DOCSLIB.ORG

Catalog of CHP Technologies, Full Report, September 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Catalog of CHP Technologies, Full Report, September 2017 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership September 2017 Disclaimer The information contained in this document is for information purposes only and is gathered from published industry sources. Information about costs, maintenance, operations, or any other performance criteria is by no means representative of EPA, ORNL, or ICF policies, definitions, or determinations for regulatory or compliance purposes. The September 2017 revision incorporated a new section on packaged CHP systems (Section 7). This Guide was prepared by Ken Darrow, Rick Tidball, James Wang and Anne Hampson at ICF International, with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Catalog of CHP Technologies ii Disclaimer Table of Contents Section 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1–1 1.1 Overview of CHP Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 1–2 1.2 CHP Efficiency Compared to Separate Heat and Power ....................................................................... 1-8 1.3 Emissions ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.4 Comparison of Water Usage for CHP compared to SHP .................................................................... 1-12 1.5 Outlook........................................................................................................................................................................ 1-13 Section 2. Technology Characterization – Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines .... 2–1 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 2–1 2.2 Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 2–2 2.2.1 Combined Heat and Power ............................................................................................................... 2–2 2.2.2 Emergency/Standby Generators ................................................................................................... 2–3 2.2.3 Peak Shaving ............................................................................................................................................ 2–3 2.3 Technology Description........................................................................................................................................ 2–3 2.3.1 Basic Processes ....................................................................................................................................... 2–3 2.3.2 Components.............................................................................................................................................. 2–5 2.3.2.1 Engine System .................................................................................................................. 2–5 2.3.2.2 Diesel Engines .................................................................................................................. 2–6 2.3.2.3 Dual Fuel Engines ........................................................................................................... 2–7 2.3.2.4 Heat Recovery .................................................................................................................. 2–8 2.4 Performance Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 2–9 2.4.1 Part Load Performance .................................................................................................................... 2–11 2.4.2 Effects of Ambient Conditions on Performance .................................................................. 2–12 2.4.3 Engine Speed Classifications......................................................................................................... 2–12 2.4.4 Performance and Efficiency Enhancements ......................................................................... 2–13 2.4.4.1 Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) and Engine Speed ................... 2–13 2.4.4.2 Turbocharging............................................................................................................... 2–14 2.4.5 Capital Costs .......................................................................................................................................... 2–14 2.4.6 Maintenance .......................................................................................................................................... 2–16 2.4.7 Fuels .......................................................................................................................................................... 2–17 2.4.7.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas .......................................................................................... 2–18 2.4.7.2 Field Gas ........................................................................................................................... 2–18 2.4.7.3 Biogas .................................................................................................................................2– 19 2.4.7.4 Industrial Waste Gases ............................................................................................. 2–19 2.4.8 System Availability ............................................................................................................................ 2–20 Catalog of CHP Technologies iii Table of Contents Table of Contents (continued) 2.5 Emissions and Emissions Control Options ...............................................................................................2–20 2.5.1 Emissions Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 2–21 2.5.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) ............................................................................................... 2–21 2.5.1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ............................................................................................. 2–21 2.5.1.