U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership September 2017 Disclaimer The information contained in this document is for information purposes only and is gathered from published industry sources. Information about costs, maintenance, operations, or any other performance criteria is by no means representative of EPA, ORNL, or ICF policies, definitions, or determinations for regulatory or compliance purposes. The September 2017 revision incorporated a new section on packaged CHP systems (Section 7). This Guide was prepared by Ken Darrow, Rick Tidball, James Wang and Anne Hampson at ICF International, with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Catalog of CHP Technologies ii Disclaimer Table of Contents Section 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1–1 1.1 Overview of CHP Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 1–2 1.2 CHP Efficiency Compared to Separate Heat and Power ....................................................................... 1-8 1.3 Emissions ................................................................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.4 Comparison of Water Usage for CHP compared to SHP .................................................................... 1-12 1.5 Outlook........................................................................................................................................................................ 1-13 Section 2. Technology Characterization – Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines .... 2–1 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 2–1 2.2 Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 2–2 2.2.1 Combined Heat and Power ............................................................................................................... 2–2 2.2.2 Emergency/Standby Generators ................................................................................................... 2–3 2.2.3 Peak Shaving ............................................................................................................................................ 2–3 2.3 Technology Description........................................................................................................................................ 2–3 2.3.1 Basic Processes ....................................................................................................................................... 2–3 2.3.2 Components.............................................................................................................................................. 2–5 2.3.2.1 Engine System .................................................................................................................. 2–5 2.3.2.2 Diesel Engines .................................................................................................................. 2–6 2.3.2.3 Dual Fuel Engines ........................................................................................................... 2–7 2.3.2.4 Heat Recovery .................................................................................................................. 2–8 2.4 Performance Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 2–9 2.4.1 Part Load Performance .................................................................................................................... 2–11 2.4.2 Effects of Ambient Conditions on Performance .................................................................. 2–12 2.4.3 Engine Speed Classifications......................................................................................................... 2–12 2.4.4 Performance and Efficiency Enhancements ......................................................................... 2–13 2.4.4.1 Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) and Engine Speed ................... 2–13 2.4.4.2 Turbocharging............................................................................................................... 2–14 2.4.5 Capital Costs .......................................................................................................................................... 2–14 2.4.6 Maintenance .......................................................................................................................................... 2–16 2.4.7 Fuels .......................................................................................................................................................... 2–17 2.4.7.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas .......................................................................................... 2–18 2.4.7.2 Field Gas ........................................................................................................................... 2–18 2.4.7.3 Biogas .................................................................................................................................2– 19 2.4.7.4 Industrial Waste Gases ............................................................................................. 2–19 2.4.8 System Availability ............................................................................................................................ 2–20 Catalog of CHP Technologies iii Table of Contents Table of Contents (continued) 2.5 Emissions and Emissions Control Options ...............................................................................................2–20 2.5.1 Emissions Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 2–21 2.5.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) ............................................................................................... 2–21 2.5.1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ............................................................................................. 2–21 2.5.1.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons ......................................................................................... 2–22 2.5.1.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)................................................................................................. 2–22 2.5.2 Emissions Control Options ............................................................................................................ 2–22 2.5.2.1 Combustion Process Emissions Control .......................................................... 2–22 2.5.2.2 Post-Combustion Emissions Control .................................................................2– 24 2.5.2.3 Oxidation Catalysts ..................................................................................................... 2–24 2.5.2.4 Diesel Particulate Filter ............................................................................................ 2–24 2.5.2.5 Three–Way Catalyst (Non Specific Catalytic Reduction) ........................ 2–24 2.5.2.6 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ................................................................... 2–25 2.5.3 Gas Engine Emissions Treatment Comparison ................................................................... 2–25 2.6 Future Developments ..........................................................................................................................................2–26 Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines ............................................. 3–1 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 3–1 3.2 Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 3–1 3.3 Technology Description........................................................................................................................................ 3–2 3.3.1 Basic Process ............................................................................................................................................ 3–2 3.3.2 Components.............................................................................................................................................. 3–4 3.3.2.1 Types of Gas Turbines .................................................................................................. 3–5 3.4 Performance Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 3–5 3.4.1 Fuel Supply Pressure ........................................................................................................................... 3–7 3.4.2 Heat Recovery ......................................................................................................................................... 3–8 3.4.3 Part-Load Performance ...................................................................................................................... 3–9 3.4.4 Effects of Ambient Conditions