Practical Malay Grammar

P R A C T I C A L

MA L A Y G R A MMA R

C OMP I L E D B Y

w . G S H E L L ABE R REV . A . ,

I S S I F H E ME TH O D I ST E P I S O P M O N AR Y O T C AL C H U R C H ,

L ATE R O YAL E NG I N E E R S .

' A utﬁor o ; A Ma lay -E ngli sh Voca bula ry tlze Evolulz on o;

Mala S el n e c . etc y p li g ; t , .

D E DI TI SE CON ON .

O F T H E

S I N G APO R E

P R I N T ED AT T H E A ME R I C A N MI SS IO N P R ES S

2 8 R AFF L E S P LAC E , .

w k a s na m e i m li e s i nte nd e d a s a ra c ti c a l a i This or , i ts p , is p d

’ to E nglish -spe a ki ng pe o ple i n th e i r efforts to a cquire a k now

o f th e Ma la a n a ledge y l gu ge .

People na tura lly ﬁ n d it easier to grasp a n e w l angu age i f its gra m ma tica l co nstructio n i s expl a i n ed a s fa r a s possi ble i n the sa m e phra seology a nd o n the sa m e li nes as they ha ve bee n ac

m i n a n n h o n a nd a n a custo ed to le r i g t eir w other l gu ges . This gr a m ma r h a s therefore bee n arra nged m a i n ly o n th e usu a l pl a n o f t h e a m m a o f a n a n a a n d a ll o a i n gr rs Europe l gu ges , ph ilol gic l ve s t igati o n s a n d scie n ti fi c theories o f the l a ngu age h a ve bee n i n te nti o nallv a a s b n b n o o f a P a a voided , ei g eyo d the sc pe r ctic l

G a m m a r r .

B m a ns o f a o f a n t n y e progressive series exercises , the tte io of . the stude n t is direc ted ch ieﬂy t o wa rds t h e co n structio n o f

a a n n a a a o f a n w l b e n M l y se te ces . The dv nt ge this pl i l recog ised w he n it is re m e mbered th a t th e chief object w h ich m ost le a r n ers

a i n w i s n o t a a a b k s b ut f m n t n h ve vie to re d M l y oo , to or se e ces a nd to spe a k the l a ngu age . Th e exercises sh o uld o f c o urse b e writt e n w i thout a ny other a ssista n ce th a n the voc a bul a ry w hich a m an a n a nd m a k m a t n b e cco p ies e ch lesso , the ist es de should he

b m a n w Ke w w b e f n o n corrected y co p riso ith the y , h ich ill ou d

a 68 a n d f w n a A o f R a n p ge the ollo i g p ges . short series e d i g

E a re n a t th e e nd o f G a m m a but are i n xercises give the r r , they te nded a s ex a m ples o f M a l ay co nstructio n ra ther th a n fo r p rac i tice n re adi ng .

I t is perh a ps as well to c a utio n the stude n t a t the outset aga i n st those corruptio n s o f th e l a ngu a ge which h a ve com e i n to use to a grea t exte n t a mo ng th e m ixed popul a tio n s o f th e l arg e

n f o f a re o f b ea s e/1 ka s i tow s . The ch ie these the use the ver or

21 1 5 3 1 IV P RE F ACE .

i n n m n a nd b/z a l i n P na n a nd P n the Souther Settle e ts , g e g rovi ce

a s a a fo r f m a n o f a n b a n d Wellesley , uxili ries the or tio tr sitive ver s ,

e a rti c le m z a B o f th e co n ti n u a l use o f th possessive p p y . oth these are h n n t o n a n d i n a a a n a a re C i ese co s ructi s , the M l y l gu ge they m quite u n necess ary a nd very clu sy . G W . . S .

E a n n a Methodist piscop l M issio , Si g pore ,

N o vember 1 899 .

PR E FA C E TO T H E S EC O N D E D I TI O N .

Th e stea dy d e ma n d fo r th is M a l ay G r a m mer h a vm g n e c e s

s i tate d n n o f a n n w b k h a s b n th e pri ti g seco d editio , the hole oo ee

a f a nd a f m a e w ba a a n . c re ully revised , ver l lter tio s de

Pa a a I O I o n o f 771 h a s b n re wri t r gr ph , the use the preﬁx , ee te n ; a nd a m ore com plete list o f co m pou n d words h a s bee n

b fo r th e i n L n XXV I I a a n su stituted old list esso . This l tter ch ge h as b ee n m ade possible o wi ng to th e publ ica tio n o f my M a l ay n a b a w t h e n f w E glish Voc ul ry , to hich stude t is re erred here the

m n f m w t a n a a w a re n m o co pou ds or ed i h y p rticul r ord very u er us .

Ma l a cca 1 0 . , 9 4 A B L E E T OF CONT NTS .

PRON U N CIAT ION AN D ORT H OGRAP H Y

L E SSO N S

. A b a n a n d A I The r ticle , Su st ti ves djectives

P o na no n I I . ers l Pro u s The Possessi ve C a se Possessive Pro nou n s

m o n t a P n n I I I . De s r tive ro ou s I n terr o ga ti ve Pro nou n s

Rel a tive Pro no u n s Reﬂective Pr o no u ns Adverbs

Prepositio n s Co nju nctio n s

Nu mera ls Fr a ctio na l n u mber s Collec tive n u m bers Ti m e The Ver b A uxili a ries

The Ver b A d d

Questi o n s a n d A n swers

Nega ti ve Auxili a ries a nd th e use o f

' The Verb s S a d a /z a nd H a bzs The Verb K m: The Ver b B ri

m a n o f th e P a XI V . For tio lur l N u mer a l C o — e fﬁc i e n ts or Cl a ssiﬁers

G e nder Co m pa r iso n o f Adjectives T VI TABLE O F CO N TEN S .

a b XVI . Deriv tive Ver s I n tra nsi tive a n d Tr a n sitive

XVI I . The Preﬁx m

XVI I I . Th e Pa ssive Voice The Preﬁx fer

P be? X IX . The reﬁx

Deriva tive N ou n s ( a The Pre fix p b ) The Prefix p a nd S uffix a n

‘ ( e ) Th e Preﬁx p er a nd S uﬁi x a n

d f a n XXI . ( ) The S u fix ( e ) The Prefix k (f ) The Prefix k a nd Suffix a n

P ber a nd f a n ( g) The refix , Su fix ( /Z The Suffix cm w i th red upl ic a tio n

n n XXI I . I terjectio s Pu n ctua tio n Words Co m pou n d Se n te n ces A djectiv a l Cl a uses

A b a a XX I I I . dver i l Cl uses

U se o f P n XX I V . The repositio s

m n a a a m XXV . Ele e t ry M l y I d io s Polite Ph ra ses The U se o f B la m e The U s e o f

o f a n n XXVI . Words S i m il r M ea i g

m n XXVI I . Co pou d Words

o XXVI I I . R eligi us Ter m s

a m m a a a XX IX . The Moh ed n C le n d r R EAD IN G EXERCISES

KE Y TO TH E E xE Rc I SE s PR ON U NC I ATI ON A N D O RTI IOG RA PH Y

For writi ng their o wn l a ngu age the M a l ays h a ve borrowed A a b wh o ak thei r ch a ra cters from the r s . Those i nte n d to m e a thorough study o f the M a l ay l a nguage a nd litera ture wi ll there

fore ﬁ nd i t n ecessa ry to lea r n to rea d the Ara bic ch a ra cter . B ut fo r the majority o f those who wish to lea r n the rud i m e n ts o f the M al ay l a nguage the di fﬁculty o f obta i n i ng a n y flue ncy i n rea d i ng a ne w ch a racter ofte n a ppea rs so grea t as eve n to discourage a b n n n a n h e them from m aki ng egi i g . For th is re so t M al ay l n n w ords i n th is gra m m a r a re a lpri n ted i Rom a letters . The sys te m o f roma n isi ng a dopted is th e sa m e a s h as bee n used i n ’ S /zella bea r s Voca bula r Tr lot Voca bula r th e S tra i ts y , the ig y , Voca bula r S tra i ts D i a lo ues Ma la a nd E u li s/z S c/zoolP ri mer y , g , y g , a n d all th e other M a l ay public a tio n s o f the A m eric a n M issio n P s m n a a m a s a w ha s b n ress . Th is sy te is esse ti lly th e s e th t hich ee u n iversally a d o pted fo r rom a n isi ng the A m oy a nd Swa tow a n d a o f n a n a a nd m m a oth er di lects the Chi ese l gu ge , is so eti es c lled

the Ra tio nal System .

Vo w e ls

Th e ﬁve vowel s h ave th e c o n ti n e n ta l sou nds

l/ r o a i bole s i n a l e . s n a a f . / e u a s i n ri i e a s the ey i n f z y . n e

' i a s i n ra t i ue .

I n a n a b i n a a as i n n a a ll dd itio to the ove there is M l y , e rly : n a a n a a n dth e r m w n w i s f n or e t l l gu ges , si ple vo el sou d hich o te w n I n ff c a lled th e short vo el sou d . the di ere n t syste ms o f m a n n o o w n ha s b n a n t ro isi g , th is sh rt v el sou d ee v riously represe ’ b a a e e u a nd 27 b ut a ll o f ff n t m o f ed y , , , , , , these d i ere ethods represe n ti ng this vowel sou n d a re ope n to th e grea t objectio n th a t they m islea d both E uropea n s a nd na tives i n to g ivi ng i t a n n n a n E n h a s i nc o rrect pro u ci tio . xperie ce shown th a t th e bes t wa n a i n n w n w y to spell words co t i g the short vo el sou d , ith a w n d n a n n a n vie to helpi g the stu e t to correct pro u ci tio , is to m n o f o om it th e vowel a ltogether . This o issio the short v wel is th e peculi a r fea ture o f the sy stem o f rom a n isi ng used i n th is a m m a ac n o f w c a n n gr r . The ex t sou d this short vo el o ly be a n b e a r i t d o e s no t i n a n E n i w o f o ne a le r t y ; , , occur y gl sh ord syll ble b ut a m d n a a f- e s n , is l ost i e tic l with the h l vow l ou d i n PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

“ m a n nd b a b o f a s a a n . the first sy ll le such words ch i e , lloo n n na n m a w b w n Whe two co so ts co e together without vo el et ee , th e first co n so na n t m ust b e co nsidered a s h a vi ng the short or n n n a nd f n a a a s i here t vowel sou d , is there ore sou ded sep r tely , . l-lfa s t- i b-ba l e tc b n na n c/z Hz 3 b fi a nd , p , , . The dou le co so ts , , , g , u a re o f n a s a n fo r n y course exceptio s to this rule , they st d si gle n k a nd li a d . n n na n s n li sou d s Where th e si gle co so ts , or would m w a n a nf n co e together , the vo el is i serted to void co usio with b bu s b a s i n ba lla n d a k s a ba a e c i n n nan t . th e dou le co so ts , , , j , ; wo ue ri w ha s b n b a n th e rd g , ho ever , it ee thought est to ret i th e n n n a n e n t o n co ve tio na l method o f spell i g w ith . Whe hree c na n m two a f m a a so ts co e together , the first usu lly or closed sy ll ble a nd mm n n ab as i n , th e thi rd co e ces the seco d sy l l le , the w m uz - ba i bi ru rz a ra i n a fe w a o w a ords , p y , c ses , h ever , e ch n na n m be n n n w n a s m -l-to co so t ust g ive its i here t vo el sou d , , p , -u-bus s -d -ka /z but w a re fe w i n n m b a p , , such ords so u er th t th ey prese n t very l ittle di fficulty . I n a a e o u ma be ma k d reg rd to the vowels , . z , , , i t y re r e th a t i n ope n syll ables the vowel sou n d h as a lways a gre a ter de f a n i n a b n a n o n n . i n gree i te sity th closed syll les For i st ce , the ’ w a a a u a i n ab a n n m ord p g the the first sy ll le , p , is pro ou ced uch b a a n i n n a b . I n i i t i i n ro der th the seco d syll le the word g g , the i h a s a n n an i n n ab i t w g stro ger sou d th the seco d syll le g , here i t “ ’ o f i bi t m a i n t h e o o/ h as m ore the sou n d i n . S i i l rly word s b a z a nd turut there is more stress o n the ope n syll a bles bo a nd tu “ a n o n ab d oll a nd rut w a i n th the closed syll les , here s such ’ ' w a s a a a i i oa o a nd s us u t a a o n ords p , g g , j here is h e vy stress b a b a nd a i n w a s c/zi uc/zi u oth syll les ; so lso such ord s , ’ oua ob buu leus b ab are p , g , where oth syll les closed , the stress is a i n ab b ut m a n i n n a equ l the two sy ll les , is uch lighter th ope syll b f a a a nd w a n . les , th e vo el there ore ppe rs to h ave shorter sou d I t should perh a ps b e rema rked here th a t E nglish -speaki ng perso n s h a ve a stro ng te nde ncy to mi spro nou nce the M a l ay vowel a b n E n n fo r n a n o ne f n , y givi g it the short glish sou d ; i st ce , o te he a rs the word api pro n ou nced so meth i ng like the E nglish word ” a n w 12 a nd a b o f a u a u h ppy , o ly ith out the , the first sy ll le p j g is ” f n n n k n w an a nd n o te pro ou ced li e the E gl ish ord p , the seco d ” s y llable is pro n ou n ced so th a t it w ould rhym e with ba ng . S uch a n no t a t all i n a a a n a a n d short sou ds d o exist th e M l y l gu ge , a f a a b o f a a a n should be very c re ully voided . The first sy ll le p f g ” be n n m k n w un a nd should pro ou ced ore li e the E glish ord p , the seco n d sy lla b le should b e m a de to rhy m e w ith th e E nglish “ ” n word you g . The sou nd 0 or u i n the l a st sy lla ble o f m a ny words is no t as 0 u n n a b quite the sa me ei ther th e or the sou d give ove . PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 3

b ut ab a f wa b w n n so a m is out h l y et ee those sou ds , th t so e perso n s w an 0 a nd a u fo r n a n o ne m a w rite oth ers ; i st ce , y rite either ubor

ubur ra mbot ra mbut m ot m ut . m a or , or , j p or j p I t tters little wh ich way such words a re writte n t heir true pro nu nci atio n c a n f m a a a n o n ly b e le r t ro a M l y . n two w m b m b e n Whe vo els co e together , oth ust sou ded , but m t b e run n n a u b m the ﬁrst us i to the seco d , thus eco es very “ ” n a n o f o w i n c o w a s i s a u ma u a n d a i h as al e rly the sou d , p , , “ ” ' m n o f n i i n i c e a s s uu a i a ba i lea a i ost the sou d the E glish g , p , .

