Fish Processing Wastes Used As Feed Ingredient for Animal Feed and Aquaculture Feed

Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 6(2) 55-64 2020

Fish processing wastes used as feed ingredient for animal feed and aquaculture feed

Afreen M.1; Ucak I.1*

Received: May 2019 Accepted: July 2019

Abstract: Fish wastes management has become a global problem from the last years. Dispose of seafood wastes cause environmental pollution. To overcome this issue these unwanted seafood products are used for the formation of animal feed and aquaculture feed. These unwanted products include small fish and those parts of fish which are not used as human food. These unwanted parts include viscera, head, fins and skin of fish. These byproducts are rich source of protein, minerals and vitamins so these can be used as a supplement in animal feed. These are also used to fulfill the deficiency of protein in animals. These byproducts can be used in the form of fish meal, fish oil, and protein hydrolysates and fish silage. Protein hydrolysates provide high amount of nitrogen and fish oil provide triglycerides of fatty acids and phospholipids in the animal feed industry. These are also used in the formation of pet feed and in the formation of fertilizers. These byproducts are processed for feeding by using fermentation, biotechnological and bio preservation techniques.

Keywords: Seafood, Byproduct, Supplement, Fish silage, Fish oil, Protein hydrolysate.

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 17:15 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2020.6.2.7 ] 1-Department of Animal Production and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde Turkey. *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected]

56 Afreen and Ucak, Fish processing wastes used as feed ingredient for animal feed and aquaculture…

Introduction Fishery wastes have becoming a global Literature review issue from the last decade and it is The total fish industry produces only 40 influenced by many technical, % of fish products used for feeding by operational, biological, and economical human and remaining 60 % are factors (Kim and Mendis, 2006; unwanted products comprising skin, Arvanitoyannis and Kassaveti, 2008). head, fins, viscera and trimmings "Fish wastes" described as different (Dekkers et al., 2011). These unwanted small fish species or unwanted catch products cause environment products which have very less market contamination and even large quantity value due to short size or any type of of small size fish causes eutrophication injury. Those parts of fish which are not in aqueous environment. These used routinely for eating purpose like unwanted products are rich source of head, skin, fins and viscera are also protein which can be obtained by referred as fish wastes. This type of simple techniques and converted into waste makes more than 50% of fish valuable feed items (Hsu, 2010). body. Different important research studies Annually worldwide fishery production concluded that seafood and their wastes includes 25% fish wastes and unwanted can be used for formation of fish meal, fish products (Rustad, 2003). Fish feed oil, fish silage, pet food and consumption for feed purpose can be fertilizer (Stepnowski et al., 2004; controlled at commercial level, Ward and Singh, 2005; Kim and industrial level or by aquaculture Mendis, 2006; Ramírez-Ramírez et al., scientists to save natural resources of 2008). fish (FAO, 2011). Dispose of fish wastes is a main Marine unwanted products problem in many countries but it can be In whole world unwanted fish products overcome by using these unwanted are dispose of annually from fish products as feed for animals and industry. it causes many problems like aquaculture (EU, 2003). Value of wastage of nutrients including minerals fishery by products can be increased at and proteins and it also cause lower level by feed formation from environmental pollution. Fish industries these unwanted products (Ferraro et al., can use these wastes for developing 2010). highly nutritive food products which

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 17:15 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2020.6.2.7 ] The purpose of using fish wastes can can provide rich nutrients for animal be profitable and fruitful by using feed composition. Some unwanted different techniques to obtaining products of fish are following bioactive compounds which can be described. used for formation of fish meal and oil Fish skin for animal feeding (FAO, 2002; Fish skin is a main source of protein Kelleher, 2005). including Gelatin and Collagen.

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Research studies on North Atlantic lean for catching fish (Wyatt and McCourty, fish and grass carp shows that skin of 1990). these fish species are rich source of protein which can be converted to Uses of marine unwanted products in protein hydrolysates (Picot et al., 2010; animal feed industry Wasswa et al., 2007). Formation of animal feed from unwanted products of seafood is Fish bones beneficial for reducing environmental Fish backbone and cartilage containing pollution and for providing cheap high amount of calcium phosphate, production of animals (Westendorf et minerals and approximate 30 % protein. al., 1998; Westendorf, 2000). Scientists done experiment on tuna fish Unwanted products of seafood backbone by using different enzymes which are used for animal feed including proteases, α -chymotrypsin, composition are freely available and neutrases to obtain protein because these are not used in human hydrolysates (Je et al., 2007). These food and also cheap source of feed bone Protein hydrolysates are good element. These are rich source of antioxidant agents so these are useful protein and used for the feed for feed formation (Morimura et al., composition of aquaculture, swine, 2002). These days many natural poultry and other animal foods (Esteban antioxidant and germicides are used to et al., 2006). Seafood wastes obtained increase food quality and these are from small fish like white croaker, obtained from byproducts of food horse mackerel, flying fish, chub (Ucak et al., 2018). Numerous mackerel, and sardine provide lipids, polyphenols, flavanols, and flavanol minerals, proteins and fats (Rustad, glycosides can be obtained from 2003; Khan et al., 2003). seaweeds. When these compounds are used in food composition can give Fish Meal beneficial effects on human health Complete fish or unwanted fish pieces (Topuz et al., 2016). have dried and grind in the form of Unwanted fish products are used for powder to obtain Fish meal. Mostly improvement of agriculture can be used fish for fish meal are menhaden divided into dry and liquid or fresh and and capelin and anchovy (Hevroy et al., frozen forms. In agriculture these 2004). For producing animal feed this Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 17:15 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2020.6.2.7 ] products are used as a fertilizer after fish meal is mixed with other composting of these small fish with ingredients. Main Chemical large amount of carbon sources such as composition of fish meal is protein (70 sea shells and fish bones. These %), minerals (10 %), fat (9 %), water (8 unwanted products are also used in %), pantothenic acid, vitamins, ash and composition of pet feed and as a trap many other minerals. On the basis of

