a (4E IA) Efficient for Energy on Agreement Programme Implementing The Background policy approaches more effectively than acting alone. develop to countries enables co-operation international makers. As international trade in electrical equipment grows, and their growing complexity pose new challenges for policy and industry. appliances However, the wide variety of electrical equipment major ontext buildings, for policies efficiency energy successful of portfolio a have governments Many Policy POLICIES OF POWER THE Energy Efficient Electrical Equipment Electrical Efficient Energy 1 , adopted by G8 ministers in 2005, has been effective.

c , shows, conclusively and © OECD/IEA 2 2013 Aswell asdemonstrating the success ofpolicies designed to p www.iea-4e.org (representing 83%ofworldmarkets),and others. 2. Includingcathoderaytubes(CRT),liquid-crystal displays(LCD) watt perdevice. harmonise energypoliciestoreducestandby powerusetonomorethanone 1. In1999theIEAproposed1-WattPlan, i.e.thatallcountries REFERENCES Asia Pacific region. energyefficiency policies Europe,in North America theand and lights have been used to formulate national and regional refrigerators,air conditioners, computers, washing machines Similarly, comprehensive and detailed analysis by the 4E IA of while developing power; policy solutions excessive to tackle these consume problems. networks to devices connected when standby’, ‘network of threat emerging the addressconventional standby power, this analysis highlights

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END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: BUILDINGS END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: BUILDINGS 26 were identified, leading to industry recommendations. monitoring). field and developed, systems overview, market summary, sheets, systems concept sheets, and a final report (executive best-practice in summarised are study field-tested. this of results being The currently are prototypes the of developed More America. North in available now within commercially are they that developed efficient so be to concepts proved project pump the heat the of Some countries in proven were field participating in the and study. prototypes tested, pump lab heat developed, multifunctional Seven in low-energy houses. new light concepts pump heat of cost-efficiency to the on information brought Houses, Low-Energy for Systems One recent HPT IA project, Economical Heating and Cooling experiences are operational rare. from data result, a As low. remains pumps heat for share market the market, the to introduced been having Despite simultaneously. functions building several treat to way efficient an is designs house low-energy into home new concepts of pump heat multifunctional Integrating designs. share growing a represent and practice Low-energy houses are now integrated into current building Spotlight Programme. There are currently 14 Contracting Parties. the of status and visibility the improve significantly and information among stakeholders and other relevant entities; demonstration and deployment; provide an effective flow of international in HP technologies through further research, development, foster and collaboration to develop knowledge, promote systems and practices technologies; HP appropriate of deployment support to information deliver and develop technologies; pumping heat of global) and Pumping Heat (localenvironmentalbenefits and potential saving energy on the publicise and quantify to Development are IA) (HPT Technologies and Research of The aims of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme Background will play an important role in reducing barriers to deployment.cleantechnologies including heatpumps. These strategies dioxide (CO Europe, Japan, and the United States aim to reduce carbon CO and fuels fossil ontext significantlyconsumptionofreduce potentialto the have water,earthair,pumpsandheatthe in heat usingthe By Policy COOLING AND HEATING MULTIFUNCTIONAL Heat Pumping Technologies Pumping Heat

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END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: ELECTRICITY High-Temperature Superconductivity

LOWERING RISKS AND REDUCING INFRASTRUCTURE Policy context Electricity demand continues to rise worldwide. Utilities are challenged to find economical, sustainable solutions. Losses due to fault current limitation are common. ELECTRICITY Nearly 50% of the electrical losses between generators and end-users occur in transformers. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables can transport current with low losses and a very high power density. Incorporating HTS into electrical generators and equipment increases system efficiency, reliability and safety. Policies and measures to enable HTS to become commercially available include continued support for R&D and sustained public and private research partnerships.

Background p A cross-section of a high-temperature superconducting cable used The aim of the Implementing Agreement for a Co-operative in the AmpaCity project (Essen, Germany). Programme for Assessing the Impacts of High-Temperature END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: Superconductivity on the Electric Power Sector (HTS smaller space needed for the cables enabled the distribution IA) is to identify and evaluate the potential benefits of company to develop a simplified network configuration, superconductivity and the barriers to achieving these further reducing the amount of land used. A 2012 study benefits. HTS IA participants keep abreast of the state-of- conducted by the AmpaCity partners found that a typical the-art and industry standards regarding HTS component urban network including 20 transformers could be reduced manufacturers, cryogenics research, laboratories and trade to 15 using HTS cables, significantly reducing costs. organisations. There are 13 Contracting Parties, including Israel, and two sponsors. Project sponsors include the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT) and the project sponsor Jülich (PTJ), and Spotlight Nexans, as manufacturer of cables and cable systems. HTS cables have clear benefits for the electric power sector. Installation will be completed third quarter 2013. They reduce space in urban environments, and when cooled to -200°C, HTS cables can transport nearly three times more electric power than conventional copper cables with much CURRENT PROJECTS fewer transmission losses and without generating magnetic Alternating current losses fields. Fault current limiters The HTS IA works actively to identify new applications and projects using this promising technology. In Essen, Germany High-temperature superconducting rotors (a Contracting Party to the HTS IA), a two-year “AmpaCity” High-temperature superconducting rotating project is testing a resistive HTS fault current limiter and the machines world’s longest HTS cable - 1 kilometre (km). Roadmap for superconductors The HTS cable is laid between two 10-kilovolt (kV) urban substations. Power is transformed from the high-voltage line Simulating HTS using electromagnetic transient (110 kV) to a 10 kV current limiter, then transmitted by programmes HTS cable to the city centre. This eliminates the need for a High-temperature superconducting motors MV substation. Type testing has recently been completed. A two-year study found that despite needing a flow of liquid nitrogen to cool the HTS cables, it is actually more cost effective to install the cables and operate over a 40-year period than to install REFERENCES conventional high voltage lines, which require high levels Photo courtesy of Nexans. of maintenance and additional network infrastructure. The www.superconductivityiea.org

28 © OECD/IEA 2013 High-Temperature Superconductivity Smart Grids

INCREASING CAPACITY AND RELIABILITY Policy context Advanced metering infrastructure Variable renewable A safe, reliable supply of electricity drives economic energy integration growth. Unfortunately, most electricity networks were Demand response Drivers built more than 100 years ago, while others are unable to

handle the considerable increase in demand. In addition, Wind ELECTRICITY the sources - and uses - of electricity are becoming more Distributed energy resources complex. Integrating “smart grid” technologies such as Renewable energy advanced information, sensing, communications, control, standards or targets System efficiency and energy technologies and systems can significantly improvements improve electricity network reliability while at the same time Reliability improvements Technologies enable demand-side management. Policies and measures to Enabling customer support smart grids include framework policies oriented to choice and participation Enabling new products, a systems approach, targets, international standards, and services, markets continued support for R&D. Energy efficiency improvements Background 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 Survey responses The International Smart Grid Action Network was launched 1 p A ranking of the main survey results showing the main drivers and

in July 2010 under the Clean Energy Ministerial. Formally END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: organised under the Implementing Agreement for a Co- technology priorities among ISGAN IA participants. operative Programme on Smart Grids (ISGAN), the goals are to spur the accelerated development and deployment of Developed economies responding to the survey emphasised smart grid solutions worldwide through activities to develop drivers and technologies that enable integration of new a better global understanding of smart grids, address gaps products, services, and clean energy sources. On the other in knowledge and tools, and foster improved knowledge hand, emerging economies prioritised elements that improve sharing and project collaboration. There are 22 Contracting the reliable and cost-effective operation of the existing Parties including China, India, Mexico and Russia. electricity network. Spotlight Given the new area of study that smart grids represents, the CURRENT PROJECTS ISGAN IA set out to create an inventory of the smart grid Global smart grid inventory motivating drivers and technology priorities of each of the Smart grid case studies participants. The inventory outlines common interests and Benefit-cost analyses and toolkits serves as the basis for the programme of work. Power transmission and distribution systems Data were collected from 19 participating countries. Motivating drivers include the driving forces for goal- Synthesis of insights for decision makers oriented actions (e.g. planning, strategy development or Smart grid international research facility network strategic directions and implementation). Technologies are those that will develop or be deployed to support the driver. The top six motivating drivers from the study include renewable energy standards or targets; systems efficiency improvements; reliability improvements; enabling customer choice and participation; enabling new products, services, and markets; and energy efficiency improvements. The top- ranking technology priorities included advanced metering REFERENCES infrastructure2, integrating large-sized variable renewables, 1. A high-level global forum to promote policies and programs that advance demand response, wind, and distributed energy resources. clean energy technology, to share lessons learned and best practices, and to These top-ranked drivers and technologies are largely encourage the transition to a global clean energy economy. 2. Electricity meters that use two-way communication to collect electricity consistent across the range of continents though there usage and related information from customers and to deliver information to are differences between world regions, as well as between customers. developed and emerging economies. www.iea-isgan.org

29 © OECD/IEA 2013 Emissions Reduction in Combustion

SHEDDING LIGHT ON EMISSIONS Policy context

Nearly three-quarters of atmospheric CO2 emissions in the transport sector result from fuels used for transport, INDUSTRY accounting for one-fourth of carbon emissions worldwide. Given the worldwide projected demand, combustion engines will continue to play an important role for years to come. Therefore it is imperative that governments continue to support R&D to improve engine efficiencies. Accelerated, concerted efforts between the public and private sectors will also be needed.

Background

The aims of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme p This innovative optical instrument measures concentrations of of Research, Development and Demonstration on Energy black carbon in diesel engines. Conservation and Emissions Reduction in Combustion (ERC IA) are to carry out research projects related to The optical system includes a computer-controlled END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: advanced piston technology; furnaces and combustors; and automated laser beam, energy detection and adjustment fundamental research. Each project is carried out in parallel system that maintains constant laser fluence2 in a wide by the members in their national research laboratories or range of environmental conditions. Other applications university science or engineering departments. In addition, include emissions from petrol/gasoline, aircraft engines, gas each project benefits from close collaboration with industry turbines, and urban air quality atmospheric measurements to ensure market relevance. There are 12 Contracting Parties. of black carbon. Spotlight Despite diesel particulate filters (DPF), vehicles burning CURRENT PROJECTS diesel create particulate emissions such as airborne black Advanced hydrogen-fuelled internal . carbon. Black carbon can affect air quality and open-air combustion engines water sources, resulting in health issues. Measuring these Alternative fuels low levels of black carbon on the road and in real time requires sensitive new diagnostic tools Hydrogen-enriched lean premixed combustion for ultra low emission gas turbine combustors Until now, most tests of these particulate emissions were carried out in laboratories but not in on-road conditions. Individual contributor tasks The ERC IA member from Canada, in consultation with Internal combustion engine sprays the ERC IA ExCo and with two industries1, has developed Homogeneous charge compression ignition and commercialised an instrument that enables extremely precise measurements in on-road, real time conditions. Nano-particle diagnostics The laser-induced Incandescence Instrument (LII) is an optical technique that measures the system efficiency of emissions control by sampling and reporting levels of black carbon concentration (parts per billion and milligrams per cubic metre), surface area, and particulate diameter from either the direct exhaust or from a dilution tunnel facility. It can be applied to evaluate the system efficiency of emissions control of solid particulate matter. As a result, the LII enables the further development of diesel engines REFERENCES that are emissions compliant, with efficient and effective 1. A consortium between Natural Research Council (NRC) of Canada, Artium black-carbon management and strategies for diesel Technologies and Cummins. NRC holds the patent for the device. particulate filters, effective engine calibrations for reducing 2. The amount of laser energy delivered with each pulse. levels of particulate matter at different engine conditions Photo courtesy of Artium Technologies, Inc. and emissions compliant engine products. www.ieacombustion.net

30 © OECD/IEA 2013 Emissions Reduction in Combustion Industrial Technologies and Systems

ZOOMING IN ON HEAVY INDUSTRY Policy context The industry sector currently accounts for 27.3% of the world’s energy use and is thus responsible for a significant INDUSTRY share of global CO2 emissions (22.6%). Improving industrial energy efficiency offers the most cost-efficient measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency improvements are possible in heavy industries such as iron and steel, cement, petrochemicals, chemicals, pulp and paper, aluminium, and food processing. Raising awareness of the financial and environmental benefits of these improvements must be balanced against the additional investments required to implement changes. Fiscal and financial policies and measures designed to support heavy industry are an important first step. p Video observation of the dry slag granulation process in Background a pilot reactor. END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: The aims of the Implementing Agreement on Industrial One example of process integration includes the relationship Energy-Related Technologies and Systems (IETS IA) are to between fluid dynamics and energy recovery. One particular accelerate the research and share the results of cost-effective pilot reactor includes a high-speed video camera that new industrial technologies and system configurations that provides insight into the rate of dry slag granulation in the increase productivity and product quality while improving steelmaking process. energy efficiency and sustainability. The IETS IA currently focuses on the energy-intensive process industries and Outcomes of the project include a network of experts in the

technologies, but is moving to expand research into sector, a database of proven technologies, and a guidebook. other industrial sectors and to facilitate cooperation between different industrial research disciplines. There are CURRENT PROJECTS nine Contracting Parties. Application of industrial heat pumps Spotlight Development and use of process integration in the iron and steel industry Integrated steelmaking is complex, involving a series of industrial processes and producing a number of by- Energy efficiency in SMEs products, including excess process gases which are used Energy efficient separations systems: to create electricity. Gaining a better understanding of methodological aspects, demonstration and the complex processes and energy intensity of the steel economics industry will improve efficiencies and reduce greenhouse Energy efficient drying and dewatering emissions, currently responsible for 6% to 7% of CO2 technologies emissions worldwide. Industrial excess heat recovery The aims of the IETS IA project, Development and Use of Process Integration in the Iron and Steel Industry, are to Industry-based biorefineries advance the application of process integration1 as a method Membrane technologies to reduce energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions in the steel sector. Applying process integration in the steel industry is a relatively novel approach that is rapidly evolving. As a result, communicating the methods and results to REFERENCES: industry stakeholders who are unfamiliar with the advantages 1. Process integration refers to system-oriented methods and integrated approaches to complex industrial process plant design. of the approach will be a challenge. For this reason, the IETS Photo courtesy of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research IA holds workshops to bring together a cross-section of steel Organisation (Australia). companies, research institutes and universities. www.iea-industry.org/

31 © OECD/IEA 2013 Advanced Fuel Cells

ALL ON BOARD THE CLEAN MACHINES Policy context Fuel cells are devices that use a chemical reaction to generate electricity. Fuel cells are polyvalent: they can use many types of fuels including primary or secondary TRANSPORT fossil fuels, synthetic gases, and renewable sources such as biofuels and hydrogen. Fuel cells may be used as small batteries, electrical power plants as electrical propulsion for vehicles. Fuel cell pilot and demonstration programmes provide much-needed information to further improve the energy output from fuel cells, reduce investment risk and reduce production costs. Further support for research will be needed to fully capitalise on the fuel cell principle.

pp One of 20 buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells as part of a Background demonstration project launched for the 2010 Winter Olympics Games (Vancouver, British Columbia). The Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Advanced Fuel Cells of fuel cell buses has consistently shown fuel economies

END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: (AFC IA) advances understanding in the field of advanced twice as great (eight miles per diesel gallon equivalent) fuel cells through a coordinated programme of research, as conventional buses powered by diesel and compressed technology development and systems analysis. This natural gas engines. includes expert networks that enable specialists to share research, development and demonstration results; defining Many fuel cell bus demonstration projects have been carried measurement and monitoring techniques; exchanging out around the world, including Brazil, Canada, China, information on cell, stack and system performance; Europe, Korea and the United States. A programme with collaborating on the development of new procedures 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses funded by the Canadian national and models; and sharing information on application and local governments inaugurated during the 2010 Olympic requirements. There are currently 15 Contracting Parties, Games, is still operating. The bus fleet has already logged including Mexico and Israel. over 1 million kilometres, demonstrating that the life span of fuel cell vehicles is approaching that of gasoline engines. Spotlight Challenges remain for full commercialisation of fuel cell buses, primarily in achieving durability and reducing costs. To gain understanding of how fuel cells may be deployed in Further analysis will focus on the economy of fuel cell vehicles transportation applications, one AFC IA project, Fuel Cells combined with hydrogen production facilities. for Transport, reviewed the state-of-the-art of the rapidly developing fuel cell technologies for buses. CURRENT PROJECTS The specific objectives of this task are to improve the Fuel cell systems for stationary applications understanding of fuel cell systems, on-board hydrogen storage systems, directions of recent technology Fuel cells for portable applications development activities, approaches for cost reduction, and Fuel cells for transportation field data from large-scale demonstration projects. Data related to performance, reliability, and cost were gathered, Molten carbonate fuel cells with a view to identifying and quantifying potential Polymer electrolyte fuel cells improvements needed to match national targets. Solid oxide fuel cells Compared to traditional diesel or newer diesel-battery hybrid systems, zero-emissions, hydrogen fuel cell‑powered buses Systems analysis of fuel cells could provide operational as well as environmental benefits. The report found that the reliability (availability, stack lifetime and miles between road calls) of fuel cell buses is REFERENCES increasing. In many instances, availability has been limited Photo courtesy of Chris Cassidy, BusShots by failures of control and other electric components rather www.flickr.com/photos/chsscassidy/4661941919/. than the fuel cell stack. In addition, the recent generation www.ieafuelcell.com

32 © OECD/IEA 2013 Advanced Fuel Cells Advanced Motor Fuels

BALANCING COSTS AND EMISSIONS Policy context Countries worldwide need to improve the fuel economy and reduce greenhouse emissions of road vehicles. Significant improvements in fuel economy can be achieved in the TRANSPORT next five to ten years if countries implement the necessary policies. Policy packages composed of fuel economy labelling; standards and fiscal measures have proven to be effective in meeting targets. Renewable energy contributes

to CO2 emission reductions. For example, in Europe, 10% of energy in transport must be from renewable sources (e.g. biofuels and renewable electricity).

Background pp Public transport planners must balance investment and maintenance costs with reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The primary focus of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme on Research and Demonstration on Advanced exhaust control system. Greenhouse emissions, on the other Motor Fuels (AMF IA) is to facilitate the market introduction hand, are determined by efficiency and the carbon intensity

of advanced motor fuels and related vehicle technologies. of the fuel. END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: The AMF IA provides a neutral platform for fuel analyses and reporting, drawing on the multifaceted expertise of its Lastly, a cost assessment of both direct (purchase, operation and maintenance) and indirect costs (related to the participants, industrial partners and networks. There are 16 effects on health and the environment) was carried out. Contracting Parties, including China and Thailand. The detailed report provides insights for municipal and Spotlight community transport planning and implementation. Most public transport systems worldwide include a CURRENT PROJECTS majority of buses. Transport officials must balance key considerations such as the initial investments required and Alcohol applications fleet maintenance costs with the need to reduce greenhouse Alternative fuels for marine applications gas emissions as well as local emissions (mainly particulates, Enhanced emission performance and fuel oxides of nitrogen). efficiency for heavy duty methane engines One recent AMF IA project — Fuel and Technology Environmental impact of biodiesel vehicles in real Alternatives for Buses — set out to address how vehicle traffic conditions technology and fuel used affect emissions and fuel Exhaust gas toxicity and particulates from consumption. Altogether 11 national laboratories and internal combustion engines international agencies participated in the study, sharing Particulate measurements of ethanol and butanol existing data and jointly carrying out new measurements in diesel injection engines in laboratory conditions and on the road. Performance evaluation of passenger car fuel and The study included measurements of fuel consumption, power plant options greenhouse gases and regulated emissions in a variety Research on unregulated pollutants emissions of of driving cycles. A large number of fuels were examined, vehicles fuelled with alcohol alternative fuels including conventional, synthetic and bio-based diesel fuels Synthesis, characterisation and use of hydro- as well as alternative fuels for dedicated vehicles. treated oils and fats in engines Lifecycle, or well-to-wheel analysis was carried out for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that while burning clean fuels such as methane, ethanol and dimethyl ether can provide advantages over diesel in reducing regulated emissions such as particulates or REFERENCES airborne soot, the regulated emissions are first and foremost Photo courtesy of VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. determined by the sophistication of the engine and the www.iea-amf.org