C ons o n a n t s .

n na n i n a a a re n n a s i n E n The co so ts M l y pro ou ced glish , ex cept th a t the 7' should a lways b e sou nded much m ore clea rl y nd i n a with m ore o f a ri ng th a n n E glish . The co n so na n t 72g n a n n i n a a a nd b e n represe ts si gle sou d M l y , should pro ou n ced ” ” k fi i n n n a s i n n a n li e the g si ger , ever si gle ; the l tter sou d is n i n a a b u : s i - u a a nd s i n - a ll S o represe ted M l y y gg , thus g , g g . a - -u a /e i uu u no t uu u but u u. n n a a no t lso g is g , g Fi l M l y is n b ut a b i n w m b e n n sou ded , the syll le hich i t occurs ust pro ou ced n a nd b a a n i n as to very short i deed , th e re th dr w so produce the n n o f n a a t end o f a shorte i g th e sou d . The postrophe the sylla ble n i a a m a n a o i d c tes si i l r abrupt sou nd . Whe the postr phe is fou nd b e w n two w n a a b e n n t ee vo els , it i d ic tes th t they should pro ou ced ’ ’ a a t a s l a / ha s a er/ea ta a u mu a i . n t ff o f sep r ely , , p , Fi l lso the e ect n n a ab but no t m t a n a f as m shorte i g the l st syll le , ore h h l uch as ﬁ na l 13. I n the tra nsliter a tio n o f the purely Ara b ic le t ters no di sti nc t n h as b n ma b w n a nd lo io ee de et ee C a ; u“ C

o ; o r a nd 5 A a b a b n train sli te r L3 The other r ic letters h ve ee

’ ’ a a s f w Hz a /z a l ted ollo s 5 z : g , la, tl C , , , L) u ,

li na a Cg 5 f The s l letter a which ch a nges its sou nd , a n w w n w n b ccord i g to the vo el ritte ith it , is represe ted y a b a n a b f rough re thi g pl ced e ore th e vowel . The hyphe n i s used to sep a ra te from the words to which are a a f a nd a they tt ched those prefixes , su fixes , other p rticles w no t f m a n n a a o f wo f h ich do or i tegr l p rt the rd i tsel . These a re : th e preposi tio n la the a bbrevi a ted n u mera l s the pa ssive ’ - - - fi a i n m na ffi .éu uzu a n d u a a nd pre x , the pro o i l su xes , , , y , the ’ a -la /z -ua /z J o b n a i p rticles , , , . The prepositio is d isti n gui s h e d from th e p a ssive pr e fi x fli by the a bse nce o f the hyphe n . A 4 MAL Y GRAMMAR .

L ESS ON I .

Th e A rti c le S ub s t a n ti ve s a n d A d e cti ve s . , j t

i n n i n n o a a a . a I . There is deﬁ ite rticle M l y The djective a wa f w b a n w a l y s ollo s the su st tive h ich i t qu li ﬁes .

ruuza /t a . bs a r bi a , house , g , l rge . ’ b ua a a . b ua t n , horse , stro g . ora u a m a n i l” . ba g , , good .

ruma / bs a r a a o z , l rge h use . ’ bua a bun t a n o , stro g h rse , o ra u ' ba i b a o m a n g , go d .

2 P ak n a no n a i n . roperly spe i g there i s lso deﬁ ite rticle a a b ut m n a n n i tu a s ometi mes M l y , the de o str tive pro ou , th t , is t o n a nd f w n n o r used supply th is d eﬁcie cy , ollo s the ou a djective .

’ buda bua a i u t . or , the horse

ora u b ua t o r ora n bua t i tu n m a n . g g , th e stro g

I n m n n i n w b a s ub 3 . si ple se te ces , hic h the su ject is s ta nti ve a nd th e a a n a two o n on a re pred ic te djecti ve , c structi s c o m m o nly used

a b a f w b m o n . The su ject is pl ced ﬁrst ; ollo ed y the de stra o n n i tu a n d a a a t e nd o f h e tive pr ou , the djective is pl ced the t nt n a s se e ce ,

/ i tu bs a r a ruma . z , the house is l rge

a a fo w b b. a The djective is pl ced ﬁrst , usu lly llo ed y the fﬁ - /a /t w n a n a a b a nd m expletive su x ( h ich is u tr sl t le , is erely used fo r m a a n d t h e b a n fo w b th e m n a e ph sis), su st tive llo ed y de o str tive pro n ou n o r s o m e o ther pa r t o f speech i s pl a ced a t the e nd o f n n a s th e se te ce , ,

- u ' i u m a n a i b la /z b ra t . b g , the is good / i u bi s a r bun a t . b , the horse is g

This c o n structi o n is m ore e m ph atic th a n the for m er .

I n a a n o n o n o f t b a n 4 . M l y there is decle si ei her su st tives o s r a djective .

“ b be m ed i n m 5. The ve r to is seldo express such si ple P A T M R M R C ICAL ALAY G A MA R. 5

M a l a y - se nte nce s a s are de alt w ith i n th e e a rly ch a pte rs o f this a m m a a nd o t b e a n L n n . g r r , should tr sl ated esso X is devoted ’ M lav b a a a to the use o f the a ver .

VOCABULARY .

’ 1 s U I ‘ I V S x0 ; N . A J E C E

vz e wa . a i b o r b . y , ter , g od buda k bo bs a r bi a , y , girl . , g , l rge . ba o l b/za ru n u a . w e . j , c t ,

~ /ta ri d a . / ba ez t ell d . , y f , u r b lt a a la a . e i l m j , o d , s ll . ta b a buc . u t n . , horse , stro g

ora u o n m a n . lurus a g , pers , , str ight .

' i 71tzt a . V i ua la y a z p , door , g te , l y . k n u ra a . a a s h o t . j , i g p , m a /t u a u a m . a n . , house p j g , lo g ’ s um t ] eua eb o , letter p , sh rt . s a k j , cold .

EXERCISE I .

1 2 3 4 a n bi . A g re t ki g . A s hort letter . The g door A ne w 6 7

i s a . h Th e bad o n . a s T e d c o a t . pers The ro d tr igh t ay 9 Th a s ho o i s o n e wa w o . ne a t h rse str g . ter c ld The w c o t ‘ 2

o n . s ma b o wa s a z o n a is l g The ll y l y The l g ro d i s good . 1 3 The big hor s e i s stro ng .

L ES S ON I I .

P e rs o n a l P ro n o un s .

f w n a re na n n m s m m 6 . The ollo i g the perso l pro ou s o t co o n ly i n use

a n a e n a n nf i n a nk a fa m f . a n Whe ddr ssi g i erior r or ili r rie d ,

e n a n a / u . Si gul r , I st perso , z ud un a u g k . ’ a 3rd a i a or i .

P a I s t n bi ta o r ba mi . lur l , perso , d a u z u b m .

' rd a za d za ora u ra u o z tu. g , g , or g

' W n a n a o a n a i n a nk he ddressi g superi r , or equ l r ,

n a I s t s n Si gul r , per o ,

z ud tua u . ’ a t a 3rd a i o r .

Plu ral . Th e sa m e a s a bove . 6 P RACTICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

b n a 7 . The perso na l pro nou n a u is com mo ly used by M a l ys a m n a n s a /z a a m o g the mselves . Europe s use y l ost exclusively . K a mi but n a a nd is little used i t exclud es the perso ddressed , is therefore the correct pro nou n to use i n praye rs a ddressed to the

Deity .

u n n n i s a a f r a s 8 . The use o f the z d perso pro ou voided s a b k a n . na m a n n possi le The e or r , or the rel tio wh ich the perso a ddressed be a rs to the spea ker bei ng substi tuted . Thus a M a l ay i o a a n Y o u a re bi sa n i s a b b a bo . would y , Joh g y , r ther th g y

[ I n . a i s m i n n a n . n i a 9 seldo used co vers tio writi g, is ’ n a d a i a fo r b a u fo r b a n . Or ge er lly used the su ject , the o ject g a n n o f rd n f m a but dded to th e pro ou the 3 perso or s the plur l , the plura l n eed n o t be expressed u nless a mbiguity would a rise ’ f m a ro the use o f the si m ple pro n ou n a i .

- . S a b n n us e n n n I O The tr its or Chi ese the Chi ese pro ou s , oa a nd la o u w n n n a m n m g , I , , y , he co versi g o g the selves , a nd it ha s beco me com m o n a mo ng Europea n s i n the S tr a its to use n n lu w n a n a nd a m the pro ou h e dd ressi g the C h i nese T ils . A a a n be a e b n n la w M l y should ever dd r ssed y this pro ou , h ich “ w be n 4 ould co sidered as a n a ffro nt .

Th e P o s s e s s i ve C a s e .

n n a f 1 1 . Whe o e su bsta n tive i s pl a ced i mm ed i a tely ter a nother the seco nd su bsta ntive i s i n the possessive ca se . Thus :

’

ba u ra a k n a . j j , th e i g s co t

Si m il a rly a pro n ou n pl aced i mm edi a tely after a n ou n i s i n the a as possessive c se , ,

/ a ruma /t s a z m . y , y house

1 2 . The possessive ca se m ay a lso b e form ed by placi ng the possessive p a rticle p uuy a a fter either a n ou n or pro nou n ; the nou n or pro n ou n si gn ify i ng the possessor the n preced es the n n s n f n n a s ou ig i y i g the thi g possessed , ,

’ k a ra a uu a ba u n . j y y j , th e i g s co t

sa b a un a f uma /z m ; y p y , y house

NOTE — The ﬁrst m ethod o f expressi ng the p o ssess ive c a se s o b e n a but w n b i s h uld ge er lly used , he the o ject possessed n to uu a qua liﬁ e d by a n a djective i t i s m ore co nve ie n t use p y . f n use o f uu a w i s a n s m a nd The reque t p y , ho ever , Ch i e e id io , , T P RAC ICAL MALAY GRAMMAR . 7

mm a -b n n se be a though co o n with the Str its or Chi e , should voided by Europea ns who wish to speak with a ny a pproa ch to o c rrect ness .

P o s se s s i ve P ro n o u n s .

n n v n i I 3 . Properly speaki g the o ly possessi e pro ou ns n - - - a a a re fﬁ x .éu m n mu a nd u a M l y the su es , i e ; , yours ; y , h is or a r ll n b a n n n n theirs . These e a joi ed y hy phe to the ou expressi g n a s the thi g possessed , ,

- ba u bu m a . j , y co t rum a /t -mu , your house . ’ bua a -u a hi s y , horse .

Of these o n ly -uy a is used i n co nversa tio n ; -bu a nd -ma b n n i n w n m n ei g o ly used ritte co positio s .

All n a n n b m n n I 4 . perso l pro ou s eco e possessive pro ou s whe n pl aced a fter the n ou n expressi ng the object possessed or b a n o f o a a u a as a n y the dditio the p ssessive p rticle y y , expl i ed a a 1 a bove i n p r gra ph 2 .

1 n b a n w no n 5. Whe the su st tive h ich the possessi ve pro u a i s m n s w n the qu liﬁes o itted or u der tood , or he possessive pro n n m a o f a s n n f m uu a ou co pletes the pred ic te e te ce , the or p y m s be s a s u t u ed , ,

’ - a i a la /i s a /z a uu a i s m n . y p y , i t i e ’ ruma /t i tu a i a uu a i s h i s . p y , the house

VOCABU LARY .

' ‘ T i s . S U BSTA N I I V E S . A1)J EC V E

~ /zi ta m b a k . a ua k . , child , l c - .é ba a fa . a a . p , ther y , rich bosou m bi ua ta u a n m a . . g , i l g , e pty / mi s bi u lei eta a a a . . , c rt , c rri ge , poor ’ ‘ a ua a i ba ki le f . . , g , oot p , clever uteb w la u s . t e a . , p , hite ti n i . lm bu b k . a . , , ulloc gg , high , t ll

b x sa bi t k . ti o . p , , sore , sic

. ta u a u a n . g , h d

~ tua u m a . , ster

’ I Ro NO U N S .

’ a za ta h e . s hi a bu s a li a m e m . , y , I , , , he , , her , ’ ’ za cli a o u Mm l a e . a ra ora u z tu mi w , , , , us g , g ,

a u ba u tua u ba mu . m . g , , , you they , the 8 P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

bu a bu - ua a e m m n . ma a u u a ba mz a etc . , p y , t , y , i e , g p y , ; your , ﬁ lm uu a ba mz uu a p y , p y , our , y ours .

- . di a a u a u a hi s ours y y , y , , her ,

h ers , their , theirs .

EXERCISE II .

1 o 2 o 9 o o a m a k I n re s ma llc d a n a Yo u a a h i l . M a i s I gre t g . y c r ge 4 n e w . Y b a k . Y o u re r n a we a e . our l c horse is stro g rich , poor 6 7 ’ 8 S e a wa B - a . C a n . k a m ter The h i ld s h d ulloc c rt . I the 1 ° ’ i o f k n o f a a a a n m a f ch ld the i g M l cc . The i l s oot is sore He 1 " ‘ 3 I m m a . a re . a w s y ster They clever H is co t is hi te . Thei r b 1 6 o i s a . y t ll . The e m pty bo x i s yours The hot wa ter is

i s . m a o the r The s ll b y i s h ers .

