Foreign Fishery Developments

BURMA ':.. VIET­ ,' . .' NAM

LAOS ...... Thailand's Shrimp ...... Culture Growing THAI LAND ,... ~samut Sangkhram :. ~amut Sakorn Pond cultivation ofblacktigerprawns, khlaarea. Songkhla's National Institute '. \ \ Bangkok...... · Penaeus monodon, has brought sweep­ ofCoastal Aquaculture (NICA) has pro­ , ••~ Samut prokan ing economic change over the last2 years vided the technological foundation for the to the coastal areas of Songkhla and establishment of shrimp culture in this Nakhon Si Thammarat on the Malaysian area. Since 1982, NICA has operated a Peninsula (Fig. 1). Large, vertically inte­ large shrimp hatchery where wild brood grated aquaculture companies and small­ stock are reared on high-quality feeds in .... Gulf of () VIET­ scale rice farmers alike have invested optimum water temperature and salinity NAM heavily in the transformation of paddy conditions. The initial buyers ofNICA' s Thailand fields into semi-intensive ponds for shrimp postlarvae (pI) were small-scale Nakhon Si Thammarat shrimp raising. Theyhave alsodeveloped shrimp farmers surrounding Songkhla • Hua Sai Songkhla an impressive infrastructure ofelectrical Lake. .. Hot Yai and water supplies, feeder roads, shrimp Andaman hatcheries, shrimp nurseries, feed mills, Background Sea cold storage, and processing plants. Thailand's shrimp culture industry is Located within an hour's drive ofSong­ the fastest growing in Southeast Asia. In khla's new deep-waterport, the burgeon­ only 5 years, Thailand has outstripped its Figure 1.-Thailand and its major shrimp ing shrimp industry will have direct competitors to become the region's num­ culture area. access to international markets. Despite ber one producer. Thai shrimp harvests a price slump since May 1989, expansion in 1988 reached 55,000 metric tons (t), onall fronts-production, processingand a 320 percent increase over the 13,000 t marketing-continues at a feverish pace. produced in 1984 (Table 1). Indonesian year. However, the system demands a However, the industry faces significant and Philippine harvests rose by only 62 measureofsophistication in fry and feed problems, mostly related to thecost/price percent and 51 percent, respectively, production and in pond maintenance. The equation. Continued low prices over over the same time period. Thailand's intensive culture system employs ex­ several years could eliminate all but the 1989 farmed shrimp production is tremely high stocking densities to boost most efficient Thai shrimp producers. expected to nearly double, surpassing production to 800-2,000 kg/rai (5,000­ This report focuses on the recent boom l00,OOOt. 12,500 kg/ha), but there is the risk of in black tiger prawn culture along the Thailand's rapid advance into com­ shrimp losses from poor water quality , Songkhla-Nakhon Si Thammarat littoral mercial shrimp culture appears all the stress from overcrowding, and resultant region and details theexperiences ofthree more remarkable given its late start. Thai diseases. One such disease, monodon ofthe largestfirms operating in the Song- farmers have long been adept at using baclovirus (MBV), virtually wiped out traditional extensive shrimp farming Taiwan's tiger prawn industry and methods. They diked off estuarine and opened lucrative international markets to coastal mangrove areas to trapbrackish­ new competitors, such as Thailand. water marine life, which they harvested The explosive growth ofthe Thai cul­ Table 1.-Thailand, Indonesia, and Philippine cultured aftera45-to 60-day growth period. This shrimp harvests by quantity. 1984-88' . tured shrimp industry has been accom­ simple system gave an annual shrimp panied by the rapid expansion ofshrimp Harvest (1,000 t) yield of about 40 kg per rai (6.25 rais hatcheries and feed mills. In 1985, Thai­ Country 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 equal 1 ha). Semi-intensive shrimp cul­ land had one shrimp feed mill and a Thailand 13 16 18 25 55 tivation, a comparatively recent phenom­ market demand of 6,000 t. Three years enon, involves raising hatchery-pro­ later, there were 15 shrimp feed mills and Indonesia 32 37 41 45 52 duced pion commercial feeds in growout a market demand oflOO,OOO t. Supplies Philippines 29 29 31 33 42 ponds. This system yields from 500­ of shrimp pI are obtained from govern­ 'Source: U.S. Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand. 1,000 kg/rai (3,100-6,300 kg/ha) per ment hatcheries, about 1,500 family­

52(2),1990 21 owned backyard hatchery operations, water. The resultant brackish water had tion in late August and September. and large-scale agro-industrial concerns. optimum salinity (25-26°/00) for stimu­ Aquastar transports the harvested lating rapid shrimp growth. However, shrimp to cold storage. The company is The Songkhla Pioneer when neighboring farmers complained currentlyrentingcoldstoragefacilities on In 1985, Aquastar1, an American­ that waterlevels in their wells weredrop­ theSongkhla-HatYairoad, buthasbegun owned consortium bought 64 ha ofrice ping, Aquastar shut down its own wells construction ofits own cold storage and paddiesadjacenttotheseainSongkhla's and used sea water, with a salinity of processingplantona 12-hasiteinSingha Ranod District. Aquastar's plan was 33-35°/00 (31-33°/00 during monsoons). Nakhon, 25 km from Songkhla's new novel: Expand shrimpcultivationbeyond While salt water culture results in a deep-water port. The processing plant the confmes ofestuarine and mangrove slower growth rate (11 days on the aver­ will have a capacity of50t perday when regions to paddy land, which had a long age), ithas the advantageoverfresh water construction is finished at the end of history of indifferent success growing of not harboring bacteria and disease. January 1990. Processed shrimp will be rice. Moreover, brackishwaterpondsmustbe packed in containers for shipment from Aquastar stocked 24 demonstration harvestedbeforethe monsoonseason, as Songkhla'sdeep-water port. Currently, ponds, eachofl ha, inJanuary 1988 with too much rain water subjects the shrimp Aquastar's markets are in Japan, but the shrimppI from itsnurseries, using an in­ tostressandinhibitsgrowth. Thisnottrue company intendsto expandto the United tensive culturedensity scheme to impress ofsaltwaterponds, sincea moderatead­ States in 1990 and to Europe in 1991. local farmers with the profit potential. mixture ofrainwater will only stimulate Thus, from egg to processedproduct for Initial trials yielded harvests of 6 t/ha, growth. international markets, Aquastar func­ gradually increasing to 7-8 t/ha. How­ Aquastar's ponds are uniformly con­ tions as a vertically-integratedenterprise. ever, inpractice, Aquastaris committed structed. Each farmer owns about 1.3ha; With phase one virtually complete, to a semi-intensive mode ofshrimp cul­ 1.0 ha ofpond area and 0.3 ha ofdikes, Aquastar is now beginning phase two­ ture: 15t020shrimp/m, resultingina3-4 drainage and intake canals, roads, and the development of 500-600 ponds. It t/ha harvest. caretakerhuts. A concreteouterwall-15 plans to expand the size of its pond Havingprovedthe potential for shrimp cm higher than the local roadbed-en­ groups. While the first groups ranged culture, Aquastar began negotiations closes each of the groups of ponds and from 26-30pondspergroup, 50ponds is with local landowners to convert mar­ provides flood protection. The 1988 now the average and is much more cost­ ginallyprofitablericepaddies intoshrimp floods had no effecton Aquastar'sponds, effective. The company hopes to organ­ ponds. Within 1 year, it had contracted though many nearby farmers' ponds ize future groups of 200-300 ponds. with 293 landowners in 7 locations, for were ruined. Each pond group is pro­ Bechtel Corporation is currently bidding a total of310 haofponds. Inthe process, vided with intakecanals on its outerbor­ to undertake all future pond construction Aquastar standardized irregularly­ deranddischargecanals onthe innerrim. for Aquastar, freeing itto concentrateon shaped plots into I-ha ponds. Most im­ Aquastarowns andoperateseach pond's productionandmarketing. Aquastarcon­ portantly, owners retained title to their intake pumping station and backup gen­ tinues to holda significantadvantageover plots and wereencouraged to personally erators. Electricity is essential for the other shrimp-growingcompaniesinthat, manage the new shrimp farms-a coop­ pond's aeration floats (eight per pond), as a cooperativeventurewithlocal farm­ erative concept designed to maximize which maintaina healthy flow ofoxygen ers, it is spared onerous land purchase profits for both farm owners and the to the water. costs and protracted negotiations. parent company. Ponds are stocked from Aquastar's Followingthe surveyingand reorgan­ shrimp hatchery, which obtains brood Taiwanese Competition izationoflandownership, Aquastarpro­ stock from the Andaman Sea. The 10­ Following Aquastar's success, other videdtraining for pondownersinshrimp tankhatchery produces 30 million fry per large shrimp-rearingcompaniestargeted cultivation while constructing the ponds. month, running continuous batches over the Ranod-HuaSaiarea. However, prime Groups of40 farmers were given a 20­ a 6-day period before transferring them shrimp-growing areas arelimited. North day training course at company head­ into a nursery for 15-18 days. From the ofHua Sai, shrimp farming is generally quarters-halfinclassroominstruction, nursery the shrimp are moved to grow­ carried out by traditional methods in half in practical field work. Aquastar outponds, where they are fed five times mangroveareas from the PakpanangDis­ currently provides only transportation a day withpelletedfeed from Aquastar's trict of Nakhon Si Thammarat through to the training center, but plans to build own mill (a capacity of 1,000 t, with Surat Thani Province. South of Ranod, a dormitory and dining hall. plannedexpansionas morepondsgointo in Satingpla District, soils are too sandy A critical factor in shrimpcultureis the production). Individual pond owners, and large parcels too small. As middle salinity of the pond water. Originally, assisted by company extension agents, andlarge-sized shrimpcompanies sought Aquastar mixed fresh well waterwith sea manage the shrimp for the 4 months re­ to invest in the prime Ranod-Hua Sai maininguntil harvest. ThefirstofAqua­ area, land prices began to skyrocket. star's seven groups harvested its first In January 1988, Ting Thai, a Taiwa­ 1Mention oftrade names orcommercial finns does not imply endorsement by the National Marine shrimp in mid-September. The remain­ nese-Thai joint venture, became Aqua­ Fisheries Service, NOAA. ing five groupscompletedpondconstruc­ star's first major competitor in the area.

22 Marine Fisheries Review Land prices proved so prohibitive, and siveand time-consumingoperation, and CP'scold storage andprocessingplant negotiations so torturous, thatTing Thai will depend on the results of the initial was scheduled for completion in early purchased only a 32-ha site in Hua Sai, harvests. March 1990. CP estimates that it will preferring to buy4 other sites of56,32, produce 30,000-40,000 t annually once 32, and 5 ha, respectively, onthe eastern P. Charoen Phan Group it becomes fully operational. The com­ shoreofSongkhlaLakebecausetheland The P. Charoen Phan Group (CP), a pany will emphasize quality control and was comparatively cheapandavailable in Bangkok-based agro-industrial con­ plans to ship fully processed shrimp­ large parcels. Construction of a large glomerate formed in 1923, is a major headless, boiled, peeled, breaded, etc.­ hatchery and nursery was completed in producer of shrimp, pigs, ducks, and in containers from Songkhla. CP/Mit­ May 1989 and Ting Thai began produc­ chickens, as well as tropical fruits, corn, subishi intends to obtain Japanese ingpl the following month. Ting Thai's soybeans, and sorghum. CP is the registration of its processing plant to feed mill, 12 krn north ofHat Yai, came world's fifth largest producer ofanimal avoid portinspectiondelays ofits product on-line at about the same time. A cold feeds and employs 12,000 people in in Japan. storage and processing plant will be Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indo­ Both CPand CP/Mitsubishi planto try located nearby, withthefirst stageofcon­ nesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Belgium, intensive shrimp culture, but have de­ struction to be completed in 16 months. China, and the United States. The com­ cided not to expand their own pond area Further expansion is scheduled over a pany's gross annual turnover is estimated for the present. In the future, they will 3-year period. at $2 billion. Recently, CP arranged for contractwithlocal shrimpfarmers, with Despiteprogress in the developmentof a $60million5-yearrevolving creditloan CP providing pI for stocking, feed, and a vertically-integrated infrastructure, througha consortiumofJapanesebanks. marketing services and the local farmers Ting Thai's selectionofthefourlakeside Given CP's interests and financial re­ providing the ponds and labor. As pond pondshas causeditmajorproblems. The sources, it was a logical step for CP to farming is labor-intensive, the CP view lake sites are salt-marsh peat and clay, move into the profitable shrimp farming (like that ofAquastar) is that individual and are highly acidic. Such soils call for industry. Inoneyear, CPpurchasedlarge farmers will manage their shrimp more periodic liming and special pond con­ tracts ofpaddy land in Hua Sai to convert conscientiouslythanwillhiredhelp. The structiontechniques. Theponds must be to shrimp ponds. exact form the relationship between CP createdbybuildingdike walls. However, CPis currently involvedintwo shrimp and local farmers will take-contracts, ponds built in this way require pumping farming projects; One is a joint venture cooperatives, etc.-is still open, how­ intakeanddrainagewaterinandoutofthe with Mitsubishi ofJapan and the other is ever. In any case, the potential for growth ponds at extra cost. (Aquastar's ponds CP-owned. Construction on both pro­ is enormous as CP's newly installed rely on a simple gravity flow system for jects began in January 1989. The hatch­ pumping system can move 4 m3 of sea drainage.) More seriously, the brackish ery atCP/Mitsubishi was scheduledto be water per second-plenty to share with water from the lake used in the ponds is completedbytheendofSeptember, with cooperating private farmers in the future. ofinferiorquality. The area is one ofin­ a capacity of 10 million pI per month. A tense aquacultureuse, especially around nursery was to be ready to begin opera­ Overdevelopment Problems theislandofKoh Yoh, wherelocal farm­ tions shortly thereafter and CP/Mitsu­ The three large companies profiled ers have set up hundreds ofsea bass and bishi planned to stock 80 ha ofgrow-out above have beenjoinedin the Ranod-Hua shrimp cages. In addition, there is mini­ ponds. The CP-owned project's grow­ Sai area by at least 10 mid-sized com­ mal tidal flow, allowing insufficient outponds will total 96 hainthe first stage panies with holdings of 16-32 ha, plus drainageand the danger ofthe spread of of development, with another 80 ha to countless numbers of small-scale pond diseases. come on-line in the second stage. Both owners. Thegreatestproblemthatall face Given the severe water quality prob­ projects will use 100 percent sea water. is the plummeting price ofshrimp in the lems, Ting Thai lowered its stockingden­ Whilethis is the company's first venture wake ofa world-wide supply glut. sity from 25-30 pl/m3 to 20. It stocked into seawater-irrigatedponds, results of WhenAquastarharvestedits first crops three ponds with pI in July 1989; two an earlier 80-ha project in a Pattaya es­ in July 1988, shrimp prices stood at 250 other ponds are still under construction. tuary site convinced the company to baht/kg ($10.oo/kg at the conversionrate The company plansto harvestin Novem­ revert to pure sea water. At a 340f0o of 25 baht=$l). By January 1989, the berinthe hope ofbeating the onset ofthe salinity level, seawater shrimp matured price had fallen to 150 baht ($6.oo)/kg. northeast monsoons, which will slow only 2 weeks later than shrimp in brack­ Evenat this price, Aquastar cooperative shrimp growth. Until Ting Thai's own ish water and proved to have a superior farmers werestill makingsubstantial pro­ processing plant is in operation, it has taste. Both projects in the Hua Sai area fits (Table 2). As there are two harvests contracted with the Seahorse Packing will besuppliedbytheCPfeed millinHat peryear, farmers couldtake ina gross in­ Company in Songkhla to wash, chlori­ Yai. CPplans to use intensivecultivation comeof430,OOObaht ($17,200) peryear. nate, head, and grade its first harvests. methods, stocking 30 shrimp/m3 and Subtracting construction costs and bank Ting Thai's goal is to purchase a total of harvesting6t/hafrom 2-haponds. Itsfirst loan repayments leaves individual net in­ 640ha ofponds, preferably in the areaof harvest from 10 ponds was expected in comeatabout300,000baht($12,000) per Hua Sai, although this will be an expen­ February 1990. year. After 3Vz years, the farmer should