33 © OECD/IEA 2013 END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: TRANSPORT 34 9%. The significance of these results underlines the need and for 4% the between of variances above, showed results chart laboratory the in illustrated as surprisingly, Not density, the Seebeck coefficient, to measure and record the thermal diffusivity, specific heat, Each lab was provided with two sets of specimens and asked carried out in seven national and private sector laboratories. were properties TE of tests round-robin international Two key TE properties for transportation applications. methods and procedures for TE materials in and to characterise Recovery Heat Transportation Industries, aims Waste to develop standard of testing for Development Materials project, IA Thermoelectric AMT the reason, this For precise characterisation of materials is needed. However,materials.cost-competitiveness andof efficiency a benchmarkwith greater than 1.5 couldmaterials significantly Finding increase the 1.5. and 1 between averages materials TE fromachievablebenchmark temperature The heat, and battery thermal management. exhaust fromconditioning,generationelectricity air cabin cool down). Application of TE materials in vehicles includes to process thereversing (orelectricity into heat convert to able materials (TE) thermoelectric developing on focused has years recent in research industry automotive Much Spotlight Contracting Parties, including China and Israel. eight are nano There performance. improve and weight reduce and emission; gas greenhouse wear and cooling, durability; and heating improve manage to and systems coating friction reduce to chemistry lubricant and including films thin advanced with coupled texturing engineering surface comfort; and durability, safety, compromising without efficiency fuel improve to Transportation Applications (AMT IA) are to reduce weight for Materials Advanced on Development and Research of The goals of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme Background elements of important successful transport efficiency strategies. are long-term the over place in are that and and measures that benefit both the consumer and industry Policies 2030. by achievable is vehicles new of emissions efficiencies, a 50% reduction in fuel consumption and CO lighter 10%. Together ontext with with improvements in energy vehicles and component transport alternatives has the potential in to reduce fuel consumption steel by Substituting Policy RESULTS PRODUCES TESTING ROUND-ROBIN Advanced Transport Materials Transport Advanced

c 1 and electrical resistivity. ‑ m aterials to to aterials © OECD/IEA 2

2013 and development. measure benchmarks and to advance TE materials discovery correctly to order in methods measurement rigorous more www.iea-ia-amt.org 1. Theconversionoftemperaturedifferences directlyintoelectricity. REFERENCES power generation in space stations and satellites. for TE materials include photovoltaics, fuel cells and remote developed applications Other testing. future and for procedures standard errors, to systems and procedures operator outlined eliminate study IA AMT the result, a As p

development measurement Thermoelectric quality Nano-materials durability Magnesium assessment Low-cost in Integrated and Advanced Heat capacity at constant pressure (J/gK) p 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.15 0.25 laboratories showavarianceofbetween4%and9%. Results ofround-robintestingmaterialssamplesinseven

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electricity grid management by filling the gap between between gap the filling by management grid electricity intelligent enable to capacity the have vehicles electric networks, charging points and the incentives the used compare to expanddeployment vehicle electric of studies Case converting electricity to kilometres travelled. 50 kmwere found tobe the most cost-effective interms of costs. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with ranges of 15 km to develop the next generation of batteries and lowerthe productionbusiness case for EVs. However, further R&D is needed to The PHEV study underlines the important role of fuel prices to provided significant contributions.IA HEV the which to study Initiative Vehicles a study of the HEV IA; and the Vehicles Electric (PHEV), a study of the Hybrid HEV IA; Quick Charging Technology, these Plug-in addressing challenges: are important studies recent three result, a As including quick-charging. points, charge all at interoperability and residences, and places work from away recharge to infrastructure public greaterelectricforneedvehiclesa thereis (PHEV), EVs for Whilelonger recharging is aprerequisite for plug-in hybrid size will not fit all. and private stakeholders in a multitude of sectors. And one public between cooperation require will implementation successful interoperability Achieving issues. key are planning charging urban and investments, Infrastructure obstacles. several overcoming require will (EVs) vehicles Widespread acceptance of battery and plug-in hybrid electric Spotlight promising areas. There are currently 17 Contracting Parties. in research further for need the investigate to and topics through accomplished is collaborative, This pre-competitive research projects and related environment. the and efficiency energy on effects their and vehicles hybrid and electric oninformation objectivewith industries and users (HEV IA) is to provide governments, local authorities, large ElectricHybridandVehicleTechnologies Programmes and The aim of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Background successful deployment of electric vehicles. with continued R&D to reduce the costs of batteries will lead combined to networks, consumers, electricity and municipalities manufacturers, automobile for incentives consumerdemand. Framework policies aimed providingat electricity produced from intermittent renewable sources and ontext CO reduce Fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles could significantly Policy VEHICLES ELECTRIC WITH AHEAD CHARGING

c 2 2 emissions in the transport sector. In addition, addition, In sector. transport the in emissions EV City Casebook, an Electric © OECD/IEA www.ieahev.org cross-border standardisation, interoperability between between interoperability standardisation, cross-border participation, industry increasing that concludes report regionsworldwide.threeThe and 13 cities networksin EV flickr.com/photos/30998987@N03/7681129342/ Photo courtesy of Creative Commons. Appeared p.34 IEA Journal No 4, www. “e-roaming” between countries and regions. 1. A collaboration agreement between seven European organisations that allows REFERENCES cities in the Paris region. Autolib, is leading the way. The plan has expanded to many growth. The Paris public service plan for short-term EV hire, economic for opportunities creating in infrastructure and and markets EV in charginginfrastructure,investments ofroleEVs the inand growth of drivers the Models, examine Business will and E-Mobility study, IA HEV new A Treaty of Vaals The needed. be will collection data and stations charging p System Quick Plug-in vehicles: Market Life-cycle Electric Electrochemical E-mobility battery Accelerated p 2013 (Paris, France). Charging station for public access, short-term hire of electric vehicles CURRENT PROJECTS

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END-USE TECHNOLOGIES: TRANSPORT © OECD/IEA 2013 Clean Coal Centre Enhanced Oil Recovery Fluidised Bed Conversion

Greenhouse Gas R D F & FOSSILUELS

37 © OECD/IEA 2013 Clean Coal Centre

MINIMISING MERCURY EMISSIONS Policy context 900 800 Coal is an inexpensive fuel and current world reserves could Dental amalgam, waste incineration, chlor-alkali industry 700 Artisanal gold provide supply for another 150 years. Yet coal combustion Metal, cement, large-scale gold accounts for 29.5% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. 600 Fossil fuel combustion for power and heating

FOSSIL FUELS Retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants with cost- 500

effective flue-gas treatments or replacing ageing plants with 400 high-efficiency plants is urgently needed yet both require 300 investments that industries and plant owners are not always willing to make. Policies and measures that include both 200 regulation and incentives, such as technology or efficiency Mercury emissions in 2005100 (tonnes) standards, fiscal and financial incentives, and emissions 0

trading can be successful in prompting these investments. India China States Russia Brazil S. Africa Indonesia Australia Colombia Background United Rep. of Korea The goals of the Implementing Agreement for the IEA Clean p Global anthropogenic emissions of air-borne mercury particulates in the 10 largest emitting countries (2005). Coal Centre (CCC IA) are to gather, assess and distribute knowledge on the energy efficient and environmentally Tool which simulates emissions-control technologies based sustainable use of coal. This includes conducting in-depth on the plant. These tools are available as free downloads studies on topics of special interest; technical, economic from the UNEP and CCC IA websites. In January 2013, the and environmental performance assessments; balanced, Minamata Convention, a global legally binding instrument objective reports that highlight opportunities for technology on mercury was signed by 140 countries. The CCC IA was transfer; and research and development (R&D) gaps instrumental in providing unbiased information that led to analysis. There are 12 Contracting Parties, including South the agreement. Other CCC IA work on mercurcy emissions Africa, and 12 sponsors, six of which are located in IEA includes Economics of Mercury Control and the annual partner countries. conference on Mercury Emissions. Spotlight CURRENT PROJECTS Burning coal accounts for 46% of total global mercury CO mitigation emissions. Mercury is highly toxic to human health. Recent 2 efforts of the CCC IA aim to reduce these harmful emissions. Coal properties and analysis The CCC IA report, Legislation, Standards and Methods Combustion for Mercury Emissions Control, summarises the current Conversion and industrial use of coal and impending global and regional standards for mercury emissions from large-scale, coal-fired power plants. There are Country studies and coal markets numerous options for mercury control. The highest levels of Emissions and control control are achieved with fabric filters fitted for particulate Environmental policy and legislation removal. In plants equipped with a full range of flue gas treatment systems with no additional equipment for mercury Gasification removal, it is possible to reduce mercury emissions to less Mining, production and preparation than 3 microns per cubic metre. Blending sub-bituminous Residues and management coal with bituminous coal can also significantly reduce mercury concentrations. Pollution control technologies As mercury emissions from coal vary widely depending Power generation on the quality of the coal and the age of the plant, selecting the most appropriate control option will require REFERENCES expert guidance. For this reason, together with the United Source of the graph: Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the CCC IA has Releases and Environmental Transport. United Nations Environmental published the Process Optimisation Guidance Document Programme Chemical Branch, Geneva, Switzerland. and designed an Interactive Mercury Emission Calculation www.iea-coal.org.uk

38 © OECD/IEA 2013 Clean Coal Centre Enhanced Oil Recovery

LOWER SALT INTAKE: INCREASE OUTPUT Policy context 60 Global energy demand is expected to rise by over one-third in 50 Extra oil gained from the low-salinity effect of the period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in enhanced oil recovery China, India and current energy policies in the Middle East. 40 FOSSIL FUELS Yet by 2030, the majority of oil reserves will be produced 30 from fields yet to be developed, fields yet to be found and additional enhanced oil recovery techniques. In most fields, 20 Oil recovery factor (%) less than 50% of oil is recoverable using conventional technology. Worldwide, only 30% to 35% of the oil 10 High-salinity waterflood Low-salinity waterflood

underground will be produced according to present plans 0 and technologies. Advanced techniques and technologies 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 exist but in many cases they are not cost efficient. Given Water injection (pore volumes) the significant additional amounts of oil recoverable and p Effects of low-salinity enhanced oil recovery in a sandstone core. the need to meet future demand, policies and measures designed to provide incentives to industries and continued support for public R&D in this area will be needed. to 42 million barrels of oil more than could otherwise be obtained from seawater flooding. Considerable further Background potentials may exist in other mature oil fields worldwide. The objectives of the Implementing Agreement for a The 2010 EOR IA workshop acted as a catalyst, raising programme of Research, Development and Demonstration much interest among oil and gas multinational enterprises on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR IA) are to stimulate and government, which ultimately led to creation of a national efforts to continue to develop less costly EOR public-private partnership in the North Sea. technologies as well as to research new technologies. This The 2011 EOR IA Symposium focused on “Enhanced oil is achieved through an open forum for information and recovery at USD 80+ per barrel”, while the 2012 EOR IA

knowledge exchange. There are currently 11 Contracting workshop and symposium looked at “CO2-enhanced oil Parties, including Russia and Venezuela. recovery techniques”.

Spotlight CURRENT PROJECTS The EOR IA plays an important role for the international R&D community by organising international symposiums Development of gas flooding techniques that assess state-of-the-art technical capabilities of oil Thermal recovery exploration engineering which lay the groundwork for Dynamic reservoir characterisation practical applications of enhanced oil recovery. The EOR IA Workshop and Symposium of 2010 focussed on Emerging technologies the Enhanced Oil Recovery Technique of Low-salinity Fundamental research on surfactants and Waterflooding. polymers Injecting high-saline water (seawater) into oil reservoirs Studies of fluids and interfaces in porous media maintains the pressure and drives the crude oil towards the producer wells. However, as salt is a conductor of electricity, it creates electrical charges that react with the rock reservoir walls, resulting in a magnetic effect. As oil adheres to the rock walls, the quantity of oil that can be recovered is reduced. However, by using low-salinity water the amount of electrical charge is lowered. The oil is then more easily liberated from the rock, allowing ever more oil to be recovered. It is estimated that using the low-salinity technique will REFERENCES make it possible to recover an additional 6 billion barrels Graph courtesy of Jonathan Thomas. of crude oil from mature fields in the North Sea, equivalent http://iea-eor.ptrc.ca/

39 © OECD/IEA 2013 FOSSIL FUELS 40 2010, moving from robust small-scale industrial boilers boilers industrial small-scale robust from and moving 1985 2010, between ten-fold increased have capacities reports at the annual FBC conferences 2010-12, FBC plant expert through illustrated and As costs. capital procurement construction engineering, additional avoids This FBC in CO control tightly to way cost-effective a as technologies interest recent at underline Reports conference 2012 Waste’. the from Recovery ‘Renewable Energy on and focused Energy conference IA FBC 2012 The programmes through lessons learned. research national accelerating and worldwide; field the in waste; networking with researchers and developers working reducing emissionsassociated withconversion coal,biomassof and substantially by performance environmental improving issues; technical solving by or demonstration exchange by developing knowledge the technology through industrial and transfer technology for opportunity an provide conferences These industry. and academia both andfall conferences that highlight issues of importance to The mechanisms to exhibit FBC IA outcomes are the spring Spotlight Russia, and one Sponsor. and China including Parties, 16 Contracting currently are by sharing research results through regular symposia. There professionals industry and experts national of knowledge the advance to are IA) (FBC Production Energy Clean to Applied Fuels of Conversion Bed Fluidised of Field the in The goals of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation Background and technology and deployment. representatives governmental programmes industrial accelerates the knowledge base researchers, between Co-operationlimits. gasgreenhouse stringent atflexibility fuel highmaintainingefficiency,combustion fuel improve further to needed is fieldbasis. this in R&D continued However, commercial a on deployed now is and improved gas gradually has technology greenhouse This coal. the the from reduces emissions time same the at while separately harmful fuels these of reduces combustion the from bed emissions fluidised a in biomass with coal the total greenhouse gas and particulate emissions. Burning the efficiency of the reactor, and, more importantly, reduces increasesprocess Thisthoroughly. burn to order in motion ontext fluid a in circulating motion, in maintained is burned that is fuel the where reactor unique a is bed fluidised A Policy EMISSIONS FEWER AND FLEXIBILITY FUEL emissions, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions. emissions. dioxide sulphur and oxides nitrogen emissions, Fluidised Bed Conversion Bed Fluidised

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to inform negotiators and offer an opportunity for valid valid for opportunity an offer and negotiators inform to 17 COP during side-event a held IA GHG the addition, In COP 17 in Durban, South Africa. a dedicated CCS technical and legal meeting leading up to balanced recommendations. made These recommendations were shared at and issues CDM-related the discussed Assessment) Risk and Montitoring; (Modelling; networks Project CDM as Activities Storage and Capture Dioxide Carbon report, experts’ UNFCCC the to contributed experts IA GHG published. been have CDM for CCS to relating reports analytical IA informationtoinform the ongoing discussions. Three GHG The GHG IA has worked actively to provide unbiased, expert and negotiated. a Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) had been debated the Kyoto Protocol be led by the United Nations should Framework for CCS whether approved as of a clean development mechanism (CDM) question under the 2005, Since Spotlight Parties organisations) and 26 sponsors. Contracting 21 currently intergovernmental two and Africa South India, (including are There results. disseminating and schools; summer and networks expert through collaboration international facilitating projects; demonstration through options mitigation potential of implementation facilitating CCS; particular in mitigation, Activities include unbiased technology assessments for GHG greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from fossil-fuel use. the assess technical to viability and technology is progress that IA) can reduce (GHG Use Fuel Fossil from Derived Programme on Technologies Relating to Greenhouse Gases The aim of the Implementing Agreement for a Co-operative Background from the pilot stage to widespread deployment. subsidies/penalties, and technology support will move CCS risks, and costs funding, on focussing approach policy A support. policy comprehensive on dependent critically is CCS of deployment Successful considerations. cost and legal environmental, geographical, on dependent of is CCS implementation successful advantages, the Despite emissions. gas greenhouse reduce significantly can (CCS) Combining these processes with carbon capture and storage worldwide. emissions particulate and gas greenhouse of majority ontext the for as responsible are such iron/steel and industries cement heavy and plants power Coal-fired Policy CO 2 STORAGE CAPTURES DURBAN DURBAN CAPTURES STORAGE

c . In addition, experts from three GHG IA expert expert IA GHG three from experts addition, In . Implications of the Inclusion of Geological of Inclusion the of Implications © OECD/IEA concerns to be raised. GHG assessments and analysis led led analysis and assessments GHG raised. be to concerns level of technical discussion during the negotiations. togreatera understanding ofCCS potentials and highera IA contributed to this final agreement. GHG the by provided information The impasse. six-year a CDM the underprojects CCS allow toprocudures andmodalities the adopted and agreedparties the 2011, 9 December on negotiations, intense of 32 hours After www.ieaghg.org International Bulletin, Negotiations Earth Institute forSustainableDevelopment. Mead, Leila of courtesy Photo Convention (FCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/Add.2). ClimateChangeDecision10/CMP.7, aNations SeeFrameworkUnited for 1. REFERENCES p Technical Technical Summer Modelling Information Expert Conferences 2013 resolve outstanding issues (Durban, South Africa). Delegates at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties huddle to CURRENT PROJECTS

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43 © OECD/IEA 2013 FUSION POWER 44 data applicable to fusion research. datasets, the offshore oil industry, and other industries with military datasets, accelerator particle industry, aerospace from nuclear fission reactors, but also the chemical industry, data includesThis accuracy. double-checkedfor and data database entries have been validated against independent information to license fusion power plants. Where possible, this on rely agencies Regulatory (PSA). assessment safety probabilisticthe quantificationof and support,operations theinspectability (RAMI),availability,maintainabilityand fusion-specific data are valuable to ascertain the reliability, the industries’ design components for fusion support devices. These also data These power. fusion of reliability and safety the demonstrate to important is information This facilities and tokamak experiments worldwide.tritium covers that database rate failure a maintaining and developing involves IA ESEFP the of activity ongoing important an Therefore reactors. fusion for analysis safety to used are predict maintenance schedules, components and are key device elements in any fusion of rates Failure Spotlight including Russia and China. economiccharacteristics. TherearesixContracting Parties, fusion facilities to determine their environmental, safety and future of studies system and facilities; fusion of designers by use for methodologies safety of development research; safety analysis models and computer codes and supporting and validation, environmentaland requirementsof data establishmentof development, includes This fusion. of that are necessary to demonstrate the safety and economy toolsanalytical the benchmark to andmaterials of nature the determine to tests physical perform to and and research Safety Environmental, Economic on Aspects of Fusion Power (ESEFP Research IA) are to conduct of Program The aims of the Implementing Agreement on a Co-operative Background is needed. work this for support governmental Further power. fusion of challenges and potentials the appreciate fully to order in publicthe regulator andthe both available tomade be must gained knowledge The important. equally is fusion of viability economic and safety the demonstrating developing and advances, science fusion of understanding the While accomplished. be still must research of amount ontext attractiveinexhaustibleand significant power.sourceA of Fusion energy has the potential to be a safe, environmentally Policy TESTS COMPONENT TRACKING Environment, Safety, Economy of Fusion of Economy Safety, Environment,

c © OECD/IEA 2013 heaters, magnets (both cryogenic and superconducting) superconducting) and cryogenic (both magnets heaters, compressors, condensors, circuit breakers, conductors, fans, as such components electronic and electrical mechanical, Thedatabase now contains over 830 failure rate values of p Reactor (ITER) project. available to the International Thermonuclear Experimental technologies, new for Energy and agency Sustainable Economic Development) was made National Italian the at (residing database the 2012 of end the at reliability, and Given the significance of this database in support of safety are in the process of validation. pumps, vacuum pumps and valves. An additional 460 values superconducting),pressurisers,andcryogenic (both piping www.iea.org/techno/technologies/fusion.asp activities maybeconsultedontheIEAwebsite: The ESEFPIAwebsiteisunderdevelopment. Anoverviewofthecollaborative REFERENCES hermo-fluid Transient Socio-economiclant afety Radioactive ritium Power Magnet roducts In-vessel Failure-rate Activation

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IE EGG-FSP-8709] [INEL IE EGG-FSP-8709] [INEL IE EGG-FSP-8709] [INEL IE EGG-FSP-8709] [INEL t ests documents Reference could cause premature failure of the steel. are significant. Growth in the number and size of the voids The large number of small bubbles and the few, large voids a lack of appropriate neutron irradiation sources. to dueprototypicalconditions under helium of effects the andfocusa ofthe FMIA. Currently itis difficult toexplore worldwide, research much of topic a are bubbles helium result, a As systems. fusion reliable and safe develop to integrity its and structure. affecting It materials, is essential the which toin quantify voids ‘bubbles’ these form effects to forms accumulate it soluble, not is gas helium As One such gas, helium, is produced in significant quantities. properties of the materials. production of gases that affect the mechanical and physical substantial the is reaction fusion the of aspect unique A Spotlight including China, India and Russia. conditions and lifetimes. There are nine Contracting Parties, experimentsandmodelling efforts representto truefusion and computational simulation. The theories are paired with includes materials irradiation in fission reactors, ion beams, joining methods and processes, design properties. Research underwayproduction material measuring for protocols in the plasma chamber. This work also includes developing produced particles charged and neutrons of flux high the plant that will operate under high temperatures and survive developmaterials forthefirstwall andblanketpower a of to is IA) (FM Materials Fusion in Damage Radiation on Agreement for a Programme of Research and Development The focus of co-ordinated research under the Implementing Background options, continued efforts in this area will be needed. high-potentialenergyother applicationsto the and power fusionpotentialmembercountries.ofIEAthe Given many are not available. Materials research is a strategic priority in particularlya difficult challenge, asfully suitable test beds Studying the effects of irradiation in fusion devices presents in end-of-life components for simplified recycling or disposal. radioactivity minimum with temperatures, elevated at life service long a and performance, predictable and reliable safe, provide to able are that materials those identifying neutron bombardment. Other important challenges include from the plasma as well as radiating the effects heat of extreme irradiation resist from thecan that materials are finding science power fusion for challenges main The fuel. deuteriumenablethetritiumCelsiusfusionandtoof (°C) ontext degrees 100 million than more temperaturesof to heated is plasma the reactors, fusion magnetic-confinement In Policy VOIDS LARGE AVOIDS BUBBLES TRAPPING

c © OECD/IEA p oe eprmna tcnqe cmie wt multi- with FM the of activities the in used being are modelling scale combined techniques experimental Novel www.frascati.enea.it/ifmif Photo courtesyofBattelleMemorialInstitute. REFERENCES resistance to unexpected structural failure. steelsprovides many places to‘trap’ thehelium, increasing ODS steels. The high number of small oxide particles in ODS into voids. This is one reason for the resurgence of interest in many places for bubbles to form so that they do Onenot strategytransform for managing high levels of helium is to provide dispersion oxide strengthened (ODS) steels. advanced and (RAFM) martensitic or ferritic reduced-activation the as such materials structural typical on helium of effects micro-level the reveal to IA Vanadium Tungsten Silicon Reduced Irradiation Fundamental modelling, Diagnostics

