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Effects of Water Spinach Ipomoea Aquatica Cultivation on Water Quality and Performance of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus Sinensis Pond Culture

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Effects of Water Spinach Ipomoea Aquatica Cultivation on Water Quality and Performance of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus Sinensis Pond Culture Vol. 8: 567–574, 2016 AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Published September 30 doi: 10.3354/aei00198 Aquacult Environ Interact OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Effects of water spinach Ipomoea aquatica cultivation on water quality and performance of Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis pond culture Wei Li1,2, Huaiyu Ding3, Fengyin Zhang4, Tanglin Zhang1, Jiashou Liu1, Zhongjie Li1,* 1State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China 2School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA 3Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Special Aquatic Organisms, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China 4College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China ABSTRACT: The Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis is a highly valued freshwater spe- cies cultured in China. A 122 d experiment was conducted to assess the effects of water spinach Ipomoea aquatica cultivation in floating beds on water quality, and growth performance and eco- nomic return of P. sinensis cultured in ponds. Two treatments, each in triplicate, with and without I. aquatica cultivation were designed. Results showed that the levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (chl a) and turbidity in treatments with I. aquatica cultivation (IAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in treatments with- out I. aquatica (control). Mean TN and TP concentrations in the IAC treatment were 27.9 and 42.5%, respectively, lower than in the control treatment at the end of the experiment. The pres- ence of I. aquatica also has a positive effect on the performance of P. sinensis. Although no signif- icant difference was found in specific growth rate (SGR) between the 2 treatments, mean survival rates, production and net income were significantly higher in the IAC treatment compared to the control (p < 0.05). These results suggest that I. aquatica cultivation in the pond system of turtles has a synergistic effect on overall economic return and is effective at improving turtle growth performance and water quality. KEY WORDS: Pelodiscus sinensis · Ipomoea aquatica · Aquaculture effluent · Growth performance · Economic return INTRODUCTION sis’ in the country (Li et al. 2013). However, aquacul- ture developments over the past 4 decades have The Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis enabled the increasing demand for turtles to be met is the most common turtle species cultured in China (Shi et al. 2008). The soft-shelled turtle is a highly (Li et al. 2013). Soft-shelled turtles have long been a valued aquaculture species in China with the 2014 part of traditional Chinese cuisine and are much yield reaching 341 000 t (Fisheries Administration of sought after as a high-priced food item in restaurants. the People’s Republic of China 2015). However, low In the past, the great bulk of soft-shelled turtles con- survival rates and poor flesh quality of farmed turtles sumed were wild-caught, leading to an over ex - often compromise production and economic benefits ploitation of wild turtles that resulted in a ‘turtle cri- (Ding 2000). Generally, the culture environment is an © The authors 2016. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are unrestricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 568 Aquacult Environ Interact 8: 567–574, 2016 important factor influencing the survival, growth and (mean [±SD] body weight 27.7 ± 2.1 g) were obtained quality of cultured species (Neal et al. 2010, Brito et from a turtle farm in Honghu and were acclimated for al. 2014, Price et al. 2015). Also, the impacts of aqua- 6 wk in three 1 ha ponds that were filled to a depth of culture effluents on water quality and diversity of 100 cm prior to the commencement of the trials. Dur- adjacent natural water bodies have been addressed ing this period, turtles were maintained under an am- by many studies (Xie et al. 2004, De Silva 2012, Her- bient day:night light cycle, in pond water temperature beck et al. 2014). Hence, improving culture environ- that ranged from 20.8 to 29.6°C and were fed daily ment is not only beneficial for better performance with a commercial feed (46% crude protein). and flesh quality of the species, but also eases the Two experimental treatments, with and without negative impacts on the environment. Ipomoea aquatica cultivation, each in triplicate, were There are many approaches to improving a culture used in the study. The experiment was conducted in environment, and phytoremediation, especially using 6 randomly selected ponds each of 3000 m2 (100 × aquatic plants, is currently attracting much attention. 