I I I L ESS O N .

D e m o n s t ra ti ve P ro n o u n s .

1 m n s a t v o n n s i n a a a re : i tu a 6. The de o tr i e pr ou M l y , th t , n b be a ad c o s e i ui t s . c a s e th ; , h is , the e They oth used ei ther j ti ve s o r a s true pro nou n s ; whe n used a s a dj e ctives they fo llow f E a m th e n o u n w hich they qu a l i y . x ples :

’ — h e i t u la /z a i a a . , th t is

a ua k i ui . , th is ch ild

1 Th e fo o w n a re a o e m o n a e n n but 7 . ll i g ls d s tr tiv pro ou s , c a n not be u s e d a s a djectives :

' i a i tu l , m e a a . ’ they , th t , the s di a i tu , l ’

i a i ui o ne . , this , th is

These for m s a re m o re e m ph a tic th a n th e a bove ; exa m ples

' ’ - i a i tu la /t ba i b m a a re n . k ua a , s l l h orses , (they) the good o es ’ ’

a ua b ora u ba a o n e m a n . i a i ui g y , th is is the rich s chi ld

I n t e rro g a t i ve {P ro n o un s

1 fo w n a re n a n n i n a a 8 . The llo i g the i terrog tive p ro ou s M l y a a a a /ta m w a a a w a s i a a w h o ma ua w w ; m c , p , h t ; p , ; , h ich , h t p h t ki nd o f.

n ma ua a nd a a ma c/ta m c a n be a s a . 19 . O ly , p used djectives i ” s a n a b m a n n w n s a s a n zl/ a ua is a l o dver , e i g here Whe u ed / h e no n . A a m a c ta ut i n terr o ga tive pro nou n i t m u s t foll o w t u p o n A a a nd s i a a c a n no m ay e ith e r pr e c e d e or follow the n u . p p t be jo i ned to a no u n . T M PRAC ICAL ALAY G RAM MA R . 9

VOCABULARY .

‘ S N o un s . A DJ EC I I V E .

a i a la f w be ware/z a n . y , o l . , cle b ba a /z f . ato , ruit n d irty .

i /ea u item s a . , ﬁsh . , h rd m/ ml ba i u . ri a , cloth , clothes , de r .

mam / . ba u w . y , ood z , red burs t a terzz a m . , ch ir . pn , l e ’ uki L , k . coo P RO N O U N S . a u bob C li m . g , p i tu a , th t, those . m a a b ’ ’ ef , t le . z m l , th is , th ese . t o r e . , gg di n i tu a , they , th t . to a i h t . p , o ne . th is , th is ’ tul a u km a n . g , wor a pa wh a t ' 3 s zap a wh o m a m: w hich wh a t apa ma c/ mm wh a t ki nd

EXERCISE III . 1 2 i b s e a . i s a . a Th is your ch ir This t le d r This cup is d irty . 6 i a i s re d wo o a i s s a e n o . s a . s Thi cl cl th Th is d , th t h rd Th i 8 ' o ne i s a m e m a n . \N a a a a e n e the l h t is th t Th t is h s gg . 9 1 " ' Who is this m a n This is m y ne w co o k . W li ic h m a n is P 3 1 3 9 1 4 l a m e Whose h a t is this W hich fruit i s th a t Wh a t 9 ? 1 6 ki nd o f ﬁsh is this Wh o s e d irt y clothes a re these Who 1 7 is th a t work ma n Wh a t is th a t frui t

L ESSON I V .

R e la ti ve P ro n o un s .

a n n i n a a a re 20 . The rel tive pro ou s M l y

u o w a w a wh a . y g , , h t , hich , th t

m a ua a n w . y g , hichever

ba ra u a n w a ha w . g y g , h t , t t h ich u a a w a w a ba ra . g p , h t , h tever u i a a ho ba ra s w w . g p , he , hoever ba ra u s i a a a n wh o w g p y g , he , hoever .

The l a st four form s a re used o n ly wh e n the n ou n e x pres s ed .

2 I n a a a n i s o f e n s e b e we n th e no a nd h e 1 . M l y y g t u d t e u n t a e e a e e no e a n n e dj ctiv which qu liﬁes i t , wh r r l tive pro ou is r e quir d P T M LAY I O RAC I CAL A GRAM MAR .

’ “ i n n a s om n a n ba zé a m a n a a m a n E glish , g y g , good , l iter lly , ho Ya n m be b f a w n w is good . g ust used e ore the djective he ' n n a m n a s tnéa n ka n a n a nd a l the ou is co pou d word , , g y y g p , a n a clever c rpe ter .

R e ﬂe cti ve P ro n o un s .

2 2 R n n i n a a a re f m f m na . eﬂective pro ou s M l y or ed ro the perso l ' ’ ' ’ ' n b a n o f s ndi rz d z rz f n i rz i s n . S a pro ou s y the dditio or , sel a a f n n a n d di d b f n n as sa lz a pl ced ter the pro ou , e ore the pro ou , y ’ ’ ’ ' ' ’ ‘ ' ' ' ' z r s a /z a d zrz kz ta S naz rz i s s nd z n a z . m mm n , y , , etc ore co o ly ’ ' n a n a a z used i n co vers tio th n rz .

’ ’ ’ ' ' d z 2 . n d n a rz m m a n b m 3 S zrz a so eti es st d y the selves . They ’ ” a r n na a nd m a n n f I n m a e the i m perso l e o e s sel . so e c ses the n n n but no t perso nal pro ou i s u derstood expressed .

n m na fﬁ -7 n -n a ma be n 2 . n d 4 The pro o i l su xes , , y , y joi e to ’ ’ ’ s na zrz ei ther or thus ,

d i ni n /a m f o wn g , or h i sel , h is .

The possessive ca se m ay b e for m ed a s usu a l by the U se o f a n a o r b a n n n a f n n as p y , y pl ci g the reﬂective pro ou ter the ou , , M i na /z ni ta l o wn ’ . ’ our house Az ta s na z n p n ny a rmna /z j

O C V ABULARY .

s E C E S No un . ADJ TI V .

b n noé b . [J a m /1 n . e n g , th i g g , e t ° ’ /z . boa o . bs z n . , i ro , stupid '

bra nz b a . a r n f k . g f , or , r ve k a w f t . nbnn a n . a , g rde g , '

lane/z ak n . nz a n zs w . , c e , pudd i g , s eet ’ m a ra / a n k f . zs a n n . p , i e z , gry ’ ma m a s ena on n . . , spoo , ri pe ’ k n a b a m . z z a I n na /1 bs i t . g , l c s i th , de d a a / / w n tnka n ka n n . s a . g y , c rpe ter z , ro g

tn ka n abn n a n . ta a zn a . g , g rd e er j , sh rp

S P RO NO U N .

a n w a w a . ba ra n s za a a n , , y g , who , h t , hich , th t g p y g he who w v ma na a n w . y g , h ichever hoe er . ’ ’ z r a z f ba m n a n w a a . s na z rz . g y g , h t , th t which , , sel ’ z n n n a {J a m /1 a a w a w a . a g p , h t , h tever p y , ’ ’ ’ o wn a ra n s la a wh o W . s nd z rz nn a b g p , he , hoever p y , j

1 P A T AL M AY GR MAR 2 R C IC AL AM .

L S S E ON VI .

n P re p o mti o s .

2 mo m m n ns a re 6. The re co o preposi tio

d f/ f m a e i . , ro (pl ces) ’ — an d eri a ua f m . n . : to p , ro (perso s) ’ ’ a a Ar- a a a o l /z b d . e p , f , to , y . ’ ' / sa ma y erta a n a n . ba z fo r. , , g , with g ,

2 a n o f a b o f a n i n a a 7 . M y the dver s pl ce give p r gra ph 2 5 a re used as prepositio n s i n combi na tio n with at, 18 a nd den , a s

’ ' ’ ’ '

a z a a /a nz n . a z a la s n . , i side , upo ’ z n o le a ta s K . o n i t , to . ’ ’ i a don ( la /a m f m n e . a er fa s f m a b . , ro i sid , ro ove

C o n jun cti o n s .

2 8 . The follo wi ng a re the pri nci pa l c o nju nctio ns :

a ta n d . da n a n . , , or

. éa /a n i f a n a nd a . p , , lso , a a a kerna fo r j g , lso . , . ' s én tta z b t . é b a u . p , , ec use ' / n /a z nna n n . s a a z b ut x i n a . , , e cepti g p y , order th t

J eri - a th a n p , th .

VOCABULARY .

R o uxs . A DV E R B S

l k ba ra n a . ba na ba . , s et g p erh ps ’ b n a l'a ra n a i ma na a s l . g , shed g , wh erever . ba ra n k - a n a bla n a n . zn j , expe ses g , ' ’ b n a na o ? d a z n m a . z z h w g g, ﬂesh , e t g , ’ ' ' ’ ’ m n k a k a n bz n b z n z . a z n z . g g g , utto g , li e th is , thus ’ ' ’

a a z n lnzbn b f b z ta k a . g g , ee . g , li e th t , so a h o ma n ? ? ner a a e . br a w h o w m g , v l ue , pric p , y uch L bra a ba n a / ’ h o ka mbi n o a . w m a n g , g t p y , y A' a f n a w n n . a , rie d (qu tity). ’ ‘ / Ka a i o . bra a acr a h o w m c e , sh p p g , uch (pri ) '

rut b a . e no h . z , re d ug C T LAY G R 1 PRA ICAL MA RA M MA . 3

( “ W W W {ari a /n te r/a nz a n . , p , too , very o m seld . I n f” a n , cert i ly alz a /n d a b fo , y e re t a y es erd y . S J EC T I V R . - AD é ma r i . z , h ther , here

k na a m a a a w h . la t n bn . p , g p , y , rou d

k a ra n . ba s a r a . g , less , co rse , rough la [be/z m . z lnzbot f . g , , ore , so t I d a af - ns a m w . Jn nra /z a . , y ter to orro , che p s a /za a n j , o ly . '

s ka lz . , quite la i n a a s w . , l ys s a k p m, li e .

E C EX R ISE VI . 1 ? 2 Whe nce is th is fri e n d o f y o urs Where is th e ba s ket wh ich ? 3 wa s here jus t n o w O n th e rou n d ta ble wi t h the brea d a nd ’ 4 ’ 5 fa r I f M fa f m . m a . a e t y ther s shop is ro here it is co rse , it 6 7 n b e a H o w m s m n ? o will certa i ly che p . uch is th i utto H w 8 m a ny goa ts a re there i n th e shed W hy is th is b rea d so h a rd 9 ? 1 0 H o w m uch were y o ur expe n ses y esterd ay How it th a t this beef is so soft ?

L S ES O N VI I .

um r l N e a s .

2 a na n m b i n a a a re : 9 . The c rdi l u ers M l y

ra n s o ne . a na nz . i or , six ’ tn o/z n a na two . . , j , seve ’ la a tz a . a n g , th ree p , eigh t . ' s n bzla n a nz a t f . z n n . p , our , i e s - a la/ te n li ma . . , ﬁve p z ,

a f w n n These m y either precede or ollo the ou .

a n o f bi a s n m a f m o ne n n 30 . The dd itio to th e u er ls ro to i e ’ f m e n n n t n a s : s -bla s a na -bla s for m s those ro elev to i e ee , , , etc . ’ n - la s u p to s nzbzla b .

f n a re f m m a b a n o f 3 1 . Multi ples o te or ed si i l rly y the dd itio ’ ' - - e to s /nla n n/o/z as s nlo/z a na nlo/z tc . nz p , p , p , , up

2 n s a tn s mbi /a n a re a a f n fo m 3 . The u its to pl ced ter the te s to r n m a n mb ab n a s a ra - n/ofz -m tn d i the i ter edi te u ers ove twe ty , z p , m ’ / - a n/o z a n . p , etc P [ 4 RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

' n ra i ns a n rz bn n o f a n 33. The hu d reds , , thous ds , , te s thous d s , ' la /es a n o f h a n k tz a nd m n n ta a re a , h u d reds t ous ds , i llio s , j , tre ted m a n n t n a re b e i n precisely th e sa e w y . No co ju c io s required ’ ' ’ - -k t tz - la s a — a .r n ta a na z a k a m a l r bn t wee n n u m er ls . Thus j g p z ' lz nza - ra tns a na nz -p n /oﬁd n/olz would represe n t

na n mb a re f m f m a na b 34 . The ord i l u ers or ed ro the c rdi ls y m a n o f w a n n n n a e s the ord y g , correspo di g to the deﬁ ite rticle ’ i n n a nd b re ﬁxi n n to a na a s a n K’ a na E glish , y p g th e c rd i ls , , y g , ’ - a n k ~ tz a bla s a n k a nz a t y g g , y g p

The o n ly exceptio n to this rule is th a t y a ng perta ma i s a l ” fo r wa ys used ﬁrst .

a s a t h e na n m b f n n Whe n used djectives ordi l u ers ollow the ou .

’ ' a n f rm na na nti a k a m a t m a . n Without the y g , the o s , g , p , etc , e ” “ ” “ ’ b a ll a ll f na - . a : nz a t n/o/z oth , three , our , etc Ex mple p p n a f . y , th e whole orty

F ra cti o n a l N u m r be s .

A a f - . x b i n a /l s tn a /z s a m/z a nd 35 h l is e pressed y g or g or p , a a b s nk n S -S lhéll ‘ a ll f qu rter y or , othe r ractio ns a re formed from a na n m b b m a n o f er th e c rdi l u ers y e s the preﬁx p , thus :

’ S — ertz a a ; tz a - em nz a t fo p g , third g p p , th ree urths ; a nzpa t er a /o/z f n e tc p p , our te ths ; .

C o lle cti ve Nu m b e rs .