2013 Helium bubblesinasteelspecimenproducedduring neutron irradiation. CURRENT PROJECTS

carbide

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base computer facilities

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studies tungsten

composite

alloys control

and

simulation of

alloys advanced

irradiation insulating post-irradiation

materials Fusion Materials Fusion

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ferritic

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validation

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FUSION POWER FUSION POWER 46 on ceramic breeder pebbles. These pebbles have been been have irradiated by neutrons pebbles over several years These in order to achieve pebbles. breeder ceramic on tests irradiation neutron completed recently IA NTFR The Programme, neutron irradiation and tritium production. was made in two main areas of R&D related to the ITER TBM six research areas of the NTFR IA. Important recent progress of one is TBM as such components plasma-facing Testing used to create electricity. energytransformedbecan intoheat,which turn willbein In the blanket, the neutrons are slowed down so their kinetic temperatureshighthefromhigh-energy the and neutrons. walls chamber the shield TBM The environment. fusion Test called tritium, Blanket Modules (TBM), simulate tritium the breeding in a real extract to devices of Mock-ups the future needs of a large-scale fusion power plant. for one important an is reaction fusion the during tritium ‘breeding’ of concept This produced. is tritium blanket, the in contained lithium with interact plasma fusion the escaping neutrons when Yet 20 kilograms. at estimated currently is tritium of supply worldwide the but seawater deuteriumtritium.–and Deuteriumextracted be canfrom Two isotopes of hydrogen are used to fuel the fusion reaction Spotlight and Russia. ThereeightareContracting Parties, including China,India and environmental and safety acceptability of fusion power. performance economic the to crucial is This plant. power fusion commercial a in occur to expected conditions the under lifetimes prolonged with components functioning particular, the NTFR IA works to develop effective, reliable, In components. plasma-facing or plasma, burning fusion the to close operating those particular in technologies, associatedandplantspower fusioncomponents ofkey on experiments research conduct to are IA) (NTFR Reactors Co- Fusion of a Technology for Nuclear on Agreement Programme operative Implementing the of goals The Background greenhouse gas emissions. rewards of fusion: large-scale electricity generation without the reap to necessary be will research further for Support a critical role in our ability to accomplish this important task. that plasma in order to generate electricity. Technology plays The next step will be to learn how to extract the energy from to understand how ontext to contain – and maintain – hot plasma. engineeringachieved,challenge.needbefusionwe toFor and scientific difficult extremely an is fusion Developing Policy ITER INTO RESULTS FEEDING Nuclear Technology of Fusion Reactors Fusion of Technology Nuclear

c © OECD/IEA 2013 p conditions relevant to the post-ITER power plant, DEMO. DEMO. plant, power post-ITER the to relevant conditions www.iea.org/techno/technologies/fusion.asp. website: IEA the on consulted be may activities collaborative the of overview An development. under is website IA NTFR The Technologies. New for Agency National Italian the of courtesy Photo REFERENCES via the data bank of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. shared andcollected be willexperiments these from Data These measurements are important to establish benchmarks. breeder materials and ceramic breeder pebbles. level of 14 megaelectron volts (MeV) on lead-lithium liquid a at tests irradiation neutron fusion out carried members IA NTFRsituation, this improve To lacking. areproduction recovery are critical. However, experimental data of tritium In the blanket design, evaluation of tritium production and the ITER TBM programme and the DEMO blanket. bothimprovedesignofthe toused results test beThewill Tritium Solid Plasma Plasma-facing Neutronics Liquid lead-lithium walls. Direct measurement of tritium production in irradiated CURRENT PROJECTS

breeding

surface processing

components blankets

interactions blankets

design specifications for ITER. the to closely performing 2011, August since operation successfullyin been has divertortungsten JET The testing. of phase important second the in is and wall ITER the Joint of the for designed was European Torus (JET). The JET divertor divertor replicates the design tungsten bulk a plasma wall phenomena. On the basis of these experiments, TEXTOR vessel and resulted in structural damage. the of walls the with reactedotherwise have would which core and deposits it on collector plates, removing impurities field magnetic theouter boundary layer oftheplasma away from thehot special a by removesdivertor Thedivertor. the as configurationknown covered tiles includes device tungsten ITER the for design wall chamber The plasma and creates impurities that need to be minimised. wall components. Nevertheless, tungsten interacts with the materials retain much less fuel gas compared with graphitic melting point (3 422 °C). Most importantly, tungsten wall in future fusion reactors as it is the element with the highest Wall components made of tungsten will play a central role Spotlight are currently three Contracting Parties. plasma wall diagnostics relevant to the ITER project. There three-dimensional magnetic structures; and development of transport loads; physics; modelling heat the transport in the edge plasma within peak limit to techniques layers; control material deposited from removal and retention recycling,fuelmaterials; wall of behaviourdeposition and andto identify materials. Specifically, this includes erosion TEXTOR (PWIT IA) seek to understand the PWI phenomena of Research and Development on Plasma Wall Interaction in auspices of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme The co-operative research experiments conducted under the Background of the ITER experiment. periodoperational the for time in found is solution a that research and development (R&D) will be needed to ensure While some progress has been made, continued support for interactionimportantfusionanresearch.focus of(PWI),is effect of the plasma on the wall components, or plasma wall The plasma. the with interaction, or contact, into coming be robust enough ontext to maintain structural homogeneity when extreme temperatures of more than 100 million degrees and Materials that line the fusion chamber walls must withstand Policy BLANKET THE UNDER COOL KEEPING as a testaasfacility forthePWIT runto IAexperiments theon

1 is a highly specialised tokamak device that served c © OECD/IEA cooling, the solid tungsten tiles were able to withstand a withstand to able were tiles tungsten solid the cooling, active of absence the Despite graphite. as such materials component wall traditional than to lower found substantially was be structure wall new the from tungsten erosion of The reduced. greatly oxygen were carbon that residual showed and campaign experimental JET The p an important step forward for a successful operation of ITER. These results show a positive experience with the ITER wall, per square metre (MJ/m 10 MW/m power density of 7 megawatts per square metre (MW/m www.fz-juelich.de/fusion European Torus. Photo courtesyoftheEuropeanFusionDevelopment AgencyJoint operated byForschungszentrumJülich(Germany). 1. TheTokamakExperimentforTechnology OrientedResearch(TEXTOR), REFERENCES Tritium wall Modelling Diagnostic wall linear Design

2013 the remote handling unit of the Joint European Torus (JET). Last verification of the bulk tungsten assembly before it is installed in CURRENT PROJECTS

materials interactions

plasmas

and retention 2 and a total deposited energy of 60 megajoules

of developments

construction

erosion,

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ITER under Plasma Wall Interaction Wall Plasma and

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FUSION POWER FUSION POWER 48 plasma confinement such as RFP is needed in order to to order in needed is RFP as such confinement plasma to field. approaches alternative on magnetic focussing the R&D of Continued density magnetic greater and a and kinetic pressure between efficiency higher a in results This field. magnetic a create to coils for need the without place in plasma the the of “pinching” all field, almost magnetic generates plasma the in approach, current (RFP) the pinch field reversed the In overcome. be must that challenges physics creating of chamber, outside the the on applied are coils the However, field. magnets superconducting that create a powerful magnetic ontext large, of use the through plasmas hot confines tokamak, the power, to fusion approach developed highly most The Policy PATHWAYS PLASMA POSSIBLE tears. Record confinement and plasma density have been have density plasma and confinement Record tears. as and twistsreducing by symmetry toroidal pure close to possible as plasma the bring to order in profile current the controlling involves RFP improved to path second The device though with a lower plasma current than the RFX. MST the in obtained been also have conditions optimal plasma These lithium. with wall carbon plasma-facing toachieve high plasma current and density bycoating the emerging. Good progress has been made in the RFX improved an results, understanding of recent the quasi-single-helicity on phase transition is Based regime. helicity quasi-single-the calledsymmetry, helical simple a form to tendency own plasma’s the optimise to seeks option One made on two potential paths to reduce these irregularities. been recently has progress substantial IA, RFP shape. the Under plasma the of distortion cause that instabilities A key challenge to advancing the RFP approach is to reduce Spotlight Parties. Contracting three currently are sustain either steady-state plasma or find to a pulsed reactor scenario. There techniques creating and capabilities; predictive fusion enhance to order in ranges parameter of control hydrodynamic feedback active developing for scaling; confinement potentials of the reactor configuration; determining plasma the assessing include activities and Research RFP. of theory models of development common and experiments joint instrumentation, share to is IA) (RFP Pinches Field Reversed on Development and Research of Programme a for Agreement Implementing the of objective main The Background power. fusion of realisation the accelerate and science fusion of knowledge to contribute Reversed Field Pinches Field Reversed

c stability; exploring inaccessible fusion fusion inaccessible exploring stability; providing state-of-the-art facilities facilities state-of-the-art providing magneto- 1 device © OECD/IEA 2

2013 p technologies/fusion.asp. activities maybeconsultedontheIEAwebsite www.iea.org/techno/ The RFPIAwebsiteisunderdevelopment. Anoverviewofthecollaborative Schema courtesyofDavidTerranova. Wisconsin (UnitedStates). 2. ReferstotheMadisonSymmetricTorus deviceattheUniversityof RFX (Italy). 1. ReferstotheReversedFieldExperiment deviceoperatedbytheConsorzio REFERENCES Hefei, People’s Republic of China. in (USTC), China of Technology and Science of University the at program RFP new the includeExamplesworldwide. experiments and devices fusion other for relevance the and research RFP of validity the strengthen results These lowest value possible, the so-called “classical confinement”. the attainsimpurities ion confining that show device MST the in measurements New approach. this using achieved devices: Co-ordinated

the phenomena. tears (right).Thedistortionshavebeenexaggeratedtoemphasise organised, quasi-single-helicity(left)andprofilecontroltwistsor Illustration ofthetwopathwaysforRFPdevelopment:self- Reversed TPE-RX Madison EXTRAP CURRENT PROJECTS

(Japan) T2-R

Symmetric Field

experiments

(Sweden)

Experiment

Torus

(United (Italy)

the

following

States)

device, limiting the pulse lengths. were limited by arcing between the gyrotron and the MAST 300 milliseconds. First tests to inject power into the plasma MAST The to run collaborative experiments. the future of ST devices. The ST IA chose the MAST1 device for issuesimportant most the of one is inductionsolenoid without operation ST Demonstrating induction. solenoid by driven is plasma the confine to needed is that current plasma the ST, an In current. the drive and plasma the wave that is typically used by spherical tori devices to heat quasi-electrostatic a is (EBW) wave Bernstein electron The plasma start-up using the electron Bernstein wave (EBW). and R&D of Spherical Tori, is to increase understanding Theof theaim of one current ST IA collaborative experiment, Science be different than for tokamak devices. will plasma the maintaining and starting for reason, parameters this For pressure. field magnetic the to relative to conventional tokamaks, the plasma has a higher pressure Due to the improved stability of an ST device, as compared Spotlight three currently are There Parties. Contracting worldwide. devices all science for fusion of understanding the broaden to serves information This worldwide. facilities and programmes by among co-operation strengthening spherical torus research confinement plasma of knowledge technology and scientific the to contribute to is IA) (ST Tori Spherical on for Co-operation Agreement The aim of the Implementing Background and realisation of fusion power. is needed in order to accelerate knowledge of fusion science on alternativeapproaches such focussing as spherical torus (ST) devices R&D Continued aspects. other and state, plasmastability,crucialofissuethe steady- regard towith to greater understanding of plasma behaviours, in particular the physics For parameters are more easily controlled. This leads advantages. particular example, the construction offer and operating costs are lower and (tokamaks), conventional devices than smaller tori, Spherical confinement. haverecently emergedinnovativeanas example fusionof machines torus spherical tokamaks, called (doughnut), ontext While phase. torus a of shape the in exploratory devices on focuses research much the in still is science Fusion Policy WAVES CREATING (kW) of microwave power at 28 gigahertz (GHz) for for (GHz) gigahertz 28 at power microwave of (kW) gyrotron

c 2 capable of delivering up to 350 kilowatts kilowatts 350 to up delivering of capable 1 device was upgraded to include a high-power a include to upgraded was device © OECD/IEA MAST under this IA collaboration will resume in 2013. on experiments start-up EBW the performance, gyrotron and waveguides the of verifications final and installation After transitions. corrugated as such components line This difficulty was remedied by adding several transmission p www.iea.org/techno/technologies/fusion.asp. activities maybeconsultedontheIEAwebsite: The STIIAwebsiteisunderdevelopment. An overviewofthecollaborative Photo courtesyofCulhamCentreforFusion Energy. (United States). 2. ThegyrotronwasprovidedbytheOakridge NationalLaboratory 1. ReferstotheMegaAmpSphericalTokamak device(UnitedKingdom). REFERENCES Steady Science torus Physics

2013 The 28GHzgyrotronontheMASTsphericaltorusdeviceforusein the plasmastart-upexperiments. CURRENT PROJECTS

devices

state

and and

technology

R operation

& D

spherical

fusion

future

tori

Spherical Tori Spherical devices

spherical devices

. 49

FUSION POWER FUSION POWER 50 knowledge of fusion science andaccelerate realisation to of order fusion in power. needed is confinement plasma to reduced. Continued R&D focusing on alternative approaches stellarator-heliotrons, in plasma engineering the needs can ‘drive’ be significantly to current electrical necessary additional for a is need no is there which As plants. power fusion for prerequisite steady-state, a or equilibrium, uninterrupted in plasma demonstrated have heliotrons Stellarator- ontext plasma. the in currents net without devices A stellarator-heliotron Policy PHYSICS 3-D AND DYNAMICS DENSITIES, frequency waves and the dynamics of the fast ions. low particular in investigated, been also have properties of plasma characteristics, or H-mode. Fast ion confinement density and the ability to routinely reach the highest mode iscontinuing. Results include widera range ofoperational plasmascharacterisation ofwalls, lithium-coatedchamber been made on the flexible helical device TJ-II (Spain). Using were added, including a cryogenic pump. Progress has also of ten. In 2012, eight new experimental campaign periods factor a by pressure gas neutral the increase can divertor came into operation. Compared to the open and installed was divertor, LHD the on divertor a helical a helical 2011, In collision, exceeding 7 keV in the central ions. without temperatures high reached have plasmas density high- particular, In parameters. experimental in progress international collaborations which have in turn led to steady (SH) concept. The LHD has provided many opportunities for largest experimental the platform is for exploring Japan the stellarator in heliotron (LHD) Device Helical Large The of physics of toroidal shaped plasmas. plasma performance and the comprehensive understanding exchanges between the national partners have accelerated Under the auspices of the SH IA, joint planning and scientist Spotlight including Russia and the Ukraine. Parties, Contracting six currently are There participants. IA SH among progress recent assess workshops heliotron stellarator-international the and meetings group working co-ordinated The design. reactor and issues theoretical physics by conducting collaborative experiments, exploring includes increasing the understanding This of three-dimensional reactors. fusion of concept stellarator-heliotron the are to improve the understanding of physics and to develop in Development of the Stellarator-Heliotron Concept (SH IA) The aims of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation Background Stellarator Concept Stellarator

c 1 is a unique class of magnetic fusion © OECD/IEA 2013 p (Ukraine).Scientific advances fromresearch carried onout (USA), H-1NF (Australia) and the Uragan HSX (Japan), 2M J and Heliotron 3M the devicesinclude Parties Contracting the among plasmas SH of understanding the deepening in complementaryrolesimportant play that devicesOther http://iea-shc.nifs.ac.jp/ Photo courtesyofGlenWurden,Max-Planck-Institut fürPlasmaphysik. Alps (1838metres). 2. ThenameWendelsteinmakesreference toamountainintheBavarian the nameheliotronis“Helios”(theSunin Greek). (United States).Thenamestellaratorsignifies a“starmachine”.Theoriginof 1. Afusioncontainmentdeviceinvented by theastrophysicistLymanSpitzer REFERENCES and stability. design to combine improved confinement with equilibrium stellarator first the be will (Germany) construction under experiments as well. The Wendelstein 7-X device tokamak conventional among focus a now are plasmas, SH to relevant considered only stochastization once fields, and magnetic of perturbation, magnetic resonant for other areas of fusion science. Three-dimensional physics, breakthroughs to led have devicesstellerator-heliotron all Numerical Model International plasma Integration Demo Confinement

The firstplasmasareexpectedby2015. improved confinementwithplasmaequilibriumandstability. The Wendelstein7-Xwillbethefirststellaratortocombine CURRENT PROJECT

assessment validations

confinement

code

and SH

high-performance,

verifications

joint

profile based

for

experiments

reactor-relevant on database

concepts

steady-state

regimes 2 presently

device is complete. methods. In India, the repair and refurbishment of the SST-1 disruptive several using conditions plasma edge outer of control the studied machine KSTAR Korea, the In on experiments (Japan). facilities and device JT-60SA the to earthquake and tsunami did not result in serious damages 2011 the Japan, In device. NSTX the for out carried were tearing micro- nonlinear, of and simulations successful installed first, was line the while device, DIII-D the in beam commissioned successfully neutral A conditions. state steady near at modes operating the extending on focussed facility C-Mod Alcator the States, United the In prediction and pacing of plasma disruption was achieved. the impact of instabilities. At the TCV device (Switzerland), the Tore-Supra (France) studied new techniques to mitigate showed experiments progress with controlling plasma instabilities (Germany), while device ASDEX-upgrade the At follows. (ITPA). Activities Physics Tokamak International the and groups research co-ordinating related for with experiments framework joint the provides IA CTP The Spotlight currently six Contracting Parties, includingare India and ITER. There groups. working co-ordinated and workshops through information of sharing the and results research of publication joint the is co-operation this of outcome important An studies. erosion material and steady-state towards operation of modes advanced of development the and confinement plasma good maintain to aims that This activities. includes real-time control research of plasma profiles and instabilities collaborative through devices tokamak different across co-operation technological and TokamakProgrammes (CTPenhanceIA)to is thescientific The aim of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Background and realisation of fusion power through the ITER project. is needed in order to accelerate knowledge of fusion science understand and master this complex science. Continued R&D ordinated experiments, theory and diagnostics are needed to suitable materials to withstand the extreme temperatures. Co- focuses on ontext maintaining the plasma in equilibrium and findingpromising fusion confinement devices. Much tokamakTo date, researchtokamak Policy ITER OF ERA THE INTO JETTING assignments. Highlights of recent experiments are as as are experiments recent of Highlights personnel and assignments. exchanges scientist through ensured is

c 1 fusion reactors are the most successful and 3 This This © 2

OECD/IEA for ITER. An independent panel set up by the European European the by up set panel independent An ITER. for foreseen materials same the beryllium, and tungsten of made are Kingdom) the (United of (JET) Torus European components Joint plasma-facing new the Europe, In similar to ITER’s deuterium-tritium phase of operations. conditionstest to used be should JET of that wallITER-like the recommended and ITER, of success the for facility Commission(“Horizon 2020”)recognised key a that isJET p http://ctp.jet.efda.org/lt European Torus. Photo courtesyoftheEuropeanFusionDevelopment AgencyJoint internationally coordinatedfusionresearch activities. 3. TheITPAoperatesundertheauspicesof ITERtoprovideaframeworkfor to buildtheworld’slargestexperimental tokamak reactor. 2. TheInternationalThermonuclearExperimental Reactor(ITER)isaproject katushkakh). chamber withmagneticcoils(toroidal’nayakameravmagnitnykh 1. ThetermtokamakisatransliterationoftheRussianfortoroidal REFERENCES Tritium Transport Steady Sol Magnetohydrodynamics, Edge Confinement 2013 ITER-relevant experiments. designed to replicate ITER specifications, providing a platform for The chamber wall of the Joint European Torus (JET) device was CURRENT PROJECTS

and

state

and divertor

pedestal and

remote-handling

operation database

internal

physics

transport and

disruptions

modelling

technologies

barrier

and Tokamaks

physics

control 51

FUSION POWER © OECD/IEA 2013 Bioenergy Concentrating Solar Power Deployment Geothermal Hydrogen

Hydropower YDROGEN H

Ocean Photovoltaics Solar Heating and Cooling ND A

Wind NERGIES E

RENEWABLE

53 © OECD/IEA 2013 Bioenergy

PLEASE PASS THE PELLETS Policy context 6 000 Bioenergies (biomass and biofuels) currently account for 5 000

10% of global primary energy supply. Bioenergies provide 4 000 sustainable, socio-economic solutions to energy challenges, whether for electricity generation or transport. A variety of 3 000

bio-based fuels can be used: wastes, agricultural and forestry 2 000 residues, as well as crops grown specifically for energy purposes. Policies and measures to deploy bioenergy include 1 000