52(2),1990 23 Table 2.-Coat analysis per shrimp pond In Thailand'. tation of10,000tofhigh quality fish meal markets. The U.S. market, which im­ Item Cosl(Bahl) Item Cosl(Baht) to stabilize the market. ports primarily Ecuadorian shrimp and

Feed 180.000 Harvesting 5,000 purchases only about 7 percent ofThai­ Maintenance 55,000 Chemicals 3,000 Electricity Costs land's shrimp exports, has been growing Posllarvae 38,000 Electricity 20,000 Tolal costs 310,000 Shrimp farmers must pay higher do­ by only 1percentperyear. TheEuropean Pumps 9,000 mestic rates for electricity, rather than market, however, has been growing at Revenues per crop: 525,000 industrial rates. Thailand's Fisheries 5 percent per year and recently, accord­ Net profit per crop: 215,000 Department has recommended a reduc­ ing to CPexecutives, has registered sharp 'Source: U.S. Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand. tion in these rates. increases over last year's demand, per­ haps because of lower prices. If such Shortage of Cold Storage demand continues to increase, long-term prices might stabilize at around 150 baht The shrimp industry must be able to be able to clear startupdebts and begin to ($6.00)/kg. preserve its production in order to wea­ accrue all profits. Even during the repay­ In the short term, however, the outlook ther periodic price slumps. On 21 June ment stage, the net income for the shrimp is bleak. Between May and August 1989, 1989, Thailand's Board of Investment farmer of 300,000 baht far exceeds the prices fluctuated between 120-150 baht decided to open its promotional privi­ 20,000 baht per ha he would have re­ ($4.80-$6.00)/kg, but fell again in Sep­ leges to investors in order to spur the ceived from his former rice crop. tember to 95-100 baht ($3.80-$4.00). rapid expansionofcoldstorage facilities. Unfortunately these equations were Large shrimp growers, with vertically upset in May 1989, as Japanese impor­ Environmental Problems integrated systems, can remain solvent ters-who buy 70 percent ofThailand's even at these prices. Aquastar estimates shrimp exports-stopped taking new The heavy concentration of shrimp that its current production costs range orders. Japan's domestic shrimp supplies farms near the cities of Samut Prakan, between 80-100 baht ($3.20-$4.OO)/kg, soared to a 5-month inventory, as op­ Samut Sakorn, and Samut Songkhram with the prospectofa future decline to 70 posed to the normal 3 months. The Thai (near Bangkok) has already led to severe baht ($2.80). At the moment, low local market price suddenly dropped to only water quality problems and the threat of prices do not concern the company or its 96 baht ($3 .84)/kg. This crisis provoked anotherdisease disaster similarto the one participating members because they are protest demonstrations by shrimp farm­ in Taiwan. So far, in Ranod and Hua Sai, operating on long-term purchase con­ ers in Bangkok and, ultimately, a gov­ water quality has remained good. Shrimp tracts of146baht ($5 .85)/kg (30pieces). ernment investigation into the problems ponds are disease-free and are cleaned Initial harvests averaged 4.3 t per pond­ plaguing the overheated shrimp industry. aftereachharvest. Longer-termenviron­ well above the expected 3.5 tons. In a These included the following items. mental effects, however, have yet to be move to diversify its foreign markets, addressed. Among these are the chang­ Aquastar has already shipped 20 t to High Feed Costs ing depth and salinity ofSongkhla Lake, Spain, with a second order destined for Feed accounts for 60 percent of pro­ the drawing off of the Ranod-Hua Sai Canada. Ting Thai, with its relatively duction costs. A Parliament Minister aquifer by well pumps, and the discharge cheapland purchases, estimates its costs from a southern Thai province accused of shrimp wastes into the sea. Bechtel at about 80 baht ($3.20)/kg. The com­ the CPCompany, whichcontrols70 per­ Corporation has offered to do an envi­ pany is contemplating a switch to fish cent of Thailand's shrimp feed market, ronmental impact study prior to its pro­ production should shrimp prices dip ofkeeping feed pricesartificially high in posed pond construction program for lower. CP'scosts, whichincludeexpen­ order to drive out small-scale farmers and Aquastar. The primary concern at the siveland purchases, and construction and buy up their ponds. CP responded that, moment is the adoption offlood preven­ labor costs, are between 95-100 baht unlike the Philippines, which imports tion measures to prevent a repeat ofthe ($3.80-$4.00)/kg. CPisconcentratingon cheap American soybeans, Thailand pro­ November 1988 disaster in southern mastering intensive shrimp culture tech­ tects its nascent soybean industry, which Thailand in which 12,500 ha of shrimp nology. The economic picture is more is geared to human consumption, by re­ ponds were flooded and 24 million ominous for small-scale growers who stricting importationofsoybeans (includ­ shrimp lost. mustpay higherprices for feed and post­ ing the lower grade soybeans used in larvae. Mali Boonyaratpalin, Directorof shrimp feed). CP and other feed com­ Overdependence on the NICA, estimatescosts for smallfarmers panies are also forced to use low-quality Japanese Market at 110-117 baht ($4.40-$4.68). With few Thaifish meal, below65 percentprotein Japan has been glutted with supplies financial resources, such farmers will not content, because they are prohibitedfrom from the booming shrimp culture indus­ survivelong underprolongedlow market utilizinghigh-protein importedfish meal. tries ofThailand, the Philippines, and In­ prices. While some small farmers who Finally, the shrimp culture industry's donesia. Producers recognize that, as owntheirownlandandprovide theirown huge demands for fish meal caused the long as Japan remains theprimary market labormay beable to scrimpby, mid-level fishmeal price to soar. InJuly, Thailand's for these exporters, prices are unlikely to farmers, withhigherlandandlaborcosts, CommerceMinistryapproved the impor­ rise, and they are searching for other may be hit particularly hard. If low

24 Marine Fisheries Review shrimp prices prevail over the next few to their investments. (Source: IFR-89/ national Affairs, NMFS, NOAA, 1335 years, high-tech shrimp farms with high 95, prepared by Paul E. Niemeier, For­ East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD production costs may be saying good-bye eign Affairs Specialist, Office ofInter- 20910.

commercial tuna fleet. Much of Sey­ chelles fishery development is financed by bilateral and multilateral foreign aid. The Fisheries The Seychelles, a group of 90 tiny islands scattered over a vast area of the of Seychelles Western Indian Ocean (Fig. 1) gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1976. The country was basically a one­ industry nation until French fishery re­ Introduction the domestic demand for fish supplies, search vessels started surveying nearby and provides some export earnings. ocean waters in 1980. Tourism was, and Seychelles' commercial fishing indus­ But, while Seychelles earns $7 million remains the most important industry in try has seen dramatic development since in licensing fees and transshipment this beautiful tropical island country, but 1986 and is poised to challenge tourism charges, it earns only $2 million from fishing, especially the tuna fishery, is as the nation's largest revenue earner by artisanal fishery exports. This amount challenging tourism as the major foreign the end ofthe century. Seychelles is atthe could be greatly increased with the intro­ exchange earner. Victoria, the capital center ofthe Indian Ocean tuna fisheries. duction of a national tuna purse seiner located on Mahe Island, has become a Fishing Port, in the eastern section ofthe fleet. However, the government finds it strategic base for tuna fisheries. capital city, Victoria, is the most impor­ difficult to attract young people to the The Seychelles islanders are probably tant tuna landing and transshipment port fishing profession despite good income the world's greatest consumers offish per in the southwestern Indian Ocean. For­ and various incentive programs. The capita at 90 kilos per person each year. eign fleets from France, Spain, the government ofthe Seychelles is aggres­ The fishing industry directly employs U.S.S.R., Mauritania, and other coun­ sively trying to develop the fisheries sec­ over 1,400 people, 85 percent of them tries fish for tuna in Seychelles' bountiful tor, including port facilities, infrastruc­ full-time. However, the fisheries sector waters. The domestic artisanal fleet fills ture, processing facilities, and a national is controlled by the government, primar­

SEYCHELLES

Praslin'e:::­ '. ·''-..rO''· ASIA La Dique QSllhouette VictO~ia.. ~ ," MoM AFRICA , \ o \ . Seychelles' EEZ

a INDIAN '" o MAURITIUS DCEAN () Re~m'on

Figure 1.-The Republic of Seychelles, principal islands, and its EEZ.

52(2),1990 25 ily through the Seychelles Fishing ered. It seems that the tuna move clock­ andcoordinating withotheragencieswith Authority (SFA) and the Seychelles wise around the archipelago, converging related activities in the fishing area. The Marketing Board (SMB). The govern­ onMahe, thelargestisland. Newgounds SFA is divided into two divisions: Re­ ment's basic objectives for the fishing in­ to the northwest of the islands show sourcesand Administration. TheSFA is dustry are to satisfy domestic fisheries promise, depending on the type offishing unusual in having multiple functions as consumption, increase fishery exports, practiced. Grounds to the north also a management, planning, development, obtain additional revenue from foreign aboundintuna atcertaintimes oftheyear. scientific, and training organization. fleets operating in Seychelles waters The Seychelles Fishing Authority The Seychelles Marketing Board con­ through licensing fees and port services, (SFA) decreed that foreign fishing will trols the local artisanal catch. Itbuys the and develop its own commercial fishing notbepermittedcloserthan 60miles from catch from fishermen, distributes local­ capabilities. the Seychelles' coast, the approximate ly-with the hotels taking the best-and extent of the shallow continental shelf. has a monopoly on the exportoffresh and Fishing Grounds This area is reserved for Seychelles fish­ frozen fish, most of which goes to Re­ An oasis in the vast Western Indian ermen, who rarely fish in deep waters union and the EC countries. Ocean, theRepublic oftheSeychelleslies beyond 60 miles. astrideanimportanttunamigration route. Ports and Infrastructure In 1978, the Seychelles declared a 200­ Government Administration Since 1982-83 considerable govern­ mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of The Ministry of National Develop­ ment effort has gone into infrastructure 1million square kilometers (Fig. 1), en­ ment, which had oversight and opera­ development, which complements and compassing the world's richest tuna tional responsibility for the fishing in­ supports the expansion of commercial grounds, to protectits resources fromfar­ dustry and the various components which fishing. Called the East Coast Project, a ranging deep-sea fishing fleets from comprise the sector, was abolished in recently completed large landfill area on Japan, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea, June 1989. In the reorganization, the Mahe's east coast adjacent to Victoria and the Soviet Union. The Seychelles' Ministry ofAgriculture and Fishing was includes a new fishing port and a range 2QO-mile EEZ extensiontruncatedpartof created. Although it is not yet clear how ofother marine support facilities, suchas Mauritius' traditional fishing grounds, Seychelles' fishing activities will be ad­ cold storage and freezing plants, a tuna but the two countries have worked toge­ ministeredinthe future, thetwodominant cannery, tuna and schooner quays and ther to coordinate their fishing regula­ organizations will continue to be the Sey­ bunkering areas, a cargo/passenger ter­ tions. The Government ofSeychelles is chelles Marketing Board (SMB). Several minal, and a new processing facility. trying to establish a deep-sea fishing in­ other government units are peripherally Fishing Port is divided into an interna­ dustrybasedin Fishing Port, a sectionof involved: The Department of Defense tional and a domestic zone. In the inter­ the capital, Victoria, and needed to es­ assists the SFA in surveillance and con­ national zone, expanded berthing areas tablish authority over its grounds. The trol ofthe EEZ, the Seychelles Develop­ have been completedand bids have been only waystation within hundreds of mentBankprovides the loans for private let to increase bunkering capacity. Berth miles, the Seychelles has becomean im­ fishermen, and other government para­ occupancy in 1988 was 93 percent of portant site for provisions, repairs of statal companies provide handling and capacity on average. A U.S. tuna net vessels, and transshipment of fishery maintenance service for the fishing repair firm, CASAMAR, has started op­ products landed by foreign tuna fleets. vessels. erations in the international zone. In the Early in the 1980's, tuna stocks were The Seychelles Fishing Authority was domestic zone, mechanical workshops, discovered off the Seychelles. The incorporated in August 1984 by the Sey­ an ice-making plant, and a polystyrene French tuna industry senta purse-seiner, chelles Fishing Authority Establishment box-making plant are in place or near thelIe de sein, ona 3-monthsurvey, with Act. The Authority was formed because completion. A new fuel pump for local encouraging results. A 7-month French oftheneed to developthe fishing industry fishermen beganoperation in April 1989, expedition, begun in December 1981, to its fullest potential. It is a parastatal financed by the FrenchGovernment. The also had positive findings. At the end of organization withautonomous legal and U.S. Economic Support Fund (ESF) and 1982, four vessels previously based at financial status, supervised by a Board of the African Development Bankfinanced Abidjan, Ivory Coast, started commer­ Directors appointed by the President. the construction of the new SFA head­ cial fishing on a trial basis. By the end of The SFA has responsibility for policy quarters, completed in December 1988. 1984, there were 48 French and Spanish implementation and is charged with as­ Majorworkprojects in thedomestic zone tuna vessels fishing in Seychelles waters. sessment and management of fishery in 1989include new quays, stores, a ser­ Within two years the tuna industry had resources, regulating all fishing activity, vice building, ramp, and seawall repair. turned Seychelles' EEZ into a fisheries coordination and support offishing coop­ bonanza, coming in a close second to eratives and owner-operators, manage­ Species tourism as a foreign exchange earner. mentofports, development ofgear tech­ Skipjack and yellowfin are the two The main tuna fishing grounds have nology, coordination ofmanpowertrain­ major species fished in Seychelles' EEZ. beeneastoftheSeychelles. However, in ing, undertaking research, assisting in Although free-swimming schools consist 1986 new fishing grounds were discov­ negotiations with foreign fishing fleets, ofas much as 90 percent yellowfin tuna,