6 f w n are 3 . The ollo i g the collective n u mbers i n M a l a y

a s a n a p g , p ir , couple . ’ a ns z n z n , do e . ’ ' naa z score .

O V CABULARY .

o u N ns . N o uN s . n ba tn m . lea rn t , sto e , ile , shoe .

am t w . ba /1 o f , eigh t y , roll cloth . ’ bi /a n m n m n . éoa i z , oo , o th , score . ’ a la nz a , . a s a n a depth p g , p ir , couple . ’ ' ' a a fa t m . rz n z t a p , ho gg , doll r .

ela a . , s b/a /z k a na n y rd , right . ’ ’ a a z , w . s a/a / b rl f g j ges z , le t . '

re a . /z ta n . g j , ch urch , stri g , rope

na ta n b t . g , d e / a n z a n . f , d ist ce 1 PRACT ICAL MALAY GRA MMAR . 5

I n n a n m n n N OT E . expressi g qu tities , di e sio s or weights , ' a a m s w ba n a n a a n ti n z the M l y id io require the ords y , p nf g , gg , ’ “ e tc b e a s n n w a a a la m bra t a / . , , j zz z , , to used ou s ; thus , i t eig hs ” “ k s a tn i kul bra t-n a a o ne k w two pi ul , p y , liter lly , pi ul its eight ; ” ' ' ka ki z n z - I n a m wa la nza -n a f d na t n a . eet high , gg y the s e y y ' a a be w n a n a n o f m a s a na m ust l w ys used he st ti g dur tio s ti e , , - bula n la ma n a two m n . y , o ths

EXERCISE VII .

1 2 M b n Two w n a nd y de t is twe ty dolla rs . h ite sto es 3 4 n b a k . a o f a a re f n eleve l c Three p i r shoes . H is w ges our tee 5 ? 6 o n H o n n T o fa o . d ll a rs a mo th . w lo g is this stri g w th ms 7 8 Ho w m a ny ya rds o f cloth a re the re i n thi s roll This Church 9 o ne n a nd f -ﬁ e f i n o f is h u d red orty v eet height . The depth th i s 1 ° s e a n f m A m a n m a a . is twelve hu dred tho s is seldo so he vy , h e 1 1 would perh a ps be two p i kuls i n weight . The fourth h o use 0 Q 0 1 2 ’ 0 O o n i i s m i n Y n a n i s i a n - a the r ght e . our so s l d d st t th ree qu rters o f a m f m se a ile ro the .

L E SSON VI I I .

Ti m e .

m x i n a a b o f w a lm! 37 . Ti e is e pressed M l y y th e use the ord p w a m a n k fo r o f k ( h ich liter lly e s stri e), the hours th e cloc ; thus , ' ’ S a na s - n a /z a nd t a -s i neal tz a k . t z nkn a re p g , th ree o cloc , g , g used fo r a a nd a f a nd a re a af the qu rters h l hours , pl ced ter the h ours , a n n n a i n)! Zz a s nk n i neal a nz a t without co ju ctio ; thus , p g , p p - s i n a /l . g , etc

8 Th e m n f m a f f 3 . i utes ro the hour to th e h l hour ollow the ' ' a m as a a nd a f nnol lz nza a n a s e rule the qu rter h l hours ; thus , p ° ' /on 7 z n z t wen m n a i t n . p , t ty i utes p st ﬁve

m n t f m a f 39 . The i u es ro the h l hour to the hour a re express ed by substr acti ng the m from the followi ng hour by th e use o f w k n ra n m n a re a n a nd the ord g , less ; the i utes usu lly give ﬁrst , ’ ' t n én ra n s - n /o/z nz zn z t i neal a na nz te n he the hour , thus , g p p , a m i nutes to six . The third qu rter may a lso b e expressed i n the a m wa a s kn ra n s né n néol i o/z a a s e y , , g p nf , qu rter to seve n .

n a o f m a re 40 . Future i terv ls ti e expressed by th e use o f the ' ' ' ' a b la t m a nd l a s af la z s - a la/ na n t dver s g , ore , p , ter ; thus , g p z z p nko/ ’ ’ ' ' a la a n i n te n m n w b e o c lo c k l a s z p , i utes it ill eight ; p t g a na rz ta /z n n b/za m i n a m w b e ne w a . , th ree d y s ore i t ill the ye r 16 MA LA Y GRA M MA R .

1 Pa n va s o f m a re s b w c 4 . st i ter l ti e expres ed y h i h , m : n s i n n ha s no n a n . a whe u ed th is se se , E glish equiv le t Ex ples ’ ° ' s na a /z a m rrt //a rz ora n i t” ma fz a m a n h a s b n d e a fo u p g , th t ee d r ’ ' ' ? o o o u b n d ay s ; s na a /z, brapa la ma {na n s a z a h w l ng h a ve y ee ’ /z a m re ad la ma s na a n . v , lo g ti e

RY VOC AB U LA .

N s VE S . o uN . AD RB l zn a n a n . j , r i /e l bra a w a m a m . n o j , hour p p h t ti e ' ? a z m n n . p g , or i g i t '

k s a m a z n . a a n a n . p p , pl p , u til ’ ' '

z a z m rn n . ta n a f n n . ta a p g , ter oo p g , th is o i g / a ta a n . z , y e r

' ’ ’ ‘ tﬂ ﬂ/Z lla f l HOO ll. A D EC I I E S g ; J V .

tn a /z ma la m m n . g , id igh t P O O . R N U N /a a k . g p , d r

ora n o n e n f. a m a l o f n . g , (i de , old ( th i gs) ‘

A DV E R B s . la nz ba z a w . , l te , slo m — d a na l a 5715 m . . , to y ﬁ , tired , we ry

f t . tna o fli vi n la ma n o m a . , lo g ( i e) , old ( g cre tures)

EXERCISE VIII .

1 1‘ ’ 3 ? o ne k I t h a s b Wh a t ti me i s it no w Nea rly o cloc . ee n d a rk 4 ? H o w m n w i t a n k H o a lo ng ti m e . uch lo ger ill r i li e this w 6 l o ng h a ve th ese pl a n ks bee n we t li ke this Two hour s a nd th ree A to A s a a s t o ne a . b e qu a rters . qu rter th ree l te h is is sure to 9 1 ” - i w n ﬁve m n to w . m n n a t a f tired . T e ty i utes t elve Th s or i g h l ’ 1 " f no n o k i n a . m no o n n t pa st four . Th ree o cl c the ter o Fro u il a f t we n t y mi n utes p st our .

L ESS ON I X .

Th e Ve rb .

b i n a a m a be n C 2 . a m 4 Ver s M l y y d ivided i to two l sses , pri itive a nd d eriva tive .

m b a re w a re b i n Pri itive ver s those h ich ver s thei r root form s .

a b a re f m f m w m a b e b Deriv tive ver s or ed ro roots hich y ver s , b a n a a n a o f b su st tives , djectives , or y oth er p rts speech , y the f f b t n o . a dd i io preﬁxes or su ﬁxes , or oth

The verb h a s ge ne rallv the sa me positio n m the se nte n ce as i n E nglish . P RACT ICAL MA L AY G RAMMA R .

P m b m a b e a n v n a n a s 43 . ri itive ver s y either tr siti e or i tr sitive , ,

' '

a n z l a . er z o p gg , c l l p g , g

b i n m f m b n a s b n i n 44 . The ver i ts si ple or is est co sidered ei g m a m n n a b n n a o f the i per tive ood , seco d perso , th t ei g the o ly p rt the verb w hich ca n i n a ll ca ses b e expressed without t he use o f

s f a a b a . preﬁx , u ﬁx , uxili ry ver or p rticle

A ux i li a ri e s

fo w n a a b a a re to 4 5. The llo i g uxili ry ver s or p rticles used ex n o r a s a a press the te ses , uxili ries proper

’

a a a i a re . , s , ' ’

tza a a n o t w no t . , i s , ill ’ s h a s h d s n a a /z wa a . , , d id , ,

' t/a /z wa s ha s h ad o n i n wri ti n , , did , , , ( ly used g) w o s mea n w a . , i ll , sh ll , uld , hould w ma n w a . , ill , sh ll , ould , should ’ /z n a a é w a w . , ill , sh ll , ould , should

bole/z c a n m a m . , , could , y , ight ’

a a a t c a n ma m . p , , could , y , igh t a i n t p , ough t .

a a b b ut ma b e 6 . a 4 These uxili ries precede the ver , y pl ced b f o r af t h e b o f n n as either e ore ter su ject th e se te ce , ,

’ s a lly a s n a a /z p erg z L I e n t ’ w . s na a n s a /zy a ﬂa g , 5

I n n a n m b f w n a n a . a fre 47 co vers tio , pri itive ver s ollo i g uxili ry que n tly re ma i n i n t h e si m ple ro o t for m . The preﬁxes required b a m a n d a m o s n a a b i n w t y ore correct style , l t i v ri ly used ri te n

o m n w be a w a t . c positio , ill de lt ith l er

a a a re f n f n i n n n 4 8 . The uxili ries reque tly ou d se te ces where n o b i n a a m there is ver , such c ses the copul or so e ver b i s m a s : i plied ,

’ a n ka n fzn a a k k - ma na w a re o u n g h ither y (goi g). ' ' ' ’ zka n z n z s na a /z bn so/e h a s b m bad , this ﬁsh ( eco e) . ' ’ ' ' la z a na na r na n t m a s a k i n two a w be g z z , d y s it i ll ( ) ri pe .

The a bove m e ntio ned a uxili a ries should no t be used to ex press pa st or future te n ses whe n the te n se is evide n t from the co n text .

u li a r u s e o f s m e r P e c o ve b s i n th i s le s s o n .

wa i n m a a b a re 49 . The y which so e M l y ver s used di ffers so 1 8 P RACT I CAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

a na n m uch from the E nglish id iom th a t their use requires expl tio . ( a ) There a re two words i n M a l ay fo r g o

a /a n b a n o f n a s b n i n e a s j descri es th e ctio goi g ei g progr ss , ,

a la n laa s o k t a o a t a a a . j , g quic ly , h t is , g r pid p ce

' er z w o n a s a n a n a s p g vie s th e g i g si gle ctio , , ' ea s o k a o m m a er z L . p g , g quic ly , th t is , g i ed i tely

' ( b) The words perg z a n d ja la n c a n n ot b e used i n such expres

n a s o i n o o o w n o m . a o f sio s , g , g out , g u p , g do , g ho e , etc , e ch a b n b a n a a w a s f w th ese ide s ei g expressed y si gle M l y ord , ollo s , ’

m a son nlzza r n a zé tnrnn n /a n . a o f w , , , , p g E ch these ﬁve ord s expresses the ide a o f com i ng a s w ell a s goi ng ; they m ust there b e fo r m i n m f a . ore lso used co e , co e out , etc ( 6) I n M a l ay the object whe n it is a pro n ou n is ofte n om it ’ ’ as s a n a s na a /z a a a t a f n S m a ted ; , y p , I h ve ou d i t . i il rly such “ ” “ ” words a s so m e a n d o ne are n o t tr a n sl a ted whe n they for m ' ' b o f n n a s er z c/za rz o a n d k fo r o ne the o ject th e se te ce ; , p g , g loo ; ’ ' '

s a n a s n a a n nz rz m a n m . y , I h ve se t so e

’ a I n a a no n n n n b e b w n b a s ( ) M l y co ju ctio s eed used et ee ver s , , ’ ’ ' l o a nd a h i m n a zé tz/ rn n a nd fa n er z a n z n . p g p gg , g c ll , risi g lli g

OC V ABU LARY .

V E R B s s é e a k n a b . , rejoice , gl d , li e

éa n n n e t . s um/z g , r ise , g u p , order , tell . ' ' / k k fo r c za rz . tz n a l m a n , see , loo gg , reside , re i , live . ’ ' ﬁ nd e t a a a t . trz m a x p , , g , receive , receive . k ai r n . o n m n ta m/ n w w . ﬂ , thi , g do , co e do ll a ton fa . j , ' '

m a s . k z rz m n n . N o un , se d (s ll thi gs) lna r o m ' k . , g out , co e out bnézt . , hill a on n o i n m i n m s . , e ter , g , co e a ro m n . ' j , eedle k o m n a z . , g up , co e up n lo ba . ' g , hole

n a n t wa . z , it a m a t . ' , eye a n z l a n fo r gg , c ll , se d . a s a r m a k p . p , r et er l) sc ' f a rz z w . f g , el l m a n n ove , ch ge positio . n e rz w n . g , to zzla n o m m m p g , g ho e , co e ho e .

E EX RCISE I X. 1 2 I f o u o k y o u w a fa a k y g too quic ly ill perh ps ll . C ll the coo 6 4

. hi m a w a . a nd tel l m to co e up . Tell th e c rpe n ter to it here I 6 n h s no t e t n I wa n e t thi k he a y retur ed fro m the m a rket . t to g 6 a t a a - m r m o A ra t o n u p qu rter to six to o row r n i ng . could g i to 7 a n to fa w a n th t hole . Se d this letter y our ther , he i ll cert i ly

2 A M 0 PR ACT ICAL MA LA Y G R M AR .

’ ’ ’ a a a -la /z n a ma ra a z ta R a a Akma a j , j , no w n a o a n a s R a a A m a the m e f th t ki g w j h d . ’ ' ’ ’ ’ ' ' a a a tz a ba la n Za n a - n a a ka a a m a z s z ni g z y z , n I h ave lived here fo r three m o ths .

P e cu li a r u s e o f s o m e v e rb s i n th i s le s s o n .