Heat generation costs (EUR p.a.) incentives such as renewable energy certifications, supporting 0 Pellets Pellets Heating Heating Natural Wood BM- research and development (R&D) to ensure lower life-cycle FGC oil oil FGC gas FGC chips DH greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and aligning bioenergy Costs based on capital Consumption costs Operating costs policies with agriculture, forestry and rural development. Other costs External costs (global)

p Costs of central heating systems including external costs based Background on global emissions. The vision of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme The study showed that a district heating network linked to of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy a biomass-fired boiler was found to be the most economical (Bioenergy IA) is to make a substantial contribution to RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN and environmentally sustainable option. future global energy demand by accelerating the production and use of environmentally sound, socially acceptable and Considering the price of oil and natural gas, the pellet cost-competitive bioenergy. Activities include exchanging central heating system was found to be the next best information on recent developments through studies and option. Full results of this analysis can be found in workshops; working with industry to develop handbooks and The Pellet Handbook. models; providing information for policy-makers and decision- makers; and compiling guidelines and standards on the use CURRENT PROJECTS of bioenergy. There are currently 24 Contracting Parties, including Brazil, Croatia and South Africa. Biomass combustion and co-firing Biomass feedstocks for energy markets Spotlight Biorefining: sustainable processing of biomass Production, consumption and trade of wood pellets have into a spectrum of marketable bio-based products grown strongly over the last decade. For these reasons one and bioenergy recent Bioenergy IA project, Biomass Combustion and Co- Climate change impacts of biomass and bioenergy firing, examined the potentials and barriers of burning wood systems pellets, including supply chain, economic and environmental Commercialisation of conventional and advanced considerations. liquid biofuels from biomass Compared to other forms of biomass fuels, pellets are of Energy from biogas consistent quality and burn efficiently. They are an ideal Integrating energy recovery into solid waste candidate for sustainable solutions as they can be made management from many types of biomass such as sawdust from the milling industry or agricultural waste. Pyrolysis of biomass However, storing and burning pellets contribute to Sustainable bioenergy markets and international greenhouse gas emissions. When stored, pellets emit some trade: securing supply and demand carbon, and when burned, can create carbon and particulate Thermal gasification of biomass emissions such as ash. Cost calculation comparisons were conducted using fossil fuel and biomass fuels for central heating systems in individual homes. Each fuel was also evaluated on the external costs, i.e. costs related to impacts REFERENCES such as health damage, environmental degradation, Source of the graph: Bios Bioenergiesystems GmbH, Graz, Austria. building damage and climate or safety issues. www.ieabioenergy.com

54 © OECD/IEA 2013 Bioenergy Concentrating Solar Power

CONCENTRATING ON CLEAN WATER Policy context Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies use large, sun- tracking mirrors to concentrate sunlight. Combined with high-temperature thermal storage for backup supply, CSP plants can provide flexible, baseload electricity production as well as produce high-temperature heat for industrial processes or to purify or desalinate water. Despite the higher investment cost, CSP plants use many available technologies such as steam turbines, and electricity from CSP can be produced at a competitive cost per kilowatt-hour. Policies and measures to capitalise on this potential include long-term funding for additional research, development and demonstration (RD&D), financial incentives, proper p Example of a combined concentrating solar-desalination plant planning and environmental assessments, and streamlining (Almeira, Spain). the permitting process for new plants. reverse osmosis) located on the shore, and a second focused Background on a CSP plant located inland, transmitting electricity to a

The aim of the Implementing Agreement for Solar Power coastal desalination plant (multi-effect distillation). Much RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN and Chemical Energy Systems (SolarPACES IA) is to facilitate of the coastal land is occupied and the amount of annual technology development, market deployment and energy sun is somewhat lower due to cloud cover. However, it was partnerships for sustainable, reliable, efficient and cost- found possible to generate 10.4 gigawatts (GW) of power competitive concentrating solar technologies by providing and to desalinate 8.3 million cubic metres per day of water leadership as the international network of independent on the combined coastlines of Egypt, the Red Sea and the experts. There are 19 Contracting Parties (including Algeria, Persian Gulf. Brazil, China, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa, The second case examined CSP plants located further inland, and the United Arab Emirates) and one Sponsor. where electricity was transmitted to the coastal desalination plant. This configuration was not always possible due to Spotlight the state of the electricity grid, and where it was possible, it resulted in transmission losses between the CSP installation Many countries and regions with the most hours of annual and the desalination plant. However, the net result was sunlight also have a shortage of fresh water resources. found to be beneficial, as the multi-effect distillation process For this reason, the SolarPACES IA project “Solar Energy of desalination was found to be thermodynamically more and Water Process and Applications” aims to combine the efficient, requiring a smaller solar CSP plant to produce the benefit of high-temperature steam and electricity from CSP same amount of electricity. plants to purify waste or standing water and drive processes to desalinate seawater. Despite recent advances in energy efficiency, desalination plants are energy intensive and often CURRENT PROJECTS operate using fossil fuels. Using exhaust steam from CSP plants would not only improve overall efficiencies but would Solar chemistry research also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy and water processes and applications For these reasons, the SolarPACES IA subtask, Concentrated Solar Power and Desalination Plants, set out to examine cases Solar resource knowledge management of CSP plants combined with desalination in arid countries. Solar technologies and advanced applications Participants examined CSP-desalination demonstration projects in Egypt, Jordan, Israel and Spain. Detailed Solar thermal electric systems comparisons of systems configurations, components, materials and operating regimes were made. Salt concentrations and the location of the plant were also considered. REFERENCES Two cases were examined in the Mediterranean region, the Photo courtesy of CIEMAT. first focussing on a combined CSP desalination plant (using www.solarpaces.org

55 © OECD/IEA 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN 56 country to another. to country one from replicated be may which deployment, energy renewable from effects employment measure to in which framework reliable consistent, a provided study The for were report. the Tunisia to annex an in studies synthesised and country case participating and IA RETD each guidelines while approaches, assessment of overview an main includes The report the of energy. body renewable of impacts employment the estimating for guidelines methodological consistent a set The developed of RETD IA project coherent, EMPLOY employment. on use and energy frameworks renewable policy of effects the estimate of to used methodologies studies case gathering aimed at approach structural more a create to out set IA RETD the reason, this For tools. analytical and objectives differing on based is economy the of sectors on large-scale impacts the and of technologies energy economics renewable of the deployment of understanding The Spotlight Parties. Contracting concrete through deployment examples of deployment solutions. There are currently nine energy renewable awareness of public and dialogue international ongoing facilitating and partnerships; public-private fostering by on innovative business strategies and projects, for example makers policy and sector them; private the to guidance offering remove to solutions best-practice providing and deployment to barriers identifying includes This sector. private the and makers policy to guidance practice best and advice provide and deployment to barriers main the identify to are IA) (RETD Deployment Technology Energy Renewable for Agreement Implementing the of goals The Background and the trades, and consumer information campaigns. R&D to lower costs, educational programmes for professionalspolicyframework, financial and fiscal incentives, continued stable a includesourcesenergyrenewable deploymentof renewablesto needed.is Policies andmeasures supportto increased understandingHowever, of emissions. the socio-economicgas greenhouse issuesas relatedwell as impacts environmental and health reduce can sources renewable from electricity and Heattechnologies. energy renewable ontext of deploymentgreater through alleviated be could prices Securityof supply and the need for long-term, stable energy Policy EMPLOYMENT INCREASES DEPLOYMENT RENEWABLES Deployment

c © OECD/IEA 2013 achieved, the data availability and budget allocation. allocation. budget and availability data the achieved, be to goals most policy the the on for depending approach, choice suitable their in guided are makers Policy p with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Renewable with the International collaboration in executed was project This makers. policy for recommendations includes report the results, Based these on economy. the and jobs both on effect positive a have to shown been have technologies energy renewable countries, across to compare are difficult results Although data. the collect to procedures and data of requirements methods, various and disadvantages advantages issues, the used, methodological the methods of basics the into insight provides report The approaches. Guidelines were prepared for four different methodological www.iea-retd.org REFERENCES Norway ehrad 0 1602 0 0.24% 800 20 600 11 200 9 Netherlands Ireland France Denmark ntdKndm1 0 1002 0 0.09% 200 27 000 11 200 16 Kingdom United emn 5 0 2 0 7 0 0.67% 600 270 500 120 100 150 Germany Canada Japan energy ‘True’ industrial Policy Policies instruments Next energy Crucial communicate Communication

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the wellbore. avoidance, well testing; geophysical logging; and preserving diagnosis and remediation during slim-hole drilling; trouble programmes;drilling practices for cost avoidance; problem completion and drilling including parameters, of number a for established were criteria design Optimal pressure. maintain to fluids inject re to need the to relating costs indirect considered also project The consider. to factors of each well, even wells in close proximity, are also important as the large diameter of the wells; and the unique character and composition, and equipment; physical constraints such quality steam or watersiting, to duechallenges Technical the time to full exploitation. (high temperature) require careful generation planning and design to electricity reduce and temperature) (low use direct for destined wells for practices drilling Geothermal opportunities for reducing these costs. understanding of these complex processes in betterorder a develop toto isTechnologies, identifyLogging and Drilling The goal of one Geothermal IA project, Advanced Geothermal these costs is a primary focus for the industry. reducing Therefore project. power geothermal deep a for These costs can represent more than half of the capital cost gas wells, and these costs increase according to the depth. and oil than drill to expensive more are wells Geothermal Spotlight Parties, including Iceland and Mexico, as well as fiveanalysis sponsors.and databases. There are currently 15Contracting geothermal; and producing and of disseminating utilisation authoritative and development exploration, techniques; and technologies of use the on practice best developing co-operation on R&D. Activities include information sharing; (GeothermalIA) isto provide frameworka for international Programme on Geothermal Energy Research and Technology The goal of the Implementing Agreement for the Co-operative Background and renewable portfolio standards. include incentives tax tariffs, feed-in geothermal as such incentives economic support to measures and Policies cooling. and heating building for used be can ground the for or networks from heat lower-temperature the and processes, heating industrial district in used be can steam costs and with minimal environmental impact. Geothermal fuel no with years many for power base-load continuous, ontext providecan thatrenewablesourceenergy only the is heat geothermal high-temperature from generation Electricity Policy COSTS GEOTHERMAL DOWN DRILLING

c © OECD/IEA p www.iea-gia.org Photo courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories. REFERENCES Geothermal Drilling studies, are compiled in the case including project, the of results The examined. also formations. Expandable tubes and feedback processes were unstable through drill to successfully used spent been has and time reduces it as practice was best a casing as with highlighted Drilling explored. were drilling, particular deep in technologies, emerging of risks and Costs Induced Enhanced development Environmental Data Direct technologies Advanced

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RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN 58 technology for on-site production of hydrogen from both from hydrogen of production on-site for technology based fuels, and new technologies), and cost calculations. capturestorageand withhydrogen production fromfossil- resource issues (including bio-based fuels, combining carbon safety,standards, emerging technologies, sustainability and include industrial harmonisation, remaining R&D challenges, tosystems, markets and costs. Issues examined in the study fossil and Supply, Hydrogen a of recentfive-year HIA objective study, The gas. natural ‘reform’ to steam using which hydrogen can be produced on the site of consumption For these reasons, the Hydrogen IA set out to analyse ways in of site the consumption ofsite( productionthe to from infrastructure supply complexities new and building costs of the to due However, great. be would protection environmental and security energy to benefits the and considerable is sector transport the in fuels fossil traditional replace to hydrogen for potential the addressed, be can issues safety and storage Provided Spotlight Lithuania and two intergovernmental organisations. There are currently 23 Contracting Parties,expertise. includingfor resource global premierIceland, a as it establishing promoteeconomicdevelopmentand internationally while optimiseenvironmental protection; improve energy security; to utilisation widespread and implementation hydrogen accelerate to are and IA) (Hydrogen Hydrogen Production of Utilisation the on Development and Research of Theaims ofthe Implementing Agreement for Programmea Background standards to support commercial development. regulatory measures; and developing internationaland financial fiscal,codes projects; pilot andand demonstration for for suitable materials and to address safety concerns; support tosupport deployment ofhydrogen include continued R&D costs of production will also be needed. Policies and relatedmeasurestostorage and safety must barriers beaddressed. Reducing potentials, these Despite sectors. transport and for a wide range of applications in the residential, industrial environmental minimal effects. And with hydrogen fuel cells fuel can beused a in result electrolysis through water splitting by or sources, energy renewable plants, power source such as fossil fuels. Hydrogen producedprimary fromthe nuclearfrom hydrogen the splitting by extracted be ontext must it earth on Yet universe. the in element abundant most the is it as limitless virtually is hydrogen of Supply Policy SUPPLY HYDROGEN REFORMING other options need to be considered. Hydrogen

c renewable fuels and to explore challenges related

was to work towards harmonisation of harmonisation towards work to was Small-ScaleReformers for on-site i.e. petrolstations), © OECD/IEA 2013 Fifteencompanies (reformer suppliers companies)gasand p hydrogen reforming. on-site for guide market global a as serve to expected is harmonised technology for on and safe for basis a developing to contributed has study Germany. in operating were reforming hydrogen with the United States. By the the end of 2011, 24 stations in equipped units at petrol stations are participated underway in Europe, Japan and countries ten evaluations. Demonstration projects in with on institutes and www.ieahia.org Photo courtesy of the Fiedler Group, a Los Angeles alternative fuels design firm. REFERENCES Water Small-scale Large-scale Hydrogen Hydrogen-based Global materials Fundamental Distributed Bio-hydrogen

This on-site,small-scalereformerprovideshydrogen (Long Beach,California). produced fromnaturalgasto10-12customersperday CURRENT PROJECTS

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The analysis and modelling. performing for procedures recommended and advice including reservoirs, man-made performing quantitative analysis of net GHG emissions from Reservoirsfrom GuidelinesforQuantitative Analysis ofNetGHG Emissions the in synthesised are study this of results The methods. evaluation GHG standardise to and reservoirs carbon in balance the on studies planning for guidelines practice best establish to was goal The emissions. GHG reservoir to connected processes the of study comprehensive a out carried members IA Hydropower Reservoirs, Freshwater in Balance Carbon the Managing Environment: the and legislations and regulations. Under the project, Hydropower a is policies, energy into feeding information unbiased there of lack reservoirs, hydropower from emissions GHG regarding positions diverging and uncertainties to Due Spotlight Brazil and China. unbiased deployment. There are seven Contracting Parties, balanced, including hydropowerencouragingand hydropower; oninformation disseminating hydropower; organisations; to relating issues international among interest common of of areas exploring range broad a of knowledge increasing research; hydropower to approach of interdisciplinary an management applying and includes This hydropower. development the for resources water of use sustainable the for support and knowledge Programmes (Hydropower IA) are to encourage awareness, and Technologies Hydropower on Programme operative Co- a for Agreement Implementing the of objectives The Background investors and accelerate deployment. financing for alleviateriskswillreforms design market andschemes, innovative incentives, financial providing at fornew hydropower projects, policies and measures aimed required investments capital high the to Due reservoirs. be addressed such as methane emissions from hydropower America. However, many environmental impact issues must considerable potential is for hydropower, There especially in Africa, sources. Asia and Latin energy renewable other integrating of variability the balance networks electricity low with efficient, and operating reliable and maintenance costs. is Pumped storage can it help and other proven a technology, all is for Hydropower 2% combined. sources than renewable less ontext to compared worldwide, Hydropowerrepresents 17%totalof electricity generation Policy EMISSIONS OF BOTTOM THE TO GETTING

c . The . Guidelines in-situ provide a methodology formethodology a provide measurements, data data measurements, © OECD/IEA p impact assessments, and national GHG accounting.environmental schemes, trading GHG national or local The emissions (for both existing and planned reservoirs). (uncertainties for existing reservoirs) and pre-impoundment post-impoundmentemissionsof estimatescalculating and Advice on planning and executing measurement campaigns stage are outlined, including evaluations of uncertainties. each at emissions GHG net of estimates calculating for measurements: outflow facilities; and of downstream reach. General stages procedures reservoir watershed; upstream reservoir; five area; inundation comprises model The www.ieahydro.org Photo courtesyofEawag,Switzerland. REFERENCES Small-scale Renewal Hydropower Hydropower Hydropower

2013 Researchers retrievingamethanetrapfromhydropowerreservoir (Wohlen, Switzerland). CURRENT PROJECTS Guidelines

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RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN 60 demonstration projects (Tethys). a create and research of database available publically searchable, to collaborated countries participating seven Second, through the OES IA work on environmental issues, jobs and reducing 1 billion tonnes of CO goalofinstalling 337 GW ofcapacity, creating 1.2 million InternationalVision for Ocean Energy and challenges for ocean energy have been synthesised in reductions, synergies with other industries, markets, policies, gradients. salinity technologytogethermaps,withThesedevelopments, cost and thermal, tidal, wave, resources: energy ocean of maps globalestablished group the First, and innovative processes. endowments, and experiences with demonstration projects IA resource OES of inventories the worldwide prepared ocean, recently has the from generation projects and electricity potentials for of advantage take to order In and deployed; innovation spurred by ongoing research already and development. technologies with experiences other technologies or industries to ocean energy; gathering technologies: adaptation, or applying lessons learned from energy ocean for needed are learning of types Multiple Spotlight including China, Mexico and South Africa. or Parties, Contracting 19 to currently are There related differences desalination. technologies as well temperature as concentrations; salt currents), tides, (waves, swells, movements ocean from electricity generate to technologies of analysis quality unbiased, includes way. This acceptable environmentally an in systems energy ocean to of acceptance and are uptake viability, the IA) accelerate (OES Systems Energy Ocean on Programme The aims of the Implementing Agreement for a Co Background schemes to support development of industry supply chains. and incentives, market and financial research, continued for support financial include energy ocean of deployment collaboration is necessary. Policies and measures to support international source, energy this on capitalise To routes. open sea are divided into fishing permit areas and shipping the and waters, coastal Ports, issues. environmental and siting are there However, proven. are technologies These swells. and waves currents, tides, of movements content, electricity generatedontext by changes in ocean temperatures, salt of 80 000 TWh to TWh 20 000 develop to potential the is There TWh. 17 500 is demand electricity world Current Policy POTENTIALS AND PROJECTS PILOTS, Ocean

c .This vision includes a 2 emissions by 2050. ‑ o perative © OECD/IEA An 2013 The Tethys database collates results of environmental environmental of results collates database Tethys The p accurately gauge the potentials of ocean energy worldwide. investors, industry and ocean technology developers to more makers,policy enable worldwideprojects of database and maps resource world the together, Taken systems. oceans physical and wildlife, marine devices, current and tidal, These A photo of the installation completes each case study. total installed capacity and a description of the installation. projectdeveloper, the the technology type, of scale of the project, name the assessments, impact environmental of projects, process status, key environmental issues, the research status and monitoring environmental energy ocean of a through partnership with the Developed OES IA, Tethys worldwide. drives an interactive development map energy monitoringandresearch efforts wave,ontidal and current www.iea-oceans.org Photo courtesyofMarineCurrentTurbines. REFERENCES Guidelines Grid Exchange Environmental

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in situ data document the interactions among wave, integration

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States, to develop the necessary methods to enable enable to methods particular, in technologies, PV grid-connected necessary distributed the develop to States, United the and Europe China, in stakeholders other and National workshops have been held with utilities, industry, much is yet to be defined. networks,electricityregional or nationalconfigurations of system and voltage varying with Coupled installations. the of size the and technologies PV of range broad the to due largely is This lacking. been have PV of penetration Untilnow common definitions orscenarios including high- through greater deployment of PV. energy management and system control of electricity grids barriersdevelopand technical requirements; andfacilitate cases of successful high penetration of PV; identify technical Electricity Grids. The objectives are to review and document underlying the rationale for the PVPS is IA project, High Penetration This of PV in stability. and reliability network electricity on source variable this of effects the – address and – understand to important increasingly becomes it As electricity from PV cell installations continues to increase, Spotlight Israel and Mexico and three sponsors. ContractingcurrentlyfourtwentyParties,including China, are co-operation.technologyThereenhances andbarriers; non-technical and technical both of removal the fosters awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems; increases applications; power PV of reduction cost the to contributes This systems. energy sustainable to transition the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the enhance the international collaborative efforts that facilitate to PhotovoltaicisProgramme IA)onSystems(PVPSPower The aim of the Implementing Agreement for a Co-operative Background workforce. skilled a training and educating and gains; efficiency and reductions cost accelerate further to R&D electricity increasing network funding interconnections; for financial incentives; standards and codes for buildings and and fiscal include PV solar of deployment further support large fields and for Policies to measures power generation. can or urban or be for rural residences designed individual installations and market, the on cells PV of range wide a significant a with are There regions. world all nearly in growth for potential technology reliable and commercially a available are ontext cells photovoltaic Solar electricity. into energy solar convert directly cells (PV) Photovoltaic Policy WAY BIG A IN CELLS SMALL INTEGRATING

c © OECD/IEA network topologies. their impact on different applications, connection levels and protection requirements for PV inverters, control, safety and p energy resources, and equipment manufacturers.distributed of interconnection with concerned engineers utility engineers, simulation system power inverters, and use by electricity network planners, specialists for PV systems Japan and the United States. The final report is designed for modelsofPVforecasting have been developed forEurope, usingPV,overall powersystems anddistribution. Fourteen have resulted in case studies focusing on energy managementandthe price of electricity are also considered. These efforts policy framework on the number of new, large-scale projects changinga effectsofnetworks. Thethe oneffect the and of tools to forecast and monitor optimum weather conditions a high penetration of PV. The group has investigated the use of performance, definitions operating into ranges and synthesised utility compatibility be will with information This www.iea-pvps.org Academy of Science. Photo courtesy of the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese REFERENCES Performance Large-scale PV PV Hybrid High Deploying