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons ......................................................................................... 2–22 2.5.1.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)................................................................................................. 2–22 2.5.2 Emissions Control Options ............................................................................................................ 2–22 2.5.2.1 Combustion Process Emissions Control .......................................................... 2–22 2.5.2.2 Post-Combustion Emissions Control .................................................................2– 24 2.5.2.3 Oxidation Catalysts ..................................................................................................... 2–24 2.5.2.4 Diesel Particulate Filter ............................................................................................ 2–24 2.5.2.5 Three–Way Catalyst (Non Specific Catalytic Reduction) ........................ 2–24 2.5.2.6 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ................................................................... 2–25 2.5.3 Gas Engine Emissions Treatment Comparison ................................................................... 2–25 2.6 Future Developments ..........................................................................................................................................2–26 Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines ............................................. 3–1 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 3–1 3.2 Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 3–1 3.3 Technology Description........................................................................................................................................ 3–2 3.3.1 Basic Process ............................................................................................................................................ 3–2 3.3.2 Components.............................................................................................................................................. 3–4 3.3.2.1 Types of Gas Turbines .................................................................................................. 3–5 3.4 Performance Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 3–5 3.4.1 Fuel Supply Pressure ........................................................................................................................... 3–7 3.4.2 Heat Recovery ......................................................................................................................................... 3–8 3.4.3 Part-Load Performance ...................................................................................................................... 3–9 3.4.4 Effects of Ambient Conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-To-X Consid- Ering Grid Support Strategies
    InVESTIGATING Hidden FleXIBILITIES ProVIDED BY Power-to-X Consid- ERING Grid Support StrATEGIES Master Thesis B. Caner YAgcı˘ Intelligent Electrical POWER Grids Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-to-X Considering Grid Support Strategies Master Thesis by B. Caner Yağcı to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Tuesday September 14, 2020 at 9:30. Student number: 4857089 Project duration: December 2, 2019 – September 14, 2020 Thesis committee: Dr. Milos Cvetkovic, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. ir. J. L. Rueda Torres, TU Delft Dr. L. M. Ramirez Elizando TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until September 14, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface First of all, I would like to thank PhD. Digvijay Gusain and Dr. Milos Cvetkovic for not only teaching me the answers through this journey, but also giving me the perception of asking the right questions that lead simple ideas into unique values. I would also like to thank my family Alican, Huriye, U˘gur, Gökhan who have been supporting me from the beginning of this journey and more. You continue inspiring me to find my own path and soul, even from miles away. Your blessing is my treasure in life... My friends, Onurhan and Berke. You encourage me and give me confidence to be my best in any scene. You are two extraordinary men who, I know, will always be there when I need. Finally, I would like to thank TU Delft staff and my colleagues in TU Delft for making this journey enter- taining and illuminative for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Failure Analysis of Gas Turbine Blades in a Gas Turbine Engine Used for Marine Applications
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology MultiCraft ENGINEERING, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2014, pp. 43-48 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY www.ijest-ng.com www.ajol.info/index.php/ijest © 2014 MultiCraft Limited. All rights reserved Failure analysis of gas turbine blades in a gas turbine engine used for marine applications V. Naga Bhushana Rao1*, I. N. Niranjan Kumar2, K. Bala Prasad3 1* Department of Marine Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, INDIA 2 Department of Marine Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, INDIA 3 Department of Marine Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, INDIA *Corresponding Author: e-mail: [email protected] Tel +91-8985003487 Abstract High pressure temperature (HPT) turbine blade is the most important component of the gas turbine and failures in this turbine blade can have dramatic effect on the safety and performance of the gas turbine engine. This paper presents the failure analysis made on HPT turbine blades of 100 MW gas turbine used in marine applications. The gas turbine blade was made of Nickel based super alloys and was manufactured by investment casting method. The gas turbine blade under examination was operated at elevated temperatures in corrosive environmental attack such as oxidation, hot corrosion and sulphidation etc. The investigation on gas turbine blade included the activities like visual inspection, determination of material composition, microscopic examination and metallurgical analysis. Metallurgical examination reveals that there was no micro-structural damage due to blade operation at elevated temperatures. It indicates that the gas turbine was operated within the designed temperature conditions. It was observed that the blade might have suffered both corrosion (including HTHC & LTHC) and erosion.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Nebraska Power Association Load and Capability Report