55 ( a ) E nglish people freque n tly use the words a mbi t a nd ba wa b b a f fa wro ng ly . This pro a ly rises ro m the ct th a t the E ng “ w ak h a s a b m a n n a nd i n a b a lish ord t e dou le e i g , voc ul ries “ ” “ ” a mbi t s a n a s a k a nd ba w a a s b n is u u lly give t e , ri g . I t be m m b w a a m bi t n m a n a k shou ld re e ered , ho ever , th t o ly e s t e “ ” i n n o f a nd n i n n f o n . the se se receive , ever the se se co vey “ " ” a k i n n o f n ba w a B ut ba w a . m a n T e , the se se co vey , is e s to “ ” n i n a n n a nd f a n fo r b n a s co vey y di rectio , there ore st ds ri g “ w a s a k n f ell t e . Where i t is ecessa ry to speci y the d irectio n i n w hich a ny th i ng is to b e co nvey ed so me other word m ust b e ' ' a to ba a /a a s : ba w a s z n z b n ba w a s a na a k dded , , ri g it here ; , t e it - ' ba re a er k a wa z a . th ere p g , t e i t y

( 5) I f the object to be co n vey ed is no t a lrea dy i n the h a n ds o f n wh o o n i t a i n a a m b n the perso is to c vey i t , is usu l M l y to co i e ’ t h e wo a mbi t a n ka t w ba za a a s a nz lnlba w a ma s ok a k rds or g i th , , , t e i t a n d ta k i n a n ka t ba rcra a la n f a nd ak m e i t ; g p g , li t i t t e i t ho e .

“ “ 6 G e t i n n o f b a n da a t b ut w n ( ) , the se se o t i , is p , he it “ ” m a n f be t a n a b a mbi t e s etch i t should r sl ted y the word .

N o un s . N o un s .

’ a a b k r m b n . t a z a t . g , elder rother . ’ k n b o t na e an . , you ger r ther p g , ﬂour

o r . ta ka n a /z i t ta . sister g j , ilor ' m l k . k bz e ta ka n k a ra t m a . , roo g , shoe er a w ba n . g , ﬂo er E R S /za n kol V B c . g , hoe ’ a k e t n m éz l f a . Ch i ese . , etch , t e , g ’ ka ak a n a a r n k n a n t f . p , ove , itche . g , li t , t e up , c rry b n n ba z aa ta ke . ka k a k . , , , elder sister , , ri g co vey

a on um b a : 1712 b u p y g , rell \ , y . ’ ’ k zsa n ba n a na . d a a o . p g , , sit ' / ' /z a a m a l t s e w . t . p , l p f z , l a . a a . l ittle j , sell

EXERCISE X .

1 2 a a i a i n . There is l mp n your room . There is little ﬂou r i t 6 f are ba nana at m a k th e k to b u m . I th ere s the r et , tel l coo y so e P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 2 1

6 6 o a i s u s H o w The sh e m ker sitti ng o t ide . m a ny per s o ns a re pre 6 7 t — se n to d ay Yo ur ta il o r is here n o w . There wa s a Ch i na m a n 6 i n th e F o r w k kitche n just n o w . three ee s my elder brother h a s 6 2 " b n . a a f o ee ill The g rde n er h s the hoe . I y u h a ve a n u m b rell a 1 2 o a nd e t a k o w to o s a k g g it . T e these ﬂ ers y ur elder si ter T e 2 6 1 ‘ a m t o o a n d e t m s o a G . A n th t utside . g y h es m a n is bri g i n m g the .

L E X I SS ON .

Que s t i o n s a n d A n s w e rs .

i n o a f m b e o bta 56 . The terr g tive or m a y i n ed by a ddi ng the sufﬁx - ka /z to the a uxili a ry verb o r a ny em ph a t ic wo rd i n th e n n a s se te ce , ,

’ 2 bole/t -ka /z a ng ka a d a ta ng ? c a n y o u c o m e

Wh n n n n ta n a n n a a 57 . e the se te ce co i s i terrog tive dverb o r n n f -ka /z i s o m s pro ou , the su ﬁx seld used , a ,

’ ’ ’ ' kapa l a em ma n a z a z ? whe nce is this shi p

' ap a na ma kay a i n t ? wh a t is th e na me o f th is tree

I o n a o n n t o a o n a s 8 . n b 5 c vers ti , the i err g ti is usu lly expre sed y n o f a nd f n o f f -k a /z the to e voice , the reque t use the su ﬁx should b e a voided .

w a m i n a a i n re 59 . The ord yes , y , is very seldo used M l y a t n A i n m a m p ly to a n i n terrog io . reply th e a fﬁ r tive ay b e ex a ff n wa I f n o n pressed i n sever l di ere t ys . the questio c ta i ns a n a a b n o f a a th e a fﬁ rm uxili ry ver , the repetitio the uxili ry expresses a t v a s i e , ,

’ kapa / s na a /z s a mpa i -ka /z f? ha s the sh i p a r rived ’

s a a a /z e s . , y

m a b o r o m m a t w i n 60 . Si il rly the ver s e e ph ic ord the questio n m a be a a s y repe ted , , m a n k aja n -k a /z will it ra i n

Iza a n ta a a . e s . j , y , si r ’ ? mem a n a I? is the l a dy a t home ’

a a a e s . , y bs a r- k a /z P a /a a P en /1a z ta 1s Su m a tra a big isl a n d bs a r ta a n e s , , y .

a a v i s n s i m 6 1 . The fﬁ rm ti e o fte expres ed s ply by the pro no u n o f n a s the ﬁrst perso , , P T 2 2 RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

? a ngka a o ra ng Mlay a -ka k are y o u a M al ay

s a k a e s . y , y This use o f the perso na l p ro n ou n is a lso very com mo n i n n a m m an a nd a n i n a a ba lk reply i g to co d , is equiv le t th t c se to or ’ ka zk - la k we ll as , very ,

' ' er z a n zl ta ka n ba tn o a nd a a b k a p g p gg g , g c ll ric l y er . k a s a v . y , ery well

e e a a 66 6 For n ega ti ve a n swers s p ragr ph s to 9 .

m e v e rb s i n th i s L e s s n P e culi a r u s e o f s o o .

62 a b ta / a a nd k a a l m no t b e nf n . ( ) The ver s z ust co ou ded . Ta k a n m n a k n nf m a n sig iﬁes e t l owled ge , i or tio , l i e a a n w k n b K a s b . n to cqu i ted ith , to ow y sigh t

I n a a a re t w fo r m 1 ( 5) M l y there hree ords co e . ( ) Ma ri ” n a n n na a b m a n n i s properly o ly i terjectio l dver , e i g h ither , “ m b ut i n P na n as a b co e h ither , e g i t is used ver . I t i s “ ' a 2 a a z i perh a ps derived from l w, run . ( ) S mp s com e o nly “ ” D a ta n m a b e t i n th e se n se o f a rrive . (3) g y used o tr a n s “ ” a m i n a i n m a m l te co e every c se , except th e i per tive ood , whe n ma rl should b e used .

VOCABULARY .

o n s . C S N u ADJE T I VE . ’ ’

f . bz n z w ba s ok n . , i e , rotte

bola ba . a a Ml a a . , ll y , M l ) ’

a a a n w n f . ta kot a f a . g g , godo , o fice , r id v ka m’ on ill age . V E R B S ' ka a l sli i . p , p ’ a a a n m t . o s ffi g , co e fi , o ce .

k na l k n w b e a a n . a la a a n , o , cqu i ted p , isl d . m a i n a , pl y . P a la n P erck a m a a . , Su tr ’ ’ ' m a n a a b . s a zs z , the , s y ce . reks a n a m n b p , i quire , ex i e . s a nr a . y , veget les

ta k n k n w as a fa . i , o ( ct ) t a ka n ba ta b k a . g , r c l yer /z a ta ro . , put , pl ce ta ka n c/za kor b a b . g , r er ta ka n ro ll bak g , er . ’ a bz a , pot to .

EXERCISE XI .

1 a b o k n w h o w to a ba Y e s . Does th t l ittle y o pl y ll , h e does 2 - ? e Ca n y o u com e to m y o ffi ce the d ay a fter Lto m orrow Y s . 3 ? 6 Wh at s h i p i lla rrive here to -m orrow m or n i n g Do y o u k n o w ’ 6 my you nger b rother s wife ? Y es . D id the syce p ut the old T R 2 P RAC ICAL MALAY GRAMMA . 3

6 7 ? ? Y e s a Y e s I s bak . C n a k t . b s e there , he did the er here 6 yo u ge t pota toes a n d oth er vegetables i n th is vill age ? Y e s . Do 2 2 A re af a Y e s a m s i r o u o n Y e s . . y l ive th is h ill you r id , I , ‘ 6 Which is the ma n wh o wa s b a thi ng just no w ? D id y o u c all a ? ba b Y e s . r er , I d id

LESS ON X I I .

r a n d th n r u f Ne g a ti v e A uxi li a i e s , e g e e a l s e o Ne g a ti v e s .

i n a a r ' 63 . The n ega tives M a l y e

’ ’ d a ka n o no t a nd bla m no t e t tza a k a n b n . , , , , y

’ ' ’ Ta i s m a n a bb a n o f tz a a k a nd i s i n , erely revi tio , used such ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ mm n n a s ta bolek ta a a a t ta ba zk ta co o expressio s , , p , ,

a n a . g , etc

' ’

6 . n a a a are tz a a a i s no t a nd a n a n 4 The eg tive uxil i ries , , , j g , do

n o t n o t . , to , lest

' ’ ’ ' ’ Tza a a w i s f a n a n o f tz a a k a a a f , hich i tsel co tr ctio , is urther ’ ’ n a i n n a n t a a a co tr cted co vers tio to .

6 E a n b . n a m n o ne f rm o f n a 5 urope s , ei g ccusto ed to o ly o eg n m f i n n n b n th e tive , experie ce so e di ﬁculty d isti g uish i g etwee n a m n n a b a nd a m m a a n a m ﬁve eg tives e tio ed ove , gr ri s h ve seldo i f m a a n a f n n b w n m a a ever de y c re ul d isti ctio et ee the . M l y s m n i n m n a re n o t a b n n th e selves , eve co positio , solutely co siste t i n o f n a b ut f w n w b e f n the use th e eg tives , the ollo i g rules ill ou d b e n a a a b to ge er lly pplic le .

66 I n n a a . n n n n a b reply i g to questio co t i i g ver , the d irect ' ’ n a b tza a k n a n a a b eg tive is expressed y . Whe there is uxili ry ver i n n a a i n a n a nd the questio , it is usu lly repe ted the swer , th e ’ ’ ’ n a tza a k i s n n a ta a s eg tive the co tr cted to , ,

’ bolek -ka k a ng ka a n a ta ng ? c a n yo u com e ? ’ ta bole/z n o c a n n o t , , I .

6 m a a 7 . S i il rly a l rge n u m ber o f verbs m ay b e repea ted i n ’ co m b i na tio n w ith the abbrevi a ted n ega tive ta i n order to express a i n n a a m n w m a b e m n n reply the eg tive , o gst h ich y e tio ed the ' ’ ' ’ fo llo wi n z— a a a s a ka a a n a m a k a a ta n ta k a k na l ma sok g , , j z , p , g , , , , ' ' ’ s a m a z ta k a n trz ma la k a c/za m a r a m a k n a a n a r e tc ; p , , , , p , j p , , g , Exam ples :

’ ta a n a a a ? i s th e m a ster here ? ’ ’ ’ ’ tz a a k rm a a n a t a o . or , P T M 2 4 RAC ICAL ALAY GRAM MAR .

? ta a n s nka all ? d o y o u w ish to b uy i t ’ ’

ta s a ka o r ta m a a n o . ,

8 I t o b e m 6 . s w a k a a a n a h uld , h o ever , re r ed , th t M l ys ge e r ll y a o n a n a i b n o n a s Ha m v id givi g d irect eg t ve , y usi g such expressi s , , n o t ma n a bo le/t h o w b a n n o t k a w n yet ; , is it possi le , cert i ly ; g reks a a n o t n bln m ta / a n o t k n e t w . p , I h ve i quired ; z , I d o o y

“ 6 I n n a a k a n i 9 . the eg tive b there s i m plied the copul a to b B a k a n e . is therefo re t h e d irect n eg a tive i n reply to a ny n i n w th e C a i s m i n a a a s questio h ich opul i plied the M l y , ,

' ’ ’ ’ o ra ng z a z a za i s th is the m a n

ba ka n no t . , it is ’ ta a n om ng [ ngg ms a re y o u a n E nglish m a n k a m ba a n n o t . , I

m a lmka a ba ka - n a i n n a d e c la r 70 . Si il rly or n y is used eg tive a n n a n d ba ka n -k a /z i n n a n a s e n tive se te ces , eg tive i terrog tive te nc e s w a m a s , here the copul is i plied , ,

' t a éa ka a ba n s a -k a n o t o f m n a t10 n li t a . g , he is y y ’ ’ ’ ba k a n -ka /t tampa ng k a a a z n z ? is no t th is horse l a me

I n n n a s b i n if b i 1 . 0 s 7 such se te ces descri ed 7 , the ver ex ' n a a a ti a n a a m o n a a b pressed , the eg tive uxili ry is l st i v ri ly used , ’ ’ though occ a si o na lly the si m ple n ega tive tza a k ta kes i ts pl a ce . ’ ’ ’ a o n tra d a a bb a a I n co n vers ti is revi ted to t a a .