2013 A large-scale(10MW)arrayofphotovoltaicpanels (YangBaJing, Tibet). CURRENT PROJECTS

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RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN 62 Training for trade and building professionals and consumer obligationsbuildingsolareffective.regulationsalsoor are as such approaches Regulatory incentives. tax consumer or subsidies, and heat commercial for standards portfolio renewable tariffs, feed-in as such incentives fiscal include measuresandsupporttodeployment technologiesSHC of technologies can provide continuous energy supply. Policies agricultural processes. Combined with energy storage, SHC hot water and space heating and cooling to industrial and ontext forawide range of applications, from residential domestic Solarheating andcooling (SHC)technologies usedcanbe Policy WEATHERFORECASTS AND SATELLITE IMAGES (NWP) models are more accurate for four- to six-hour six-hour to four- for forecasts. accurate more are models (NWP) prediction weather numerical while forecasts, four-hour to up for suitable most is model CMV the that show Results series of cloud images from derivedfrom cloud motion vectors (CMV), based on atime forecasts of reliability the investigated also Participants minutes. several next the over change will radiation the cameras appears promising as they provide images of how varying demand, application of Totalwith Sky Imagers or supply all sky varying match to seeking operators system project for critical hour, one the than less of from forecasts for that show results Preliminary advance. in days three to minutes few a from radiation solar forecast that methods various of accuracy the of understanding clearer a gain to as so data resource solar existing of procedures Resource validation improve Solar to aims Forecasting, project, and Assessment IA SHC the reasons these For fluctuations in both weather and demand. meet to techniques forecasting precise more require will technologies solar from electricity of penetration High when critical is designing, building resources and operating successful solar systems. energy solar of Knowledge Spotlight including China, Mexico, Singapore and South Africa. and consumers. There are currently 21 Contracting Parties, solar thermal market; and raise awareness of policy makers testing of hardware, materials and design tools; expand the and development research, through share market global solar the increase and barriers overcome to are IA) (SHC Systems Cooling and Heating Solar Test and Develop to The aims of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme Background awareness campaigns should also be considered. Solar Heating and Cooling and Heating Solar

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recommends that planners, operators, authorities, c Wind Energy Projects in Cold Cold in Projects Energy Wind © OECD/IEA Other RPs under development include conducting conducting conducting model benchmark studies. include development integration studies, estimating the under cost of wind energy, and RPs Other consequences of site selection. developers with an early understanding of the severity and power wind provides that sites energy wind at conditions For example, the RP presents a classification system of icing p www.ieawind.org Photo courtesyofLarsTallhaug. REFERENCES Wind deployment Remote Standardising Social Small Integrating Improving Environmental Cost Comparing Benchmarking

2013 increased focus on personnel safety and expanded planning. turbines in extreme and cold climates requires special equipment, Wind IA Recommended Practices 13 recognises that installing wind CURRENT PROJECTS

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Topics Addressed 2010-12 Scope and Portfolios Energy Sectors Participation

65 © OECD/IEA 2013 © OECD/IEA 2013 High-temperature cooling,micro-generationandcost-effectiveenergy andCO Financial andtechnicalconceptsfordeepenergyretrofits Electric energystorage:future storagedemand Applying energystorageinultra-low energybuildings Energy Storage Towards fourthgeneration,low-temperature DHC Integrating renewableenergyand wasteheatwithDHC Improved maintenancestrategiesfordistrictheatingpipe-lines District HeatingandCooling,IncludingCombinedHeatPower Total energyuseinbuildings:analysisandevaluationmethods Towards netzeroenergysolarbuildings Reliability ofenergyefficientbuildingretrofitting Reliable buildingenergyperformancecharacterisationbasedonfull-scale dynamic measurements Related energytechnologiesinbuildings New generationcomputationaltools Low Evaluation ofembodiedenergyandCO Energy-efficient communities Air infiltrationandventilationcentre Buildings andCommunitySystems BUILDINGS Advancing theTIMES/MARKALmodellingtools: Global, multi-regionalETSAP-TIAMmodel Energy TechnologyDataSourcebriefs(E-TechDS) Energy TechnologySystemsAnalysis ETDEWEB onlineresearchdatabase: Energy TechnologyDataExchange Technology needsassessments Regional cleanenergyfinancingforums Private FinancingAdvisoryNetwork(PFAN) Joint activitieswiththeUNFCCC Innovations foraclimatefriendlybuildingsector Financing adaptation Exchange ofexperts Clean technologybusinessnetwork Capacity building Climate TechnologyInitiative CROSS-CUTTING 2010-12*ADDRESSED TOPICS * includes studies completed, begun and active during 2010-12. during active and begun completed, studies includes * Capacity-building: energysystemsanalysis Policies/measures: integratingpolicyinstrumentsandfinancialmeasures Electricity generation:wide-scaleintegrationofrenewables Transport: modesoftransport,traveltimeandbudgets Prices: managingpricevolatilityanduncertainties Broadening accesstopartnercountries Developing amobilephoneapplication Adding searchaids Expanding coverage ‑ temperature heatinginbuildings 2 emissionsforbuildingconstruction © OECD/IEA 2013 2 emissionsoptimisation 67

TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 68 Surplus heatmanagementusingadvancedthermalenergystorageforCO Material researchanddevelopmentforimprovedthermalenergystoragesystems Individual contributortasks Hydrogen-enriched leanpremixed combustion forultralowemissiongasturbinecombustors Alternative fuels Advanced hydrogen-fuelledinternal combustionengines Emissions ReductionfromCombustion INDUSTRY Smart gridinternationalresearchfacilitynetwork Synthesis ofinsightsfordecisionmakers Power transmissionanddistributionsystems Benefit-cost analysesandtoolkits Smart gridcasestudies Global smartgridinventory Smart Grids(ISGAN) High-temperature superconductingmotors Simulating htsusingelectromagnetictransientprogrammes Roadmap forsuperconductors High-temperature superconductingrotatingmachines High-temperature superconductingrotors Fault currentlimiters Alternating currentlosses High-Temperature Superconductivity The roleofcustomersindeliveringeffectivesmartgrids Standardising energysavingscalculations Integration ofdemand-sidemanagement,energyefficiency,distributedgeneration andrenewableenergies Competitive energyservices Branding ofenergyefficiency Behaviour changeindemand-sidemanagement:fromtheorytopoliciesandpractice Demand-Side Management ELECTRICITY Thermally drivenheatpumpsforheatingandcooling Systems usingsolarthermalenergyincombinationwithheatpumps Quality installationandmaintenance Heat pumpconceptsfornear-zeroenergybuildings Field measurementsonheatpumpsystemsinbuildings:goodexampleswithmoderntechnologies Common methodsfortestingandratingheatpumpsairconditioningannualorseasonalperformance Cold climateheatpumps(improvinglowambienttemperatureperformanceofair-source heatpumps) Applications ofindustrialheatpumps Heat Pumps Standby power Solid statelighting Smart meteringinfrastructure Policy driveninnovation Monitoring, verificationandenforcement Mapping andbenchmarking Electric motorsystems Efficient ElectricalEquipment Thermal responsetestforundergroundthermalenergystorage © OECD/IEA 2013 2 mitigation System optimisationandvehicleintegration Quick chargingtechnology Plug-in hybridelectricvehicles Market deploymentofhybridand electric vehicles:lessonslearned Life-cycle assessments Electric vehicleecosystems Electrochemical systems E-mobility businessmodels Accelerated testingproceduresforlithium-ionbatteryageing Hybrid andElectricVehicles Synthesis, characterisationanduseofhydro-treatedoilsfatsin engines Research onunregulatedpollutantsemissionsofvehiclesfuelledwith alcohol alternativefuels Performance evaluationofpassengercarfuelandpowerplantoptions Particulate measurementsofethanolandbutanolindieselinjection engines Life-cycle analysisoftransportationfuelpathways Exhaust gastoxicityandparticulatesfrominternalcombustionengines Environmental impactofbiodieselvehiclesinrealtrafficconditions Enhanced emissionperformanceandfuelefficiencyforheavydutymethaneengines Alternative fuelsformarineapplications Alcohol applications Advanced MotorFuels Thermoelectric materialscharacterisationmeasurementimprovementandstandarddevelopment Nano-materials testingandcharacterizationforqualitycontrol Magnesium alloycorrosionprotectionanddurabilityforlight-weightingofvehicles Low-cost carbonfibremeasurementstandardsassessment Integrated surfacetechnologytoreducefrictioninengines Advanced coatingstoimproveenginedurabilityandefficiency Advanced MaterialsforTransportation Systems analysisoffuelcells Solid oxidefuelcells Polymer electrolytefuelcells Molten carbonatefuelcells Fuel cellsfortransportation Fuel cellsforportableapplications Fuel cellsystemsforstationaryapplications Advanced FuelCells TRANSPORT Membrane technologies Industry-based biorefineries Industrial excessheatrecovery Energy efficientdryinganddewateringtechnologies Energy efficientseparationssystems:methodologicalaspects,demonstration andeconomics Energy efficiencyinsmall-andmedium-sizedenterprises Development anduseofprocessintegrationintheironsteelindustry Application ofindustrialheatpumps Industrial TechnologiesandSystems Nano-particle diagnostics Homogeneous chargecompressionignition Internal combustionenginesprays © OECD/IEA 2013 69

TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 70 Sewage sludgeconversion Recent trendsinparticipatingcountries Mathematical, three-dimensionalmodelling Fluidised beddesignaspects Energy cropsandfluidisedbedconversion Co-firing andashproblems Fluidised BedConversion Studies offluidsandinterfacesinporousmedia Fundamental researchonsurfactantsandpolymers Emerging technologies Dynamic reservoircharacterisation Thermal recovery Development ofgasfloodingtechniques Enhanced OilRecovery Utilisation oflowrankcoals Update onlignitefiring Understanding pulverisedcoal,biomassandwastecombustion Trace elementemissionsfromcoal Public attitudestocoaluseinthecontextofglobalwarming Prospects forcoalandcleaninUkraine Propensity ofcoaltoself-heat CO CO CO CCS challengesandopportunitiesforChina Carbon mitigationtechnologiesforemergingeconomies Carbon CaptureandStorage:legalregulatoryframework Ash utilisation:impacofrecentchangesinpowergenerationpractices Clean Coal FOSSIL FUELS Pre-combustion captureofCO Opportunities forfinecoalutilisation Non-greenhouse gasemissionsfromcoal-firedpowerplantsinChina Next generationcoalgasificationtechnology Low waterFGDtechnologies Legislation, standardsandmethodsformercuryemissionscontrol Integrating intermittentrenewableenergytechnologieswithcoal-firedpower plant Impacts ofseabornetradeoncoalimportingcountries:globalsummary Impacts ofseabornetradeoncoalimportingcountries:Atlanticmarket Impacts ofseaborntradeoncoalimportingcoutnries:PacificMarket Hybrid carboncapturesystems Global perspectiveontheuseoflowqualitycoals Expert systemsandcoalqualityinpowergeneration Emissions fromcofiringcoal,biomassandsewagesludge Efficiency andemissionsmonitoringreporting Co-firing highratiosofbiomasswithcoal Coal-to-oil, gasandchemicalsinChina Coal-fired CCSdemonstrationplants 2 2 2 reductionsfromCCTsandCO abatementintheironandsteelindustry abatementinthecementindustry 2 inIGCCplants 2 capture © OECD/IEA 2013 Feasibility ofmonitoringtechniquesforsbustancesmobilisedbyCO Effects ofimpuritiesongeologicalstorageCO Retrofitting CO CO Quantificaiton techniquesforCO Potential impactsongroundwaterresourcesofgeologicalstorage Potential forbiomassandcarbondioxidecapturestorage Post combusioncaptureconferenceone Operating flexibilityofpowerplantswithCCS Operational demonstrationsofCCS Challenges andopportunitiesofCO Tritium processing Solid breedingblankets Plasma surfaceinteractions Plasma-facing components Neutronics Liquid breedingblankets Nuclear TechnologyofFusionReactors Vanadium basealloys Tungsten andtungstenalloys Silicon carbidecompositematerials Reduced activationandadvancedferriticsteels Irradiation facilitiesandpost-irradiationtests Fundamental studiesofirradiationeffects Diagnostics andcontrolinsulatingceramicsmodelling,computersimulation andvalidation Fusion Materials Transient thermo-fluidmodelling,validationtests Socio-economic aspects Radioactive wastestudies Power plantstudies Magnet safety In-vessel tritiumsourceterm Failure-rate database Activation productssourceterms Environmental, Safety,EconomyofFusion FUSION Wellbore integritynetworksummaryreport Summary reportofthe6thriskassessmentnetworkworkshop Rotating equipmentforcarbondioxidecaptureandstorage Control ofnitrosamineformationinCO Emissions ofsubstancesotherthanCO Caprock systemsforCO Barriers toimplementationofccs:capacityconstraints Addressing sulphurandmercurycorrosioninoxyfuelcombustionbiolerfluegasprocessingunits Greenhouse GasfromFossilFuels(CarbonCaptureandStorage) Gaseous emissionsfromaminebasedpostcombusionCO Natural releasesofCO Global storageresourcesgapanalysisforpolicymakers 2 captureatgasfiredpowerplants 2 capturetoexistingpowerplants 2 : buildingknowledgeforcarbonstorageenviornmentalimpactassessments 2 geologicalstorage 2 leakage 2 captureandstoragefortheironsteelindustry 2 2 frompowerplantswithCCS captureplant:report 2 2 captureprocessesandtheirdeepremoval © OECD/IEA 2 storageingeologicalformations 2013 71

TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 72 Solar thermalelectricsystems Solar technologiesandadvancedapplications Solar resourceknowledgemanagement Solar energyandwaterprocesses and applications Solar chemistryresearch Concentrating SolarPower(SolarPACES) Thermal gasificationofbiomass Sustainable bioenergymarketsandinternationaltrade:securingsupply anddemand Pyrolysis ofbiomass Integrating energyrecoveryintosolidwastemanagement Energy frombiogas Commercialisation ofconventionalandadvancedliquidbiofuelsfrom biomass Climate changeimpactsofbiomassandbioenergysystems Biorefining: sustainableprocessingofbiomassformarketablebio-based products Biomass feedstocksforenergymarkets Biomass combustionandco-firing Bioenergy RENEWABLES ANDHYDROGEN Tritium andremote-handlingtechnologies Transport andinternaltransportbarrierphysics Steady stateoperation Sol anddivertorphysics Magnetohydrodynamics, disruptionsandcontrol Edge andpedestalphysics Confinement databaseandmodelling Tokamaks Numerical codeverifications Model validations International SHjointexperiments Integration ofhigh-performance,steady-stateplasmaconfinementforreactor-relevant regimes Demo assessmentbasedonSHconcepts Confinement andprofiledatabase Stellerator-Heliotron Steady stateoperationoffusiondevices Science andR&Dofsphericaltoridevices Physics andtechnologyoffuturesphericaltorusdevices Spherical Tori Co-ordinated experimentsonthefollowingdevices: Reversed FieldPinches Tritium retentionandremovalstudies Modelling oferosion,migrationanddepositionwallmaterialsinITER Diagnostic developmentsforITER Design andconstructionofnewtestdeviceswithlinearplasmaselectron/ion beams Plasma WallInteraction Reversed FieldExperiment(Italy) TPE-RX (Japan) Madison SymmetricTorus(UnitedStates) EXTRAP T2-R(Sweden) © OECD/IEA 2013 Large-scale solarheatingandcooling systems Compact thermalenergystorage Advanced lightingforretrofitting buildings Solar HeatingandCooling Performance andreliabilityofPVsystems Large-scale PVpowergenerationsystems PV environmentalhealthandsafetyactivities PV servicesfordevelopingcountries Hybrid systemswithinmini-grids High penetrationofPVinelectricitygrids Deploying PVservicesforregionaldevelopment Photovoltaic PowerSystems Guidelines fordevelopmentandtesting Grid integration Exchange andassessmentofprojectinformation Environmental effectsandmonitoringefforts Ocean Water photolysis Small-scale reformersforon-sitehydrogen Large-scale deliveryinfrastructure Hydrogen safety Hydrogen-based energystorage Global hydrogensystemsanalysis Fundamental andappliedhydrogenstoragematerialsdevelopment Distributed andcommunityhydrogen Bio-hydrogen Hydrogen Small-scale hydropower Renewal andupgradingofhydropowerplants Hydropower upgrading Hydropower services Hydropower andtheenvironment Hydropower Induced seismicity Enhanced geothermalsystems Environmental impactsofgeothermaldevelopment Data collectionandinformation Direct useofgeothermalenergy Advanced geothermaldrillingandloggingtechnologies Geothermal Financing renewableenergy:keychallengesforlarge-scaledeployment Linking REpromotionpolicieswithinternationalcarbontrade Costs ofinaction Risk quantificationandriskmanagementinrenewableenergyprojects RE inglobalenergyscenarios Offshore renewableenergy Renewable energiesforremoteareasandislands Business modelsforrenewableenergyinthebuiltenvironment Deployment © OECD/IEA 2013 73

TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 TOPICS ADDRESSED 2010-12 74 Wind energyincoldclimates Remote sensingtechnologyforwindenergydeployment Standardising windturbinereliabilitydata Social acceptanceofwindenergyprojects Small windturbinequalitylabelling Integrating windintopowersystems Improving aerodynamicmodels Environmental monitoring,assessment Cost ofwindenergy Comparing codesforoffshorewindfoundations Benchmarking windfarmflowmodels Wind TurbineSystems Solar resourceassessmentandforecastingfornetzeroenergysolarbuildings Solar renovationofnon-residentialbuildings Solar ratingandcertificationprocedures Solar heatintegrationinindustrialprocesses Solar energyinurbanplanning Solar andheatpumpsystems Quality assuranceandsupportmeasuresforsolarcoolingsystems Polymeric materials © OECD/IEA 2013 4. Includes employment, social acceptance, trade, finance and other socio-economic issues related to use of the technology or energy source. energy or technology the of use to related issues socio-economic other and finance trade, acceptance, social employment, Includes 4. transfer. knowledge and technology analysis, sectoral introduction, Market 3. sources. energy or technologies existing of reviews literature and testing, insitu Characterisation, 2. materials. and technologies commercial mechanics, processes, conversion chemistry, 1. Physics, and hydrogen Renewables Fusion power Fossil fuels transport End-use: industry End-use: electricity End-use: buildings End-use: Cross-cutting PORTFOLIOS AND SCOPE Bioenergy Environmental, Safety andEconomy Clean CoalCentre Advanced Fuel Cells Emissions Reduction inCombustion Demand-Side Management Buildings andCommunities Climate Technology Initiative Solar Heating and Cooling Photovoltaics Ocean Hydropower Hydrogen Geothermal Deployment Concentrating solar Tokamaks Stellarator-Heliotron Concept Spherical Tori Reversed FieldPinches Plasma Wall Interaction Nuclear Technology Fusion Reactors Fusion Materials Multiphase Flow Sciences Greenhouse Gas R&D Fluidized BedConversion Enhanced OilRecovery Hybrid andElectricVehicles Advanced Transport Materials Advanced MotorFuels Industrial Technologies andSystems Smart Grids High-temperature Superconductivity Heat Pumping Technologies Energy Storage Energy EfficientElectricalEquipment District Heating andCooling Energy Technology Systems Analysis Energy Technology Data Exchange Wind Energy Systems Basic science © OECD/IEA ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 2013 1 science Applied ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 2 and deployment Demonstration ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 3 Socio-economic issues ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 4 75

SCOPE AND PORTFOLIOS ENERGY SECTORS

Supply Transformation 1 Demand Climate Technology Initiative ü Cross-cutting Energy Technology Data Exchange ü ü ü Energy Technology Systems Analysis ü ü ü Buildings and Communities ü ü ENERGY SECTORS District Heating and Cooling ü ü End-use: Energy Efficient Electrical Equipment buildings ü ü Energy Storage ü ü Heat Pumping Technologies ü ü Demand-Side Management ü ü End-use: High-temperature Superconductivity electricity ü ü Smart Grids ü ü End-use: Emissions Reduction in Combustion ü ü industry Industrial Technologies and Systems ü ü Advanced Fuel Cells ü ü End-use: Advanced Motor Fuels ü ü ü transport Advanced Transport Materials ü Hybrid and Electric Vehicles ü ü Clean Coal Centre ü Enhanced Oil Recovery ü Fossil fuels Fluidized Bed Conversion ü ü Greenhouse Gas R&D ü ü Multiphase Flow Sciences ü ü Environmental, Safety and Economy ü ü Fusion Materials ü ü Nuclear Technology Fusion Reactors ü ü Plasma Wall Interaction ü ü Fusion power Reversed Field Pinches ü ü Spherical Tori ü ü Stellarator-Heliotron Concept ü ü Tokamaks ü ü Bioenergy ü ü Concentrating solar ü ü Deployment ü ü ü Geothermal ü ü ü Renewables Hydrogen ü ü and hydrogen Hydropower ü ü ü Ocean ü ü ü Photovoltaics ü ü ü Solar Heating and Cooling ü ü ü Wind Energy Systems ü ü ü

1. Electricity or heat generation and distribution, transformation from one state to another and combustion processes.

Changes in participations, 1983-20121 Share by sector, 2012

United States Canada Japan Korea Germany PARTICIPITION Sweden Norway United Kingdom Finland France Italy Switzerland Denmark Australia Netherlands Austria Spain Belgium Portugal Ireland New Zealand Turkey Greece Poland Czech Republic

40 30 20 10 0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1983 2012 Cross-cutting End use2 Fossil fuels Fusion power Renewables3

1. Countries that joined the IEA after 1983: the Czech Republic (2002), Finland and France (1992), Korea (2002) and Poland (2008). Hungary, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic do not as yet participate in Implementing Agreements. 2. The end-use category includes buildings, electricity, industry and transport. 3. Renewables includes hydrogen.