26 Marine Fisheries Review the overall average catch for the area is of1989, of26 tperday compared with 18 Demersal speciesare fished only onthe fairly evenly divided between the two t for the sameperiodin 1988. Purseseiner artisanallevel. Surveys have determined species, with skipjacktuna representing catch rates reached an all-time high for thatdemersal trawling wouldnotbecom­ 53 percentofthe 1988 catchand yellow­ this fishery of 37 t per day in March, up mercially viable in Seychelles waters. fin 47 percent. About 40 percent of the from 21 t per day in January. However, other species are receiving yellowfin tuna caughtin the Indian Ocean A tuna cannery, a Seychelles-French attention, and several projects are in come from the Seychelles' EEZ. Nearly joint venture, was opened in 1987 in various stagesofplanningandimplemen­ all of the tuna caught in the Seychelles' Fishing Port, Victoria. Thejointventure tation. Crabe giraffe, giant clam aqua­ EEZ is taken by foreign vessels. The partners are the government of Sey­ culture, and shrimp fisheries are being Seychelles government plans to acquire chelles (70 percent owners) and two studied and trial harvests conducted. A its own fleet of tuna purse seiners, and French companies (30 percent): Pech­ trial sharkskincuringprojectis alsobeing launcha domestic commercialtuna fish­ eurs de Franceand ArmementCoopera­ carried out. ery. Thefirst ofthe new purse seiners was tifFinisterien(A.C.F.), which ownover Fishare the only speciesofmarine life expected to be operational in early 1990. 40 seiners licensed to fish in Seychelles' currently exploited to any significant The cumulative tuna catch inside the waters. The plant is currently operating degree. Green and Hawksbill turtles, Seychelles' EEZ was 220,960 metric at 50 percent capacity and in 1988 gen­ formerly abundant in Seychelles' waters, tons (t) in 1988, a 36percentincreaseover erated $10 millionin earnings. In the last haveunfortunately been overharvested. the 1987 catch. The 1988 catch had an quarterof1987, the cannery earned more Current legislative efforts include limi­ estimated world market value of more export revenue than all the rest of the tations orprohibitions on turtle harvest­ than US$350 million. Yellowfin tuna industrial sector. During September­ ing. Fortunately, theSeychellesdoes not represented47 percent ofthe total catch, December 1987 the cannery exported experience problems with porpoise an increase from 38 percent in 1987, tuna worth $3 million, while other ex­ deaths associated with tuna fishing, while skipjackdeclined from 62 percent ports-mainly other frozen fish, copra, which is common in many other areas. in 1987to53percentin 1988. Most(about and cinnamon-earned only $2 million Yellowfm tuna do not school under herds 200,000 t) of the tuna catch was trans­ for the entire year of1987. Negotiations of porpoise in that part of the Indian shipped in Victoria (Table 1), making it are taking placeto secure access for tuna Ocean, so few are caught in purse seine the most important tuna landing and exports to the U.S. market. nets. transshipment port in the Southwest In­ Canned tuna production is expected to dian Ocean. reach 23 million cans in 1989, with an Types of Fisheries Purse seine landings in the Western export value ofabout $12.5 million. Ac­ IndianOcean for the first quarterof1989 tual net return is modest because the raw Foreign Commercial Fleet were28 percenthigherthanthose for the materials mustbe imported, including the AsofAugust 1989, therewere49purse same period in 1988, increasing to fish, which is purchased from the foreign seiners fishing for tuna under 1-2 year 60,000 tlanded during January to March tuna vessels. The high demand for raw licenses in Seychelles' EEZ (Table 2). 1989, compared to 44,000 t in the first tuna imports by the canning plantis a con­ This groupconsists of20 French vessels, quarter of1988. The catch proportion of tributing factor to the Seychelles' un­ 19 Spanish, 4 Soviet, 3 Mauritanian, 1 skipjack was also unusual for this time of favorable trade balance. However, the Panamanian, and 1 Indian vessel. The year, when yellowfin is normally the plantprovides directemploymentfor 300 French fleet is owned by five separate predominantspecies. Theskipjackcatch people, and has other beneficial effects, companies, while the Spanish fleet is rose 175 percent over the first quarter such as the production of animal feed. owned by two syndicates representing of 1988. The fishery also moved from its traditional location east of the Sey­ chelles' EEZ to the northwest. As of 30 June 1989, cumulative landings totaled Table 2.-Purse selnersllshlng In the Western Indian Ocean by country, month, and number, 1986·88. 100,000 t. Average catch rates also Number of seiners reached a recordhigh for the first quarter France Spain Mauritius Others' Total

Mo. 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988 1986 1987 1988

Jan. 22 19 20 12 12 12 1 2 2 1 6 38 33 39 Table 1.-8eychellea transshipments 01 tune caught by Feb. 22 19 20 12 12 12 1 2 2 1 4 38 33 37 foreign purse Miners by species, 1986-88. Mar. 21 19 20 11 12 10 1 2 2 1 2 36 33 33 Apr. 20 15 20 11 11 13 2 2 2 1 4 35 31 38 Transhipments (I) May 20 15 19 11 11 14 2 2 2 1 5 34 29 39 June 17 17 17 11 10 15 2 2 2 1 5 31 30 38 Year Yellowlin Skipjack Bigeye Albacore Total July 17 17 19 9 10 17 2 3 2 1 5 29 30 43 Aug. 19 18 19 10 12 17 2 3 2 1 7 32 33 45 1986 53,664 70,137 2,843 176 126,820 Sept. 20 20 20 11 14 18 2 3 2 2 6 34 38 46 OCt. 19 20 20 11 15 18 2 3 2 5 5 33 41 45 1987 53,694 80,154 2,868 401 137,117 Nov. 19 20 20 11 14 19 2 3 2 5 6 33 41 47 Dec. 19 20 20 11 13 20 2 3 2 6 6 33 41 48 1988 90,713 106,317 2,921 518 200,469 'Includes vessels Irom Ivory Coast, Panama, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, Japan, and India.

52(2),1990 27 Table 3.-Seychelles transshipments of tuna Table 4.-Seychelles' artlsanal fisheries catch by major species, 1982-88. caught by foreign longllnersbycountry,1986-88. Catch (I) Transshipmenls (I) Species 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988' Year Korea Japan Taiwan Tolal Jacks 1,177 1,027 1,075 1,429 1,359 1,240 1,737 1986 4,149 5,785 1,433 11,367 Snappers, jobfishes 215 374 304 560 908 889 695 Emperors 271 522 329 294 397 308 304 1987 7,506 5,484 1,109 14,099 Tuna-like species 966 428 913 547 333 327 300 Indian mackerel 400 241 271 198 35 110 304 1988 8,411 3,131 561 12,103 Groupers 148 173 129 133 285 247 174 Others 868 1,088 810 929 1,225 832 829

Total 4,045 3,853 3,831 4,090 4,542 3,953 4,343

'The estimated species tonnage, given only in percentages, was calculated from the lolal.

four companies. Both fleets are unionized either transhipment or bunkering were and the length oftimeavessel can remain boarded by inspection officers ofthe SFA 1986 1987 1988 at sea without making port and crew­ Fisheries Management Section. No % ,. % ::::z:. reliefreturn trips to theirhome countries violations were detected. Additionally, Pirogues 10 6 6 is limited under union contracts. Under SFA routinely places observers aboard the terms of the licenses with the Sey­ licensed vessels to monitor fishing ac­ ~ chelles government, each purse seiner tivities and to gather biological informa­ Outboards 30 30 29 must employ atleasttwo Seychelles citi­ tion. SFA officials state that because ~ zens as partofits crew; in 1988, some 130 almosttheentirecatch is transshipped via Whalers 48 46 53 Seychellois were crewmembers on for­ Seychelles' ports on Mahe Island and eign tuna trawlers. The SFA was nego­ undergoes inspection in the process, tiating in June 1989 with labor and vessel cheating by under-reporting the tuna ~"~ 16 II owner representatives for a new contract catch is not a problem. for Seychelles fishermen. Licensing fees In 1988, the Seychelles collected $4.9 paid by foreign vessels brought in $4.9 million in licensing fees, and earned million in fees to the Government in another $1.9 million in transshipment Figure 2.-Seychelles artisanal fleet. 1988. charges. Licensing agreements with the Purse seiners had an all-time best year U.S.S.R. with the Ee, and with Japa­ of operation in the southwestern Indian nese tuna longlining companies are all Ocean in 1988. The total foreign catch subject to renewal in late 1989 and in cent of all landings. The other major .... transshipped (Table 1) from purse 1990. Inall likelihood, licensing fees will fishing methods are traps (20 percent) and seiners through Port Victoria in 1988 was be increased. gillnets (10). 200,000tcompared to 137,000t in 1987. Forty percent of the 1988 artisanal The SFA issues licenses to longliners Artisanal Sector catch consisted of jacks (carangids), 9 on a monthly basis. There were 167 for­ Since the islands have been self-suffi­ percent were jobfish, and 7 percent In­ eign longliners licensed to fish in 1988 cient in fishery products for over a cen­ dian mackerel (Table 4). Seven percent (127 Korean and40Japanese), represent­ tury, there is almost no local market for ofthe catch was red snapper, down from ing 292 license months. This is a 100 commercial tuna catches. The introduc­ 12 percent in 1987. The remaining 37 percent increase over the number oflong­ tion of the tuna fishery was a welcome percent of the artisanal catch was com­ liner licenses issued in 1987 and is at­ exportopportunity, butitplays no partin posed ofvarious other species. A total of tributable to agreements signed with a domestic supply. The Seychelles thus 575 t, about 15 percent of the artisanal number of new Japanese companies. does not benefit fully from its tuna re­ catch was exported frozen or fresh in Longliner transshipments of tuna for sources. The artisanal fleet does not have 1988, with 59 percent ofit going to Re­ 1988, mostlyyellowfin, bigeye, marlin, the technical equipment necessary for union, 10 percentto France and 15 per­ and shark, were 12,103 t, down 14 per­ commercial tuna fishing. cent to the United Kingdom. Net export cent from 1987. Taiwanese longliners Beforethe discovery oftuna stocks, the earnings from artisanal fisheries were were also active in transshipping though traditional inshore fishing industry about $2 million. Victoria in 1987, but only 5 Taiwanese caught over 4,000 t offish and shellfish Some 400 fishing boats on Mahe, longliners used Victoria in 1988 (Table per year, sufficient for the country's Praslin, and La Digue islands make up the 3). 60,000 inhabitants. Handlining on the major part of Seychelles' artisanal fish­ During 1988, all purse seiners and coral grounds around the Mahe and Arni­ ing fleet (Fig. 2). Most of the artisanal longliners that called at Port Victoria for rante island groups accounts for 60 per­ fleet are 7-9 m "whalers," 5-7 m out-

28 Marine Fisheries Review Table 5.-Seychelles' exports ollishery products to the boards, 9-12 m schooners, and pirogues. traduction ofmoderntechnology such as United States, by quantity and value, 1983-89. Collectively this fleet caught 4,343 t of echo-sounders and electric fishing reels. Quantity Vaiue Major fish in local waters in 1988, a 10 percent Courses on financial management and Year (t) (US$) commodities increase over 1987, but still 286 t less basic navigation have been given. In 1983 0.03 1,200 Live turtles than was caught in 1986. "Whalers" ac­ addition, fishing income has been made 1984 None 1985 5,384 4,441,000 Skipjack, yellowfin, counted for 53 percent ofthe total arti­ entirely tax-free as an incentive. Never­ haddock sanal catch, with outboards coming sec­ theless, enthusiasm for the profession 1986 2,744 2,435,000 Skipjack tuna 1987 19 192,000 Shrimp ond at 29 percent. remains low. Fishermen complain about 1988 1,206 886,500 Skipjack tuna A prototype of a new type of vessel, unfair prices offered by the Seychelles 1989' 5 437,000 Salmon christened "L'avenir" (the future), built Marketing Board's (SMB) Fish Division, 1January-June only by a private shipyard on Praslin Island, and high prices on equipment. Hoping to was field-tested in 1988. Twoofthe new solve some ofthe industry's problems, vessels were sold to local fishermen and the artisanal fishermen are supporting a are having good results. The government proposal for the formation of a fisher­ plans to acquire its own fleet oftuna purse men's association. seiners, the first of which should be ly displace an equal number of foreign operational in early 1990. As a new gen­ Exports and Earnings vessels currently fishing under license in eration of more cost-efficient, better­ Artisanal fishery exports generated $2 Seychelles' waters. The first of the 13 equipped vessels with improved living million in 1988. Most ofthe 575 t, com­ vessels constructed in France was to be facilities is acquired, the government prising about 15 percent of the artisanal delivered in 1989. The Canadian tech­ hopes to attract more young people to the catch, went to Reunion, France, and the nical team brought by the government to fishing industry. UK. The tuna cannery's exports were the Seychelles Polytechnic to develop a Although the artisanal fishing re­ worth $3 million in 1988, and were ex­ new course to train fishermen in purse portedly has great potential, the catch pected to reach $12.5 million in 1989 as seiningtechniques is part ofthe commer­ has not increased over the past 5 years. it expanded production. cial fishing development program. The One limitation is the small capacity of Despite the low level ofdirect earnings Seychelles hopes through the develop­ artisanal crafts. Another limitation is the from fishery exports, the fishing indus­ ment of a national commercial fleet to lack of Seychellois fishermen. Despite try contributes to revenues in other ways. reap benefits from its tuna stocks, as the comparatively high level ofearnings In 1988, the Seychelles collected $7 foreign fleets currently do. of artisanal fishermen, young people million in licensing fees and transship­ In 1985 and 1986, respectively, the avoid it because ofits unattractive image, ment charges. Earnings from support Seychelles exported $4.4 and $2.4 mil­ long hours, always hard and sometimes services rendered the foreign fleets and lionoftuna to the United States (Table5). dangerous work. Seychelles Polytechnic profits from the sale ofsupplies are sub­ In 1987, only $0.2 million in shrimp offers an artisanal fishing program of stantial and will increase as the port facil­ and no tuna was exported. In 1988, tuna education, but none ofthe graduates since ities expand. The Seychelles' Central worth $0.8 million went to the United 1985 have actually been employed as Bankreports thatthe fishing industry and States, and in the first half of 1989 $0.4 fishermen. Recognizing the rapidly de­ its related activities have created 500 new million ofsalmon. Thereasons for these clining number offishermen and the need jobs over the past 18 months. Thus, in the fluctuations in trade are not known, but to trainyoung new fishermen, a technical current situation, the Seychelles earns exports of fishery products may have team from Canada was brought to the more (over $7 million) from acting as a been redirected to the EC. Ifthe Sey­ Polytechnic in May 1989 to develop new service and transshipment center than it chelles is successful in developing its and expanded courses. does from itsownexports offishery pro­ own commercial tuna fishery, exports of The government is taking many mea­ ducts ($5 million). tuna to the United States may increase in sures to attract and retain artisanal fish­ In fact, Seychelles derives no direct the future. ermen, among them aloan programtoen­ earnings from its valuable tuna resources courage private ownership of artisanal because it does not have its own commer­ International Fishery Relations fishing vessels. In 1988, after screening cial fishing fleet. The net revenue from Formal fishery agreements have only by the Development Bank and the SFA, the tuna cannery is quite low, because the been concluded with Spain (before its ac­ 43 fishery loans totaling $456,000 were joint venture company must import the cession to the EC) and the EC. The Sey­ granted. This compares to only 19 loans raw tuna from the foreign fishing com­ chelles began negotiations with the EC in in 1987. Loan repayment defaults are a panies based in Victoria. Yet, the sub­ 1983 for rights to fish within the Sey­ serious problem, attributed in part to the stantial earnings the Seychelles does en­ chelles' EEZ. One of the conditions the poor management skills of fishermen, joy from the fisheries sector have led the Seychelles wanted for such an agreement and in partto indications ofrelatively low government to expand into commercial was the construction ofport facilities in returns on investment. Efforts are also fishing. A new parastatal company was Victoria, the capital city. Although this being madeto help established fishermen formed in 1988 to operate a Seychellois condition was not met, a 3-year agree­ improve their catch volume though the in­ fleet ofpurse seiners which will eventual- ment was concluded on 18 January 1984,