‘ ’ ’ t a d a o ra n a a ta n no n a m . z g g , perso c e ’ - ’ ? tla a a k a /z a ng k a a a a ta ng ? a re y o u no t com i ng

' ’ a a a m a f b e b if n n a s Tz y i tsel the ver , it expresses prese ce or existe ce , ,

' ’ ’ ’ tza na - ka /t k na a a i s la t ? is there n o h o rse here

a m u m f n E n 72 . B l m is ch ore reque n tly used th a the glish “

va n n o t . n a n i n to n equi le t yet For i st ce , reply such questio s ” “ “ a s wa b o n f a a wo , is the ter ili g , is the ruit ri pe , the M l y uld a b sa Ma m w i n E n we f n sa i n va ri ly y , here g lish should o te y “ ” m a i n fa a a bla m si m ply n o . I t y ct b e t k e n a s a rule th t m be w i s a b ab a n n n n o n ust used here there pro ility , or i te tio a o f t h e a k t a a m n w n o w the p rt spe er , h t th e st te e t hich req uires e a t i ve W lll n a a n a f a E am : a n g eve tu lly require ﬁrm tive . x ples

’ ' I a m n o t a s a /z a bla m s a a re dy , y z . ’ ’ i s n m a a z a la z ka k w ln b n . he u rried ,

I n m a n n n a i s wa . a 7 3 i per tive se te ces , the eg tive l ys expressed b a n a n a s y j g , ,

’ '

a n a n a a ta n s la t la t d o no t m a n m o e . j g g g , co e here y r MM PRACT ICAL MALAY GRA AR . 2 5

Eve n a n i n direct o r i m plied c o m m a n d requires ja ng a n a s a n a fo r n s a n eg tive , i t ce ,

’ /1 a la a n a a n a lk h i m n o t to o s a w . j g , tell g up ’ ba lk k z ta perg l a ta a ja ng a n s h a ll w e g o o r n o t

n a s i n w a a I n depe nde t cl u es h ich purpose is expressed , th t ” “ ” to s a af o n n o n a s i n a s o t a is y ter such c ju cti s order th t , h t ” n a t m be b a n a n a s l est , the eg ive ust expressed y j g , ,

a a k a ki -n a a n a n kotor sp y y j g . a i s f t s o th t h eet should n o t ge dirty . VOC A B U LARY

o a t m n b . , edici e

a a n f n . ’ p e ce ’ g m a n lzobz wa . , sher 01304 a n . a 10 3 pl t , tree

ﬁs h . zka n , ’ k k z te . E S , duc V RB .

ba a r a . y , p y ka a k a y , te r . 7na ka n e a L , k mi a n a n . z , dri s ew n fo r , let h ire .

X I EXERCISE I .

1 wa m a n a N o s i r wa s n Did the sher te r th is sh irt , it tor 2 6 b f . a o u a a m a n k n w h o w e ore H ve y p id h i m No . Does th t o ? ‘ ? ' t w o . n e a t o se no t A re o u n o . No , he d es y goi g to Oh 6 6 Do o u w a n bu a n ? o u k n w th e n a m o f y t to y ythi ng N o . Do y o e ? ’ 2 a n N o I n D o c a t ? a n . wa n th is pl t , do t you t to sell th is Cert i ly 6 6 no t d a o f f n so . o H e I s th is y our g No . shut the g te the e ce 1 6 a o no t A re no ﬁ s h i n th e th t th e people sh uld com e i n . there ? ? 1 2 1 6 p o nd I t n o t th i s y o ur fa n H a ve you ea te n or no t ? I s o b u a k -d a o n o . your house let N . Tell the co k t to y duc to y

LE I I I SS ON X .

T “ ” “ a ” h e v e rb s S u da h a n d H bi s .

’ 74 . The use o f s a a a /z a s a n a uxili a ry ver b has a lready bee n a n i n a a a 6 a n d 8 a nd i ts use i n n expl i ed p r gr phs 4 5, 4 , 4 , expressi g a n A s a b i ts e a o f m i n a a a 1 . p st i t rv ls ti e p r gr ph 4 ver proper , “ ” “ ” m a n n i n th e m a i s n s a n . e i g i per tive ﬁ i h , th t is e ough

a a 7 5. S d /z m ay a lso b e used i n the i ndic a tive m o o d i n the P 2 6 RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

” “ n o f n n m a s se se ﬁ ished , do e , co pleted ,

’ l e n b n m s a a a k n o t t . , y ﬁ ished ’ ’ / k a m z r s a a a z n a n . p , e rly ﬁ ished

“ B ut a o f n n m f n b the i de ﬁ ish i g , is ore o te expressed y the ' ’ b lza bzs m m w a n o f s a a a k a s a n a a ver , so eti es ith th e dditio uxili ry , as,

’ ’ s a a a k ka bzs ma ka n n m an h as n a n ta a n . , the ge tle ﬁ ished e ti g

' H a s h as f n m f o f a n a b i n 6 . m w 7 o te erely the orce dver , hich “ “ ” a m a n utte rlv n a s c se i t e s e tirely , ,

' ’ s moa -n a ka kz s bz na sa all m d y , they were co pletely estroyed . ’ ’ s a k ma ka n n a n k a bzs a a . , quite ﬁ ished e ti g

Th v e r “ k n a e b .

b k na w n a n b f n 77 . The ver , h ich whe i t st d s y itsel sig iﬁes m a k f n a s a k n o f a a h it the r , i s o te used i d uxili ry with other b a nd v n w n n a nd a o f n ver s, e e i th ou s other p rts speech ; i t the a k n o f a n a n d i n m a m wa gives i d p ssive se se , is used uch the s e y “ ” a s b e t i n E n a s th e ver g gl ish ,

la ka kna e t w n . , to g ou ded k na k a k a m e t n . , to g pu ished ' k n a tz a e t p , to g deceived . ' k na ra t n g , to i cur loss .

Th e r v e b b ri .

8 v b bri i . s a s k n o f a a 7 Th e er , to give , used a i d uxili ry with n a n b i n a a n m a n n a n d i tr sitive ver s , ord er to give tr sitive e i g , m m w t a o f i n a m wa t a so eti es ith o her p rts speech , the s e y h t th e ” ” “ ” w m ak a nd are i n E n as ord s e , give , let used glish , ,

' ta / m k n w brt ta /z a ma k k f m n wn n . , o ; , e o , i or ' ’ i n a m b w brz z n a m n p j , orro ; p j , le d . ' ka rma t n brt karm a t v n n , h o our ; , gi e ho our , ho our . ’ ma ka n e a t brt m a ka n f , ; , eed . a a t m m b 5m a a t m ak o ne m mb m n z g , re e er ; z g , e re e er , re i d . a w a b a n w km a w a b m ak a n j , s er ; j , e swer . m a sok n km m a sok o n e i n , e ter ; , let .

I n a a . a b ka s ek I s m a m n 79 colloqui l M l y , the ver uch used o g the Chi n ese a nd Europe a n s I n the m a n n er expl a i n ed a bove i n o f km the c ase . This should b e a voided by th ose wh o d esire to a a use o f a n a cquire correct th e l gu ge .

2 8 PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

A o i a n a b a o n o f a a s ls n m y c ses y red uplic ti the djective , ,

s s ra a a n bsa r bs a r a k n . j y g , gre t i g ' - o ra n m a d a m a a a n . g , you g people

These m ethods o f fo r m i ng the plura l a re ge ner a lly c o nﬁ n ed to a n i m a te objects .

2 I II w n a o m m o n b th e 8 . riti g , the plur l is very c ly expressed y “ ” m a n n a ll a s a la a s us e o f som e word e i g , especi lly g , ,

’ - a n a n s a la a n a k a a w n . g g y , i th h is ch ildre ’

a s man ta / a w e k n o w . k m z z ,

a n n be a t a nd f Com pou n d words c ot red u plic ed , there ore th is d a o n o f a a re n f s a la . a n use o g , etc , reduplic ti the djective , the o l y a wa ys o f expressi ng th e plur l .

' a ka n ka a z ta s moa - n a o ra n C/zlna t g y y g , r n those c a r pe n ters a e Ch i n a me .

- N u m e ra l ( lo e fﬁ ci e n t s o r C la s s i ﬁ e rs .

a a m a w n th e n mb o f a n 8 3. The M l y i dio requires th t he u er y m n o n a be i n a o n objects a re e ti ed there sh ll used , dd iti to the a a n w w a m m a a n a n a te n u m er l , cert i ords h ich gr ri s h ve d esig d ff n w b n a n t o a o f cl a ssiﬁers , d i ere t ords ei g used ccordi g th e cl ss “ o . a s we i n n a a objects refer red t Thus , E glish use the ph r se he d s o i n a a ek or ta fo r a ll a n m a a s o f c a ttle , M l y ( il), is used i ls , ,

a a n a k a o f a l/n b l/z e o r. six he d c ttle ,

f w n a re C a w a re m o mm n 84 . The ollo i g th e l ssiﬁers hich st co o ly used

n n w a ll b n o a n m a i n 0ra g (perso ), is used ith ei gs superi r to i ls

the sc a le o f c re at10 n .

r a w a n m a . E ko (t il), ith i ls

/t f w a o b u a s n s B a a ( ruit), ith l rge jec ts , s ch cou tries , houses , sh i p ,

a n d b o oks .

' ﬂa t b la t w n a s s a a . H la z , , ith th i or o jects , clothe , p per , h ir , etc i w m al b n o t n i n a m n n s (seed), i th s l o jects i cluded the l st e tio ed

cl a ss .

i n oto n o f o b w a b n m a Kp g (piece), p g (cut), jects h ich h ve ee de or i n b k a s m a a nk o c ut f b a . loc s or p ieces , et ls , pl s , slices re d , etc m w t n a nd n o b . B a a g (ste ), ith poles , posts , rods , other lo g jects

- kak o o f a n w a nd ﬁ re a m . P a r (sh o t pl ts), i th letters r s

i s f i n ta n n m b o f f k n o f L ap ( old), s ti g th e u er olds or thic esses the

a m t n m a n s . s e hi g , or si i l r thi g

' b i n o P z n ta o w r vs . (do r), ith houses ui lt y P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

Ta n a a w na . gg (l dder), ith tive houses E lla /t w w a n d kn , ith s ords ives .

m u t a a b e m a 8 5. The cl assi ﬁer s l w y s i medi tely preced ed b y the n u mera l ; the n u m era l a n d cl a ssi ﬁer to gether m ay the n b e n a s o ne m w a y f w n n b ut m a co sidered ter , hich usu ll ollo s the ou , y a i f no a t a m a o precede it , especi lly there is p r icul r e ph sis n the n mb a s u er , , ’ lm n a b k s ekor b . , ulloc ’

lmba s ekor o n e b k . , ulloc

P uli a r u s e o f s o m e ve rb s i n th i s L s e c e s o n .

8 a a a a b a re a s 6. ( ) Sever l M l y ver s used the equiva le n ts o f th e ” rka s w n i b e . n w . E glish ord oil , g , he i t is des red to e mph a si z e m o f k n m a s a k k i s f n the ethod coo i g ; , coo , reque tly used whe n no a a m a to b e a s ma ra k tlar p rticul r e ph sis is expressed , , boil a n ’ ' e m n a zrle/z m a n b o i n th e n o f b n gg ; e s to i l se se e ullitio , to bu bble .

12 Mi n ta a sk i n n o f . ( ) , is to the se se request i n o f n Ta n a a sk n . y , is to the se se i quire

' c S z m a n a nd ta ro/z are k i n to b ( ) p to eep store , put y . f a k a f P li /z a ra k a o . is to eep s e , to t e c re Ta ro /z o to a ba o/ a n b z . a ls m e s put , to pl ce

’ a B o ok a nd s a a m a be a n ( ) oth g s p y used to tr sla te the E ng lish “ w o w but m be a f n rd i pe , they ust c re ully d isti guished . Gosok

m be w bb n i s m a s . i n w ust used here ru i g i plied , i pi ng pl a tes ; s apn is si m pl to sweep o r brush either with a b roo m or a cl o th y . VOCAB U LARY

N o u s n . os ok rub w g , , i pe . ' ba bt i . k a ra m f n , p g , ou der . ba t k a n m a . ma s a k o k . g , ste , st l , co ' ' ' la z , . mz n ta a s k j seed , , request . ’ bz la /z C a i r , b bb b ( l ss ﬁe ) u le , oil . '

eko r a . a ka z w a , t il p , use , e r . ' ala l la z a li /za ra k a k , , (cl ssiﬁer ) p , eep , t e ca re k ' z n . rba s bo . p g , piece , il la l s fo . s a a w b p , ld p , s eep , rush . m a ta - a a m a n m t , . s i m a n k b police p , eep , put y . i ni n a a . ta n k a a t p g , pl te , s ucer g p , c ch .

’ ra / a b a . ta n a a sk n p z , vessel , o t y , , i quire . / a t wk n . ta ro/z b p , you g shoot , put , put y . ’ P a la a P z n a n P na n g, e g . E C I VES ADJ T . a n a a gg , l dder ’ m a a a o n , y u g . E R BS V ° ll s a la a . g , lm/z a ba . , put , pl ce 30 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

E EX RCISE XIV .

1 2 h i m a n d a a n m a Tell to wi pe th e cups s ucers . M y s l l vessels 6 6 f n A s t b m a m a n s k . h a ou dered . hose oy s to co e here Th t 6 b a m a a m n a m ough t grea t ny l rge houses . Those police e c e h ere 6 7 f m P na n H o w m a n o u k ? k ro e g . y pigs do y eep Tell the coo to 6 6 b two G a n d b u a nk m a n oil eggs . o y two or three pl s . H ow y 1 6 houses h a ve y o u bought i n th a t street ? H o w m a n y co a ts d o y o u 1 1 k eep i n th a t b o x ? Th a t m a n wa s w ea ri ng two coa ts whe n 12 n A s b ak n he was c a ugh t by the policem a . k the er to bri g ﬁve a o f b - m n n lo ves rea d to morrow or i g .

E L S S ON XV .

Ge n de r.

8 G n i n a a b a n w [a ki 7 . e der is expressed M l y y pl ci g th e ords ' n n i n la k z m a n a nd rem a a n w m a n af . a o f , , p p , o , te r th e ou , the c se ’ a na b n a n d m a w a n ta n m a a nd btz n a r tio l ei gs , si il rly the ords j , le , , f a i n a m a n ta n w m m n m o f a n a . e le , the c se i ls 7 i s , ho ever , co o ly i n a k n o f m a C n a nd n m m o f ro wn used spe i g le hildre , eve so eti es g n up perso s .