Cross- End-Use Fossil Fusion Renewables TOTAL cutting Buildings Electricity Industry Transport fuels power and hydrogen Australia 1 2 1 2 4 1 8 19 Austria 1 3 2 3 4 5 18 Belgium 1 2 2 2 1 4 12 Canada 3 5 2 2 4 5 4 7 32 PARTICIPATION Czech Republic 1 1 2 Denmark 2 5 1 3 2 7 20 Finland 3 4 3 1 4 2 5 22 France 1 4 2 3 3 8 21 Germany 3 4 2 1 4 2 9 25 Greece 1 1 1 2 5 Ireland 1 1 1 1 4 8 Italy 1 2 3 1 3 2 8 20 Japan 2 4 2 1 2 4 7 8 30 Korea 3 5 3 2 2 3 2 7 27 Netherlands 2 3 3 1 1 2 6 18 New Zealand 1 1 1 4 7 Norway 3 4 3 2 3 9 24 Poland 1 2 0 3 Portugal 1 1 1 1 4 8 Spain 2 1 2 2 2 7 16 Sweden 3 5 3 2 3 2 6 24 Switzerland 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 7 20 Turkey 2 1 3 6 United Kingdom 2 5 3 1 2 3 7 23 United States 3 5 3 2 4 4 7 9 37 IEA member countries 39 74 44 21 49 54 22 144 447 Algeria 1 1 Brazil 1 3 4 China 2 1 2 2 3 5 15 Croatia 1 1 Egypt 1 1 Iceland 2 2 India 2 1 2 5 Israel 1 1 2 6 Lithuania 1 1 Malaysia 1 1 Mexico 1 1 1 1 6 10 Morocco 1 1 Russia 1 1 2 4 8 Singapore 1 1 Slovenia 1 1 South Africa 1 2 4 7 Thailand 1 1 Ukraine 1 1 United Arab Emirates 1 1 Venezuela 1 1 Partner countries 4 4 6 6 9 10 30 69 In IEA countries 3 3 30 10 46 In partner countries 10 2 12 Sponsors 3 3 40 12 58 EC 1 1 2 7 7 18 ITER 1 1 OPEC 1 1 UNIDO 1 1 Intl. organisations 1 1 3 8 8 21 TOTAL 44 82 53 21 55 106 40 194 595 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

78 © OECD/IEA 2013 CROSS-CUTTING ACTIVITIES As of 31 December 2012 Climate Technology Energy Technology Energy Technology TOTAL Initiative Data Exchange Systems Analysis Australia 1 1 Austria 1 1 Belgium 1 1 Canada 1 1 1 3 PARTICIPATION Czech Republic Denmark 1 1 2 Finland 1 1 1 3 France 1 1 Germany 1 1 1 3 Greece 1 1 Ireland 1 1 Italy 1 1 Japan 1 1 2 Korea 1 1 1 3 Netherlands 1 1 2 New Zealand Norway 1 1 1 3 Poland Portugal Spain 1 1 2 Sweden 1 1 1 3 Switzerland 1 1 Turkey United Kingdom 1 1 2 United States 1 1 1 3 IEA member countries 11 10 18 39 Algeria Brazil 1 1 China Croatia Egypt Iceland India Israel Lithuania Malaysia Mexico 1 1 Morocco Russia 1 1 Singapore Slovenia South Africa 1 1 Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates Venezuela Partner countries 3 1 4 In IEA countries In partner countries Sponsors EC 1 1 ITER OPEC UNIDO Intl. organisations 1 1 TOTAL 11 13 20 44 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

Buildings and District heating Energy Efficient electrical Heat pumping TOTAL community systems and cooling storage equipment technologies Australia 1 1 2 Austria 1 1 1 3 Belgium 1 1 2 Canada 1 1 1 1 1 5 PARTICIPATION Czech Republic 1 1 Denmark 1 1 1 1 1 5 Finland 1 1 1 1 4 France 1 1 1 1 4 Germany 1 1 1 1 4 Greece 1 1 Ireland 1 1 Italy 1 1 2 Japan 1 1 1 1 4 Korea 1 1 1 1 1 5 Netherlands 1 1 1 3 New Zealand 1 1 Norway 1 1 1 1 4 Poland 1 1 Portugal 1 1 Spain 1 1 Sweden 1 1 1 1 1 5 Switzerland 1 1 1 3 Turkey 1 1 2 United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 1 5 United States 1 1 1 1 1 5 IEA member countries 25 9 12 14 14 74 Algeria Brazil China 1 1 2 Croatia Egypt Iceland India Israel 1 1 Lithuania Malaysia Mexico Morocco Russia Singapore Slovenia 1 1 South Africa Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates Venezuela Partner countries 2 2 4 In IEA countries 3 3 In partner countries Sponsors 3 3 EC 1 1 ITER OPEC UNIDO Intl. organisations 1 1 TOTAL 27 9 12 20 14 82 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

80 © OECD/IEA 2013 END-USE: ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRY As of 31 December 2012 Electricity Industry Demand-side High-temperature Emissions reduction Industrial technologies Smart grids TOTAL TOTAL management superconductivity in combustion and systems Australia 1 1 Austria 1 1 2

Belgium 1 1 2 1 1 2 PARTICIPATION Canada 1 1 2 1 1 2 Czech Republic Denmark 1 1 Finland 1 1 1 3 1 1 France 1 1 2 Germany 1 1 2 1 1 Greece Ireland 1 1 Italy 1 1 1 3 1 1 Japan 1 1 2 1 1 Korea 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 Netherlands 1 1 1 3 1 1 New Zealand 1 1 Norway 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 Poland Portugal 1 1 Spain 1 1 2 Sweden 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 Switzerland 1 1 1 3 1 1 Turkey United Kingdom 1 1 1 3 1 1 United States 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 IEA member countries 14 12 18 44 12 9 21 Algeria Brazil China 1 1 Croatia Egypt Iceland India 1 1 2 Israel 1 1 Lithuania Malaysia Mexico 1 1 Morocco Russia 1 1 Singapore Slovenia South Africa Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates Venezuela Partner countries 1 1 4 6 In IEA countries 1 2 3 In partner countries Sponsors 1 2 3 EC ITER OPEC UNIDO Intl. organisations TOTAL 16 15 22 53 12 9 21 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

Advanced Advanced Advanced transport Hybrid and TOTAL fuel cells motor fuels materials electric vehicles Australia 1 1 2 Austria 1 1 1 3 Belgium 1 1 PATICIPATION Canada 1 1 1 1 4 Czech Republic Denmark 1 1 1 3 Finland 1 1 1 1 4 France 1 1 1 3 Germany 1 1 1 1 4 Greece Ireland 1 1 Italy 1 1 1 3 Japan 1 1 2 Korea 1 1 2 Netherlands 1 1 New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal 1 1 Spain 1 1 2 Sweden 1 1 1 3 Switzerland 1 1 1 3 Turkey 1 1 United Kingdom 1 1 2 United States 1 1 1 1 4 IEA member countries 13 6 13 17 49 Algeria Brazil China 1 1 2 Croatia Egypt Iceland India Israel 1 1 2 Lithuania Malaysia Mexico 1 1 Morocco Russia Singapore Slovenia South Africa Thailand 1 1 Ukraine United Arab Emirates Venezuela Partner countries 2 2 2 6 In IEA countries In partner countries Sponsors EC ITER OPEC UNIDO Intl. organisations TOTAL 15 8 15 17 55 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

82 © OECD/IEA 2013 FOSSIL FUELS As of 31 December 2012 Enhanced oil Fluidised bed Greenhouse Multiphase flow Clean coal centre TOTAL recovery conversion gas R&D sciences Australia 1 1 1 1 4 Austria 1 1 1 1 4 Belgium Canada 1 1 1 1 1 5 Czech Republic 1 1 PARTICIPATION Denmark 1 1 2 Finland 1 1 2 France 1 1 1 3 Germany 1 1 2 Greece 1 1 Ireland Italy 1 1 2 Japan 1 1 1 1 4 Korea 1 1 1 3 Netherlands 1 1 2 New Zealand 1 1 Norway 1 1 1 3 Poland 1 1 2 Portugal 1 1 Spain 1 1 2 Sweden 1 1 2 Switzerland 1 1 Turkey United Kingdom 1 1 1 3 United States 1 1 1 1 4 IEA member countries 10 9 14 17 4 54 Algeria Brazil China 1 1 2 Croatia Egypt Iceland India 1 1 Israel Lithuania Malaysia Mexico 1 1 Morocco Russia 1 1 2 Singapore Slovenia South Africa 1 1 2 Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates Venezuela 1 1 Partner countries 1 2 2 2 2 9 In IEA countries 6 1 23 30 In partner countries 7 3 10 Sponsors 13 1 26 40 EC 1 1 2 ITER OPEC 1 1 UNIDO Intl. organisations 1 2 3 TOTAL 25 11 17 47 6 106 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

Environment, safety, Fusion Nuclear Plasma wall Reversed field Spherical Stellarator Tokamaks TOTAL economy of fusion materials technology interaction pinches tori concept Australia 1 1 Austria Belgium

PARTICIPATION Canada 1 1 1 1 4 Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Korea 1 1 1 2 Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland 1 1 Turkey United Kingdom United States 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 IEA member countries 3 5 4 3 2 2 3 3 22 Algeria Brazil China 1 1 1 3 Croatia Egypt Iceland India 1 1 1 2 Israel Lithuania Malaysia Mexico Morocco Russia 1 1 1 1 4 Singapore Slovenia South Africa Thailand Ukraine 1 1 United Arab Emirates Venezuela Partner countries 2 3 3 2 1 10 In IEA countries In partner countries Sponsors EC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 ITER 1 1 OPEC UNIDO Intl. organisations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 TOTAL 6 9 8 4 3 3 6 6 39 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

84 © OECD/IEA 2013 RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND HYDROGEN As of 31 December 2012 Concen- Bio- trating Deploy- Geo- Hydro- Ocean Photo- Solar heating energy solar ment thermal Hydrogen power Energy voltaic and cooling Wind TOTAL power Australia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Austria 1 1 1 1 1 5

Belgium 1 1 1 1 4 PARTICIPATION Canada 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Czech Republic Denmark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Finland 1 1 1 1 1 5 France 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Germany 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Greece 1 1 2 Ireland 1 1 1 1 4 Italy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Japan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Korea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Netherlands 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 New Zealand 1 1 1 1 4 Norway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Poland Portugal 1 1 1 1 4 Spain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Sweden 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Switzerland 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Turkey 1 1 1 3 United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 United States 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 IEA member countries 20 9 9 12 19 5 16 19 16 19 144 Algeria 1 1 Brazil 1 1 1 3 China 1 1 1 1 1 5 Croatia 1 1 Egypt 1 1 Iceland 1 1 2 India Israel 1 1 2 Lithuania 1 1 Malaysia 1 1 Mexico 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Morocco 1 1 Russia Singapore 1 1 Slovenia South Africa 1 1 1 1 4 Thailand Ukraine United Arab Emirates 1 1 Venezuela Partner countries 3 9 2 2 2 3 4 4 1 30 In IEA countries 1 5 3 1 10 In partner countries 1 1 2 Sponsors 1 5 3 1 2 12 EC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 ITER OPEC UNIDO 1 1 Intl. organisations 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 TOTAL 24 20 9 20 23 7 19 27 22 23 194 EC (Commission of the European Communities); OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries); UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation). Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

85 © OECD/IEA 2013 SPONSORS As of 31 December 2012 Cross- End-use Fossil Fusion Renewables Headquarters TOTAL cutting Buildings Electricity Industry Transport fuels power and hydrogen Alstom Power Technology AG France 1 1 Babcock & Wilcox United States 1 1 BG International United Kingdom 1 1 BP International Ltd. United Kingdom 1 1

PARTICIPATION Bruker HTSGmbH United States 1 1 CanGEA Canada 1 1 CEZ, a.s Czech Republic 1 1 Chevron Corporation United States 1 1 Coal Industry Advisory Board France 1 1 Coal Association of New Zealand New Zealand 1 1 Columbus Superconductors Italy 1 1 Danish Power Group Denmark 1 1 Doosan Power Systems Limited United Kingdom 1 1 E.ON UK United Kingdom 1 1 Electric Power Research Institute United States 1 1 EnBW Kraftwerke AG Germany 1 1 Enel Ingengeria e Innovazione SpA Italy 1 1 European Photovoltaic Industry Ass. Belgium 1 1 European Wind Energy Ass. Belgium 1 1 ExxonMobil Corporation United States 1 1 Geodynamics Ltd Australia 1 1 Geothermal Group of APPA Spain 1 1 Global CCS Insitute Australia 1 1 Green Rock Energy Ltd Australia 1 1 IF Technology b.v Netherlands 1 1 JGC Corp. Japan 1 1 Mitsubishi Corporation Japan 1 1 ORMAT Technologies, Inc United States 1 1 Regulatory Assistance Project United States 1 1 Repsol YPF Spain 1 1 RWE Aktiengesellschaft Germany 1 1 Schlumberger Cambridge Research United States 1 1 Schlumberger Carbon Services United States 1 1 Scottish Power Generation Limited United Kingdom 1 1 Shell International BV Netherlands 1 1 Shaw Consultants, International, Inc. United States 1 1 Solar Electric Power Association United States 1 1 Solar Energy Industries Association United States 1 1 Statkraft Development AS Norway 1 1 Statoil Norway 1 1 Total France 1 1 University of Lleida Spain 1 1 Vattenfall AB Sweden 2 2 Warsaw University of Technology Poland 1 1 Xstrata Coal Australia 1 1 Located in IEA member countries 3 3 30 10 46 Anglo Coal South Africa 1 1 Banpu Plc. Thailand 1 1 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. India 1 1 Beijing Research Inst. Clean Coal China 1 1 Chinese Wind Energy Association China 1 1 Regional Centre for Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Cape Verde Islands 1 1 Eletrobràs Brazil 1 1 Electric Power Planning and Engineering Institute China 1 1 Masdar Carbon United Arab Emirates 1 1 Petrobras Brazil 1 1 SUEK Russia 1 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas Mexico 1 1 Located in partner countries 10 2 12 TOTAL SPONSORS 3 3 40 12 58 Note: This table represents participation by industries that are signatories to Implementing Agreements (sponsors). It does not include those cases where governments ask industry to represent them in the Agreements, nor does it include industry participation in the research tasks or in-kind contributions – estimated at well over 500 companies. Participations change frequently. For the most updated information, please consult www.iea.org/techinitiatives.

Technology Forecasting, Analysis and Strategies Energy Technology Network

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l l l include: to the technology roadmaps. Roadmaps published to date expertise providing in instrumental been have IAs several Importantly, 2050. by 2DS the realise to contribution its international and investment collaboration in order for engagement each technology or sector needs, to fulfil public technology for requirements, legal/regulatory milestones out development, sets roadmap Each mentioned above. the on based is roadmaps IEA the of each for with governments, industry and the relevant IAs. The vision roadmap development at the national level. for guidance methodology and policy technology-specific provide to roadmaps global for methodology IEA the on IEA International the Low-Carbon of Energy Technology Platform “How2Guides” draw the in addition, In out Programme. carried regularly CapacityBuildingTrainingandIEA collaboration the with are methodology roadmap technology IEA the on workshops Training into Russian. and translated been have MandarinArabic,including English, than otherlanguages roadmaps the of Several l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 2013 Biofuels for Transport Bioenergy for Heat and Power and Implementation Energy Technology Roadmaps: A Guide to Development Wind Energy Solar Heating and Cooling Smart Grids Solar Photovoltaic Energy Nuclear Energy Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian Cement Industry Hydropower Generation High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Geothermal Heat and Power Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles Equipment Energy Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Concentrating Solar Power Cement Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications Carbon Capture and Storage ETP 2DS 2DS 89

IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES 90 l l l last two years have focused on the following topics: external experts, including from IAs, CERT discussions in the briefing papers and on the basis of presentations of Through selected issues. policy, technology or technology, energy and experts’ groups to examine topics that addressparties current working its to guidance provides also CERT The mentioned above. 2012 ETP the IEA Secretariat, notably through its flagship publication, technology forecasting, analyses and RDD&D strategies of the Under guidance of growth. the IEA Governing Board, economic the CERT oversees maintain the environmental and encourage protection security, energy improve to echnology the CERT considers effective energy technology and policies Comprised of senior experts from IEA member governments, and Committee technology network. IAs, these entities comprise what is known as the IEA energy parties and two informal experts’ groups. Together with the working four by efforts these in supported is It (RDD&D). deploymentdevelopment,demonstrationandresearch, to regard with priorities IEA implementing for responsible is (CERT) the Technology and Board, Research Energy Governing on Committee IEA the of oversight the Under ENERGY TECHNOLOGY NETWORK l l l role for energy storage. (flexible electricity the including transport, and delivery), and cooling, production and heating for plans advantages of a strategic, systems approach to national “Integrated Energy Systems of the Future” examined the for electricity generation. deploymentrenewablespricesonofgas lower effect of for Technology Policies and Technologies’ examined the Implications2020 Beyond ‘Gas on work the gas, shale of production of expansion and finds gas recent Given when formulating their respective policies in this area. consider to an countries member - for elements supply important global of location and minerals amount these the for and needs the of understanding the increased work This photovoltaics. solar and vehicles electric and hybrid including technologies, many for “Rare Earth Minerals and Critical Materials” are essential

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. © OECD/IEA 2013 end-use technology IAs and to identify gaps in technologies The main objectives of the EUWP are to guide the work of the Working Party on Energy End-Use Technologies (EUWP) representing governmental agencies. are parties comprised of Working programme managers IA. and technology experts such each of continuation the for CERT of the to area recommendation a relevant make and their expertise in IA each the of review regularly accomplishments also They countries. partner collaborate to with opportunities seek appropriate, as and, countries, member among co-operation RDD&D facilitate trends and support They specialisation. of technology area their to relating and developments policy considering national each parties, working CERT four are There Working Parties l l from IAs, included: experts involved generally which EUWP, the of auspices the under organised workshops Recent (IPEEC). operation Internationaltheand partnership EnergyforEfficiency Co- (EEWP) Party Working Efficiency Energy the of work the the work of the end-use IAs. The EUWP also follows closely through countries partner and industry with engages and and energy end-use systems. The EUWP builds relationships l l as electric vehicles. smart meters, together with as new modes such of transport technologies such grid smart parallel, in consider, Participants to planners municipal for transport. importance the highlighted and systems community in interconnection between the energy on efficiency further improvements built Cities” Smart to Buildings “From for further work. transportplanning, were recognised asimportant areas and planning urban between co-ordination better or transport systems, of for example more efficient management logistics for shipping rethinking transport, For areas. priority as identified were sectors petrochemical energy savings. For industry, the iron/steel, cement, and the for examined technologiesand sectors with the greatest potential Sectors:” for Analysis Transport and Systems Industry and the Technologies in “Gaps l from IAs, are as follows: experts involving again REWP, the of auspices the under Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Recent topics examined Finally, the REWP maintains close ties with the International (RIAB), an informal body created by the CERT in June 2011. Board and Advisory Industry Renewable finance the through markets of role the monitoring by dialogue sector government-private ensures also REWP The deployment. to regard with particular in IAs, energy renewable the of and hydrogen. The REWP also co-ordinates the RD&D efforts issues and technologies related to renewable energy sources l l WPFF involving experts from IAs were as follows: the of auspices the under examined topics Recent fields. technology relevant in operating IAs the of activities the oversees also WPFF The Carbon Forum. Leadership Sequestration the and Institute Storage and Capture Carbon closely with the IEA Coalworks Industry It Advisorydebates. Board,policy theof Global forefront the to technologies bringingcarboncapturestoragecleancoaland(CCS) and in instrumental been has WPFF The countries. partner key andmember technology-relatedIEA oftrends policiesand fuel fossil monitoring by protection environmental and The objectives of the WPFF are to encourage energy security Working Party on Fossil Fuels (WPFF) The objectives of the REWP are to consider policies, market Energy Technologies (REWP) Working Party on Renewable l l l Mediterranean Plans to Renewable Energy Power Power Energy Renewable to Plans Mediterranean and ‘From initiatives, government and organisations international Italian key the with collaboration In strategies to match technology evolution was cited. investment and policies revise and review to need The the geological formation is far from the origin of the CO investments and infrastructure needs (in the cases where regulation,to relatingparticularimplementation, in to projects,participants shared current challenges relating pilot in increase significant a Despite CCS. to regard with priorities national of initiatives international and roundtable a reporting was from IEA member Storage” country governments, and China, Capture Carbon of Implementation on Dialogue Policy “High-Level The Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Plants the of discussions results informed the The IEA technology roadmap, issues. environmental treating in improvements to regard with particularly perspectives, researchprogrammes weremeasured against industrial national area, each For processes coal. from oil and crude create to plants power coal-fired exploration, examined gas shale to issues related technologies in advances include Recent meetings. WPFF in theme “Next Generation Fossil Fuel Technologies” is a recurring

