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Aquatic

A.K. Pandey Principal Scientist Indian Institute ofVegetable Research Varanasi ()

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Information contained in this book has been published by Agrotech Publishing Academy and has been obtained by its authors believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any, are subjected to Udaipur jurisdiction only.

REPRlNThD 2014

First Edition 2011

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ISBN : (13) 978-81-8321-197-0 ISBN : (10) 81-8321-197-6

Printed at: Salasar Imaging Systems Delhi -110035 (India) Preface

The country bestowed with the unique gift of nature having variable climates in one and another parts of the country coupled with very distinct seasons enable to produce an array of vegetables from seashore to snowline. Apart from rich diversity of terrestrial vegetables, the country is a natural abode of a number of aquatic veg­ etables thriving in water bodies viz., lakes, lagoons, ponds, ditches and marshy wet places. Besides India, , , , and are considered suitable niche of a number of nutritionally and medicinally rich aquatic vegetables. In India, a number of aquatic vegetables viz., water chest nut (Trapa spp.), water ( aquatica), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), and (Nastur­ tium aquaticum) are grown sporadically/commercially. Recently, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi has established a National Research Centre on Makhana at Darbhanga (Bihar). Aquatic vegetables are rich in nutrition, dietary fibres, phyto-chemicals and antioxidants. Aquatic vegetables like lotus root, gorgon fruit, water chest nut, watercress, Para cress, water dropwort, ( Wasabia japonica) possess various kinds of alkaloids useful in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Water spinach () which is available in plenty o f during rainy season of submerged areas of several of the North-East India including Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa possesses antioxidant activity and shows anti cancer activity against vero, Hep. 2 and A. 549 cancer cell lines. Apart from nutritional and medicinal importance adhered with the aquatic veg­ etables; they play an important role in maintaining the wetland ecosystem. Sustaining the health of wetland ecosystem is sine qua non in the changing climatic catastro­ phe. Wetlands besides providing the innumerable services to mankind like control­ ling floods, replenishing groundwater, providing livelihoods to local population, sup­ port a rich biodiversity of aquatic . In India, the number of aquatic species exceeds more than thousand, however, very limited efforts have been made to col­ lect, characterize and maintain the genetic wealth of aquatic vegetables whereas China claims to maintain the world's largest gene bank of aquatic vegetables. Aquatic vegetables are eco-friendly and least suffers from any major diseases and pests and can be raised without applying any chemicals. Concerted efforts are needed to un­ ravel the genes lie behind some of these significant attribute such as resistance to pests and it may be used to improve other crops also. Research strategies are needed to map the genetic sequences of some of the promising aquatic species. In recent past, study made on the role of aquatic plants in bioremediation may prove boon in mitigating the several environmental problems. Further, genetic engi­ neering may play a pivotal role in enhancing the natural phyto-remediation capabili­ ties and genes may be trapped from a micro-organism or may be transferred from one plant to another variety better adapted to the environmental conditions. The writing book on Aquatic Vegetables was an arduous task to author because not much headway has been made in generating and corroborating the scientific information on aquatic vegetables. The author is highly indebted to those of several researchers who made significant contribution to strengthen this novel topic. It is the first edition of the book and seems to be the first exhaustive literature on aquatic vegetables also. Author will be highly grateful for constructive criticism and sugges­ tion for its improvement in coming edition. My foremost gratitude goes to Dr. C.D. Mayee, Chairman, Agricultural Scien­ tists' Recruitment Board, New Delhi for encouragement and writing a foreword of this book. In bringing out this publication, I express my profound gratitude to Prof. G. Kalloo, Vice-Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, M. P. for his encouragement and appreciation. I am grateful to eminent Scientist Prof. Kirti Singh, Ex. Chairman, Agricultural Scientists' Recruitment Board, New Delhi for his unflinching support and guidance. I extend my deep appreciation to Dr. H.P. Singh, Deputy Director General (Horticulture), I.C.A.R., New Delhi who gave unstinted support and co-operation. I express my heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Mathura Rai. Director, IIVR, Varanasi whose incisive inputs contributed much to the quality of the book. I am thankful to my collogues Dr. P. M. Singh, Dr. Jagdish Singh, Dr. Major Singh and Dr. B. Singh for giving their support and valuable suggestions for dwelling the various aspects of aquatic vegetables.My thanks are also due to M ;. Priti Khemariya for proof reading of the manuscript. 1 would like to put on record my appreciation to Prof.L. L. Somani, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, Rajasthan for publishing this book. I am thankful to Shri Deepak Vishwakarma for word processing and beautifully arranging the photo­ graphs.

