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Thermodynamic and Economic Analyses of a New Waste-To-Energy System Incorporated with a Biomass-Fired Power Plant

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Thermodynamic and Economic Analyses of a New Waste-To-Energy System Incorporated with a Biomass-Fired Power Plant energies Article Thermodynamic and Economic Analyses of a New Waste-to-Energy System Incorporated with a Biomass-Fired Power Plant Peiyuan Pan 1, Meiyan Zhang 1, Gang Xu 1,*, Heng Chen 1,* , Xiaona Song 2 and Tong Liu 1 1 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (T.L.) 2 Electrical and Mechanical Practice Center, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.X.); [email protected] (H.C.); Tel.: +86-(10)-6177-2472 (G.X.); +86-(10)-6177-2284 (H.C.) Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 20 August 2020; Published: 22 August 2020 Abstract: A novel design has been developed to improve the waste-to-energy process through the integration with a biomass-fired power plant. In the proposed scheme, the superheated steam generated by the waste-to-energy boiler is fed into the low-pressure turbine of the biomass power section for power production. Besides, the feedwater from the biomass power section is utilized to warm the combustion air of the waste-to-energy boiler, and the feedwater of the waste-to-energy boiler is offered by the biomass power section. Based on a 35-MW biomass-fired power plant and a 500-t/d waste-to-energy plant, the integrated design was thermodynamically and economically assessed. The results indicate that the net power generated from waste can be enhanced by 0.66 MW due to the proposed solution, and the waste-to-electricity efficiency increases from 20.49% to 22.12%. Moreover, the net present value of the waste-to-energy section is raised by 5.02 million USD, and the dynamic payback period is cut down by 2.81 years. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted to reveal the inherent mechanism of performance enhancement. Besides, a sensitivity investigation was undertaken to examine the performance of the new design under various conditions. The insights gained from this study may be of assistance to the advancement of waste-to-energy technology. Keywords: waste-to-energy; biomass-fired power generation; steam cycle integration; performance improvement; performance evaluation 1. Introduction Under the stress of energy shortage, global warming, and environmental pollution, the utilization of renewable energy sources has drawn much attention worldwide [1,2]. Biomass is renewable and can be extensively obtained in numerous forms and types [3]. Biomass resources include forestry, agricultural crops and residues, animal residues, industrial waste and residues, municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage, etc. [4]. Typically, biomass can be processed in several approaches, such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, torrefaction, steam explosion, hydrothermal carbonization, and anaerobic digestion [5]. Final products derived from biomass involve heat, power, and/or fuel for further usage [6]. Currently, among all thermochemical methods, direct combustion is the most broadly adopted for biomass conversion, which accounts for above 97% of the biomass utilization as energy production globally [4]. Biomass direct combustion is a dominating bioenergy technology for power generation, and it has great compatibility with traditional thermal power production [7]. It is predicted that biomass Energies 2020, 13, 4345; doi:10.3390/en13174345 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2020, 13, 4345 2 of 20 power will exceed 15% of the overall electricity supply in industrial countries by the end of 2020 [8]. Biomass power generation has a carbon neutralization effect, and regular biomass contains less sulfur and nitrogen than fossil fuels; thereby, biomass power generation can conduce to the reduction of emissions [9]. Wood and straw are relatively attractive feedstocks for biomass power generation, and agricultural waste products (rice husks, wheat bran, peanut shells, etc.) are usually burned as well [10]. On the other hand, MSW as a biomass source is characterized by higher moisture and volatile matter contents, higher O/C ratio, lower calorific value, poorer grindability, and greater concentrations of alkali or toxic metals in the ashes, as compared to wood/straw, which increases the difficulties in transportation and storage, handling and feeding of materials, flame stability, energy conversion, and plant availability [11]. Hence, the cofiring of MSW and high-quality biomass is hard and probably not beneficial. At present, waste-to-energy (WtE) incineration is a popular method for waste management, due to its features of dramatical MSW volume reduction and affordable costs for heat/electricity generation, especially for developing countries [12]. Incineration will handle more than half of the MSW produced in China by the end of 2020, based on the Chinese 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) [13]. Nevertheless, the waste-to-electricity efficiencies of conventional WtE incineration plants are relatively low, ranging from 14% to 28% [14], and the poor performance of a WtE plant is mainly caused by the limited steam parameters, small capacity, and simple steam cycle [15]. Much research has been devoted to improving the WtE process, chiefly including promoting steam parameters, decreasing exhaust gas heat loss, and a combination with other thermal systems. MSW contains high contents of Cl, S, Na, K, and other alkali metals, which can form HCl, sulfate, alkali metal salts, and other pollutants during the incineration, probably inducing severe corrosion and fouling in the boiler [16]. Thus, the live steam parameters of a WtE boiler are seriously restricted and generally around 4 MPa and 400 ◦C. Xu et al. [17] proposed a solution that uses phase-change materials-based refractory bricks on the water wall of a WtE boiler to raise the steam temperature. Bogalea et al. [18] described a design that divides the flue gas into two fractions, and the lower corrosive part is delivered to a separate superheater to enhance the steam parameters. Another approach to promote the steam temperature is employing a radiant superheater in the WtE boiler [19]. Besides, the reduction of the exhaust gas heat loss can be achieved through flue gas recirculation [20]; diminishing excess air [21]; and waste heat recovery, such as heating combustion air/feedwater [22], producing district heat [23], and driving an organic Rankine cycle [24]. Concerning system integration, Consonni et al. [25] and Poma et al. [26] discussed a hybrid WtE-gas turbine combined cycle scheme, where the steam yielded from the WtE boiler is further heated by the gas turbine exhaust gas and then enters into the steam turbine for power production. Mendecka et al. [27] presented a novel WtE design incorporated with a concentrating solar power system, in which the solar energy is harvested to superheat the live steam of the WtE boiler. Chen et al. [28] explored the integration of a WtE plant and a coal-fired power plant by feeding the heat acquired from the incineration into the steam cycle of the coal power section. However, little work has been published on integrating a WtE plant with a biomass-fired power plant based on the steam cycle incorporation, which may contribute to improving the waste-to-electricity efficiency. This paper proposed an innovative WtE design, which is combined with a biomass-fired power plant based on the steam cycle. In the integrated scheme, the superheated steam exported from the WtE section enters into the turbine of the biomass power section for producing electricity. Meanwhile, the combustion air of the WtE boiler absorbs energy from the feedwater extracted from the biomass power section and the saturated steam taken from the WtE boiler, and the biomass power section supplies feedwater for the WtE boiler. Consequently, the waste-to-electricity efficiency may gain significant improvement, and some equipment of the WtE plant can be saved, resulting in more revenues and lower costs. To check the feasibility of the novel concept, thermodynamic and economic evaluations were undertaken based on a 500-t/d WtE plant and a 35-MW biomass-fired power plant. Energy and exergy analyses were performed to investigate the root cause of efficiency enhancement. Additionally, the influence of the boiler loads on the performance of the new design was examined. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 Energy and exergy analyses were performed to investigate the root cause of efficiency enhancement. Energies 2020, 13, 4345 3 of 20 Additionally, the influence of the boiler loads on the performance of the new design was examined. 2.2. ReferenceReference PlantsPlants andand ConceptConcept ProposalProposal 2.1.2.1. ReferenceReference WtEWtE PlantPlant AA typicaltypical WtEWtE plantplant withwith aa dailydaily disposaldisposal capacitycapacity ofof 500500 tt hashas beenbeen selectedselected forfor thethe casecase study,study, whichwhich isis sketchedsketched inin FigureFigure1 .1. The The feedwater feedwater enters enters into into the the WtE WtE boiler boiler as as a a working working fluid fluid and and is is heatedheated byby thethe flueflue gasgas generated generated fromfrom the the waste waste incineration. incineration. AfterAfter absorbingabsorbing thethe heatheat energyenergy inin thethe boiler,boiler, thethe yieldedyielded steamsteam flowsflows intointo the the turbine turbine for for power power production. production. TheThe exhaustexhaust gasgas ofof thethe WtEWtE boilerboiler isis dischargeddischarged afterafter thethe treatmenttreatment ofof thethe
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