52(2),1990 29 allowing 18 EC tuna freezer vessels to Seychelles is a member ofvarious re­ infrastructures for the Fish Marketing fish off the Seychelles. The EC paid gional commissions organized to moni­ Board. $265,000 per year for tuna catches ofup tor and manage tuna stocks and other A Canadian organization, the Inter­ to 6,000 t, along with a fee of $18.50/t marine resources andguide nationaland national Center for OceanDevelopment of tuna caught. In January 1987, the regional states in commercial tuna fish­ (lCOD) has assisted the Seychelles and agreement was renewed for 3 years. It ing. The most important of these is the other countries in the region on several allows a maximum of40 tuna vessels (22 Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission projects, includingEEZsurveillanceand French and 18 Spanish) to fish in the (lOFC) which also includes the Comoros training offishery technicians. The UK Seychelles' 2oo-mile zone. The EC is Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Re­ provided a large tuna freezing plant in paying $6 millionfor this access, as well unionandothersas members. However, Victoria, and thestartofan enforcement as $0.7 million for a scientific research the Seychelles is likely to follow its own program by supplying a deep-sea patrol program. EC vessels pay $5,000 per pathofdevelopmentrather than go in step boatanda surveillanceaircraft. Japan has year, and $20/t of tuna caught. A Joint with group efforts. participated in projects involving a tuna EC-Seychelles Committee meeting took survey and the development ofartisanal place in November 1988 to discuss the fishing. Japan and Korea sentdelegations implementation and functioning of the Foreign Aid to the Seychellesto discuss theconstruc­ currentagreement, which expires in Jan­ The Seychelles receives substantial aid tion ofa quick-freezing storageplant, but uary 1990. Renegotiation will take place todevelopitsfishing industry. The FA0 the outcome of these discussions is not in the second half of 1989. established a multinational assistance known. Norway provided funds and ex­ In September 1987, the Soviet Union project, coordinated by a Norwegian ex­ pertise in the Victoria port construction joined the foreign fleets fishing in pert. The most important contributions project. Seychelles' EEZ. The 1987 agreement for the constructionofnew port facilities granted fishing rights to a maximum of and infrastructure at Victoria have been Conclusion four Soviet purse seiners and two long­ provided by the World Bank, the Kuwait There is no doubtthat fishing will con­ liners. TheSovietvessels wereto give 12 Fund, theArab DevelopmentBank, and tinue to bea major industry in Seychelles, percent oftheir catch to the Seychelles. the African Development Bank. The and may soon rival tourism as the lead­ Each Sovietvessel was to have atleastone Seychellesis alsopartofthe UNOPIFAO ing sectoroftheeconomy. This wouldbe observer from the SFA. In addition, the South-WestIndian Ocean project for the a good use of Seychelles' two most im­ Soviet fleet agreed to land and transship management and development of fish­ portant assets: Its people and its ocean their entire catch and obtain all needed eries. The U.N. International Develop­ territory. Whethera Seychellois national supplies and services in PortVictoria. In ment Organization (UNIDO) supervised commercial fishery can be productive October 1988, atthe First Session ofthe the establishment of a new boatyard on and profitable is another matter. Given Joint Seychelles-U.S.S.R. Fisheries Praslin. Additionally, funds from a wide the enormous distances required to ex­ Commission, a 2-year agreement be­ variety of sources-including the U.S. portprocessed fish-9oo miles to Mom­ tween the Soviet state-owned company, Economic Support Fund and the African basa, 980to Mauritius, 1,750toBombay, Sovrybflot and the Seychelles govern­ Development Bank-have been used in and 1,400 to Aden-fishing operations ment was signed, permitting up to six fisheries-related development. Also, an in Seychelles would have to remain at Soviet purse seiners and unspecified energized Indian Ocean Fisheries Com­ the leading edge of technology to be number oflongliners. mission (IOFC) will provide another competitive. Vessels from Japan, the Republic of source of financial and technical assis­ That may be difficult given the lack of Korea, Mauritius, andtheIvory Coastare tance opportunities in the years ahead. a commercial fishing tradition. Yet, Sey­ allowed to fish within the Seychelles' France and the EC have provided chelles' commercial fishing endeavors EEZ. Korea and Japan have refused to considerable financial assistance to the have been remarkably successful to date sign fishery agreements with the Sey­ development of Seychelles' fishing in­ and there are no reasons why the momen­ chelles because their vessels fish in Sey­ dustry, and bothare expected to continue tum will not be maintained. Ifthe actual chelles' waters for only a few months being heavily involved. A Frenchorgan­ gains in terms of net earnings are still each year, as they follow the tuna schools ization, Orstrom, is theprincipalconsul­ small, future development ofthe sector through the Indian Ocean. Japan prefers tant for fisheries research for the SFA. looks very promising. (Source: IFR-891 to have its vessels apply for fishing per­ Orstrom recently completed studies on 96, prepared by Elaine Samson Yannot­ mits as needed on an individual basis. yellowfin reproduction and tuna stock ti, Foreign Affairs Specialist, Foreign Japanbelieves thata moreformal agree­ assessments. France contributed four Fisheries Analysis Branch (F/IA23), ment would require the payment ofun­ pole-and-line vesselsfor the nucleus ofa NMFS, NOAA, 1335 East-West High­ profitable fees. Seychellois tuna fleet, and part of the way, Silver Spring, MD 20910.

30 Marine Fisheries Review 1986. Atone timeitwasthoughtthatpro­ duction of farmed salmon might reach 30,OOOtby 1990, butthoseestimatesnow appeartoo high. Itislikely that Canada's production offarmed salmon will reach The Canadian Salmon 23,000 t by 1990, provided the surge in Aquaculture Industry Norwegian farmed salmon does not dis­ rupt world markets in 1989-90. Most of the expansion will occur in British Co­ lumbia where production of20,000 t of farmed salmon is being projected for Introduction exported, particularly to the United 1990. Productionin AtlanticCanada will States. These factors have generated sup­ grow at a more modest pace and is ex­ Commercial salmon aquaculture in port from the Canadian Department of pected to reach about 3,000 t by 1990 Canada began in 1972 when the first Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), from pro­ (Table 1, Fig. 1). salmon farm was established in British vincial governments, and from local The force behind Canada's drive to Columbia(B. C.) using surpluseggs from business interests. establish salmon aquaculture on both a Canadian Government salmon hatch­ The Canadian salmonculture industry coasts is the enormous United States mar­ ery. Between 1972 and 1984, however, is competitive. Site capacity is not re­ ket, scarcely a few hundred miles to the the industry remained undeveloped and stricted inCanadaas itis in Norway; thus south ofmany Canadian salmon farms. produced only small quantities of salm­ the number and the size of salmon pens Low transportation costs to the U.S. on; only 107 metric tons (t) ofcoho and differ among sites. Multisite farms are market guarantee Canadians a very im­ chinook salmon were produced in 1984. common in British Columbia because of portantcompetitiveedge, compared with Norwegian fish farmers, however, the abundanceofisolatedbaysand islands more efficient Norwegianproducers who began to investinCanada in 1984, and the wherefish farming cantake place. Multi­ must fly their salmon across the Atlantic "gold rush" to establish salmon farms site farming reduces the chanceofdisease began. Two years later, in 1986, Canada spreading and limits the effects ofnatural produced786 t offarmed salmon, only a disasters. InAtlanticCanada, inconp-ast, modest amount incomparison to produc­ the growth ofmultisite farms is not prev­ tion in Norway, the United Kingdom, alent as there are fewer suitable sites for • Atlantic Canado o British Columbia Japan, Chile, Ireland, and the Faroe Is­ raising salmon. Atlantic salmon, Salmo lands. However, the stage was being set salar, is raised in Atlantic Canada, but for the production of salmon to expand small quantities (less than 2 percent) are rapidly. In 1987, farmed salmon produc­ also being raised in British Columbia tion was worth about C$29 million, or where coho salmon, Oncorhynchus ki­ aboutone-halfofthe value oftotal Cana­ sutch, and chum salmon, O. keta, are dian aquacultural production for that more popular. year, and total Canadian production of Production ofboth Atlantic salmonand Figure 1.-Canada'sfarmed salmon pro­ farmed salmon was projected to reach Pacific salmon onboth coasts ofCanada ductionby region, 1980-88, and projected 23,000t with an estimated value ofover has gone from 157 tin 1980 to 1,115 t in to 1990. C$150 million by 1990. Background

Salmon culture is viewed as a benefit Table 1.-<:8nada'a fanned ulman production by region, quantity, and value, 1980-1986, to the Canadian economy because fish with proJectlona to 1990. farms can be located in less populated British Columbia Atlantic Canada Total areas where they can contribute signifi­ Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value cantly to regional economic develop­ Year (t) (C$l,ooo) (t) (C$l,ooO) (t) (C$l,ooo) ment. Additionally, Canada's fisheries 1980 157 898 11 82 168 980 are not unlimited, and catches ofcertain 1981 176 985 21 156 197 1,141 1982 273 1,136 38 315 311 1,451 groundfish and shellfish have declined in 1983 128 708 68 675 196 1,383 recentyears; fish farming is viewedasan 1984 107 702 222 2,572 329 3,274 1985 120 820 349 4,197 469 5,017 alternative source ofhigh-valued species 1986 400 2,728 646 8,078 1,046 10,806 that does not compete with existing fish­ 1987 1,362 10,281 1,350 18,415 2,712 28,696 1986 6,000 36,000 3,100 36,300 9,100 72,300 eries. Theseafoodproducts generatedby 1989 14,500 87,000 3,150 NA 17,850 NA fish farms generate export earnings when 1990 20,000 NA 3,250 NA 23,250 NA

52(2),1990 31 Ocean to make deliveries. The first ex­ ture industry buys its food primarily from for fresh salmon, have made many bank­ ports of farmed salmon to the United local producers and imports the remain­ ers reluctant to lend prospective farmers States began in 1981; 7 years later, Cana­ der from suppliers in the United States money to begin farming, and established dian exports offresh salmon to the United and Europe. Currently there are 3 feed farmers funds to maintain their opera­ States amounted to 6,460 t worth $39 producers in Pacific Canada, two of tions. Foreign investment (mostly from million. which are Norwegian owned and one of Norway and the United States) has pro­ which is a subsidiary ofaU. S. firm. Most vided some assistance, particularly in Impediments to Expansion of the fish food used in Atlantic Canada B.C., but the problem remains. Despite the rapid growth that has taken is produced locally. Dry feed has been Aquaculture is meeting resistance place in the past few years, Canada's recently introduced to Canadian fish from fishermen, homeowners, environ­ salmon aquaculture industry is limited by farmers. Abundant stocks ofherring and mentalists, and other interests who op­ 6 important impediments. These include: capelin in Canadian waters are an impor­ pose the further expansion. Commercial Availability ofsmolts, feed supplies, bio­ tant long-term asset that will benefit fishermen, for example, fear that disease technical expertise, availability ofcapi­ Canadian fish farmers in the future. In­ may be transmitted from farmed to wild tal, growing public resistance, and eco­ expensive sources of high-protein her­ stocks. Sport fishermen are concerned nomic competition. ring and capelin meal will provide Cana­ about nets and pens blocking access to Until recently, the Federal Govern­ dians with an independent supply of local fishing grounds. Homeowners are ment was the main supplier of smolts to inexpensive feed as the cost offeed con­ concerned about the value oftheir prop­ the private sector. These smolts included tinues to grow in world markets. erty declining with the influx offish farms surplus fish used primarily to enhance or Canadian fishery biologists and scien­ obstructing views and polluting pristine maintain wild stocks. The Canadian De­ tists have a reputation for excellence waters. Environmentalists are worried partment ofFisheries and Oceans (DFO) which should serve their salmon indus­ aboutthe accumulation ofwastes andthe decided in the mid-1980's to allow pri­ try in the future. However, some ofthe use ofchemicals affecting the natural en­ vate hatcheries to raise salmon smolts for knowledge ofnutrition, diagnostics, di­ vironment. Others are concerned about sale to commercial fish farmers. This al­ seases, and genetics of salmon farming genetic changes in wild fish iffarmed fish lowed the DFOtoconcentrateon raising (particularly for Pacific species) is only escape and breed with wild varieties. smolts for rebuilding wild stocks in both now evolving in Canada as compared Government officials are concerned the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In 1987 with over 20 years experience in Nor­ about the introductionofaquatic parasites there were 37 hatcheries in B.C., of way. The Federal DFO undertakes ex­ that could upset the natural balance oflife which about halfwere owned by salmon tensive research at biological stations ofthe area. Thus, despite rapid growth, farmers. Atlantic salmon farms also face located throughout Canada and is rapid­ problems have arisen which could slow a smolt shortage, but to a lesser degree ly expanding its ability to provide mean­ future expansion. than Pacific farmers. Privately owned ingful support to the industry. In Atlan­ Despite the advantage of close prox­ hatcheries in Atlantic Canada supply tic Canada the Salmonid Demonstration imity to the U. S. market, Canadian salm­ 80-85 percentofdemand. The remainder and Development Farm was established on farmers are subject to world-wide is provided from excess DFO stocks of to help local salmon farmers. The farm competition. World production ofsalm­ "wild" salmon smolts that are bred to was part of a 3-year program to study on has gone from 7,200 t in 1980 to over survive in the open sea. By contrast, fish salmon farming in Atlantic Canada, and 200,000 t in less than a decade. The in­ farmers prefer a "domesticated" strain that project reportedly ended in July crease in Norway's production of salm­ of salmon that will adapt and thrive in 1989. The DFO also has extensive sup­ on, in particular, has been so sharp that tightly confined spaces, with thousands portprograms in other areas ofaquacul­ markets will either become saturated or ofotherfish, while feeding on an artificial ture which help support the salmon farm­ prices will begin to collapse. Canadian diet. The ready supply of smolts from ing industry. Asthe bodyofscientificdata fish farmers will have to be able to meet private hatcheries is important for future expands, the knowledge will provide the challenge from Norway as well as the growth in Canada's salmon farming. Canada with a clear advantage over other threat from Chile and other countries The availability of low-cost feed for salmon producing nations. where lower production costs might hungry (and expensive) inventories of The availability ofboth start-upcapital undermine Canada's advantages. fish is a key constraint. Feed is typically and workingcapital remains an important Despite these impediments to growth, the single largest cost facing salmon constraint limiting the expansion ofsalm­ Canada's farmed salmon industry has farmers, and Canadian fish farmers hope on culture in Canada. The average time shown determination and resiliency in to produce 23 ,000 t offarmed salmon by that it takes a smolt to grow to marketsize meeting various challenges. This growth 1990. It takes about 2 kg of feed to pro­ is 2-3 years. Salmon farmers, thus, do not follows a two-pronged approach: The duce a fish that weighs 1 kg. Thus, to receive a return on their investment for rapid, almost "gold-rush" mentality that reach its 1990productiongoal, Canadian at least 2 years after beginning opera­ characterizedthe developmentofsalmon fish farmers must have a minimum of tions. Lack ofknowledgeaboutfish farm­ culture in British Columbia and the more 46,000t offeed. TheCanadian aquacul­ ing, and uncertainties about future prices conservative approach (marked by a

32 Marine Fisheries Review Table 2.-Brlllsh Columblsfarmed Pacific salmon production by species, quanllty (I), snd value (C$l,OOO), moratorium on expansion) that char­ 1980-86, wllh projeclionslo 1990 and number of salmon farms. acterized the development of Atlantic Coho Chinook Olher Total Canada's salmon farming industry. Both Farm approaches have encountered problems Year Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value sites and both have succeeded, although to a 1976 NA' NA 0 0 0 0 1 NA 1 lesserdegree than was anticipated only a 1977 NA NA 0 0 0 0 7 NA 1 1978 NA NA 0 0 0 0 13 NA 5 few years a~o when Canadian sources 1979 41 157 0 0 0 0 41 157 5 1980 157 898 0 0 0 0 157 898 5 confidently projected salmon production 1981 176 985 0 0 0 0 176 985 5 exceeding 30,000 t by 1990. 1982 230 908 43 228 0 0 273 1,136 5 1983 73 350 55 358 0 0 128 708 5 1984 64 306 43 396 0 0 107 702 10 B.C. Salmon Farming 1985 66 395 54 425 0 0 120 820 37 1986 304 2,014 87 642 9' 72' 400' 2,728' 69 Salmon farming is the largest revenue 1987 545 3,559 667 5,676 150' 1.046' 1,362' 10,281' 118 producer in British Columbia's aquacul­ 1988 2,000 NA 3,850 NA 150 NA 6,000 36,000 125 1989 2.700 NA 11,000 NA 800 NA 14,500 87,000 150 ture industry. In 1987, salmon revenues 1990 2,500 NA 16,500 NA 1,000 NA 20,000 NA NA accounted for C$13 million out of total 'NA = Not available. earnings ofC$16 million, or 80 percent 'Includes rainbow trout. of the value of aquaculture production thatyear. Salmonis expected to continue to dominate the B. C. aquaculture indus­ try for the nextfew years. Oysterproduc­ regulations) began to invest in B. C. ,there tion ranks second, followed by farmed were 10 salmonfarms operating in British _Other -= 20 trout. AsofJanuary 1989, there were 207 Columbia. AccordingtotheB.C. Minis­ o 1m! Coho §.,. CJ Chinook salmon farming leasesandlicenses issued try ofAgriculture and Fisheries, this in­ < '0 by the Provincial GovernmentofBritish creased to 37 salmon farms in 1985, 82 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~z::::::7.c:::7. Columbia, with a total holding capacity farms in 1986, and 118 farms with fish in e :OCZ~ ~ z=7.lCZ 3 Cl. 0 ~ ~ ofabout 58,000 t offish (44 million m the water (including 10 with Norwegian 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 'JigO of salmon farm area). However, there investments) in 1987. In 1989, there were were only 105 operating companies 150operating farms and over200 holding Figure 2. -B.C. farmed salmon produc­ farming salmon in the province. The licenses to operate (Table 2). tion by species, 1980-88 and projected to B. C. salmonfarming industry is located 1990. primarily along the Sunshine Coast, the Production Campbell River, and the West Coast of The B.C. Salmon Farmers Associa­ VancouverIsland. Production focuses on tion! expects farmed salmon production chinook, O. tshnwytschn, and coho salm­ to reach 20,000 t by 1990. The primary on and Atlantic salmon to a modest de­ species harvested will bechinooksalmon 'Mention of trade names, organizations, or com­ gree. Most salmon farmers specialize in (Table 2, Fig. 2). The shift in production mercial firms does not imply endorsement by the the grow-outphaseofsmolts from hatch­ from coho to chinook salmon reflects the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. eries, but many have recently begun to enter the hatchery business in an attempt to vertically integrate. Historical Salmon farming in B. C. started in 1972 when a private venture began raising salmon using surplus eggs obtained from a DFO salmon hatchery. In 1975, four new salmon farms were established, which also obtained surplus salmoneggs from the DFO hatchery. Progress re­ mained slow during this initial period, attracting little interest and producing only small quantities offarmed salmon. Inearly 1980, the first exportsoffarmed salmon to the United States began. By 1984, when Norwegian fish farmers (restricted by Norwegian government