14 January, 2010 A.K. Pandey Varanasi o< AGRICULTURAL SCIENTISTS RECRUITMENT BOARD Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-I, PUSA, New Delhi-110012

Foreword Aquatic vegetables embedded with minerals and phyto­ chemicals thrive well in water pool, lakes, rivers, marshy lands, ditches and other wetlands. Consumption of aquatic vegetables is in vogue since time immemorial in several parts of the country. Earlier mentions indicate that the Egyptians were fond of the consumption of rhizomes of Nymphaea lous. Orient lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been widely cultivated and its fruits and rhizomes were used in a variety of cooked and fresh dishes for many centuries as also have the rhizomes of Dr. C.D. Mayee Sagittaria trifolia, the flowery seeds of gorgon fruit (Euryale ferox) and C hairm an the starch rich fruits of Trapa spp. Canadian wild rice (Zizania aquatica) has been eaten by north American Indians for over 300 years and is now grown commercially. Apart from nutritional importance of aquatic vegetables, their medicinal attributes are also immense. Wasabi (Wasabia japonica) is an important aquatic vegetable of Japan which sup­ presses the growth of stomach cancer cell and is considered a powerful digestive stimulant, exhibiting strong antioxidant properties with fifteen powerful hydroxyl scavenging agents. In the entire gamut of aquatic wealth, what is needed is knowledge as to how many other aquatic plants, especially those which grow in profusion and are described as weeds or underutilized edible herbage may be usefully converted to human food, because this is obviously more efficient and rewarding than having first to feed the plant material to an animal for conversion into edible products. Apart from nutritional and medicinal importance of aquatic vegetables, they are the integral part of wetland ecosystem, which play multifaceted benefits in terms of maintaining the urban water bodies in flood control, amenity uses, wild life and numerous environmental benefits in very holistic manner. Never the less, wetlands in India, as elsewhere are increas­ ingly facing several anthropogenic pressures. The rapidly expanding human population, large scale changes in land use/land cover, burgeoning growth of numerous projects and wanton use of watersheds have all caused a substantial decline of wetland resources of the country. These have led to hydrological perturbations, pollution and their devastating ef­ fects. Healthy wetlands are essential in India for sustainable food production and availability of water for humans and livestock. They are also necessary for the continued existence of world's diverse populations of wildlife and plant species. Writing the book on AQUATIC VEGETABLES is an appreciable effort of Dr. A.K. Pandey. I have firm believe that this piece of work will prove boon in strengthening the research work on underutilized aquatic vegetables and will serve a valuable source of literature lo students, research scholars, town planners and environmentalists.

Date: 29.04.2010 Dr. A.K. Pandey-Author

Dr. A.K. Pandey is Principal Scientist at Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. He is ARS Scientist of 1985 batch. Dr. Pandey obtained his M.Sc. (Ag.) and Ph.D. degree in Horticulture from C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. He participated in the 1st International Post Graduate course on Protected Agriculture in Arid and Semi-arid region at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. He has published more than 65 research papers^55 popular articles and review articles in journals of national and international repute. Dr. Pandey till date has written 7 books (i) Bharat mein Sabji Utpadan : Pramukh Kismein avam Vikas ki Taknike (ii) Grih Vatika avam Hamara Swasthya, (iii) Pattivali Sabjiya (iv) Alpupyogi Sabjiyan, (v) Nai Sajiya (vi) Undrutilized Vegetables and (vii) Dalhani Sabjiya. Dr. Pandey is a prolific writer and he has received several awards and honours for his distinguished academic contribution. Defence Research and Development Organization (D.R.D.O.), Ministry of Defence, Government of India bestowed the honour by giving him first prize of Raj bhasa Puraskaronhisbook Bharat mein Sabji Utpadan : Pramukh Kismein avam Vikas ki Taknike. Ministry of Home Affairs, Department of Official Language, Government of India conferred the honour by giving him Rajbhasa Puraskar for 2003-04 under National Award Scheme for original book writing on Gyan Vigyan on his book Grih Vatika avam Hamara Swasthya. Defence Research and Development Organization (D.R.D.O.), Ministry of Defence, Government of India second time conferred him Rajbhasa Puraskar on his book Pattivali Sabjiya. Dr. Pandey is a member on board of a number of scientific societies and academic panels. He is a Member of Editorial Board of Indian Society of Vegetable Science (I.S.V.S.) Varanasi and Member of Board of Studies, Mahatma Gandhi Gramoday University, Chitrakut (MP).