    2018 NEBRASKA POWER ASSOCIATION LOAD AND CAPABILITY REPORT August 2018 1 2 2018 Nebraska Power Association Load and Capability Report Executive Summary In summary, based on existing and committed resources, the statewide deficit occurs after 2037 for the Minimum Obligation as shown in Exhibit 1. The “Minimum Obligation” line is the statewide obligation based on the 50/50 forecast (normal weather) and the minimum 12% reserve margin of the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) Reserve Sharing Pool. The statewide deficit for the Minimum Obligation in the 2017 report showed a State deficit occurring after 2036. Exhibit 2 is the corresponding load and capability data in tabular format. Introduction This report is the Nebraska Power Association (NPA) annual load and capability report, as per Item 3 in the statute below. It provides the sum of Nebraska’s utilities peak demand forecasts and resources over a 20-year period (2018-2037). State Statute (70-1025) Requirement 70-1025. Power supply plan; contents; filing; annual report.(1) The representative organization shall file with the board a coordinated long-range power supply plan containing the following information:(a) The identification of all electric generation plants operating or authorized for construction within the state that have a rated capacity of at least twenty-five thousand kilowatts;(b) The identification of all transmission lines located or authorized for construction within the state that have a rated capacity of at least two hundred thirty kilovolts; and(c) The identification of all
    [Show full text]
  • Progress and Challenges in Liquid Rocket Combustion Stability Modeling
    Seventh International Conference on ICCFD7-3105 Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD7), Big Island, Hawaii, July 9-13, 2012 Progress and Challenges in Liquid Rocket Combustion Stability Modeling V. Sankaran∗, M. Harvazinski∗∗, W. Anderson∗∗ and D. Talley∗ Corresponding author: [email protected] ∗ Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, CA, USA ∗∗ Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Abstract: Progress and challenges in combustion stability modeling in rocket engines are con- sidered using a representative longitudinal mode combustor developed at Purdue University. The CVRC or Continuously Variable Resonance Chamber has a translating oxidizer post that can be used to tune the resonant modes in the chamber with the combustion response leading to self- excited high-amplitude pressure oscillations. The three-dimensional hybrid RANS-LES model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the self-excited instabilities. The frequencies of the dominant rst longitudinal mode as well as the higher harmonics are well-predicted and their rel- ative amplitudes are also reasonably well-captured. Post-processing the data to obtain the spatial distribution of the Rayleigh index shows the existence of large regions of positive coupling be- tween the heat release and the pressure oscillations. Dierences in the Rayleigh index distribution between the fuel-rich and fuel-lean cases appears to correlate well with the observation that the fuel-rich case is more unstable than the fuel-lean case. Keywords: Combustion Instability, Liquid Rocket Engines, Reacting Flow. 1 Introduction Combustion stability presents a major challenge to the design and development of liquid rocket engines. Instabilities are usually the result of a coupling between the combustion dynamics and the acoustics in the combustion chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • Jenbacher Type 6 Fact Sheet
    Continuously refined based on our extensive experience, Jenbacher type 6 engines are reliable, advanced products serving the 2.0 to 4.4 MW power range. The 1,500 rpm engine speed provides high power density and low installation costs. The type 6 precombustion chamber enables high efficiency with low emissions. Proven design and enhanced components support a service life of 60,000 operating hours before the first major overhaul. The J624 model features the advanced 2-stage turbocharging technology, which offers high electrical efficiency combined with improved flexibility over a wide range of ambient conditions. J612 Adelphi University; Garden City, NY Fuel Engine type Electrical output Thermal output Commissioning Natural gas 1 x J612 1,979 kW 6,053 MBTU/hr 2016 A single engine is located in the second floor basement of Woodruff Hall at Adelphi University. This unit has a special designed Pic enclosure that disassembles into component pieces to access any portion of the gen-set, yet still supports the weight of the exhaust equipment. This unit plant is designed to reduce the university’s energy consumption by providing base load for a portion of the campus. J616 Powdered Milk Factory; Central Valley, CA Fuel Engine type Electrical output Thermal output Commissioning Natural gas 2 x J616 5,312 kW 17,812 MBTU/hr February 2016 Two Jenbacher generators provide valuable electricity to a food processing facility while the heat is used to provide chilling and hot water. J620 Eisenhower Hospital; Rancho Mirage, CA Fuel Engine type Electrical output Thermal output Commissioning Natural gas 2 x J620 6,000 kW 21,000 MBTU/hr March 2007 The Jenbacher cogeneration systems provide power and heat to hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Technology Perspectives 2020
    Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 A path for the decarbonisation of the buildings sector 14 December 2020 Page 1 Opening remarks Timur Gül Head, Energy Technology Policy Division, International Energy Agency (IEA) The IEA buildings technology work across four main deliverables Energy Technology Tracking clean energy Special Report on Clean Technology guide progress Perspectives Innovation Tracking Clean Energy Progress Assessing critical energy technologies for global clean energy transitions The IEA is unfolding a series of resources setting an ambitious pathway to reach the Paris Agreement and other Sustainable Development goals. Opening remarks Roland Hunziker Director, Sustainable Buildings and Cities, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 presentation Thibaut ABERGEL Chiara DELMASTRO Co-leads, Buildings Energy Technology, Energy Technology Policy Division, International Energy Agency (IEA) Commitment to net-zero emissions is globalising Share of energy-related CO2 emissions covered by national and supra-national public net-zero emissions targets as of 01st SeptemberDecember 20202020 Carbon or climate 100% 10 neutrality target 80% 8 No target 2 60% 6 Under discussion GtCO 40% 4 In policy document 20% 2 Proposed legislation 0% 0 In law Total emissions (right axis) Countries responsible for around 60% of global energy-related CO2 emissions have formulated net-zero emissions ambitions in laws, legislation, policy documents or official discussions. Source: IEA (2020),| Credit Energyphoto
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Cells and Environmental, Energy, and Other Clean Energy Technologies…
    Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program Nancy L. Garland, Ph.D. Technology Development Manager Fuel Cell Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy United States Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 18th WWorldo rld Hydrogen EnergyEnergy Conference 2010 Essen, Germany May 17, 2010 Advancing Presidential Priorities Energy efficiency and renewable energy research , development , and deployment activities help the U.S. meet its economic, energy security, and environmental challenges concurrently. Energy Security Economic • Deploy the cheapest, cleanest, • Create green jobs through fastest energy source – energy Recovery Act energy projects efficiency • Double renewable energy • One million plug-in hybrid cars generation by 2012 on the road by 2015 Presidential Priorities • Weatherize one million homes • Develop the next generation of annually sustainable biofuels and infrastructure • Increase fuel economy standards Environmental • Implement an economy-wide cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent by 2050 • Make the US a leader on climate change • Establish a national low carbon fuel standard U.S. DOE President’s National Objectives for DOE— Energy to Secure America’s Future • Quickly Implement the Economic Recovery Package: Create Millions of New Green Jobs and Lay the Foundation for the Future • Restore Science Leadership: Strengthen America ’s Role as the World Leader in Science and Technology • Reduce GHG Emissions: Drive emissions 20 Percent below 1990 levels by 2020 • Enhance Energy Security: Save More Oil than the U.S currently imports from the Middle East and Venezuela combined within 10 years • Enhance Nuclear Security: Strengthen non-proliferation activities, reduce global stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and maintain safety and reliability of the US stockpile First Principle: Pursue material and cost-effective measures with a sense of urgency From: Secretary Chu’s presentation on DOE Goal’s and Targets, 5/5/09 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Combustion Turbines
    Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership March 2015 Disclaimer The information contained in this document is for information purposes only and is gathered from published industry sources. Information about costs, maintenance, operations, or any other performance criteria is by no means representative of EPA, ORNL, or ICF policies, definitions, or determinations for regulatory or compliance purposes. The September 2017 revision incorporated a new section on packaged CHP systems (Section 7). This Guide was prepared by Ken Darrow, Rick Tidball, James Wang and Anne Hampson at ICF International, with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Catalog of CHP Technologies ii Disclaimer Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines 3.1 Introduction Gas turbines have been in use for stationary electric power generation since the late 1930s. Turbines went on to revolutionize airplane propulsion in the 1940s, and since the 1990s through today, they have been a popular choice for new power generation plants in the United States. Gas turbines are available in sizes ranging from 500 kilowatts (kW) to more than 300 megawatts (MW) for both power-only generation and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. The most efficient commercial technology for utility-scale power plants is the gas turbine-steam turbine combined-cycle plant that has efficiencies of more than 60 percent (measured at lower heating value [LHV]35). Simple- cycle gas turbines used in power plants are available with efficiencies of over 40 percent (LHV). Gas turbines have long been used by utilities for peaking capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancillary Services Technical Requirements for 2020/21 – 2024/25
    SYSTEM OPERATOR Ancillary Services Technical Requirements for 2020/21 – 2024/25 REFERENCE NO. : 342-466 Prepared by: Ike Tshwagong, Marathon Ntusi, Vaughan Smith TITLE REFERENCE REV Ancillary Services Technical Requirements for 342-466 1 2020/21 – 2024/25 PAGE 2 OF 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 5 2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 5 3. RESERVES .................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 INSTANTANEOUS RESERVE ................................................................................................ 6 3.2.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 Technical Requirements ........................................................................................ 6 3.3 REGULATING RESERVE ....................................................................................................... 8 3.3.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 8 3.3.2 Technical Requirements ........................................................................................ 8