. High- © 2 OECD/IEA ). The objectives of the FPCC are to provide a forum to co- to forum a provide to are FPCC the of objectives The l through expert workshops and discussions. cross-cuttingissues relevant energyto technology research currently bodies exist to advise the CERT and workingsuch parties by examining two CERT, of case the advisory In or bodies. hoc ad focused, as serve to groups experts From time to time, IEA member countries establish informal groups hoc ad and Experts’ from fusion devices. challengeskeytheofone is successfully to creating power equilibrium,maintainingoperation,inplasmastate orthe Steady- IAs. fusion-related all in operations” “steady-state FPCC was the creation of a co-ordination group to examine the of action recent important One IAs. fusion-related the scientificprogrammes concerning fusion, including among international rationalising on focused have FPCC the in discussions 2007, in ITER of establishment the Following meetings. FPCC in participate regularly countries, partner Atomic Energy Agency and the ITER project, as well as key International the as such initiatives, and area. its Organisations in operating IAs eight the oversees also FPCC the parties, working safety other the with As technologies). and (materials, research cross-cutting and concepts) alternate and (tokamaks research device-specific fusion: ordinateinternationaltoregardresearch with scienceand Fusion Power Co-ordinating Committee (FPCC) l 2013 investors in order to achieve the medium-term plan plan medium-term the achieve to order in to investors attractiveness maintain to strategies highlighted participants instabilities, political regional of history recent a despite and downturn, Given economic global the programmes. deployment North renewable major African support to initiatives reviewed Plants’ needed. be sustained; further governmental incentives would be – in renewables and other low-carbon technologies could conditionsemploymentinvestmentsunderwhichand – Participants agreed that in order to provide the optimal intherenewables sector given lower natural gasprices. countriessufficientweremaintainstrong togrowththe member IEA in frameworks policy whether examined Challenges” Design Market and Policy – “Renewables for these projects. 91

IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES 92 l involving experts from IAs included: EGRD the of auspices the under examined topics Recent and results The and enable a broad perspective of R&D. energy technology issues. and recommendations support the CERT, feed into IEA policies, analysis, energy to technologies, approaches analytical examines EGRD The and Evaluation (EGRD) Experts’ Group on R&D Priority-Setting l energy technology deployment. and circumstances can facilitate societal benefits leverage of clean that international experience strategies and fit with technology local energy systems designing that concluded workshop The considered. also were sector, and needs, opportunities for all participants, Drivers, including the financial collaboration. international for highlight common challenges and IEA to identify countries, opportunitiesmember partner countries for to report on national opportunity R&D an strategies, to provided “Energy Technology R&D Needs of Emerging Economies”

© OECD/IEA 2013 goals, and provided an opportunity for industry majors to majors industry for opportunity an provided and goals, policy long-term with consistent is design market current the howChallenges”, examinedDesign Market and Policy – “Renewables RIAB, the of auspices the under organised workshop first The data. and advice industry information, informs the REWP and the IEA Secretariat of market RIAB Thecountries. member OECD withinlocated entities sector private of composed is RIAB the 2011, in Created l frameworks and infrastructure. discusschanges needed, in particular regarding regulatory Renewable Industry Advisory Board (RIAB) l technology implementation and accelerate innovation. organisedbyindustries, were found toreduce barriers to intensives university extra-curricular and programmes, programmes,cross-disciplinaryand engineering degree institutes a research as Cross-border building responsibility. global capacity and chain value education the of employment, Reducing for assessments requirements and needs competencies on Education: focused Boundaries” Energy the in “Developments ‑ r elevant Partnering withthePrivate Sector Energy TechnologyPlatform ENGAGEMENT IEA International Low-Carbon © OECD/IEA Training andCapacity Bilateral Symposiums Building Programme 2013 WORLDWIDE 93

IEA ENGAGEMENT WORLDWIDE © OECD/IEA 2013 l l l l of the Technology Platform include: lend expertise to the Technology Platform. Recent activities ( analysis cross-cutting and guidance on national roadmap development (How2Guides), workshops), (dialogue workshops topical focused, include international organisations and the private sector. Activities countries,partner and member IEA betweenanalyses and policiestechnologyenergy on projectsjointfacilitate to is platform technology the of aim The technologies. energy encourage the deployment and dissemination of low-carbon Energy Technology Platform (Technology Platform) seeks to Eight (G8) and IEA ministers, the International Low-Carbon Created in 2010 in response to a request from the Group of Technology International the forefront of research in their respective areas. peers and energy technology research networks that are at (IAs) as they offer an excellent opportunity to connect with ImplementingAgreementsparticipationin greatersought have countries partner Increasingly, examples. recent are areas, these in implementation policy guide should which Industry Cement Indian the for Technology Low-Carbon 2050 Development Energy national roadmaps, energy technology. The development of technology focused and on focus thatprojects to extends also butsecurity, energy statistics energy includes only not This beneficial. partners and the IEA consider that work co-operation is mutually time-bound where a areas and projects concrete outline on to programme countries partner with agrees typically IEA the co-operation, this of framework the In is seeking closer bilateral co-operation. and Middle East/North Africa (MENA) – with which the IEA Vietnam – and regions – Southeast Asia, the Caspian region, Ukraine, Thailand, Kazakhstan, them, among – countries further of range a are there addition, In years. many for benefitted has matters energy on co-operation bilateral substantive from IEA the whom with – Africa South and Russia Mexico, Indonesia, India, China, Brazil, – countries partner key seven identified have countries member its and and IEA the Together countries organisations. energy international partner with co-operation guides which (IEA) strategy Agency engagement global a adopted Energy Board Governing International the 2012, June In l l l l wind energy in Asia and South Africa ; South Africa; and Asia Caribbean, the America, Latin in grids smart sustainable hydropower in Brazil; technology roadmaps; national of development the support to How2Guides

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© OECD/IEA , part of the annual Energy Training Week held at the IEA. As form teachings these addition, In funding. on based year modelling. These sessions can be organised throughout the technology energy and sources energy renewable (CCS), storage and capturecarbon roadmaps,technology energy energy to collaboration, and policy technology energy technologies: relating modules training several organises operativend and transparent energy policies. The TCB regularly in agencies partner countries energy to formulate and implement of effective, co- capacity the strengthen to aims (TCB)programme BuildingCapacity and Training IEA The Training l l l uniquely placed to foster dialogue between policy makers policybetween dialogue foster to placeduniquely through deployment of low-carbon technologies. The IEA is emissions greenhouse-gas reducing of burden the share systems,businessgovernmentsandtogetherwork mustto To develop and deploy more secure and sustainable energy Partnering and New Delhi (2009). Kazakhstan (2011), IAs. South Africa (2010), Singapore (2010) the and (2012), Beijing in held were symposiums bilateral modelling, Recent roadmaps, pathways, policy efficiency energy as such interest particular of topics on ymposiums experiences share to Network Technology Energy the and Secretariat IEA the from experts of range broad a enable to countries partner in events bilateral hosts also IEA The Bilateral l l l l l the auspices of the TCB include: among consensus stakeholders. A sampling building of recent events organised under and targets technology and strategies, priorities technology energy national on module learn how to devise a technology roadmap, focusing an example, participants in the energy technology roadmap l l l l l l l l 2013 concentrated solar power). andcooling, photovoltaics,solarandheating on (focus deploying renewable energy in the Mediterranean region financing clean energy technologies; and coal and bioenergy); cleaner (including Russia in generation power efficient sustainable energy training (Latin America, Caribbean). energy technology modelling (Mexico); emergency response exercise (Paris); African and East African Community countries); Vietnam, Central Asia, Caspian Sea Region, West energy statistics training (United Arab Emirates, energy training week at the IEA (annual);

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IEA ENGAGEMENT WORLDWIDE IEA ENGAGEMENT WORLDWIDE 96 l l private sector includes: the involving activities recent of sample A considerations. market and regulatory both encompass publications IEA recommendations. This market-relevant advice ensures that policy and roadmaps; technology sector; gas and oil the long- modelling; range energy forecasting; CCS; emergency preparedness in mobility and transport as: such areas and industry leaders and supports joint activities in diverse l l Coal Industry Advisory Board (CIAB); Energy Business Council; © OECD/IEA 2013 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Implementing Agreements. Chief Technology Officers roundtable; and Renewable Industry Advisory Board (RIAB); Energy efficiency policy pathways; Technology Platform; Global Fuel Economy Initiative; Energy technology roadmaps; Implementing AgreementWebsites Energy TechnologyCo-operation IEA FrameworkforInternational How toBecomeaParticipant Frequently askedQuestions © OECD/IEA INFORMATION 2013 Glossary ofTerms IEA SharedGoals IEA Information MORE FOR Acronyms 97

FOR MORE INFORMATION © OECD/IEA 2013 1. The Shared Goals were adopted by IEA Ministers at their 4 June 1993 meeting in Paris. fossil fuels is The essential. of development economic non- of use efficient and Clean developed. and encouraged be to need sources energy acceptable environmentally More Polluter Pays Principle where practicable. consequences. Government interventions should respect the environmental decisions the should take account of the energy minimise to seek adverseenvironmental energyimpactsactivities,of as just should makers Decision shared goals. these of achievement the to of central use are energy and provision sustainable environmentally The supply emergencies. oil respondingtojointly inAgency co-operatethethrough countries IEA action: and this mechanisms collective requires cases some In emergencies. energy to flexibly and Energy systems should have the ability to respond promptly as a group. contribution to the energy supply diversity of IEA countries substantial a make power, hydro and nuclear particularly fuels, Non-fossil practicable. as diverse as be should fuels fuels used within and across the sectors and security: the sourcesenergy of longer-term those for conditions basic are Diversity,efficiencyflexibilityand energysector withinthe the following goals: countries member objectives, thereforecreateaimtopolicy a framework consistent with their secure to order In all participants. international energy markets and encourage dialogue with of operation effective the promote to seek therefore They the significance of increasing recognise global interdependence countries in energy. IEA governments. by emphasis particular given be to need protection environmental and is a fundamental point of departure, though energy security energy policies, formulating the establishment In of free and environment. open markets the of and people their of to sustainable economic development and to the well-being theireconomies can make the fullest possible contribution (IEA) seek to create conditions in which the energy sectors of AgencyInternational Energy the of countriesmember The GOALS” “SHARED IEA 1 © OECD/IEA development and dissemination of energy technologies, technologies, energy of dissemination and development the in co-operation International policies. energy complement broader should policies a technology Energy make above. technologies outlined objectives the energy achieving to contribution critical improved and new of deploymentmarket anddevelopmentresearch, Continued energy users are all needed to realise these opportunities. and governments by efforts Strong consumption. to energy greater efficiency for at all stages of the energy cycle from production opportunities significant are There manner. cost-effective a in security energy and protection Improved energy efficiency can promote both environmental make. to contribution dioxide. Renewable sources carbon will also have an emit increasingly important not does energy nuclear because standards, safety available highest the at future, the for option nuclear the improve and retain to wish countries member IEA of number A priority. a also is sources fossil environmental objectives. and confidence necessary to trade achieve global energy security investment, and the promote help to needed are andflexible energy systems andmarkets worldwide. These acceptable environmentally efficient, of development the encourages and understanding, and information improve Co-operation among all energy market participants helps to be should avoided. investment and trade energy to Distortions contributeefficientto energy markets energyand security. Free and open trade and a secure framework for investment of energy production and use should be reflected in prices. the To costs environmental the goals. practicable, and necessary extent industrial or social promote to supply of Energy prices should not be held artificially below the costs Undistorted energy prices enable markets to work efficiently. member countries, should be encouraged. including industry participation and co-operation with non- 2013 99

FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 100 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.1 Nature ofImplementingAgreements Article 2 1.1 Mandate Article 1 I ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATION TECHNOLOGY ENERGY INTERNATIONAL FOR FRAMEWORK IEA . atvte o a Ipeetn Areet may Agreement Implementing an of activities an have shall Agreement Implementing contractual a is Agreement Implementing an on Agreement the of VII Chapter of fulfilment oint development of energy related(f) technologies; and xchanges of scientists, technicians(e) or other experts; (d) and (iii) energy legislation, regulations xchangeandinformation ofpractices; (i)nationalon programmes and policies, (ii) scientific and technological developments (c) and construction a operation ofsuchfacilitiesandequipment; design, by joint provided the or equipment participant, and facilities pilot or (b) activities; such and through acquired results scientific technical the of pooling and exchange, evaluation joint subsequent with level, international or energy specific of planning studies, works or experiments carried and out at a deployment national o-ordination and development research, technology (a) include, interalia: all participants. of representatives of composed Committee Executive Agreement. and projects carried out under such an Implementing technical and financial resources for the programmes scientific, necessary the support, private and public through secure, to endeavour shall and objectives its of achievement the to possible as fully as contribute the purposesetoutinArticle1.1. for Board, Governing the by approved and countries, Member IEA two least at by established relationship research, developmentanddeployment. technology energy on projects and programmes out Implementing operates carry to countries Member IEA enable to Agreements IEA the IEA, the of Goals International Energy Program and in light of the Shared General Principles In The Each Participants An

any otherenergytechnologyrelated activity. participation c e e j n n mlmnig gemn shall Agreement Implementing an in in the operation of special research special of operation the in © OECD/IEA 2013 3.2 Implementing Agreements II 2.3 2.2 3.2.1 3.1 Participation, AdmissionandWithdrawal Article 3 3.2.2 . n mlmnig gemn cn e salse by established be can Agreement Implementing n or all of the participants in an Implementing an in participants the of all or be ImplementingshallAgreement an articipationin

country, or by the European Communities. private organisation,OECDmemberOECDnon-memberancountryanof or public agency, national ny corporation or other entity designated by the (d) government countries participate; and nternational non-memberorganisations OECD countries and/or member OECD in whichof the governments (c) governments of both OECD member or OECD (b) non-member countries; (a) Rules ApplicabletoIEA the to Annexes through Implementing Agreement. programmes and/or projects specific execute to choose may Agreement as may be agreed by the Executive constructive Committee. make contributions, to whether technical, undertakefinancial or otherwise, shall Agreement Implementing an in Participants benefits. and rights based on equitable sharing of obligations, contributions, Contracting Partiesmaybe Agreements: Contracting Parties and sponsors. Implementing in participants of categories possible two are There Board. Governing the of and (CERT) of the Committee on Energy Research and Technology two or more IEA Member countries subject to approval Some A P ro t CR apoa o priiain f ED non- OECD participation of of approval CERT to rior articipation in any Implementing Agreement for OECD P P shall: Committee Executive the Agreement, Implementing membercountriesinternationalor organisations any in Board as it deems appropriate. sensitive,Governingdecisionreferthebethemay to it non-member country or an international organisation to applicationfirstOECDtimeconsiderCERTan thea by shouldHowever, CERT. the by approvalprior requires non-member countries or for international organisations

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trs n cniin fr h admission, the for conditions and terms P T n te ae f h ett ta wl sg the sign will that entity the Implementing Agreement. of name Agreement; the Implementing and the of conditions and Annexes it wishes to join; its acceptance of the terms which specifying and Agreement Implementing the join to desire applicant’s the expressing applicant (c) the Implementing Agreement;and in participation applicant’s the of conditions join to applicant the of favour in voted (b) of thesametoCERT; evidence provide and Agreement Implementing the (a) Implementing Agreement, the Executive Committee shall: Agreements requirespriorapprovalbytheCERT. entities member international OECD on-intergovernmental of countries entities or OECD non-member more countries participate. or one which in (b) in a particular OECDImplementing or countriesAgreement; member and OECD of ntitiesgovernments of their respective countries to participatenon-membercountries who are not designated by the (a) Contracting Parties from OECD member countries. organisation shall have greater rights or benefits than non-memberOECDanfrominternational country or Executive Committee of each Implementing the established byAgreement. be shall any, if Annexes, their and Agreements Implementing in obligations, and rights their including Contracting Parties, withdrawal of and sign theImplementingAgreement. the not is applicant itself; and the it name of the entity that will if entity designated its of name Agreement; the Implementing the of conditions and Annexes it wishes to join; its acceptance of the terms which specifying and Agreement Implementing the join to desire applicant’s the expressing applicant (c) the Implementing Agreement;and in participation applicant’s the of conditions join to applicant the of favour in voted (b) of thesametoCERT; evidence provide and Agreement Implementing the (a) rights and obligations, in Implementing Agreements including sponsors, of withdrawal and participation Notwithstanding Article 3.2.3, no ContractingPartyNotwithstandingno 3.2.3,Article The Participation

provide provide have n e provide provide have the CERT with a copy of the terms and the CERT with a copy of the terms and h CR wt a etr rm the from letter a with CERT the h CR wt a etr rm the from letter a with CERT the f pnos n Implementing in sponsors of © OECD/IEA 3.3.5 4.4.3 4.4.2 4.2 4.4.1 4.4 4.3 3.3.4 4.1 Specific Provisions Article 4 2013 n mlmnig gemn my e xedd for extended be may Agreement Implementing n te ET tews are, ae on based agrees, otherwise CERT the te otatn Pris r h Executive the or Parties Contracting the of upto,butnomorethan,fiveyears. Implementing Agreements shall be for an initial term justification, sufficient and circumstance exceptional Committee ofeachImplementingAgreementshall: work thenbeingconductedundertheAnnex. such additional period to permit the conclusion of the for Agreement Implementing the extend withhold to approval unreasonably not shall it CERT which the relates, to Agreement Implementing the of term the exceed Annex an of work of programme the of exceptional circumstances and sufficient justification. five years unless the CERT otherwise decides, based on greatersingleextensionthanAnybeperiod notshall Executive Committee, subject to approval of the CERT. its determinedby be may asadditional periodssuch Unless Either Notwithstanding A CR sal ae h rgt o o approve not to right the have shall CERT establish the necessary provisions on information on provisions necessary the establish scientific for contribution the of terms the annual the and activities programme the Governing BoardandtheSharedGoalsofIEA. and the or CERT the terms of Decisions any Framework, the this if Sponsor conditions of such participation do not comply with a of participation an ImplementingAgreement. of Vice-chair or Chair designated be shall Sponsor no and countries non-member OECD Contracting from Parties than benefits or rights greater have f E cprgt, oo ad te intellectual other and property rightsasestablishedby theIEA; logos copyrights, IEA of protection the ensure and property intellectual and Implementing Agreement; of the in participant each by provided be forms to financing other or investment capital manpower, studies, and know-how information, technical and relevant Implementing Agreement; the for budget and work of programme h Eeuie omte o ec Implementing each Agreement. of Committee Executive the by established be shall any, if Annexes, their and The Notwithstanding establish approve Paragraph 4.2, should the duration the should 4.2, Paragraph ril 333 n Sosr shall Sponsor no 3.3.3, Article 101

FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 102 4.4.7 4.4.6 4.4.5 5.2 6.1.1 6.1 Reports totheIEA Article 6 5.1 Copyright Article 5 4.4.4 IEA all to copyright the retain shall IEA to theIEA. authorisation of request written prior a submit shall material and/or deliverables IEA such print IEA or copy unpublished use, to wishing or Agreements Implementing material. published and deliverables purposes of executing the Implementing Agreements. prior written authorisation World of the IEA and the solely for the to upon only notified (WIPO) Organisation Property as Intellectual IEA the of emblem and acronym name, the use may project or programme the of management operational the for responsible entity the Implementing or Committee Executive the the Agreements, Agreements, Implementing of Each ExecutiveCommitteeshallsubmittotheIEA: The Notwithstanding so a sc eet ocr ntfctos f any of notifications occur, events such as soon to Secretariat IEA the of representative a amendments to the text of the Implementing Implementing the of term initial the stablish operational the for responsibility the ssign Agreement andAnnexes; Annexes; its and Agreement Agreement; Implementing relevant the of Committee Executive the to an accountable to entity project or programme the of management an ImplementingAgreementandAnnexthereto; of the programme or project, or any amendments to management operational the for responsible entity the of or Committee Executive the of Members the in changes any sponsors, or Parties Contracting of status or names the in changes any sponsors, and Parties Contracting of withdrawals and admissions purposes ofthemeeting. for members Committee Executive the to available provide the Secretariat with all documentation made advisory capacity and, sufficiently in advance an of the meeting, in meetings Committee Executive its as invite approve e a the use of the IEA name in the title the in name IEA the of use the © OECD/IEA 2013 6.1.3 6.1.5 6.1.4 Governing Board. Annexes from the date of its approval as a decision by the and binding Agreements Implementing the become in participants all and on effect take shall Framework This Effective Date Article 7 6.1.2 and programmes of progress the on reports the request of the IEA, any other non-proprietary other any IEA, the of request the the all include shall which Reports, Term of names and contact details of the Executive any of status or names the in changes (e) Contracting Partiesorsponsors; new all of (d) details contact and names in theyearcoveredbyAnnualReport; Annex any or have Agreement Implementing the may joined who sponsors and Parties Contracting (c) year coveredbytheAnnualReport; names and contact details the of in all Annex Contracting any or Agreement Implementing the current all of details contact and Parties and sponsors who may have names withdrawn from (b) Contracting Partiesandsponsors; (a) with thefollowinginformation: IEA the provide annually Report, Annual the with Annex; any and Agreement Implementing the of projects nomto a my e euse b te E in IEA the by connection withtheIEA’smandate. requested be may as information by relating thereto; and required and effect in then CERT documentation the of Decisions and information amendments to the text of an Implementing Agreement andanyAnnexthereto. (f) project; and or programme the of management operational the for responsible entity the and members Committee notwithstanding annual at End

the any the the the any ril 611 i adto t and to addition in 6.1.1, Article l l Typically, the work includes: he worldwide. engagement as well as growth, economic and re protection environmental security, energy of goals shared The scope and strategy of each IA is in keeping with the IEA How l l l l l l l he l re numerous advantages including: International energy technology RD&D collaboration offers What of comprised representatives Committee designated by each member. Executive an Agreement by each governed of is work The industry. and articipate? organisations, academia well as non-governmental and countries, international non-member as or member an IEA from organisationprivate or public any to open Participationis Who l l l l l are currently 40 IAs working in the areas of: the on principle based of equitable contracts sharing of form rights and initiatives obligations. These There (RD&D). energytechnology research, development anddeployment n worktotogether carryto out programmes andprojects on s initiatives that enable experts from governments and industry Implementing Agreements, or IAs, are multilateral technology What QUESTIONS ASKED FREQUENTLY l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l renewable energiesandhydrogen. fusion power; fossil fuels; end-use (buildings,electricity,industry,transport); cross-cutting activities; implications; environmental impact studies, market analysis, policy technology assessment, feasibility studies, and pilot plants; basic and applied research, technology development strengthened nationalRD&Dcapabilities. harmonised technicalstandards; accelerated developmentanddeployment; linking research,industryandpolicy; linking IEAmemberandnon-membercountries; information sharingandnetworking; greater projectscale; reduced costandduplicationofwork;