Aquatic vegetables

This book covers valuable information on number aquatic edible greens; found a cross the globe in various submerged places lying in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions. In India, a number of aquatic vegetables viz., water chest nut (Trapa spp.), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), and watercress ( aquaticum) are grown sporadically/commercially. Recently, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi has established a National Research Centre on Makhana at Darbhanga (Bihar). Aquatic vegetables are rich in nutrition, dietary fibres, phyto-chemicals and antioxidants and may play a pivotal role in reducing the malnutrition in general and micronutrient malnutrition in particular. Apart from nutritional and medicinal importance adhered with the aquatic vegetables; they play an important role in maintaining the wetland ecosystem. Sustaining the health of wetland ecosystem is sine qua non in the changing climatic catastrophe. In India, the number of species exceeds more than thousand, however, very limited efforts have been made to collect, characterize and maintain the genetic wealth of aquatic vegetables. Aquatic vegetables are eco-friendly and least suffers from any major diseases and pests and can be raised without applying any chemicals. Concerted efforts are needed to unravel the genes lie behind some of these significant attribute such as resistance to pests and it may be used to improve other crops also. Research strategies are needed to map the genetic sequences of some of the promising aquatic species. Keeping above facts in view, aquatic vegetable book has been authored and it seems to be the first exhaustive literature on aquatic vegetables also. Contents

Page No. Foreword Preface

1- Aquatic Vegetables-Introductory Consideration 1-15 Aquatic vegetables- a major component of aquaculture 1 Nutritional Importance of Aquatic Vegetables 2 Genetic diversity of aquatic vegetables 5 Aquatic vegetables for maintaining the wetland ecosystem 6 Wetland losses - a threat to ecological balance 7 Utilization of wastewater for growing aquatic vegetables 8 Role of aquatic vegetables in phyto-remediation 8 Future Threats 9 Contamination of aquatic vegetables through sewage water 10 Accumulation of nitrate and oxalate content in aquatic vegetables 10 Accumulation of 10 Conclusion 11 References 13

2- Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal) 16-24 Origin and distribution 17 Botanical description 18 Cultivars 18 Climate and Soil 19 Propagation 19 Seed Propagation 19 Vegetative Propagation 19 Spacing 19 Manures and Fertilizers 20 Mulching and Ratooning 20 H arvesti ng, Yi e I d and Storage 20 Plant Protection 21 Seed Production 22 Genetic Resources and Improvement 22 References 22

3- Water Chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) 25-32 Origin and Distribution 26 Botanical Description 26 Climate and Soil 27 Propagation 27 Raising the Nursery 27 Transplanting 27 Direct Seeding 27 vii AQUATIC VEGETABLES

Manures and Fertilizers 28 Photosynthesis 28 Effect of Photoperiod 28 Floral Biology 28 Harvesting, Yield and Processing 29 Varieties 29 Major Diseases 30 Major Pests 30 Genetic Resources and Improvement 30 References 31

4- Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) 33-40 Medicinal Importance 33 Origin and Distribution 34 Botanical Description 34 Chromosome Number 35 Morphological Attributes 35 Propagation 36 Agro-techniques 36 Packaging of Harvested Rhizome 37 Seed Production and Storage 37 Major Diseases 37 Major Pests 38 Genetic Resources and Improvement 38 References 38

5- Gorgon Fruit (EuryaleferoxSaUsb.) 41-48 Origin and Distribution 42 Botanical Description 42 Cytology 43 Climate and Soil 43 Cleaning of Ponds 44 Time and Method of Sowing 44 Transplanting 44 Manures and Fertilizers 44 Flowering and Fruiting 45 Harvesting and Yield 46 Drying and Processing 46 Polishing, Grading and Packaging 46 Major Diseases 46 Major Pests 46 Makhana- Cum Fish Culture 47 Genetic Resources and Improvement 47 References 47

6- Indian Red Water Lily (Nymphaeanoucltali Burm.F.) 49-51 Botanical Description 49 Agro-techniques 50

viii Contents

Propagation 51 Reference 51

7- Fragrant Water Lily (Nymphaea odorata Ait.) 52-54 Origin and Distribution 53 Botanical Description 53 Growing Habit 53 Propagation 53 Flowering and Pollination 54 References 54

8- Indian Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea stellataWiHd.) 55-57 Botanical Description 56 Agro-techniques 56 Plant Protection 56 References 57

9- Pygmy Water Lily (Nymphaea tetragona Georgi) 58-59 Taxonomic Position 58 Agro-techniques 59 Propagation 59 References 59

10- Typha angustifolia L. 60-64 Taxonomic Position 61 Morphological Description 61 Agro-techniques 62 Plant Protection 62 Genetic Resources 62 References 63

11- BroadIeafCattail(7j/>/»a/a/#b//'aL.) 65-77 Phytochemistry 66 Medicinal Uses 66 Origin and Distribution 66 Taxonomic Position 67 Botanical Description 67 Climate and Soil 67 Depth of Water in Growing Ponds 68 Propagation 69 Seed Propagation 69 Raising the Seedlings 70 Vegetative Propagation 70 Plant and Rhizome Growth 70 Photosynthesis 71 Floral Biology 71 Seed Setting and Dispersal 71 Heavy Metal Tolerance 72

ix Aquatic Vegetables

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Publisher : Agrotech ISBN : 9788183211970 Author : Pandey AK Publications

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