58 Afreen and Ucak, Fish processing wastes used as feed ingredient for animal feed and aquaculture…

freshness, solubility, types of amino fatty acids, phospholipids, wax esters acids and processing method it can be and glycerol ethers (Ruiter, 1995) (Fig. divided into different levels of quality 1) (Barlow and Windsor, 1984; Babbitt, 1990; Gildberg, 2002). Uses of byproducts of shellfish Advancement in techniques of fish Shrimp waste meal including heads, meal production developed new less appendages, and exoskeleton are rich time taking processing apparatus. Fish source of lysine. For the composition of meal is consumed in production of feed broiler feed, shrimp meal can be used in for fish, crustaceans, poultry, pigs, the replacement of fish meal. According ruminants, and pets. Following table to protein quality shrimp waste meal is better than fish meal due to the shows different types of fish meals presence of methionine and lysine in which use in composition of shrimps (Fanimo et al., 2000). Squid is aquaculture feed (Table 1). also an important source of best quality

protein (Gokoglu et al., 2017). Oyster Table 1: Examples for the use of different fish meals as an ingredient for shells are also used as a best source for aquaculture feed (Malaweera et al., the composition of animal feed 2014). Fish meal Use in (Sathiadhas and Aswathy, 2004). Anchovy fish meal Salmon Red crab is small in size so it is not Anchovy fish meal Shrimp used as human food but due to its Alaskan pollock (white) fish Rainbow trout highly nutritive value considered as a meal suitable source for animal feeds. It Groundfish fish meal Salmon contains high amount of protein and Herring fish meal Cod Mackerel fish meal Salmon minerals (Villarreal et al., 2004), reported good results when using feeds Fish protein hydrolysates supplemented with red crab meal for the American lobster. Red crab is also Fish protein hydrolysates and fish enriched with β -carotene, and two silages are formed from digestive parts esters of astaxanthin (Wilkie, 1972). of fish and from spleen and gonads.

These organs provide nitrogen for feed Fish waste protein formation of pets and aquaculture Fish protein is mostly used as a feed (Martone et al., 2005). Many scientists ingredient for poultry and swine. As prove that ﬁsh protein hydrolysate can increasing the demand of fish protein be used in the animal feed industry

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 17:15 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2020.6.2.7 ] for human food researchers found other (Hevroy et al., 2005; Aksnes et al., sources of protein that can be used for 2006; Aguila et al., 2007). animal feed formation. Fish oil is also a main ingredient of animal feed which can be obtained from wastes fish and from unwanted products of fish. Composition of Fish oils comprised mainly triglycerides of

Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 6(2) 2020 59

Figure 1: Flow diagram for the production of ﬁsh oil, bone meal and hydrolysate from ﬁsh waste.

In one research study scientists took Use of fish silage Mixture of Proteinaceous wastes of fish Fish meal is an important component and molasses and put it for fermentation of animal feed. Now Fish silage can be under controlled condition. After used in the replacement of fish meal fermentation total volatile nitrogen and it is more beneficial than fish meal, increased and product converted into because in cheap and simple technique fish silage. This fish silage used for even at large scale production. Fish sheep feeding and they observed those silage decrease smell and drainage sheep were fed with fish silage has problems of industry. Fish silage also more weight gain as compared to has disadvantage of very high-volume control feed (Rahmi et al., 2008). product and have to consume at same production place (Kompiang, 1981; Fish silage Beerli et al., 2004). Fish silage is a liquid product made by According to present situation of mixing complete fish or some unwanted unwanted seafood products Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 17:15 +0330 on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2020.6.2.7 ] parts of fish with enzymes, acids or consumption in animal feed, the required microorganisms. This Scientific Steering Committee of the formation process is carrying out with European Commission talked about the action of fish enzymes (FAO, risks which can be raised due to 2003). overconsumption of seafood wastes (Scientific Steering Committee, 1999).

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