52(2),1990 33 U.S. consumers' preference for larger dividual coho and2,500 chinookannual­ might be changed in 1990 if Canadian sizes offresh salmon. Only small quan­ ly, providing a small number of perma­ banking laws are changed. tities of wild salmon are sold fresh; the nent jobs as well as numerous seasonal Pacific Aqua Sea Farms has an interest majority offarmed salmon are sold fresh. positions. in both Pacific and Atlantic salmon farm­ Farmed salmon prices are slightly higher ing operations. The firm owns several then the wild salmon prices, reflecting the Salmon Farmers Association processors and marketers including Tidal Rush Marine Farms (pen-raised salmon) premium paid for freshness and a will­ TheB. C. Salmon Farmers Association and Deluxe Seafood (producer and mar­ ingness to pay for fresh salmon when wild (BCSFA) was incorporated in 1984 under salmon are not available. B.C. salmon keter), representing the increasing num­ the Societies Act ofBritish Columbia. It ber of firms who find it most profitable growers are trying to shift the market to began with nine members, but now rep­ a futures market, where consumers will to vertically integrate their operations. resents over 95 percent of all Pacific tell the growers what they want and then Hardy Sea Farms is affiliated with Saga salmon farmers. The BCSFA has aBoard the farms will produce to meet demand. Seafoods A/S ofNorway. Itwas founded of Directors and a full time staff which by Thor Mowinckle after he established implement policies developed by the Government Support the successful A/S Mowi, the leading Board. The major objectives of the Government/industry relations in the salmon producer and marketer in Nor­ BCSFA are to maximize the financial B. C. aquaculture industry are notable for way. It emphasizes the production of returns to salmon farmers, promote the coho and chinook salmon. The Fanny the spirit ofcooperation that exists. The production of a quality product, and to Bay-Rosewall United Hatchery is a Provincial Government of British Co­ set and maintain standards to ensure the lumbia, with the assistance ofthe Federal hatchery with approximately 100 fiber­ safe development of the industry. The Government ofCanada, has established glass tanks used to raise chinook, coho, BCSFA has introduced several programs many local and regional assistance pro­ and a chinook/coho hybrid called a to assist salmon farmers. Theseprograms grams to assure the safe development of "conook." Each ofthe tanks hold about include: Egg allocation, broodstock de­ the industry. In September 1988, the 50,000 smolts. Start-up costs for the velopment, disease screening, marketing B.C. Provincial Government and the hatchery were about C$2 million. Smolts studies, and education. In May 1989, the Federal Department of Fisheries and will be ferried from the hatchery to some Government of British Columbia an­ Oceans signed a Memorandum ofUnder­ 120 farms by helicopter. The farm is the nounced the formation ofthe British Co­ standing which: 1) Clarifies Federal and first to use a new computer system which lumbia Aquaculture Research and Devel­ Provincial responsibilities, 2) Stream­ allows instant access to water temper­ opment Council (BCARDC). B. C. 's first lines application procedures and reduces atures, oxygen content, and other im­ privately funded salmon research farm, administrative and legal burdens on the portant data. The General Sea Harvest the Ewos Pacific Research Farm was aquaculture industry, 3) Establishes one­ Corporation was established when the opened on Denman Island on 16 June stop leasing mechanisms for commercial Finnish Sugar Company took control of 1989. The new C$I.5 million facility will aquaculture ventures, and 4) Sets out a Sea Aquafarms Ltd. as a majority share­ examine nutrition, health, and feeding cooperative and coordinated approach holder. Finnish Sugar is the parent com­ efficiency at the 20-pen farm and its .... for government support of industry, in­ pany of EWOS, the large international laboratory. cluding research and development, train­ feed and aquaculture supply firm which ing, education, leasing and licensing, supplies much ofthe B.C. salmon farm­ health, and stock monitoring. Salmon Farming Industry ing industry with feed. The new company There are also several programs de­ There are over 150 salmon farming owns three 'hatcheries and fish farms, signed to benefit specific, smaller com­ operations registered in B.C. which in­ Tranquil Inlet Marine Farms, Sea Ven­ munities. The Community Economic clude many different individuals and tures, and Cameleon Aquaculture. The Development Program (CEDP) in B. C. companies. The largest producers of takeover took place in 1989. consists of28 projects established in co­ farmed salmon in the B.C. industry in­ The rapid development ofthe aquacul­ operation with the DFO's Salmonid clude the following firms. Aquarius Sea ture industry in B. C. has introduced Enhancement Program. The aim of the Farms is the largest producer offarmed many problems to the fishing industry. program is to increase the population of salmon in Canada. Itwas established with Environmentalists and residents near fish salmon while fostering local employ­ Norwegian investment. Aquarius pro­ farms complain ofimproper disposal of ment. Through the CEDP, Canadians duced about 2,000 t of salmon in 1988. fish waste. Many environmentalists and receive training and employment, while Aquarius opened a processing plant in community residents fear that the waste enhancing the growth potential of the 1988. Royal Pacific is the first salmon problem is a sign that the industry is grow­ salmon stock. A primary example ofthe farm to go public on the Vancouver stock ing too fast for safety regulations to keep CEDP initiative is a small salmon hatch­ market. Public stock is the most viable pace. The Provincial Government re­ ery started in Fort Babine, B.C. where form of investment, as commercial cently introduced stiff penalties for fish unemployment was high. The salmon banks in Canada do not recognize fish farmers who violate existing waste dis­ hatchery now produces over 7,000 in­ farms and their stock as collateral; this posal regulations. In April 1989, two

34 Marine Fisheries Review companies, Aquarius Sea Farmers and benefit from the research conducted by 1989, a total of 38 salmon farms were West Shore Ltd. , were fined for violating the Salmonid Demonstration and Devel­ raising Atlantic salmon in the Bay of B. C. 'sWaste Management Act. The Act opment Farm (SDDF), located at Lime Fundy region, and that number was ex­ prohibits unsafe dumping of waste into Kiln Bay, New Brunswick, which was pected to increase to 44 farms by the end the environment. The two firms were opened in 1986. The Development Farm of the year. By 1990, the value of all charged with dumping dead fish into open was established with funding from the salmon aquaculture production in Atlan­ pits. Fisheries Subsidiary Agreement of the tic Canadawas expected to exceedC$100 The long-term outlook for salmon Canada-New Brunswick Economic and million. farming in B. C. remains excellent. The Regional Development Agreement. The The "Scotia-Fundy" region is the ability to produce large quantities of centeris run by an advisory committeeof most important region for salmon farm­ chinook and coho salmon will provide Federal, Provincial, and industrial rep­ ing in Atlantic Canada. This areaincludes Canadian fish farmers with a specialty resentatives. The purpose ofSDDF was the provinces of Nova Scotia and New product that will not compete with the to facilitate the transfer of salmonid sea Brunswick. Lesser quantities ofsalmon famous Norwegian salmon. B.C. fish cage culture technology to the aquacul­ are being raised in Newfoundland and farmers, however, are also expected to ture industry in the Bay of Fundy. The in Quebec. Figure 3 provides a view of begin to raise increasing quantities of emphasis was on fish nutrition, salmon Atlantic Canada's farmed salmon pro­ Atlantic salmon which will provide them genetics research, and the monitoring of duction while Table 3 provides statistical with a popular, alternative product. In the commercial salmon cages. The Depart­ data on this production. near-term, B.C. fish farmers will ex­ ment of Fisheries and Oceans has also perience difficulties as market prices for signed Memorandums ofUnderstanding Aquaculture in New Brunswick salmon continue to decline as greater with the various Provincial Governments New Brunswickis the largestproducer quantities of Norwegian farmed salmon in Atlantic Canada, similar to the agree­ ofaquaculture products in the Maritime enter the market. The U.S. market will ment signed with the B. C. Provincial Provinces. In 1987,32 privately owned continue to dominate B.C. salmon mar­ Government. These agreements also farms in New Brunswick produced 1,300 keting strategies and patterns. Itis likely outline cooperativeapproaches to salmon t ofAtlantic salmon worth C$18 million. that the demand for salmon will continue farming in Eastern Canada. This series to grow in the United States in the next of agreements establishes a cohesive few years, even though prices may de­ framework for Federal-Provincial cline. Some B.C. fish farmers already cooperation in all of Canada's salmon • Quebec-Newfoundland expect salmon to become as common as growing areas. D Scotia-Fundy chicken in the diet of American con­ sumers. If this develops, B.C. salmon Salmon Production farmers can anticipate a steady long-term There were 34 firms using 525 sea growth. cages to raise 1.3 million salmon for 1980 1982 1984 1986 1968 1'990 harvest in 1987-88. The 1987 salmon Salmon Farming harvest of1,400 t, had an estimated value in Atlantic Canada of$15-$17million. The 1988 harvest of Figure 3.-Atlantic Canada's farmed 1,600 t of salmon resulted in a market salmon production, 1980-88 and projected Historical Background value of $34 million to $46 million. By to 1990. The first experiments with raising At­ 1antic salmon were carried out in an ex­ perimental sea cage operation by the St. Table 3.-Allanlic Canada'sfarmed Allanlic salmon produclion byvalue (C$l ,000), quanlily (I), 1979-87, wilh Andrew's Biological Stationofthe DFO proJecllons to 1990, and number of salmon farms in Ihe Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, 1979·1988. in the early 1970's. Salmon farming Scotia-Fundy Quebec Newfoundland Total No. of began in the early 1980's, but it was not salmon until Stolt-Nielson Sea Farms A/S of Year Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value farms'

Norway established a C$2.0 million 1979 6 49 a a a a 6 49 1 salmon smolt hatchery near St. George, 1980 11 82 a a a a 11 82 2 1981 21 156 a a a a 21 156 4 New Brunswick, that salmon farming 1982 38 315 a a a a 38 315 5 began in earnest. The new company, Sea 1983 68 675 a a a a 68 675 5 1984 222 2.572 a a a a 222 2,572 10 Farms (New Brunswick) was expected to 1985 349 4,197 a a a a 349 4,197 20 1986 635 8,078 10 a 1 a 646 8,078 28 produce 500,000 smolts annually by 1987 1,315 18,415 35 NA' a a 1,350 18,415 34 1986 providing the region with the poten­ 1988 3,000 36,300 100 NA NA NA 3,100 36,300 34 1989 3,000 NA 150 NA NA NA 3,150 NA NA tial ofharvesting 1,300t ofadult salmon 1990 3,000 NA 250 NA NA NA 3,250 NA NA within 2-3 years. 'Bay of Fundy only. Salmon farmers in Atlantic Canada 'NA ~ Not available.

52(2),1990 35 Forecasts call for productionofbetween issuance of farming licenses in 1986 to established in 1985. The cooperative 2,800and 3,200t worth C$3343 million ensure that the government had time to markets salmon for its members for a in 1988; abouttwice the levels reached in integrate aquaculture with the traditional commission of 1-2 percent of the gross 1987. By 1990, the aquaculture harvest fisheries. The moratorium was lifted in sales prices. The fish are sold under the is expected to generate C$lOO million. the fall of1988 as projected, butthe Pro­ Atlantic Silver label to establish brand The New Brunswick industry is domin­ vincial Department of Fisheries and loyalty which will be based on the con­ ated by many small farms (average pro­ Aquaculture is careful about awarding sistently high quality that a consortium duction is 200 t) and two large farms, licenses for salmon farms. The net result can supply. Atlantic Silvermembers are Connors Brothers and Sea Farms. The is that no salmonfarms have failed in New mostly small farms (100-200 t annual­ lower Bay ofFundy, from DeerIsland to Brunswick. Many traditional fishermen ly) that dominate the industry in New Eastport, is dotted with small islands and in the Bay of Fundy have branched into Brunswick. sheltered bays which are ideal for salmon salmon farming as an additional source farming. Upwellings keep watertemper­ ofincome to supplementa fishery which Aquaculture in Newfoundland atures above freezing in the winter while is not thriving. Salmonculture in Newfoundlandcon­ huge tides sweep waste products away There are three major players in the sists of two private operations, a pro­ from the cages and keep the waters free salmon farming industry in New Bruns­ vincial demonstration farm and two from massive algae blooms like those wick: Connors Brothers, Sea Farms, and experimental facilities operated by devel­ which affected Norwegian farmers in Atlantic Silver. Connors Brothers is the opmentassociations. They are located in 1987. leading sardinecannerin North America the Bay d'Espoirin southern Newfound­ The primary markets for New Bruns­ and entered the salmon farming industry land. The private farms were opened in wick farmed salmon are the northeastern after it noticed several small salmon 1987 and were expected to havetheirfirst United States and central Canada. The farms beingestablishedin the area around harvest in the fall of1988. The two facil­ New Brunswick aquaculture industry it's canneries. Besides its salmon farm ities operated by the development asso­ received about 900,500 smolts in 1987. near its Deer Island cannery, Connors has ciationsare involved in experimentation, These smolts were supplied by two hatch­ established a 400,000 smolt hatchery at technological development, and evalua­ eries operated by the Federal DFO, the Lake Utopiaandutilizedby-productfrom tion. The industry is expected to expand Atlantic Salmon Federation, and 1°pri­ traditional fish processing operations to in the coming years as there are current­ vate hatcheries. New Brunswick salmon set up a new fish meal plant to provide wet 1y ten applications for new licenses. A farmers can obtain seed money, salmon feed for salmon. Connors is the largest Memorandum of Understanding was smolts, and technical assistance from supplier offish food to New Brunswick's signed in February 1988, between Fed­ the Canadian Government. By compari­ salmon farming industry. In addition, eral and Provincial Fishery Ministers. It son, Maine salmon farmers must fend for Connors markets salmon from other gave the Newfoundland Department of themselves and rely almost exclusively farmers. Connors Brothers is owned by Fisheries the sole responsibility for on private initiative. George Weston Ltd. ,aC$11 billion food licensing fish aquaculture sites and On 27 February 1988, the Provincial conglomerate. clarified Federal and Provincial roles. Government implemented the New Sea Farms is a joint venture between One production problem facing New­ Brunswick Aquaculture Act. The Pro­ Norway's Sea Farm A/S and Canada foundland growers is the availability of vincial Department of Fisheries and Packers, a C$3 billion food distribution smolts. Newfoundland does not allow the Aquaculture was entrusted with the sole company. Sea Farm, which began by importation ofsmolts into the province. responsibility for the promotion ofaqua­ selling smolts in Norway and Scotland, Currently there is only one salmon hatch­ culture, including development of new now sells smolts and raises salmon. By ery in the province whose capacity is species. Previously, control ofaquacul­ 1990, the company's hatcheries should about 200,000 smolts. The Newfound­ ture was divided among different agen­ be capable of producing more than 1.5 land Provincial Government provides cies of the Provincial Government, in­ million smolts and 1,000 t of farmed smolts to farms, buthopesto decreasethat cluding those dealing with fisheries, salmon. At present, Sea Farms operates role. Otherconstraints include ice cover natural resources, energy, and technol­ three hatcheries, three marine farms, a and cold water temperatures which pre­ ogy. There is a cooperation between the processing plant in Maine, and opened a vent raising salmon in outdoor facilities. Provincial Government, the salmon C$l million processing plant in St. Research has been conducted into the farming industry in New Brunswick, and Georges, New Brunswick, inluly 1989. possibility ofraising salmon in the colder the academic community and private The new facility will be able to process northern water of Newfoundland. The sector. Unlike in B. C. , salmon farming and package up to lOt of fresh farmed Green Bay Development Association is in New Brunswick has grown at a very salmoneachday. The processing facility currently developing an overwintering orderly pace. This is due, in part, to the makes Sea Farm totally integrated, with cage for salmon which would enable fish cautious approach taken by Provincial hatchery, marine farm, and processing. to be raised in these waters. It received authorities. The New Brunswick Gov­ Atlantic Silver is a marketing coopera­ funding from the ProvincialGovernment ernment placed a moratorium on the tive composed of20 members which was to conduct tests on a cage made of two