88 A fe w w o f S a n n a a n m na . ords scri t origi h ve ret i ed the ter i n w b n a a n a as a lm n a lrl tio s h ich elo g to th t l gu ge , , p , pri ce , p , n pri cess ; etc .

r A C om p a i s o n o f dje cti ve s .

8 m a a o f b o f 9 . The co p r tive superiority is expressed y th e use [be/z m a b f a a nd n deri , ore , pl ced e ore th e djective , the preposi tio ' ’ ’

a a a o r a en a n f w n . p , th , ollo i g it Thus,

lbek bsa r kerba n d eri - a da lmba p , b ffa a r a a n n u loes e l rger th oxe .

' ' ’ ta a n z la lag/z tz n i d eri — a a n a a -n a gg p b p y . a n m a n i s a a n fa th t ge tle t ller th h is ther .

L a t I s f n i n a o f lkek i n a n g reque tly used pl ce , or dditio to ’ ’ ' if C n n n a eri - a a a dem no t a s it , the o ju ctio p or is expressed , ,

' ' ' ' ' l n a ngk a t lag z tz ngg z or a n gka t lbek z ggz it h igher .

m a a b use 90 . The co p r t ive o f i nferiority is expressed y th e ’ ’ ’ ’ ' o f a b k n m né a erl- a a a a em b n i t the dver , less ; p or ei g used i n f n a a s m a a o . ecess ry , the co p r tive super iori ty

' ' ’ ' om n z m k a ra n a na nt J eri - a llet a n la i n g g p p y g ,

th is m a n is no t so C leve r as the others . PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 3 I

b e n w a i f C n n n deri I t should . oticed , ho ever , th t the o ju ctio ’ a a a d a d n o t k a ra n a h a s f o f a p or is used , g usu lly th e orce d ire ct ’ ' n a a s k a ra n ba lk n o t k a ra n ba a z nw eg tive , , g , good ; g , u ise ;

k a ra n la a m b n t : n o t a . g j , lu (li t sh rp), etc

1 m a a o f a b m a n o f 9 . The co p r tive equ lity is expressed y e s ' ’ k a m S ertz a n a n are m m s a ma . the word , li e , s e p or g so eti es used i n n n n w s a ma as co ju ctio ith , ,

’ ’ ' a bi a s s a ma bra r a n a n a z a s . g , g he ' ’ '

s a ma lz n z s ertz lna n a s a a s o u . gg p , t ll y

2 n a m a at n t o m b 9 . Whe the superl tive i plies rel io so e other o ject , i t i s most comm o n ly expressed by the a dd itio n o f th e a dverb ' ska lz a a n b n a b f a d e c , very , to the djective , y g ei g pl ced e ore the j “ ” a nd ak n th e a o f n w as i n tive t i g pl ce the E gl ish ord th e , the l a o f na n mb . c se the ordi u ers Thus ,

' ' ' ' z n i -la k ck z nck z n a n bsa r s ka lz y g , n this is th e l a rgest ri g .

A m m n wa o f f m n a 93. n other co o y or i g th e rel tive superl a tive i s b a n a n terlbek b f a a s y pl ci g y g e ore th e djective , ,

' za - la k ora n a n lerlbe/z ka a l g y g , i s n m a n h e the stro gest .

m d o f f m n a w a re Other eth o s or i g the superl tive , hich used

i n w n m n n no t b m n n . ch ieﬂy ritte co positio , eed y e tio ed here

n o a i . n a n b s m 9 4 Where rel tio to other o ject i pl ied , the super a i f m b o f o ne n two o f f w n l t ve is or ed y the use , or eve , th e ollo i g ' n n — terla ln lerla m a a terlbek s ka lz a ma t s a n a l i te sives , p , , , , g , ba n a k b e a . b f a y These should pl ced e ore the djective , except s ka /i a a f wh ich lw y s ollow s i t .

two m a a a r a . n e n a a 9 5 Whe co p r tives co tr sted , the M l ys use the ’ ' ' w m a k zn m m m z n k z n f m a m a a ord (so eti es g )to or e ch co p r tive ; thus , ' ’ m a k t a la ma ma kz n a ka l o n n n w f , the l ger (i t co ti ues) the orse w a nd w (i t gets), or , it gets orse orse .

N OU N S a lm n p , pri cess . ' ’ r ba d w m oa a w . z , isdo . , heel

k skola k . c a ba i . , ch ili , school n ri g . EC IVE S . ' ADJ T a n tz n g g , scissors . ’

- blzna f m a . k a na k k a na k b ab , e le , y .

a rok n w n . er a b ff b , rotte , or out k b n a . , u lo ka la s ﬁne f n n , (o i o g thi h I n s a tra n t g . ) p , pri ce . P R T M 32 AC ICAL MALAY GRA MAR .

' ‘ ADJ EC l W E S m n n n u , d ilige t , i dustrious . ba l k n a n t . ja l , th ic L a m le . la kz -la kl A VE B S , D R .

la a ff n . z , other , d i ere t m ore . to n a r . gg , loose ma s n . , exte sive , wide ’ a a s o f . p , hot ( spices ) l run m , z , rem a a n f m a . p p , e le

EXERCISE XV .

1 2 I s this ba by a b o y or a girl ? O ne m a re h as run a way a nd is ‘ 6 6 so a re a n s no t y e t c a ught . These scis rs sh r per This eedle i 6 w b b f wa s k a n n . ﬁ er The cloth hich I ought e ore thic er th th is . 6 a nd m a no t w . This h eel gets looser looser This e t is very hot . 6 6 Ch illi is hott er th a n bl a ck pepper . Which me a t is th e m ost 1 6 1 1 te nder H e is the m ost i n dustrious bo y i n th e school . Th a t 1 2 s m w n a s was coa t is a uch or out the other . H is house i n a n very ext e sive ﬁeld .

L S ES ON XVI .

D e ri va ti ve Ve rb s

6 A s a i n n 2 a b m a b e f m 9 . st ted sectio 4 , d eriv tive ver s y or ed s from a ny p a rt o f peech . They may b e ei ther tr a n sitive or i n an v tr siti e . r s I n t ra n s i ti ve V e b .

ne o f o f bar to f m n a n 97 . O the uses the preﬁx is or i tr sitive '

b . s n a n b berlz a n z o n f m ver s Thu the i tr si tive ver y , to s u d , is or ed ’ f m n n ba n z a n a nd bera n ka t a o n a ro the ou y , oise ; g , to st rt b a n k a l to f n f m a n t . jour ey , ro th e tr si ive ver g , li t

r b Other uses o f the preﬁx be w ill e dea lt wi th subseque n tly . 1 1 S ee Sectio n 3 .

I n w bla er a nd bla bo/z 8 . b 9 th e ords y , , the r is elided efore ” “ ” a nd i n kla a r w f m a a r h a s b e l ; j , h ich is derived ro f , the r “ ” “ ” com e a n I ; the r is a lso som eti m es d ropped whe n the “ ' n ext syll able is a closed sy ll a ble e n di ng with r as bkwy a ' f m kef a bserta f m serta . ro y , ro , etc

T ra n s i ti v e Ve rb s .

a n b a re fo m f m a ll a o f 99 . Tr sitive ver s r ed ro other p rts speech ° b a n o f o n e o f two fﬁ -ka n a n d -z m y th e dditio the su xes . So e P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 33

‘ w n ak th e s ufii x ka n a nd w n a k 2 roots il l o ly t e , others ill o ly t e , b ut i n ma n a f m m a b e us i n w a y c ses either or y ed , hich c se a ff n i n th e m e a n n f k a n there is ofte n sligh t d i ere ce i g , the su fix ’ n a a n k a mn n w n . b expressi g the stro ger c us tio Thus , , re e , i s f m f m a t Ma ra n e w b ut f m bka rnka n or ed ro the djec ive , , the or ' does no t exist ; a n d o n the other h a n d la rzka n is form ed fr o m ' n a n b la r run b ut f i a n n b e the i tr sitive ver z , , the su fix c ot used with th is root .

The followi ng are exa m ples o f the d i ffere nce o f m ea ni ng where both for m s occur :

' k a l a a a k i a la nka n a wa a nz a f m a l n w . , c use to l , f , tr verse , ro j , ro d , l ’ ' ser a n serta a m t ak n z a n f m serta w . , u ite , , cco p y , ro , ith ' la la ka n m la la z a a / a s a n s f m l a . , re ove , , p ss (tr ), ro , p s

I n m t a w ff n o f m a n n m os c ses , h o ever , the d i ere ce e i g i s i per tible a d t o f m a r n a n a b c e n w e . p , th e or s used i terch g e ly

be n a a fe w b f m 100 . w I t should oted , ho ever , th t ver s or ed ' w ber a a a a a n m a n n a s bet/ a a l z ka n i th ppe r to h ve tr sitive e i g ; , j , / n berba a l s a la n w n e tc . selli g ﬁsh ; z , doi g ro g ,

m b e n a s t n Th ese ust co sidered excep io s .

U VOCAB LARY .

T R S I I V E E S AN T V RB .

’ ’ ka f m km brz n . , give ; ro , gi ve

ba a n ka n w a wa fro m bna n t a wa . g , thro y ; g , h row y h a n i t n a nton ka n f m a n ton a n n a . g g , g ; ro g g , h g ( r s)

k orma lka n n f m korma t n n n . , ho our ; ro , ho our ( ou ) ' ' ' ' f m z z zs zk a n s C n n . , ﬁll ; ro , o te ts ' na lka n ber zza l f m na l j , y , sell ; ro j , sell . ' ’

k nne/z zk a n k f m k a nck z k n n . , loc ; ro , loc ( ou ) ’ ' ’ ' sa za k n n m ak a f m s a a a , e re dy ; ro z , re dy .

S E B S I NTRAN I TI V V E R .

' ' berkn n z n f m bn n z n n n y , sou d ; ro y , sou d ( ou ).

sta nd ; fro m sel f. ber a nlan a n f m a n lon an g g , h g ; ro g g , h g . ' ' berk en lz t f m k en tz o , s op ; ro , st p . ' ’ kef a f m ket a w b w k k n . y , or ; ro y , or ( ou n) ala er a f m la er a n n y , s il ; ro y , s il ( ou ). l s a a r o w . N o un s , . tr sers tm a l b e d . ' p a m k pa l aPz stea er . E C I V E . locken b ADJ T g , ell .

ora n ta n a n . [ma /z w a k g , p re ts , e . PR CT M A ICAL ALAY GRAM MAR .

E XE C E R IS XVI .

1 2 a c o w w ak i s nab a n . a m Th t is very e , she u le to st d The ste er 3 w a d a af - m w n a l ill s il the y ter to orro . The Ch ildre l go I n to 4 n b n If m e n a re w i . k n school whe the ell ri gs the still or g , tell 6 m W h a o u n o t t b e d the to stop . y h ve y go the rea dy y e t ? 6 7 6 a n m a a n d a w . re a n n H g up y co t tro sers They h gi g there . Do no t t a wa b m a m a n throw hose shoes y , etter give the to th t poor . 6 16 n n a n hi m Ch ildre ough t to h o our their p re ts . Tell to lock the a o f f n a a m a n w h s s g te the e ce . C ll th t o i elli ng fruit a nd tell h i m b to ﬁll th is a sket .

L ESS ON XVI I

Th P r “ e e ﬁx m .

1 I n w n aki n a a us e 10 . r iti g or spe g correctly , M l ys the p reﬁx m w a ll a n b i n a as f w : ith tr sitive ver s the ctive voice , except ollo s

a n b i n m a m a s ( ) Whe the ver is the i per tive ood , , ' n l o a n i tn a a m a n a z r . p gg g , c ll th t m If b n a m m a n . (6) the ver expressi g co d is without the preﬁx , th a t p reﬁx is usu ally om i tted i n the verb expressi ng the a ctio n a s ordered , ,

’ ' ' a z -sn rok -n a a n i l o ra n z la a ma n b e y p gg g , h e ord ered th t to ca lled . (5) The preﬁx m is o m itted whe n th e o bject precedes th e b a s ver , ,

' ’ ' - ll s man n a z ta a a a l kt la ba a t w e c a n a a . y p , do th t

1 a k f n m a m a 0 2 . o For the s e eupho y , the pr efix ssu es v rious for m s a ccord i ng to the i n i ti al letter o f the root to wh ich i t i s C a n a re n b f w n prefixed . The h ges gover ed y the ol lo i g rules ( a ) M reta i ns i ts si m ple for m wh e n prefixed to words c o m m e nci n t th e t 1 m n r a s g wi h let ers , , , ; ,

' li ka s m k a ka n e t lzlza t m t e e a a n mm a . , , ; , ,

(5) M becom es m a whe n preﬁxed to wo rds c o mm e nc mg with ’ t a 5 11 but i n m m n n t the letters , , , j, ; words co e ci g with , th e a i n iti l letter d rops o f f. Thus

’ ' ' da a l m na a at e t c/za m m nc/z a rz a ta ro/z mna ro/z a . p , p , g , , ste l , , pl ce

n e s o e b t o o ff i n 6 M be c o . mm b e f r a nd b u ( ) p , th e p dr ps the s e a a s th e t m n o n a b o a m w y e ti ed ve . Th us

’ ’ s ba ne/ mmba no/z k a na m m ma a a m n ui . z, , i ll p , , exti g h

6 P T 3 RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

E E X RCISE XVII .

1 2 a k a no t a a m n b T e c re to put out th t l p . Whe your rother 3 m a sk h i m n a n w b o x . n co es , to ope th is Whe he h e rd the e s h e 1‘ was sad a n m a n i s at w n c o m very . Th t ge tle clever riti g ( 6 6 n I a m s e e w n n posi g letters). h ve co e here to the to . Chi ldre 7 b m m a n o f a n i s ought to o ey the co ds their p re ts . I t stupid to 8 a n a n w if o n e h as no t n n n give s er u derstood the questio , Whe h e 9 n K a n s w a a a fo r m w a w . we t to l g, he r il y the ﬁrst ti e H e ished ’ 1 6 a All a n m a a m i n to rejoice the ki ng s he rt . th e i ls c e h ere a o th e a se rch f good gr ss .