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Innovation in Energy and Fuel Cell Technology: Supply-Demand and R&D
    Drivers of Innovation in Energy and Fuel Cell Technology: Supply-Demand and R&D Madeline Woodruff IEA and Yukiko Fukasaku OECD 1 Overview Q Drivers of energy technology innovation – Sustained increase in demand – Diversification of sources of fossil fuel supply due to growing security and economic concerns – Fuel switching and development of new fuels due to efficiency and environmental concerns – De-regulation and increasing competition Q Increasing importance of R&D and technological innovation Q How the energy innovation system works Q Focus on fuel cells 2 Part I Supply, Demand, and Investment Trends Role of Fuel Cells in the Energy System 3 4 Today’s Energy Reference Word Primary Energy Demand Challenges 6,000 WEO 2002 Oil Q Energy security to fuel economic 5,000 growth and mobility Gas 4,000 and Coal 3,000 curbing environmental and climate Nuclear damage from energy use 2,000 Hydro 1,000 Other – “business as usual” energy renewables demand is rising inexorably 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 – greenhouse gas emissions also – stronger policies stabilize OECD emissions only after 2020. Reference Energy-Related CO2 Emissions WEO 2002 Q Access to modern energy for all – 1.6 billion people have no access 45000 to electricity, 80% of them in 40000 World South Asia and sub-Saharan 35000 30000 OECD Africa 25000 Transition 20000 Q Lower costs in deregulated Economies 15000 markets; infrastructure stresses Developing 10000 Million Tonnes CO2 Tonnes Million Countries 5000 0 1971 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 5 Renewables Growing Fast, but From
    [Show full text]
  • Dual-Mode Free-Jet Combustor
    Dual-Mode Free-Jet Combustor Charles J. Trefny and Vance F. Dippold III [email protected] NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio USA Shaye Yungster Ohio Aerospace Institute Cleveland, Ohio USA ABSTRACT The dual-mode free-jet combustor concept is described. It was introduced in 2010 as a wide operating-range propulsion device using a novel supersonic free-jet combustion process. The unique feature of the free-jet combustor is supersonic combustion in an unconfined free-jet that traverses a larger subsonic combustion chamber to a variable throat area nozzle. During this mode of operation, the propulsive stream is not in contact with the combustor walls and equilibrates to the combustion chamber pressure. To a first order, thermodynamic efficiency is similar to that of a traditional scramjet under the assumption of constant-pressure combustion. Qualitatively, a number of possible benefits to this approach are as follows. The need for fuel staging is eliminated since the cross-sectional area distribution required for supersonic combustion is accommodated aerodynamically without regard for wall pressure gradients and boundary-layer separation. The unconstrained nature of the free-jet allows for consideration of a detonative combustion process that is untenable in a walled combustor. Heat loads, especially localized effects of shock wave / boundary-layer interactions, are reduced making possible the use of hydrocarbon fuels to higher flight Mach numbers. The initial motivation for this scheme however, was that the combustion chamber could be used for robust, subsonic combustion at low flight Mach numbers. At the desired flight condition, transition to free-jet mode would be effected by increasing the nozzle throat area and inducing separation at the diffuser inlet.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines
    Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines John Schenderlein1, and Tyler Clayton2 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304 Although they garnish less attention than their flashy jet cousins, turboshaft engines hold a specialized niche in the aviation industry. Built to be compact, efficient, and powerful, turboshafts have made modern helicopters and the feats they accomplish possible. First implemented in the 1950s, turboshaft geometry has gone largely unchanged, but advances in materials and axial flow technology have continued to drive higher power and efficiency from today's turboshafts. Similarly to the turbojet and fan industry, there are only a handful of big players in the market. The usual suspects - Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, and Rolls-Royce - have taken over most of the industry, but lesser known companies like Lycoming and Turbomeca still hold a footing in the Turboshaft world. Nomenclature shp = Shaft Horsepower SFC = Specific Fuel Consumption FPT = Free Power Turbine HPT = High Power Turbine Introduction & Background Turboshaft engines are very similar to a turboprop engine; in fact many turboshaft engines were created by modifying existing turboprop engines to fit the needs of the rotorcraft they propel. The most common use of turboshaft engines is in scenarios where high power and reliability are required within a small envelope of requirements for size and weight. Most helicopter, marine, and auxiliary power units applications take advantage of turboshaft configurations. In fact, the turboshaft plays a workhorse role in the aviation industry as much as it is does for industrial power generation. While conventional turbine jet propulsion is achieved through thrust generated by a hot and fast exhaust stream, turboshaft engines creates shaft power that drives one or more rotors on the vehicle.
    [Show full text]