36 Marine Fisheries Review chambers, one for heating the water and already have an established market net­ freezing and canning companies both the other for holding fish. This would work in the United States. The United witnessed the decline in export sales in provide fish year round for the associa­ States in turn is familiar with Canadian Europeas a result ofthe huge supplies of tion's customers. companies, resulting from the long rela­ Norwegian salmon entering the market tionship that the two countries have in the summer of 1989. The outlook for Aquaculture in Nova Scotia shared. Canadians also haveacostadvan­ B. C. 's salmon farmers was further com­ Nova Scotia's Atlantic salmon aqua­ tage over European competitors in plicated by the massive oil spill in Alaska culture industry is much smaller than respect to the U. S. market as they enjoy which disrupted (but did not end) the New Brunswick's. In 1987, there were 10 reduced transportation costs and can take Alaska salmon fishery, and by the strike salmon farms whose total production advantage oftheirability to supply high­ ofB.C. fishermen and processors at the amounted to only 37 t valued atjustunder quality, fresh salmon on a consistent startofthe Canadian salmon fishery. The C$300,OOO. Nova Scotia's salmon farms basis. result was an uncertain market. are located primarily in Cape Breton and Canadian fish farmers see the U.S. along the Eastern Shore ofthe province. market growing by 30,000 t per year, Future Developments Nova Scotia can boast that it is the home stimulated by a new generation ofhealth­ As the world supply offarmed salmon of the largest indoor fish farm in the conscious consumers who enjoy low­ increases, Canadian farmers will have to world. Nova Aqua Smolt Farm, in Glace calorie, low-cholesterol, fresh salmon. become more cost effective. The ability Bay, N.S., is anestablishedjointventure The Free Trade Agreement between ofeach farm to survive in the market will between Seacoast Fish Farming Ltd. and Canada and the United States is expected depend on its ability to bring relatively Norsk Aqua A/S of Bergen, Norway. to help create new market opportunities low-priced salmon to market. IfCanada Nova Aqua has several subsidiaries in­ in the United States for Canadian farm­ wants to be an effective player, it will cluding, Nova Aqua Smolt, Nova Aqua ed salmon. Farm raised salmon receive have to capture and maintain a large part Sea, and Nova Aqua Salmon. premium prices when wild salmon is not ofthe market now, while it is still grow­ available; Canadian farmers plan to ing. It must then maintain that market Aquaculture in Quebec market their fish November through May share into the 1990's when the full effect Salmon culture in Quebec remains a before the wild salmon season opens. of the worldwide downward trend on small endeavor which began in 1985, Although Canada's best market is the prices will be felt. when Baie des Chaleurs Aquaculture Inc. United States, Japan is oneofthe world's Many Canadian fish farmers have re­ began producing farmed salmon in land­ leading importers of salmon, buying alized the need to integrate their opera­ based tanks at St. Omer on the Baie des high-quality chinook, sockeye, and coho tions. Many smaller firms are already Chaleurs in the Gaspe Peninsula. The from the wild catch market and some being bought out by the larger firms. firm began by using sea cages, but the coho from the farmed market. The strong Smaller farmers (primarily in Atlantic waters in the Baie des Chaleurs freeze buying power of the yen contributed to Canada) are using cooperative marketing during the winter, and in 1986, the firm higher prices in the fall of 1988. Geo­ strategies. The trend towards integration transferred their stock to 3 silo-type graphically, B. C. 's location with respect (investing in hatcheries and feed opera­ tanks. The firm expected to raise 35 t of to Japan may provide it with an advantage tions) can be seen in British Columbia. salmon in 1987, 100 tin 1988, and 250 t over Norway. Norway's dominance of Demand for farmed salmon should con­ by 1990. the European salmon market, as well as tinue to increase as consumers continue Norway's proximity to the European to emphasize nutritious, healthy, tasty, Markets for Canadian market makes it too costly for Canadian and low-cost seafoods, which will result Farmed Salmon farmers toenterthat marketto any signifi­ as production increases. Increased con­ Canadian farmed salmon sales are cant extent. sumptionofsalmon should result in new presently limited to the North American In late 1989, it was clear that the in­ value-added forms ofsalmon. Such pro­ market, including restaurants in Toron­ crease in Norway's production offarmed ducts as smoked salmon, marinated to and Montrealas well as the huge United salmon had saturated world markets. In salmon, and IQF or fresh fillets and por­ States market. Since Canada is the domi­ response to the growing supplies of tions will develop new markets for salm­ nant supplier of seafood products to the salmon reaching the market the Norwe­ on. (Source: IRF-89/99, prepared by United States, Canadian farmers enjoy gian Fish Farmers Sales Organisation, William B. Folsom, Foreign Fisheries several advantages over their European which regulates Norwegian salmon Analysis Branch (F/IA23), National competitors. These include Canada's sales, reduced its minimum price by 16 Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Silver familiarity with the U.S. market, as they percent. North American wild salmon Spring, MD 20910.)

52(2),1990 37 The Squid Market Spain's consumptionofsquidand other cephalopods is second only to Japan, and The Spanish Market for Squid is the highest in Europe. In 1987, Span­ iards consumed 194,000 t of squid and other cephalopods, or about 5.0 kg per capita (separate data for squid alone are Spain is the world's second largest developed distribution system. Fresh fish not available). Squid reaches the con­ marketfor squid (behindJapan) anda ma­ is available in inland cities as well as on sumerin a variety ofways. At fish shops jor player in world squid trade. Spanish the coast. The largest inland market is and open markets, squid is sold fresh annual consumption of squid and other Madrid's wholesale food market, Mer­ (local domestic catch) or defrosted. Con­ cephalopods was almost200,000metric camadrid, where large quantities offresh sumers use it to make deep-fried squid tons (t) in 1987, orabout5 kg perperson. and frozen fishery products from all over rings or paella, for example. Therestau­ To supply this growing market, Spanish the world change hands daily-leading rantand catering trade also provides large fishermen increased their squid catch to some Spanish observers to refer to the quantities ofsquid to Spaniards and tour­ a record 80,000t in 1986, muchofit from huge market as Spain's "number one ists. Battered squid rings are cooked and the rich Falklands area off the coast of port. " sold on street corners, squid dishes are Argentina. Even with this record squid Spain's frozen fisheries market has served in many bars as appetizers (tapas), catch, however, Spainhas beenforced to only recently begun to compete with the and most restaurant menus feature squid. increase its squid imports substantially. larger fresh market. Improvements in Although most fishery products in Spain imported $170 million worth of marketing and distribution, as well as the Spain are sold fresh, a growing propor­ squid in 1987, over twice its 1986 im­ growing availability offreezers, led to a tion of squid is sold frozen, much of it ports, making it a net importer ofcepha­ 70 percent increase in frozen food con­ prepared for a specific use. For example, 10pods for the first time. Spanish squid sumption from 1983 to 1987. In 1987, Frigorificos Delfin1, a Spanish whole­ imports are likely to remain high in the Spanish consumers purchased over $230 sale and retail company, sells the follow­ future, but not at the record levels re­ million worth offrozen fishery products. ing frozen squid products under the corded in 1987. Squid imports decreased Hake accounted for 78 percentoffrozen in 1988. sales, while cephalopods (10 percent), 1Mention oftrade names orcommercial firms does crustaceans (6 percent), and soup prepar­ not imply endorsementby the National Marine Fish­ The Seafood Market ations (6 percent) made up the remainder. eries Service, NOAA. Spain is the world's ninth largest mar­ ket for edible fishery products. Spaniards FRANCE consume an average of 1.3 million t of ATLANT/~ fishery products per year (1984-86), Santander making their market the second largest (behind France) within the European ••Bilbao Community (EC). Spain's per capita fisheries consumption increased from about 31 kg per year in the early 1980's to about 34 kg in recent years. Part of this increase can be ascribed to tourism. Spain's warm climate and low prices at­ tract growing numbers oftourists who eat ~o~ in restaurants where seafood is promi­ <)~ nently featured. Popular menu items in­ ~5eO clude broiled hake, paella (seafood and ~ (1 chicken over saffron rice), and grilled ~ [1eO~ shrimp. ~ rr0 ~-_-_-l Spanishconsumers preferfresh fishery d it e products, which have always been read­ ~Me ily available in Spain. Flankedby both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Spain has several major ports-Vigo, Bilbao, and Santander in the north, Barcelona in ALGERIA the east, and Cadiz in the south (Fig. 1) and many smaller ports linked to a well­ Figure 1.-The major ports of Spain.

38 Marine Fisheries Review Table 1.-Spaln'sdomestic fisheries catch by selected species and quantity, 1980-87.

Catch (1,000 t)

Species 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Mussel' 95.7 78.6 230.4 224.4 216.8 245.7 247.0 206.7 Pilchard 210.1 222.5 216.2 234.2 257.1 229.0 173.2 163.2 Cape Hake 91.5 135.1 139.1 130.4 119.0 136.4 148.0 149.7 Squid 2 57.8 55.0 48.2 56.1 34.6 34.2 82.7 78.8 Other 809.6 765.3 840.5 767.7 812.9 837.5 783.5 795.0

Total 1,264.7 1,256.5 1.474.2 1.412.8 1.440.4 1,482.8 1,434.4 1.393.4

'198Q-1981 FAD figures do not include the Canary Islands mussel catch. Figure 2.-Spain's domestic fisheries 2 Includes "other squid," bobtail squid, and cuttlefish. catch by quantity (1,000 t), 1980-87.

~100 g 80 Mediterranean (37) 0.60 NE Atlantic (27) ;; 40 NW Atlantic (21) u SE Atlantic (34,47) "0 20 tJ o '-T-'-r-'-~__ ~ SW Atlantic (41) 1980 '82 '84 '86

Figure 3.-Spain's squidcatchby fish­ ing area, 1980-87.

Delfin brand name: Skinless squid tubes, with or without wings (tubos de calamar); squid rings (anillas de calamar); squid rings in batter (calamares a la romana); and paella ingredients, including squid rings (preparado de paella). Other com­ panies marketing frozen squid products in Spanish supermarkets include Pesca­ nova (Spain's largest frozen food com­ pany), Frudesa, Frumar, Krupemar, Findus, and La Cocinera. Spain's Squid Fishery Spain's domestic fisheries catch is the eighteenth largest in the world and the second largest in the EC (behind Den­ mark's); it has averaged about 1.4million tduringthe 1980's (Table 1, Fig. 2). The largest harvests, by quantity, are mussels (200,000 t in 1987), pilchards (160,000 t), and Cape hakes (150,000 t). Though squid is Spain's fourth largest fishery, averaging about 80,000 t in 1986-87, it accounts for only 5.6 percent ofSpain's very diverse domestic catch. This is a slight increase from the early 1980's, has undergone marked changes during Fishing Areas when squid made up 4.6 percent of the the 1980's. Although the squid catch total. Spain's squid fishery-both in terms declined during the mid-1980's, it Early in the 1980's, Spain's most im­ of fishing areas and species caught- reached record levels by 1986-87. portant squid fishing areas (Fig. 3) were

52(2),1990 39 the southeast Atlantic (off the coast of early 1988, establishing a license system. Species Africa) and the northwest Atlantic (off Reports indicate that the Government As Spanish squid fishermen have the coastofthe United States). From 1980 plans to distribute licenses so that Asian shifted their fishing effort geographical­ to 1983, Spain's squid fishery in the and Polish fishing in the zone decrease, 1y, the composition ofSpain's squid catch northwest Atlantic declined because of while British-Falklands joint ventures has also changed (Table 2, Fig. 4). Early the" Americanization" ofthe U. S. squid and fishing by other EC nations increase. in the 1980's, whenpariofthefishery was fishery. Foreign allocations of squid Thus, Spain was able to increase marked­ concentrated off the east coast of the within the U.S. Exclusive Economic ly its squid catch in the Falklands zone in United States, Spain caught substantial Zone (EEZ) were decreased as the U.S. 1988. Its 84,000 t catch was 20 percent quantities oflongfin, £Oligo pealei, and capacity to fish for squid increased. of the total squid catch in the Falklands common squid, £Oligo spp. From the (There are now more than 10 U. S. fisheries zone. The long-term effect of mid-1980's onward, as Spain instead freezer-trawlers fishing for squid in the licensing on Spain's squid fishery is dif­ began fishing around the Falklands, its northwest Atlantic.) During 1984-85, ficult to estimate, however. If squid catch ofshortfm squid, Illex illecebrocus Spain's loss of this northwest Atlantic stocks appear to be overfished (or declin­ and 1. argentinus, and other squids fishery was compounded by another set­ ing for some other reason such as de­ (mainly cuttlefish) has increased. Short­ back. Its squid catch off West Africa creased food supply), fewer fishing fin squid was earlier regarded as inferior (southeast Atlantic) declined, temporar­ licenses will be issued. The Falkland to the longfin variety, but it has gained ily, because increased fishing by several Islands Government considers squid greater acceptance lately in the Spanish nations had depleted squid stocks. Thus, managementa delicatetaskbecause squid market. In general, as consumers buy in 1984-85, Spain's squid catch was about are annual species-the next year's fish­ increasing quantities of squid in pre­ 40 percent lower than in the early 1980's. ery depends directly on the number of pared form, either as frozen squid rings The squid fishery recovered when squid left to spawn after the current or as precooked items, the difference Spanish fishermen began fishing offthe season. between species seems to become less Falklands beginning in 1983. Spain's Spain's squid fishery off West Africa important. squid catch in the southwest Atlantic at is also subject to limitation through first roughly equalled its earlier losses in licenses. In May 1988, the EC signed a the northwest Atlantic. In 1986-87, how­ 4-year (1989-92), $300 million fisheries Spain's Squid Trade ever, the Falklands catch surged to over agreement with Morocco. The terms of Spain was a net exporter of cephalo­ 40,000 t, accounting for half of Spain's the agreement, which allows EC vessels pods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopus) until squid catch. In 1988, the squid catch to catch regulated quantities of fish and 1987. In 1980, for example, Spain im­ around the Falklands increased still fur­ cephalopods, suggestthat Spain's squid ported $85 million worth ofcephalopods ther, to an estimated 84,000 t. Mean­ fishery in this area will decline over the and exported $112 million. This trend while, the squid fishery offWest Africa next few years. Thecephalopod quota for continued even during the mid-1980's, also recovered. 1989, most of which was allocated to when Spain's cephalopod catch tempor­ The future ofSpanish squid fishing in Spain, was 69,800t. In subsequent years, arily declined. As recently as 1986, im­ its two key fishing areas-the Falklands however, the quota will decrease sharp­ ports were worth $107 million while ex­ and the coastofWest Africa-dependson ly, to 33,000 t in 1990 and to 29,500 t ports were worth $134 million. In 1987, two related factors: Squid stocks and per year in 1991-92. Mauritania, which however, Spain's imports ofcephalopods fishing agreements. The Falkland Islands also controls part of the West African doubled to $221 million while its exports Government moved to regulate squid squid fishery, currently does not allow decreased to $118 million, making Spain fishing in its 150-mile fisheries zone in EC vessels to fish for squid. a net importer ofcephalopods for the first

Table 2.-Spain's squid catch by species and quantity. 1980-87. ~::~;: Squid catch (1,000 t) "'I ..~ Species 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 a 80i Other 60 ,---..-~ Longtin sqUid, Loligo pealei 7.6 11.1 8.6 3.3 3.1 3.7 2.1 §. Common squid, Loligo spp. 10.7 8.4 8.2 7.9 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.4 Northern short!in squid, //lex illecebrosus 14.4 8.3 4.1 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.1 1.1 £ 40 ~ii'F=~;;;j 20 Argentine shorttin squid,//Iex argentinus 22.2 22.2 oc European flying squid, Todarodes sagittatus 0.3 1.8 1.0 2.0 1.9 Other' 25.1 27.2 27.3 43.8 26.6 26.1 54.0 51.2 1980 1981 i982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Total 57.8 55.0 48.2 56.1 34.6 34.2 82.7 78.8 Figure 4.-Spain'ssquid catch by spe­ , Includes "other sqUid," bobtail squid, and CUl1iefish (Sepiidae, Sepiolidae). cies and quantity (1,000 t), 1980-87.