30 m) at the turtle breeding base. After acclimation It is considered promising because of its low cost, for 6 wk, 3000 healthy turtles (mean body weight non-intrusiveness and safety (Li et al. 2009, Mook et 55.6 ± 3.3 g) were selected (without considering the al. 2012). Aquatic plants can effectively reduce total sex) and stocked randomly in each pond with a water nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen depth of 1.2 m. There were no significant differences demand (Sooknah & Wilkie 2004). Water spinach (t-test, p > 0.05) in body weight between the treat- Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. is an important crop in ori- ments. After stocking, 150 kg of silver carp Hypoph- ental cuisine and is also used in animal feeds. Water thalmichthys molitrix (mean body weight 153.7 ± spinach grows well in moist soil or wetland systems 9.9 g) and 100 kg of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis and is commonly found creeping along muddy stream (mean body weight 205.3 ± 15.2 g) were stocked into banks or floating in freshwater marshes and ponds each pond to regulate water quality, as this is a com- (Li & Li 2009, Jampeetong et al. 2012). Floating bed mon practice that is performed in Chinese turtle technology makes it possible to plant this species farming. The culture procedures complied with the on the water surface of fishponds, which not only animal welfare laws of the Government of China and improves the culture environment, but also provides the ethical rules of the Institutional Animal Care additional economic benefits (Li & Li 2009). and Use Committee of the Institute of Hydrobiology Previous studies have demonstrated that planting (Approval ID: Keshuizhuan 08529). I. aquatica in fishponds can efficiently remove nutri- Prior to stocking, water samples (500 ml) were ents and improve water quality (Li & Li 2009, Dai et collected from all experimental ponds. Turbidity, al. 2012). Accordingly, we hypothesized that I. aquat- total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen (TN), ica co-cultured in the pond systems of turtles could total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand maintain water quality and provide better economic (CODMn) were determined according to standard return. In this study, we compared selected water methods (APHA 1992). In the I. aquatica cultivation quality parameters, nutrient contents, and growth, (IAC) treatment, each pond was planted with I. survival and production of P. sinensis in ponds with aquatica (cut stems 20.4 ± 3.1 cm) on floating beds of and without I. aquatica cultivation. The aim of this bamboo frames (80 × 1.25 m) with 20 cm plant spac- study was to examine the effects of I. aquatica culti- ing and 25 cm row pitch. A polyethylene net with vation on water quality, growth performance and 3 cm mesh was fixed on the frame. Three floating economic returns of P. sinensis cultured in earthen beds were set up in each pond, and the total area ponds. Results from this study will be useful to bring covered approximated 10% of each pond. about efficient management and to maximize profit - P. sinensis juveniles were reared for 4 mo and fed ability of P. sinensis pond culture. twice daily at 08:00 to 09:00 h and 16:00 to 17:00 h with a commercial dry pellet feed of 46% crude pro- tein content (Hangzhou Haihuang Feed Develop- MATERIALS AND METHODS ment) and minced fillet of silver carp H. molitrix (approximately 15% crude protein content). The Study location and experimental procedure daily ration consisted of approximately 2% of the body weight of commercial feed and 6% body weight The experiment was conducted at a turtle breeding of minced fillet. This ration was chosen based on base in Honghu, Hubei Province, Central China, from observations made during the acclimation period, June to October 2013. Juvenile Pelodiscus sinensis and on the amount of feed that the juvenile turtles Li et al.: Ipomoea aquatica in turtle aquaculture 569 would consume in 1 h. The body weight of the turtles All analyses were performed using SPS 16.0 statisti- was measured every 2 wk, and uneaten food was cal package (SPSS). estimated. The daily feed allowance was adjusted every 2 wk based on these observations. During the experimental period, natural water RESULTS from a nearby lake was supplemented when the water level of the ponds decreased below 10.0 cm. Water quality From July to October, I. aquatica was harvested every month, and weight and revenue recorded. At Trends in TAN, TN, TP, CODMn, chl a concentra- the end of the trial, the number and individual tions and turbidity between the 2 treatments did not weights of turtles were recorded. Growth perform- differ significantly (p < 0.05) at the commencement of ance of the turtles was evaluated using survival, rel- the experiment. A high degree of fluctuation in TAN ative weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and TN levels was observed during the culture absolute growth rate (AGR) and protein efficiency period.
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