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p s A articipation? tructured? greement? © OECD/IEA administration with a common fund, while the research research the while fund, common a with administration activities or experiments. joint Some IAs cover the funding cost of centralwhen practical is Cost-sharing participants parallel. in different by investigation under concepts different of number a are there when best works sharing A a combination of or both, as long as all signatoriesbasis, agree. Task- task-shared or cost- a on out re carried be may research The participants. the by financed self is IA Each How l l l l l l l l l l l l l l rate IAs according to the following criteria: he (CERT) and the working parties (WPs) regularly review and Technology and s Research Energy on Committee IEA The Implementing What concerning the structure of each programme.provisions specific and requirements reporting term, of agreements, participation and withdrawal, copyright, he length of naturemandate,the includingthe IAs requirements for Co- s Technology management and legal minimum the specifies operation International for Framework IEA The What signatory’s participation. each of definition detailed a implies which projects are task-shared. Others rely entirely on task sharing, In addition, the IEA Secretariat provides support by providing l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 2013 expert networks. databases, modelling and systems analysis; scientist exchanges; programmes; information exchange of research results and added value. outreach to partner countries; information dissemination; contribution to environmental protection; policy relevance; facilitation; contribution to technology deployment /market contribution to technology evolution; contractual and management requirements; scope; strategic direction;

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FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 104 manager (Operating Agent). programmethroughIAssignatoryafunding, to asa oras international events. The IEA does not provide through direct support outcomes Technology Initiatives IA promoting and makers, policy and IAs between conduit as acting advice, legal , the OPEN Bulletin , IEA website and at Energy Energy © OECD/IEA 2013 l l ew l re time, provided that: any at created be may Agreement Implementing new A How l l l approved. Technology and the IEA Governing Board have the IEA Committee on Energy Research and shared goals of the IEA; the scope, strategic plan and work plan fit into the it is established by at least two IEA member countries;

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c reated? (CERT)must review and approve myorganisation’s participation. Agreement,then the IEA Committee onEnergy Research and Technology organisationthat has never participated inany other Implementing Ifmyorganisation represents partnera country orintergovernmental ContractingParties are participants that are: letterofacceptance tothe IEA Executive Director. willsign the Agreement onits behalf. The designated entity also sends a designationtothe IEA Executive Director and names the individual(s) who anotherentity toparticipate onits behalf, myorganisation sends lettera of 2.Ifmyorganisation isgovernmenta entity that intends todesignate Agreementonits behalf. tothe IEA Executive Director, naming the individual(s) who will sign the intendstoparticipate directly inthe ETI, lettera ofacceptance issent 1.Ifmyorganisation isgovernmenta ministry, office ordepartment that participation. invitationtomyorganisation, specifying the terms and conditions of 2.The ExCo Chair orhis/her representative sends formala letter of termsand conditions. organisationtobecome participanta asCP,a specifying mutually agreed 1.The Executive Committee (ExCo) votes unanimously toinvite my vote,letters ofinvitation and acceptance). 3.Ifthere isagreement, then the formal process may begin (unanimous discussed. 2.Ifthere ismutual interest, then terms and conditions ofparticipation are discusspotential benefits ofworking together. 1.Myorganisation contacts the Chair ofthe Implementing Agreement to OF AN IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTING AN OF PARTICIPANT A BECOME TO HOW by theUnitedNations.Economiesthathave beendeclaredasprotectoratesofanotherstatearenotsovereignnationsand therefore cannotparticipateinIAs. 2. OECDreferstotheOrganisationforEconomic Co-operationandDevelopment.Apartnercountryisdefinedasasovereign nationthatisrecognisedassuch 1. Theinformationinthistabledrawson theIEAFrameworkforInternationalEnergyTechnologyCollaboration. Formalparticipation begins onthe date ofsignature ofthe Agreement text. inthe letter ofacceptance. TheIEA Secretariat inParis sends signaturea page tothe individual named becomeCP.a orother entity designated bythe government ofthe country wishing to Thisincludes any national agency, public organisation, private corporation l l l l l l Inter-governmentalorganisations. TheEuropean Union; Governmentsofboth OECD member countries orpartner countries ParticipateasContractinga Party

FormalApproval bythe Committee onEnergy Research and Technology (CERT)

Whendoes participation actually begin? Canmyorganisation participate? UnanimousVote and Letter ofInvitation Whatisthe process tofollow? FormalLetter ofAcceptance Contactthe Chair 2 ; © OECD/IEA organisation’sparticipation. AgreementasSponsora then the CERT must review and approve my Ifmyorganisation has never participated inany other Implementing Director. designatedentity also sends lettera ofacceptance tothe IEA Executive andnames the individual(s) who will sign the Agreement onits behalf. The onits behalf, itsends lettera ofdesignation tothe IEA Executive Director 2.Ifmyorganisation intends todesignate separatea entity toparticipate theAgreement onits behalf. issent tothe IEA Executive Director, naming the individual(s) who will sign 1.Ifmyorganisation intends toparticipate directly lettera ofacceptance participation. invitationtomyorganisation, specifying the terms and conditions of 2.The ExCo Chair orhis/her representative sends formala letter of agreedterms and conditions. organisationtobecome participanta asSponsor,a specifying mutually 1.The Executive Committee (ExCo) votes unanimously toinvite my vote,letters ofinvitation and acceptance). 3.Ifthere isagreement, then the formal process may begin (unanimous discussed. 2.Ifthere ismutual interest, then terms and conditions ofparticipation are discusspotential benefits ofworking together. 1.Myorganisation contacts the Chair ofthe Implementing Agreement to Formalparticipation begins onthe date ofsignature ofthe Agreement text. inthe letter ofacceptance. TheIEA Secretariat inParis sends signaturea page tothe individual named Sponsorsare participants that are: ratherthan Contractinga Party. thegovernment does not object tothe entity participating asSponsora government-ownedA orcontrolled entity can become Sponsor,a provided Sponsorsare not eligible tobeelected asChair orVice-Chair. l l l l 2013 ImplementingAgreement; notdesignated byits government toparticipate inthe Non-governmentalinternational entities. EntitiesofanOECD member country orpartner country that are

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FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 106 GEOTHERMALIA FMIA FBCIA ETSAPIA ETDEIA ESEFPIA EORIA ECESIA EBCIA DSMIA DHCIA CTPIA CTIIA COMBUSTIONIA CCCIA BIOENERGYIA ACRONYMS AMTIA AMFIA AFCIA 4EIA IA WPFF REWP FPCC EUWP WP GB EGRD CERT ACRONYM for Transportation Applications IA for a Programme of Research and Demonstration on Advanced Materials IA foraCo-operativeProgramme onGeothermalEnergyResearchandTechnology IA foraProgrammeofResearch andDevelopmentonFusionMaterials Production IA forCo-operationintheField ofFluidisedBedConversionFuelsAppliedtoCleanEnergy IA foraProgrammeofEnergyTechnologySystemsAnalysis IA fortheEstablishmentofIEAEnergyTechnologyDataExchange Power IA onaCo-operativeProgrammeEnvironmental,Safetyand EconomicAspectsofFusion IA foraProgrammeofResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstration onEnhancedOilRecovery Storage IA foraProgrammeofResearchandDevelopmentonEnergy ConservationthroughEnergy for aProgrammeofResearchandDevelopmentonEnergyin Buildings andCommunities IA forCo-operationonTechnologiesandProgrammesDemandSideManagement Cooling, includingtheIntegrationofCombinedHeatandPower IA foraProgrammeofResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationonDistrictHeating IA forCo-operationonTokamakProgrammes IA forClimateTechnologyInitiative and EmissionsReductioninCombustion IA foraProgrammeofResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationonEnergyConservation IA fortheIEACleanCoalCentre IA foraProgrammeofResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationonBioenergy IA foraProgrammeofResearchandDemonstrationonAdvancedMotorFuels IA foraProgrammeofResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationonAdvancedFuelCells IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonEnergyEfficientElectricalEquipment Implementing Agreement IEA WorkingPartyonFossilFuels IEA RenewableEnergyWorkingParty IEA FusionPowerCo-ordinatingCommittee IEA End-UseWorkingParty IEA WorkingParty IEA GoverningBoard IEA Experts’GrouponR&DPrioritySettingandEvaluation IEA CommitteeonEnergyResearchandTechnology REPRESENTING © OECD/IEA 2013

RD&D R&D MTI OA ExCo CP WINDIA STIA SolarPACESIA SHCIA SHIA RFPIA RETDIA PWIIA PVPSIA OESIA NTFRIA MFSIA ISGANIA IETSIA HTSIA HYDROPOWERIA HPTIA HYDROGENIA HEVIA GHGIA Research, developmentanddemonstration Research anddevelopment Multilateral technologyinitiatives Operating Agent Executive Committee Contracting Party IA forCo-operationintheResearch,Development,andDeploymentofWindEnergySystems IA forCo-operationonSphericalTori IA fortheEstablishmentofaProjectonSolarPowerandChemicalEnergySystems(SolarPACES) IA foraProgrammetoDevelopandTestSolarHeatingCoolingSystems IA forCo-operationinDevelopmentoftheStellarator-HeliotronConcept IA foraProgrammeofResearchandDevelopmentonReversedFieldPinches IA forRenewableEnergyTechnologyDeployment Interaction Wall Plasma on Development and Research of Programme a for IA IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonPhotovoltaicPowerSystems IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonOceanEnergySystems IA onaCo-operativeProgrammeNuclearTechnologyofFusionReactors IA foraProgrammeofResearchonFossilFuelMultiphaseFlowSciences IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonSmartGrids IA onIndustrialEnergy-RelatedTechnologiesandSystems Superconductivity ontheElectricPowerSector IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeAssessingtheImpactsofHigh-Temperature IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonHydropowerTechnologiesandProgrammes of HeatPumpingTechnologies IA foraProgrammeofResearch,Development,DemonstrationandPromotion IA for a Programme of Research and Development on the Production and Utilization of Hydrogen IA forCo-operationonHybridandElectricVehicleTechnologiesProgrammes Fossil FuelUse IA foraCo-operativeProgrammeonTechnologiesRelatingtoGreenhouseGasesDerivedfrom © OECD/IEA 2013

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FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 108 Working Parties(WPs) Energy TechnologyNetwork Technology (CERT) Committee onEnergyResearchand Framework Partner countries Member countries Governing Board(GB) International EnergyAgency(IEA) operation andDevelopment(OECD) Organisation forEconomicCo- TERM GLOSSARY CERT concerningtherequestfor extensionoftheIAmandate. the to recommendation a makes and IAs the of accomplishments the reviews WPs also seek to expand collaboration with Partner countries. technologies. respective Each the of deployment WP and demonstration development, regularly research, in countries member IEA among operation co facilitate and support its WPs out The party. working carrying each to relevant in issues on IEA the CERT to and mandate, the support and advice provide parties Working Comprises the CERT, the working parties, ad hoc or experts’ groups, and the IAs. energy R&DprogrammesandthoseoftheIAs. national reviews also It strategy. this of implementation the overseeing for and (R&D) development and research energy for strategy IEA the identifying for the responsible is CERT of The Board. Governing the committee to directly reports technology and IEA senior the is CERT the 1975, in Established to theIEASecretariat. transmit to is IA each that reports and information of requirements minimum the provides also Framework The participants. the of responsibilities principal the and IA an in participate may who outlines 2003, in Board Governing the The Framework for International Energy Technology Co-operation, adopted by in somecases,GoverningBoardapprovalisrequired. has not previously participated in an IA must seek approval of the CERT, and, that country Any IAs. in participate cannot therefore and nations sovereign not are state another of protectorates as declared been have that Economies enhanced country is a seeks sovereign nation that is recognised as such by the United Nations. IEA the neither an IEA member country nor a partner country. By definition, a partner which with those engagement as part of the Engagement Strategy as well as countries that are include countries Partner Slovenia. are not member countries of the IEA: Chile, Estonia, Iceland, Israel, Mexico and the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Switzerland, the United Sweden,States. The following Spain, OECD Republic,member countries Slovak Portugal, Poland, Luxembourg,Korea,Zealand,Japan,Netherlands,Norway,Ireland,Italy, New Hungary,Greece, Germany, France,Finland, Denmark, Republic, Czech Chile, There are 28 member countries of the IEA: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, member country. IEA each from representatives is senior their and or ministers IEA energy the of composed of body decision-making main the is Board Governing The environmental awareness, andengagementworldwide. development, economic security, energy are: focus of areas main four IEA's The beyond. and countries member 28 its for energy clean and affordable reliable, ensure to works which organisation autonomous An Member countries includeChile,Estonia,Iceland,Israel,Mexico,andSlovenia. OECD countries, member IEA to addition In OECD. the of agency autonomous an is IEA The world. the around people of well-being social and The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic DEFINITION © OECD/IEA 2013 Implementing Agreements(IAs) Setting andEvaluation(EGRD) Experts’ GrouponR&DPriority Working PartyonFossilFuels(WPFF) Technologies (REWP) Working PartyonRenewableEnergy End-Use Technologies(EUWP) Working PartyonEnergy Committee (FPCC) Fusion PowerCo-ordinating Operating Agent(OA) Project (annexortask) Sponsors Contracting Party(CP) Participants Executive Committee(ExCo) or activity(referredtoastasksannexes). The individualororganisationresponsibleforadministeringan IAproject by theCERT. some cases the term Annex refers to each subsequent term of the IA approved In IA. the of auspices the under out carried programme or project specific A be Vice-Chair. to or Chair IA an as eligible elected not non- are and Sponsors Agreement organisations. Implementing international the governmental in by participate designated to not are government that its country Partner or country member of OECD entities an represent to mandate the given been have that participants IA public agencies, organisations, orprivatecorporations. national and includes Union; European This the of organisations. countries, governments inter-governmental Partner represent or to countries mandated member been OECD have that participants IA (representing Parties representing governmentsandnon-governmentalorganisations). Contracting not (entities both sponsors or organisations), including intergovernmental or governments IA, an to Signatories of representativesfromeachtheIAsignatories. The decision-making body of the IA which supervises the work. It is comprised energy to related projects technology research,developmentanddeployment(RD&D). and programmes carry-out to together work to International agreements that enable experts from governments and industry feed into IEA analysis, providing a global perspective to national R&D efforts. benefits from R&D activities. The results and recommendations support CERT, of assessment to and setting; priority R&D to analysis; technology energy to approaches analytical of refinement and development promotes EGRD The and power of supply reliable electrical serviceofmembercountries. and flexible, adequate, including interests, strategies which address priority and environmental protection and programmes IEA energy security projects, the trends, policies, and related CERT technology fuel the fossil to on advice provides WPFF the 1981, in Established bodies ontrendsandpoliciesrelatingtorenewableenergieshydrogen. IEA other and CERT the to advice provides REWP the 1981, in Established bodies ontrendsandpoliciesrelatingtoenergyendusetechnologies. IEA other and CERT the to advice provides EUWP the 1981, in Established international co-operationonfusionactivities. coordinate and initiating promoting, worldwide, activities development and research fusion enhance to is FPCC the of objective the 1975, in Established © OECD/IEA 2013 109

FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION 110 3. This IA website is under development. An overview of the collaborative activities may be consultedcovers on the IEAthe websiteperiod upwww.iea.org/techinitiatives. to 31 December 2012 expected to expire on 30 November 2014. The Implementing 2.publicationThisAgreement notincludedoesinformationImplementing The IAs. two for AgreementProgrammefor a forResearchof Gas Fossil FuelonMultiphase and FlowSciencesOilis Technologies, created 22 March 2013views or policies of thehas IEA ornot of allbeen of itsincluded individual asmember this countries. publication 1. The Implementing Agreements function within a framework created by the IEA in Paris. Views, findings, and publications of the IAs do not necessarily represent the activities Cross-cutting WEBSITES AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTING Fossil fuels Fossil transport End-use: industry End-use: electricity End-use: buildings End-use: and hydrogen and energies Renewable power Fusion 2 Energy Technology Systems Analysis Systems Technology Energy Exchange Data Technology Energy Initiative Technology Climate Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Electric and Hybrid Fuels Motor Advanced Transportation for Materials Advanced Cells Fuel Advanced Systems Technology Energy-Related Industrial Combustion in Reduction Emissions Grids) (Smart ISGAN Superconductivity High-Temperature Management Demand-Side Technologies Pumping Heat Storage Energy Equipment End-Use Electrical Efficient Cooling and Heating District Communities and Buildings Wind Turbine Systems Turbine Wind power) solar (concentrating SolarPACES Cooling and Heating Solar Systems Power Photovoltaic Systems Energy Ocean Hydropower Hydrogen Geothermal Deployment Bioenergy Tokamaks Concept Stellerator-Heliotron Tori Spherical Pinches Field Reversed Interaction Wall Plasma Reactors Fusion of Technology Nuclear Materials Fusion Fusion of Economy Safety, Environment, Gas Greenhouse Conversion Bed Fluidised Recovery Oil Enhanced Centre Coal Clean © OECD/IEA 2013 1 www.iea-etsap.org www.etde.org www.climatetech.net www.ieahev.org www.iea-amf.org www.iea-ia-amt.org www.ieafuelcell.com www.iea-industry.org http://ieacombustion.com www.iea-isgan.org www.superconductivityIEA.org www.ieadsm.org www.heatpumpcentre.org www.iea-eces.org www.iea-4e.org www.iea-dhc.org www.iea-ebc.org/ www.ieawind.org www.solarpaces.org www.iea-shc.org www.iea-pvps.org www.iea-oceans.org www.ieahydro.org www.ieahia.org www.iea-gia.org www.iea-retd.org www.ieabioenergy.com http://ctp.jet.efda.org/lt http://iea-shc.nifs.ac.jp/ www.pwi-ia.org www.frascati.enea.it/ifmif/ www.ieaghg.org www.iea-fbc.org http://iea-eor.ptrc.ca www.iea-coal.org.uk 3 3 3 3 IEA INFORMATION IEA [email protected] +33 (0)140576761 Office ofGlobalEnergyPolicy Programme Manager,Technology R&DNetworks Carrie Pottinger Forqueries relating to IEA Implementing Agreements or energy technology RD&D activities at the IEA please contact: Contact To subscribe:[email protected] Current OPENBulletin:www.iea.org/openbulletin/ stay informedontheIEAEnergyTechnologyNetworkactivities, publicationsandevents. technology initiatives(ImplementingAgreements)andanalysis fromtheIEASecretariat.Itprovidesaneasywayto The IEAonlinenewsletterOPENEnergyTechnologyBulletinreportsonthemostrecentfindingsofmultilateral IEA www.iea.org/countries/non-membercountries/ IEA engagementworldwide www.iea.org/aboutus/faqs/organisationandstructure/ IEA energytechnologynetwork A selectedlistofrelevantIEAwebpagesisprovidedbelowforeasyreference. the by out carried being is that work valuable see Paris, in Secretariat IEA the of activities the on information more For (IAs). Agreements Implementing the of awareness raise to IEA the by prepared was publication This Experts’ GrouponR&DPriority-SettingandEvaluation Working parties Implementing Agreements l l l l l International Low-CarbonEnergyTechnologyPlatform Committee onEnergyResearchandTechnology Training andcapacitybuilding l l l l l Working PartyonFossilFuels Fusion PowerCo-ordinatingCommittee Working PartyonRenewableEnergy Working PartyonEnergyEnd-UseTechnologies www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/ www.iea.org/training/ www.iea.org/aboutus/affiliatedgroups/low-carbonenergytechnologyplatform/ www.iea.org/techinitiatives www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/egrd/ l l l l OPEN Energy Technology Bulletin Technology Energy OPEN l l l l www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/euwp/ www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/fpcc/ www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/rewp/ www.iea.org/aboutus/standinggroupsandcommittees/wpff/ © OECD/IEA 2013

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FOR MORE INFORMATION This publication reflects the views of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual IEA member countries. This publication is based on information provided by the Implementing Agreements (IAs). The IAs function within a framework created by the IEA. The IEA and the IAs make no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of this publication’s content (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, this publication.

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