40 Marine Fisheries Review time. The surge in cephalopod imports Spain's squid imports have quadrupled the EC (and was thus included in detailed was only part ofthe dramatic increasein during the 1980's, from about 16,000 t EC trade statistics), Spain has been a net Spain's fishery imports-from $720 in 1980 to over 70,000 t in 1987. Since importerofsquid (Tables 3, 4). In 1986, million in 1986 to $1,320million in 1987. 1986, when Spain became a member of Spain imported $78 million worth of squid and exported $16 million. In 1987, in line with the increase in total cephalo­ pod imports, squid imports more than doubled to $171 million, while exports increased to only $22 million. Ifthis trend Table 3.-Spaln'sIrozenandIreshsquid Importsbyspeciesgroupand selectedcountrlesolorigin, show- Ing value (USS1 ,000) and average price, 1986-87'. were to continue, Spain's net imports of squid could be expected to increase rapid­ 1986 1987 ly in future years. However, though ex­ Species' Country of origin Value USS/kg Country of origin Value US$/kg actdataare notyetavailable, preliminary Frozen estimates indicate that squid imports Longfin squid United States 2,867 2.04 United States 357 2.51 decreased in 1988. Other 298 Other 122 Some observers have suggested that

Subtotal 3,165 2.14 Subtotal 479 2.04 1987 was an exceptional year for the Spanish squid trade. According to this Common squid India 1,420 1.39 Morocco 1,017 4.33 view, Spanish importers took advantage Poland 1,025 0.70 U.K. 977 1.29 oflarge world supplies in 1987 to stock­ Morocco 753 3.18 United States 617 1.05 Japan 459 2.30 France 616 1.16 pile frozen shortfin squid. Much of this U.S.S.R. 292 0.70 South Africa 611 1.99 Other 967 Other 2,905 stockpiled squid was still being sold to processors in 1988, so that import re­ Subtotal 4,916 1.27 Subtotal 6,193 1.71 quirements decreased. N. shortfin squid Taiwan 6,205 1.21 U.S.S.R. 27,985 2.00 U.S.S.R. 5,344 1.38 Poland 26,586 2.52 Imports Poland 3,907 1.26 Taiwan 25,155 2.13 Argentina 3,442 1.13 Argentina 15,043 1.44 As the preceding discussion makes Other 6,029 Other 7,684 clear, Spain's market for imported squid Subtotal 24,927 1.26 Subtotal 102,453 1.99 is quite volatile, as is world trade in European flying squid. During 1986-87, this volatility Norway 2,884 1.85 Singapore 2,267 2.17 U.S.S.R. 691 0.98 Taiwan 1,114 2.24 was shown not only by the doubling of Taiwan 602 1.10 Norway 208 1.51 Spain's squid imports, but also by the Other 155 Other 733 shifts in its major suppliers (Table3, Fig. Subtotal 4,332 1.48 Subtotal 4,322 2.01 5). In 1986, the leading exporter ofsquid Other Morocco 11,006 Morocco 15,481 India 5,211 India 8,647 Republic of Korea 3,698 Mauritania 3,020 France 2,967 France 2,382 Mauritania 1,700 Japan 1,484 Other 10,013 Other 17,612

Subtotal 34,595 Subtotal 48,626

SUbtotal, frozen 71,935 162,073 Total value: $170 million

Fresh Other 35% Common France 2,744 3.66 France 3,730 4.48 U.K. 2,164 3.55 U.K. 1,532 4.79 Other 866 Other 2,641

Subtotal 5,774 3.36 Subtotal 7,903 3.66 Morocco 9% European flying 118 1.79 14 1.15

Other 171 599 USSR 16% Subtotal, fresh 6,063 8,516

Grand total 77,998 170,589 Poland 16% 1 Note: Average price per kg is obtained by dividing European Currency Unit (ECU) value of imports by quan­ tity; exchange rates: 1986 U.S.Sl = 1.07 ECU, 1987 U.S.$l = 0.87 ECU. Prices are not computed for "other" species because of the variety of products in this category. Figure 5.-Spain's squid imports by 'See Table 2 for scientific names. country of origin, 1987.

52(2),1990 41 to Spain was Morocco ($12 million), Spanish squid market-the U.S.S.R., Shortfm squid (pota in Spanish) was followed by Taiwan and India (each $7 Poland, and Taiwan-Morocco catches the overwhelming favorite of Spanish million). In 1987, eachofthosecountries the bulk ofits squid within its own ter­ squid importers in 1987 (Table 3). increased its squid exports to Spain, but ritorial waters. Thus, it is less vulnerable "Other squid," mostly cuttlefish, have theleading suppliers were the U.S.S.R. tochanginglicenseagreements. Further­ also grown in importancebecauseoftheir ($28 million) and Poland ($27 million). more, its squid fishery is ideally located availability in the Falklands. Longtin The U.S.S.R. and Poland, like Spain, for exports to nearby Spain. squid, once the clear favorite, has lost recently establishedimportantsquidfish­ Therearethree majorgroups ofsquid ground and apparently declined in price eries around the Falklands (the U.S.S .R. importers in Spain: 1) Trading com­ as othersquidspecies have become more also catches large quantities ofsquid in panies, whichbuy andsell squidandother accepted. the northwest Pacific). Unlike Spain, fishery products; 2) importers/proces­ Spanish importers prefer squid frozen however, neithercountry is a substantial sors, withprocessingplants inSpain, the on board ship (individually quickfrozen, consumerofsquid; botharelikelytocon­ Canary Islands, orabroad, for example orIQF). Both longfin and shortfin squid tinue to be large squid exporters. Compesca; and 3) importers/processors/ are most acceptable in 1-2 kg or 5-6 kg Morocco (and to a lesserextentMauri­ fishing fleets, which import to supple­ packs (in polybags, 2 packs to a master tania) is an important supplier of "non­ menttheirowncatches. Examples ofthe carton). Larger packs (10-15 kg) are Falklands" squid to the Spanish market. latter include Pescanova and Frigorificos also acceptable. Shortfin squid are im­ Morocco is favoring its domestic squid Delfin. Spanish importers and whole­ ported both whole (ungutted) and in fishery by decreasing the squid quota salers are represented by the Spanish tubes, cleaned and uncleaned. Shortfin allocated to the EC, as mentioned, and National Association ofSeafood Import­ sizegradations are as follows: XX = < 14 has increased its squid exports to Spain. ers and Wholesalers-ALIMAR, in cmeters long; X=14-18 em; S=18-23 Unlike the three largest suppliers to the Spanish. em; M=23-28 em; L=28-33 em; and XL=>33 em long. There is a second grading system which applies to longfin and common squid: 6=<8 em long; Teble 4-Speln's frozen equid exports', by specleeend selected purcheslng countries, showing velue 5=8-l2cm;4= 12-16cm; 3= 16-20em; 2 (US$l,ooo) end everege price, 1986-87 • 2 =20-24 em; 1=24-27cm;andO=>27 Exports, 1966 Exports, 1987. cm long. There is reportedly little or no

Species' Country of origin Value US$lkg Country of origin Value US$/kg import market for squid rings, retail packs, or value-added products of any Longfin;squid. 261 1.65 523 1.76 kind. Common squid Import licenses are not required for Portugal 5,223 0.72 Portugal 1,979 1.04 Italy 870 1.22 Italy 1,563 1.53 cephalopod products unless they origi­ Greece 194 1.32 Greece 1,044 1.08 nate from Eastern European countries. France 251 1.10 France 889 1.26 Other 394 Other 342 However, health andlabeling regulations

Subtotal 6,932 0.79 Subtotal 5,817 1.05 must be followed. Health regulations re­ quire that a sanitary certificate issued by N. shortfin squid France 3,110 2.13 Japan 3,425 2.36 the competent authority in the country of Portugal 921 1.11 France 3,323 2.32 origin accompany each shipment. In ad­ Other 917 Portugal 2,293 1.01 FRG 553 2.18 dition to stating that products have been Subtotal 4,948 1.64 Other 819 examinedfor microbiological and metal Subtotal 10,413 2.14 content, with the results of each test re­ European flying sqUid Italy 481 2.29 Italy 731 3.26 corded, the certificate must also contain Other 108 Other 721 the following information: Name ofpro­ Subtotal 589 2.26 Subtotal 1,452 2.19 duct, name of exporter, name of im­ porter, mode oftransport, type ofpack­ Other Portugal 1,479 Italy 961 aging, numberofpackages, and shipment France 705 Portugal 567 Italy 289 France 187 date. Other 654 Other 2,492 Each individual carton in a shipment

Subtotal 3,127 Subtotal 4.207 mustbelabelledwiththefollowing infor­ mation in Spanish: Name of importer, Grand total 15,857 22,412 country of origin, name ofproduct, in­ gredients and additives, gross and net 1 Excludes negligible exports of fresh squid (1966 _ $30,000, 1987= $240,000). 2 Average price per kg is obtained by dividing European Currency Unit (ECU) value of exports by quantity; ex· weight in grams, date offreezing, latest changerates: 1986U.S.$1 = 1.07ECU, 1987U.S.$1 =0.87ECU. Prices are not computed for "other" species because of the variety of products in this category. date on which productmay beconsumed • See Table 2 for scientific names. (18-24 months from freezing date), and

42 Marine Fisheries Review storage and transport instructions (e.g. , U.S. fishery imports from Spain aver­ exports must be placed in perspective, maintain at -18°C). These regulations aged $42 million per year, while U.S. however: U.S. imports of squid from for importsinto Spainmaychange. Spain exports to Spain averaged $5 million Spain have averaged about $1.3 million is nearing the end ofits 6-year transition per year. Within the EC, Spain is one of in 1987-88, actually exceeding U.S. period into the EC (ending in 1992), and the smallest importers of U.S. fishery squid exports to Spain in 1987. is adapting its regulations to correspond products. From the point of view of Spanish to those ofother EC nations. Several EC Though U.S. exports offishery prod­ vessel owners, U.S. squid exports to nations have proposed standardized ucts are relatively small, squid is a very Spain are somewhat controversial. As Community-wide health regulations important component of those exports mentioned above, Spanish fishermen modeled after those now in effect in the (TableS). During the 1980's, squid ex­ used to catch substantial quarttities of Federal Republic of Germany. ports (both shortfin and longfin) have squid in U.S. waters. After the "Ameri­ averaged$1.5 millionperyear, account­ canization" of the squid fishery during Exports ing for almost half of the value of U.S. 1986-88, some ofthe influential fisher­ Although Spain was a net exporter of exports to Spain. In 1987, U.S. exports men's cooperatives in Spain voiced op­ cephalopods for much ofthe 1980's, its declined to under $1 million when Spain position to growing squid imports from exports ofsquid have been considerably imported large quantities of shortfin the United States. This opposition has smallerthan its imports in 1986-87(Table squid from the U.S.S.R., Poland, and continued, though it has not been trans­ 4). In 1986, imports of squid exceeded Taiwan. But in 1988, on the strength of latedinto restrictions onimports ofU.S. exports by $60 million. In 1987, when record squid catches by U.S. fishermen, squid. In 1989, spokesmen from the Spanish squid imports were apparently exports surged to over$4 million. These cooperatives cited imports of "low­ exceptionally large, this difference in­ quality" squid from the United States as creased to almost $150 million. a factor leading to depressed squidprices MostofSpain'ssquidexportsare sold in Spain (even though imports from other to other EC nations, including Portugal, countries are much larger). France and Italy (Fig. 6). Spain's mem­ Despite opposition from vessel own­ Total value: $20 million bership inthe EC is thus a clearadvantage ers, Spanish importers, represented by for its squid exporters. In 1987, Spain ALIMAR, consider the United States a also exported a substantial quantity of France 20% prime source oflargelongfinsquid (sizes Portugal 22% squid to Japan, the world's largest squid 0, 1, and 2). Because they are one ofthe market. few sources for such squid, U.S. squid Japan 15% exporters can expectcontinuedaccess to u.s. Squid Exports the large Spanish squid market. In U.S. exports ofsquid to Spain should general, however, U.S. exporterscanex­ be seen in the context of U.S.-Spanish pect growing competition from several fisheries trade; the figures reflect the fact larger suppliers. Afew ofthesesuppliers, Greece that fishing is a higher priority industry 5% such as Poland, devote all oftheir squid in Spain. U.S. imports of fishery pro­ catch to exports since there is almost no ducts from Spainfar exceeditsexports to Figure 6.-Spain's squid exports by domestic market for squid. Others face that country. For example, in 1986-88, purchasing country, 1987. advantages when exporting to the Euro­ peanCommunity. Exporters indevelop­ ing countriessuchasIndia, Morocco, and Mauritaniapaylowertariffsthando U.S. exporters (cephalopod tariffs are 6-8 Table 5.-U.S. equid exports to Spain, comperad with totailishery exports to Speln, by valua, 1980-88. percent). In addition, nations such as

U.S. sqUid exports (US$l ,000) Morocco and Mauritania face much lower transportation costs when export­ Product 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 ing squid to Spain. Thus, U.S. squid ex­ Squid porters are more likely to make inroads Longfin, frozen 1,481 100 645 Other, frozen 23 1,103 3,601 480 224 1,599 765 3,668 intothe Spanishmarketby offeringlarge, Canned 10 18 32 high-quality squid rather than attempt­ Total, Squid 10 23 1,103 3,601 480 224 3,080 883 4,345 ing to match the low prices ofother sup­ Total, Other 3,468 1,413 1,417 713 762 441 1,653 1,994 4,010 pliers. (Source: IFR-89/100, preparedby Grandtolal 3,478 1,436 2,520 4,314 1,242 665 4,733 2,8n 8,355 Brian D. McFeeters, Foreign Fisheries Analysis Branch (F/IA23), National Squid as percentage Marine FisheriesService, NOAA, Silver of Grand 10lal 0°" 2°" 44°" 83% 39% 34% 65% 31% 520,. Spring, MD 20910.)

52(2),1990 43 The Fisheries and has been gradual development of other mercial trawlers andan increasingnum­ seafood export commodities, including berofsmall-scale fishermen has ledtothe Fish Trade of India frozen squid (16 and 6 percent by quan­ stagnationofIndia's total shrimpproduc­ tity and value, respectively), lobstertails, tion. The increasing scarcity of shrimp Introduction anda varietyoffrozenfish (Tables4, 5). has caused physical clashes among fish­ ermen as larger mechanized trawlers India's seafood exports increasedboth Fisheries Production by quantity and value during the coun­ The localized overexploitation ofIn­ try's 1988 fiscal year (April 1988-March dia's coastal shrimp resources by com- 1989). AlthoughIndiahas beguntodiver­ Tabla 2.-lndlan axport marketa lor Irozen ahrlmp by sify fish production and marketing, its country, quantity, and percent 01 Indla'a total export efforts to move away from shrimp as the market lor ahrlmp by quantity lor Iiscal yea.. 1986-88'. predominantmarineexport, andJapanas Table 1.-lndlan naharl..exports by quantity, value, per­ Export markets the principaloverseas market, havebeen cent growth, and unit value, lor Ilacal yea.. 1984-88'. 1986 1987 1988 slow. BecauseIndia's coastalshrimp re­ Quantity' Valua' Unit sources have been widely overexploited Year (t) (million Rs') value Rs/kg Country by both commercial trawlers and small­ 1984 86,187 (-7.0) 384.3 (+3.0) 44.6 Japan 30,962 (62.9) 32,514 (58.3) 31,696 (55.7) 1985 83,651 (- 2.9) 398.0 (+ 3.6) 47.6 U.S.A. 10,777 (21.9) 13,214 (23.7) 12,898 (22.7) scale, traditional fishing operations, any 1986 85,843 ( + 2.6) 460.7 (+ 15.8) 53.7 W.Eur. 6,466 (13.1) 8,463 (15.2) 10,366 (18.2) future growth inshrimpproductionmust 1987 97,179 (+13.2) 531.2 (+15.3) 54.7 Other 999 (2.0) 1,545 (2.8) 1,875 (3.3) 1988 99,777 (+2.7) 597.9 (+12.6) 59.9 ------result from the expansion and improve­ Total 49,203 (100.0) 55,736 (100.0) 56,835 (100.0) ment of shrimp culture operations. 'India's fiscal yearruns from 1April to 31 March olthe follow­ ingyear. 'India's fiscal yearruns from 1April to 31 March olthe follow­ Government policies support trawler 'Percantage change in growth from tha previous year in ing year. ~arentheses. 'Percent of the total export market for shrimp in paren­ construction and favor export-oriented Rupees. Exchange rate: Rs15.5 =$1. theses. seafood enterprises. So far, however, few non-shrimp-oriented fishing opera­ tions have been successful. Meanwhile, the country's seafood processing indus­ try, plagued in the past by the high cost Table 3,-lndlan export marketa lorlrozen ahrlmp by country, value, percent 01 Indla'a total export market ofraw materials and weak domestic de­ lor ahrlmp value, and unit value lor Iiscal yeara 1986-88', mand, remains a virtually untapped area 1986 1987 1988 for growth with significant potential Country Value' Unitvalue3 Value' Unit value3 Value' Unitvalue3 for servicing both foreign and domestic Japan 2,825 (74.7) 91.3 2,925 (68.7) 89.9 3,292 (70.0) 103.9 markets. United States 526 (13.9) 48.8 690 (16.2) 52.2 646 (13.7) 50.1 W. Europe 372 (9.8) 57.5 546 (12.8) 64.5 652 (13.9) 62.9 Fishery Exports Others 57 (1.5) 57.0 97 (2.3) 62.8 113 (2.4) 60.5 ------India's fishery exports grew nearly 3 Total 3,780 (100.0) 76.8 4,258 (100.0) 76.4 4,703 (100.0) 82.8 percent by quantity in 1988, to almost 'India's fiscal year runs from 1 April to 31 March of the follOWing year. 'Millions of rupees (Rs): exchange rate: Rs15.5 = $1. (Percent of India's total export market for shrimp by value in 99,800 metric tons (t)-the fourth con­ ~arentheses.) secutive yearly increase. Export value Rs/kg. also increased by 13 percent to almost 6 billion rupees ($387 million at a curren­ cyexchangeof$1 =15.5 rupees) (Table

1). India's total fishery catch during this Table 5.-lndlanexportsottlsheryproduC1s bycommod­ period was a record 3.2 million t. The Tsble 4.-lndlan exportsolthellshery products br com- Ity and value lor Iiscal years 1987-88', modlty and qusntlty lor Iiscal years 1987·88 • quantity of Indian seafood exports has Export values' grown almost sevenfold since 1961. Al­ Exports(t) Percent Percent Commodity 1987 1988 change though some diversification of seafood Commodity 1987 1988 change markets occurred during 1988, the pre­ Frozen shrimp 4,258 4,703 +10.5 Frozen shrimp 55,736 56,835 +2.0 Frozen lobster tails 248 236 -4.6 ponderance ofexports, primarily frozen Frozen lobster tails 1,863 1,663 -10.5 Frozen cuttlefishlfillets 223 234 +5.0 shrimp, still go to two countries: Japan Frozen cuttlefishlfillets 9,195 8,262 -10.1 Freshlfrozen fish 302 284 -5.9 Fresh/frozen fish 14,904 11,234 -24.6 Frozen squid 137 381 + 177.4 and the United States (Tables 2,3). The Frozen squid 7,621 16,374 +114.9 Dried fish 66 44 -33.2 Dried fish 5,220 3,633 -30.4 Shark fins/fish maws 48 58 +20.9 quantity ofshrimpexports has risenonly Shark fins/fish maws 273 315 +15.4 Others 30 37 +24.4 4 percent since 1983. Although frozen Others 2,367 1,461 -38.3 Total 5,312 5,977 +12.5 shrimp still make up the lion's share of Total 97,179 99,777 +2.7 India's seafood exports by quantity (59 'India's fiscal year runs from 1April to 31 March olthe follow­ 'India's fiscal yearruns from 1Aprilto 31 March olthefollow- ingyear. percent) and value (79 percent), there ing year. 'Millions of rupees; exchange rate: 15.5 rupees = $1.

44 Marine Fisheries Review encroach on shallow coastal areas re­ from operating in India's coastal waters. and Calcutta. Theports ofMadras, Cal­ served for smaller, traditional gillnet Most foreign charters have found this cutta, and Kandla demonstrated signifi­ fishing boats. In addition, shrimp trawl­ restriction unacceptable and have with­ cantgrowth in seafoodexports overfiscal ing operations have a significantnegative drawn their trawlers. To encourage In­ year 1987, while Bombay (although still impactonotherfish species, leading to an dian ownershipoftrawlers, theShipping second with 19 percent oftotal exports), estimated 70,OOOtofdiscarded "trash" Creditand InvestmentCorporationofIn­ Goa, and Vizag registered decreases. fish annually. Saturation of the shrimp dia, which subsumes programs offered in Smaller ports at Tuticorin, Porbander, fishery led the southern Indian state of the past by the Shipping Development and Paradeep each handle at least 1 per­ Kerala to establish the first ban on all Fund Committee and the Trawler Devel­ cent of India's seafood exports. coastal shrimp fishing for July-August opment Support Fund, provides a 33 per­ India's seafood processing sector re­ 1989. To prevent overfishing the Bay of cent subsidy on the cost of Indian-made mains largely dormant and the potential, Bengal offVisakhapatnam, the Ministry hulls and loans at the concessional inter­ particularly for the Indian domestic of Food Processing instituted a ban on est rates for purchasing domestic, as well market, untapped. In the past, shrimp "bull trawling" (sweeping the sea bot­ as foreign-built, trawlers. canning had been a thriving industry. tom with nets). The ban was lifted in Foreign participation in fishing joint However, with high raw material and September 1989. In addition, falling ventures is acceptable within the frame­ transport costs which rendered Indian world prices for shrimp have caused In­ work ofIndia's "Hundred Percent Ex­ processed seafoods uncompetitive in dia's seafoodexporters to pass the lower port-Oriented Unit" (HEOU) program, world markets, the canning industry re­ prices on to the small-scale fishermen, which provides a favorable regulatory mains an invalid-its failure to focus on creating further hardship and generating environment for export industries. For the domestic market a key factor behind hard feelings between large-scale and deep-sea fishing, foreign ownership in an the seafood industry's difficulties. As a small-scale producers. HEOU joint venture is restricted to 40 result, mostseafoodexports departIndia percent; up to 15 percent ofthe catch of frozen and with minimal value-added Fishing Fleet an HEOU venture can be sold domes­ processing. There are currently 157 large (>20m) tically. Although no age restriction on vessels, almostexclusively trawlers, 200 fishing vessels exists under Government Aquaculture medium (16-20 m) vessels, and over chartering regulations, currentGovern­ In addition to inland waters, roughly 2,000 small (10-16 m) mechanized ves­ ment joint-venture regulations prohibit 1.45 million hectares (ha) ofcoastal land sels operating in Indian waters. In addi­ ships older than 8 years from being could be brought under aquaculture. tion, an estimated 180,000 traditional brought into India. About 58,000 haarecurrently beingutil­ fishing craft (about 5,000 with outboard ized for shrimp culture, well over half motors) ply Indian coastal waters. The Subsidies (35,000 ha) in the state of West Bengal Government hopes to add over 300 non­ TheIndianGovernment recently elim­ alone. Other Indian states with smaller shrimp trawlers (23-28 m) and long­ inated the exciseduty waiver allowed on but notable shrimp farming operations liners under its eighth 5-Year Plan diesel fuel consumedby trawlers, except include Kerala (8,000 ha), the newly­ (1990-1995). The stagnation ofIndia's those involved in HEOU's. (The waiver created farms in Andhra Pradesh (4,000 shrimp production, despite the increased for HEOU vesselsamountsto about0.25 ha), Goa (about 4,000 ha), Karnataka number of fishing vessels in operation, rupees per liter on diesel fuel and 2.50 (about3,000 ha), and Orissa (2,OOOha). has led to serious clashes between the rupees on gasoline.) This action was ap­ Industry officials expect that at least mechanized trawl fleet and traditional parently taken in response to complaints 100,000 ha (principly shrimp farms) will gillnet fishing fleet, particularly as the by smaller fishing operations of the ap­ be developed within the next few years. larger vessels move inshore in violation parent favoritism toward large mechan­ Yields from coastal shrimp farms, of Government regulations. ized operations. The fishing industry as usually traditional paddy fields produc­ a whole argues that it should receive fuel ing one crop ofrice and one crop offish Trawler Policy at the world price-the same price level peryear, averagebetween0.5 and 1t/ha, The Indian Government has decided to enjoyed by qualified export-oriented although a few operations have reached permit large domestic industrial enter­ companies which receive a subsidy from impressive levels of up to 9 t. Shrimp prises to charter foreign fishing vessels, the Indian Government for the difference farming specialists believe that with more with a clause stipulating an 80:20 catch between the domestic and world price. intensiveculture systems, shrimp yields share ratio between the foreign andIndian throughout India can consistantly reach partners, respectively. Indian partners Ports and Processing 5 t/hectare. reportedly are opting for the value ofthe The port of Cochin handled over half catch, rather than the fish, to avoid mar­ ofIndia's seafood exports by volume in Prospects keting difficulties. Although the Govern­ 1988; about80percentofIndia's seafood The priorities ofthe Indian seafood in­ ment ostensively welcomes the charter­ exports wereshipped out ofthe four ma­ dustry are four-fold: 1) Diversificationof ing oftrawlers, the vessels are prohibited jor ports of Cochin, Bombay, Madras, production, 2) diversification ofmarkets,

52(2),1990 45 3) increased food processing, and 4) farms. Japanhas offeredtheWestBengal Technologyand othergroups are seeking substantial growth in domestic seafood State Government 700 million rupees ways to expand seafood processing, consumption. Industry experts concede ($45 million) to expand shrimp farms. utilizing the "trash" fish caught with that the country's over-reliance on Thailand, France, and the VNDP also shrimp, going after deep-sea and other shrimp (almost 80 percent ofits seafood intend to assist in the development of nontraditional fish, and generating fol­ exports) and Japanese and V .S. markets a number of fresh and brackishwater low-up growth in domestic Indian sea­ posedangers for the future. Meanwhile, shrimp farms and hatcheries. Australia food consumption-at prices higher than alternative seafood products such as will provide $50 million in concessional obtainable through exporting. The hur­ squid, tuna, cuttlefish, and various credits to augmentIndia'sdeep-seafish­ dles include the traditional Indian aver­ bottomfish remain almost totally unex­ ing industry. sion to frozen and processed seafood (and ploited by the Indian fishing industry. Some diversification of markets has the seafood processors' subsequentlack These fish are not being ignored, how­ taken place in recent years. There has offaith in thedomestic market), the huge ever. Fishermen allege widespread beena steady decline in the percentageof costs ofdistributing fish in India, the in­ poaching by EastAsian fishermen andthe seafood exports to Japan as that counry ability to supply processors with fish in Indian Navy and Coast Guard have con­ increases its cultured shrimp imports quantities to assure cost-competitive­ fiscated about 30-40 fishing vessels over from Indonesia, China, Thailand, Tai­ ness, and the reluctance ofbusinessmen the last 3 years. wan, and Vietnam. Western European to invest in non-shrimp operations. A number ofcountries, as well as the countries have picked up some of the (Source: IFR-89/l04, prepared by Paul VNDP and FAO, have promised assis­ slack for India's exports, particularly in E. Niemeier, Foreign Affairs Specialist, tance for the developmentofIndia's fish­ nonshrimp commodities. Office ofInternational Affairs, NMFS, ing sector, and particularly its shrimp India's Central Institute of Fisheries NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910.)

Publications nual subscriptiontotheBulletincosts $68 for individuals and $155 for institutions) and is available from the BMS Subscrip­ tionOffice, P.O. Box 368, Lawrence, KS 66044. Florida Bay, Artificial Issue number 1 of the same volume, Reef Symposia Published 44(1): 1-524, ofthe BMS was devoted to the "Symposium on Florida Bay, a Subtropical Lagoon," held 1-5 June 1987, and cosponsored by the V. S. Na­ Papersand abstracts from the "Fourth ical waters. Also included is an interest­ tional Park Service's Everglades Na­ International Conference on Artificial ing debate on responsible artificial reef tional ParkandtheV niversity ofMiarni's Habitats for Fisheries" have been pub­ development. Articles also address as­ Rosenstiel School ofMarine and Atmo­ lished in the Bulletin ofMarine Science, pects of rigs-to-reefs programs in V.S. spheric Science. Over 80 scientists, rep­ 44(2):527-1073, William J. Richards, and North Sea waters, tire reefs, devel­ resenting diversedisciplines participated editor. This large number is an impres­ opment of epibenthic communities on and many contributed to this hugevolume sive reference with reviews and recent artificial reefs, andeffects ofreefdeploy­ on the bay's ecology, management, and work onartificial habitats, their construc­ ment on nearby resident fishes. research. Most ofthe bay lies within the tion, use, and economics; utilization by Abstracts published present work on Everglades National Park, and this vol­ fishermen, fishes, and other marine life; artificial fish habitats ill Guatemala, Lake ume is the first compilation of research and their role in mitigating habitatlosses Erie, Monaco, the V.S. Virgin Islands, results for the unique ecosystem. The bay from various parts of the world. Louisiana, and India. Other abstracts and its resources are threatened by envi­ Other articles discuss aspects of arti­ discuss estimation of reef productivity, ronmental problems that originate well ficial reef development in the Mediter­ building a coral reef, transplanting kelp outside its protected borders, and knowl­ ranean and Adriatic Seas; the current in Los Angeles Harbor, artificial habitats edge about its functional processes, as status, recent trends, and future plans for in traditional fisheries, and much more. documentedby the symposium, may help artificial reefs in Japan; a comparison of Altogether, the issue is an excellent refer­ to protect its natural state. the accuracy ofvisual assessment meth­ enceonartificialfish habitatresearch and Many ofthe contributions deal specif­ ods forcoral reeffishes; and theefficacy development. Itcosts $35.00plus $3.00 ically with the bay's fisheries and aqua­ ofdifferent artificial reefdesigns in trop­ shipping to non-V.S. addresses (an an­ tic resources, including reports onjuve-

46 Marine Fisheries Review