L ESS O N XVI I I .

Th e P a s s i v e Vo i ce .

1 a s f m b all a s 0 . s 5 Th e p ive is or ed y th e preﬁx ; ,

’ i - a k a n l /z a a a b a a m o e k ri m n . , e te y tiger

The use o f t h e pa ssi ve is fa r m o re com m o n i n M a l ay th a n i n Wes ter n l a ngu a ges ; i n fa ct i t is th e m ost comm o n form i n n a rra “ t n . f o r i n a n n a o f sa i n k io st ce , i ste d y g , h e too i t to his house , “ th e m ore usu a l M a l ay co n structi o n would b e i t was take n by hi m ” ’ - hi s d l ba w a n a k mt ma k . to house , y

1 6 us e o f n olek a n e 0 . The the prepositio with th e p ssive co stru i le n a n n a . n o /z i s f t t o is optio l Whe used , it is reque ly pl ced a n b f th e b as (with th e ge t) e ore ver ; ,

’ ' ole/z ma /za ra a a i -s a rok - n a ba n ok ora n z ta j y g , k n a n b e k the i g ordered th t th e m a should illed .

B ut the m ore usu a l order o f the se n te n ce i s fo r the a ge n t to b w n i n a a nd w n a n i s a follow the ver , he the p ssive he th e ge t n n n a ab f b a s pro ou , it i v ri ly ollows the ver ; ,

7 ' ’ ' ’ ’ a a bz la a i -lzka t la ks a m na la la d z - a m bzl— n a p a , y , w n l ksa m a na o a saw k . h e th e it, h e to it

1 b o f n n a b 0 7 . Th e su ject the se te ce usu lly preced es the ver i n a a s th e p ssive voice ,

' ’ s a ra l z la d i — sa nzbot ole/z m n lm , t h e wa s rt c e i ve d b n letter y th e m i ister .

8 f n i b no t 10 . w n a a Very reque tly , ho ever , M l y , the su ject is x d i n th e a b b n i n a k n o f e presse p ssive voice , the ver ei g used i d m na f m a s i perso l or ,

’ ’ ’ a z a n z /m a a z 5 217 n a a a kon p gg y , y g , they c a lled (them) a nd told ( the m )to c a rry the m PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR . 37

I n this se n te n ce th e pr o n ou n s ny a refer to the age n ts litera lly ” wa s a b m i t wa s b m a it c lled y the , ordered y the to c rry .

1 n b i s a C a a a m b e a 09 . Whe the su ject l use , th t cl use ust pl ced a as l st ,

’ ’ ' ’ ’ - a ra a n a a i a ap a ll bg z na a Ma k j T a n s a a a k ma ll. s b k n a a s wa s ; w a . it d i covered y the i g th t M . T de d

” Th e Pre x Te r ﬁ .

m a m a a n n a ler a 1 10 . So e gr m ri s co sider th t th e prefix lso forms Pa b ut i t b a b b n a s the ssive , is pro ly etter to co sider th is prefix f m n a a a t m t m a n a n or i g p st p r ici ple , or so e i es prese t p rtici ple , si ce th is deriva tive d o es no t a d m it o f such co n structio n s a s h a ve bee n a n a b o i n a o f all b ut m expl i ed ve the c se the prefix , si ply expresses a a n t o n a s st te or co di i , ,

’ lerk a nc z ka k a O n . k k ter . , pe ed , loc ed

Th e d iffere n ce i n th e use o f these preﬁxes m ay well b e see n i n “ ” ’ ’ the follow i ng se nte n ce fro m Sja rah Mlay u : a i tzk a m ole/z ’ ' ’ ' ’ H a n K a s la rz tertzk a m a a n a a n di a lli n z s ta na zla lk a t g , p p p g , ' - k rzs n a t a wa s tabb m na . K b . abb y l i er lly , it s ed (i perso l) y H , st ed a t a nk o f n n wa o f a a a n d a the pl s the i er ll the p l ce , h i s d gger stuck

(there).

The followi ng m ay a lso b e take n as exa mples o f the use o f t h e preﬁx ler :

’ bra s a n s a a a /z terka a s h ad b n y g p , rice which ee peeled . ’ ’ a / o n lersa na a r a a o a n a a n a . p p z , le t g i st tree ren ta k a n ters ko l dk n ln mma n m n n p y g , the co d e tio ed

before .

1 1 1 a i s m m i n . This p rtici ple so eti es used where E nglish the ver b would b e i n th e i ndic a tive mood a s

’ ’ k a kz - n a ters a n kol a a a ba tn y g p ,

his foot c a ught aga i n st a sto n e .

ler m t m r e a n n 1 1 2 . The preﬁx so e i es gives to the ve b t h me i g o f n i n n a n a n a o m a s succeedi g doi g th i g , or h vi g cc pl ished ,

’ ' ’ s -rz ba o ra n tza a a a a lers o ron w g , j g g , though there ere m e n o i m n f n t n wa d . L a : , they d id succeed ovi g it or r iter lly i t a s no t m wa w oved for rd . PR T AC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

U VOCAB LARY .

a a s N O S . UN

ba n fa ra a ba ka r b n , her ld . . , ur ' ’ d b z n a a k n n . r g , i g (pro 3 n a ’ ba ro w . , sh ’ d i n a zn a o n wa . ‘ , , ‘ g p rtiti ll i ' ba ba l a ut. , pl ce , p lz rz zn a a , ti ger . d ukon a On ' g , c rry ( th e h i p ). zs ta na a a , p l ce . ’

ni mn n . a r n . g , cou t j z , ﬁ ger ’ Hza tz b a k a a s . . p , peel , pre cher ' k rzs a ka c k a d , . l l . , sti , here d gger

la ks a m a na a m a . sa mbot , d ir l , receive .

’ m a na m a k n a a a . j , i g , gre t r j lmn a a r a n . ' , le w a trz m n o f a . , i ister ( st te) a n kot a a a n k s . g , c tch g i st , stic o/ on p z , tree .

s bot m n n a . , e tio , c ll s a a a . g , s go '

s aron m f wa ta kd z r w o f G . g , ove or rd , push , , ill ( od)

E V XERCISE X III .

s i v r th e a rtic i l ( Th e pa s e o p p e sh o uld b e use d i n e ve ry s e n te nce . )

’ 2 a t h e k n i a a a b h m W i H e c rried i g s ch ld . Th e ma h a r j st b ed i th 3 k n m a a w . . a kris . The i g ord ered the to ﬁll i t ith s go The her ld

a nd a a a nd a a . rec eived i t , g ve i t to the pre cher , the pre cher re d i t 6 te n n a te n n th e n saw O n h i s ﬁ gers he pl ced ri ngs . Whe Chi ese 7 f w a m H e h i m a i t . , they ollo ed (thei r ex ple) told to peel those pot 8 9 a S a S a . P a B k na a n n toes eople c ll th t h ill u i t Ch i . ult M sur; h h k n wa h ad wa a er ba sp /z k a ki ga ve th e i g ter h e shed h is feet i n ( y ). a n d th e k i ng o f Chi n a d r a n k a nd ba thed i n th e wa ter the ki ng 1” no t b e h a d wa shed h is feet i n . The n u m ber o f the m could B h e w o f t G a s b n . cou n ted . y i ll od th e p a l a ce w ur t

L ESS O N X IX .

Th e P r ‘B e ﬁx e r.

1 1 . P n Pa u a na f m 3 The rese t rtici ple , tho gh it i s occ sio lly or ed ’ b t h e fer b th e - b a a a a s b i n n y preﬁx , or y ver , descri ed sectio s r 1 10 a nd i s m a b m a n o f be , 53, ost usu l ly expressed y e s the preﬁx ' a s la r run bar/a n run n i n a n t0n a n ber a n ton a n n . z , , , g ; g g , h g, g g , h gi g

' 1 1 I n m a n a w A ber n o t 4 . y c ses , ho ever , th e preﬁx expresses ' m a a o n t n a s e x la i ne d i n a b a a a , erely st te or c d i io , p the ove p r gr ph

’ but h a s n a f as bern a zva a v n f i n ; eve possessive orce ; , y , h i g li e , l iv g ’ ’ berbz n z a n a w f m a i berbn n a a n w we , h vi g i e , rr ed ; g , h vi g ﬂo ers , ﬂo r “ ’ m a a n a k n i n ber n n o t b n a k . g ; / , h vi g i g, ei g i g

H e nce m any deriva tives o f bar become true a djectives . Thus , P T ‘ RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 39

' berbud z a n m i s a mo n a ab m a s a n , h vi g wisdo , l st i v ri ly used si ply ‘ a m a n n w a nd m a ber a ka l n n 6m » djective , e i g ise ; si il rly , i tellige t ; ’

n na f bers a a a a ra a e tc . g , use ul ; , rel ted ;

1 1 ber f n a n 5. The preﬁx is very reque tly used with reduplic tio o f a n n an o f a n the root , either to express co ti u ce ctio , or d iversity , or m ultiplicity . Thus :

- berta mba n ta mba /z n n a n a n . , co ti u lly i cre si g

o f va rious ki n ds . ' ’ berrz n -rz b a a a n b n n nd . , thous ds thous ds ' ber i lz r b i n n n . g y tur s , successio ’ - berba a i ba a z o f a k n . g g , v rious i ds bers a - a a m s a m w . , together ith

T “ h e p re ﬁx p e r.

I bar re 1 16 . n a o f m b a n the c se so e ver s h vi g th e preﬁx , this p ﬁx b m a n er a i n a as eco es ch ged to p , especi lly the p ssive , ,

’ di - erba a l- /a zs ta na b a a p m , he uilt th e p l ce . ' ’ ' - di erzs tri ole/z S ulta n a éa n a za a n m a . p , the Sult rried her

- l - ra / n a d z e a i /éi n a zn rb a b a . p y p y , he rep ired h is o t

1 1 a n f m b r a m mm n i n 7 . The ch ge ro a to per is perh ps ost co o tra n sitive verbs form ed by me a ns o f the su ffixes ka n or i fro m a b w a er f m ber~ djectives or ver s h ich h ve the prefix b . Thus ro ’ ’ zs trz e a er a kéa n w i s lrzflé n a n d f m bera na é era na . h ve p , ro , p

a n m a a w n m The ch ge occurs ore p rticul rly h e the preﬁx is used , as c a n b e n i n th e f ow n w w a re i n m m n see oll i g ords , h ich co o ' — use z fn nz er a na ka n nz zn era na kéa n mm ernz m onka n . p g , p , p p

1 1 8 . The preﬁx ter m ay b e used i n some c a ses wi th these a i f m w er f m a a i n d eriv t ves or ed ith p , to or the p st p rtici ple ; w a r o f th e ter as a n i n n 8 . h ich c se the is elided , expl i ed sectio 9

The n a o f k n w i m m n a nd o ly deriv tive th is i d hich is n co o use , ’ ' ' ’ ’ ' a n i n a i s t erm na z i n a tza a a t ermna z th t o ly liter ture , p , the phr se p , a a b i nc lcul le . OC B V A ULARY . E BS . V R 5 7 71 a c r . , c ll , y out bernz m o n a mb p , sse le . ta mba /z n a . ' , i cre se nz m an a p , collect , he p up .

N o r ms . a n pg g , hold . ‘ era na kka n b a b a /éa l n . p , e r or eget , i tellect

n a la s f n a n . ch ildre . , ou d tio '

ers mba /zka n r n a ba a t o t k n . p , p ese t to g , s r , i d ' '

ff z lzr n . superior , o er . g , tur ’ ’ m s mba n w zs trz w f f . , orsh ip . , i e (polite or ) 40 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

O V CABULARY .

' '

N O U N S o m zs a z m a . , oust che ’ n a w a f zs k n . . jn , sort , i d y , li e , soul t éo ta f t f t wn . a n a n a n , or , or i ﬁed to z , g rd e . ' tza n m a n a m . z s a . , ti e g , st

E EXERCIS XIX .

1 2 o f n a a at a m had n a The people I dr pur th t ti e n o ki g . Th t 3 ‘ n n A r h as a k f a . w m a house roc ou d tio shi p ith three sts . Fou 5 6 m a n w a n i n a a n . legged n i ls . The childre ere pl y i g th e g rde The 7 h ad n o m a h e n h a n m a ge n tlem a n wh o c a m e oust che . T ki g d o le 8 n n a b i n o k n saw n f n f . child . H e th e child ru i g out ro t the i g 9 1° n wa s w Tun a n a All b Wherever h e we t he ith M d . th e irds 1 1 i / n th e ga rde n w ere si ngi ng ( ba ng i ) wi t h va rious sou nds . The 1 2

n n o n b an . w i n d wa s blowi ng very stro g . H old i g w ith oth h ds 1 3 14 The m e n were c a lli ng fro m the sh i p . H e m a de the fe nce

rou n d the p a l a c e i n to a fort .

L ESS ON XX .

t u D e ri v a i v e N o n s .

1 n m a be fr m b a nd a o f 19 . Nou s y derived o ver s other p rts b m a n o f a nd a f speech y e s p r eﬁxes ﬁxes .

“ a Th e P r ( ) e ﬁx p .

n f m w 1 2 . h e a 0 Nou s or ed ith t pr e ﬁx p usua lly de n ote the ge nt ; ’ a s mz n a m a un ka f m m i n n nz nk . , p . d r rd , ro , to dri

1 2 1 . Th is prefix is m od ified a ccord i ng to the i n i ti a l letter o f the r o ot to w h ich it is a ffixed i n precisely th e sa m e m a n n er a s i n a a a 1 2 i n : described p r gr ph 0 the c a se o f the prefix 772. Thus

' ' n c/z a rz f o m n z p r c/z r . i n ba nan f m énn o/z p ro . n a n f m s a a p y p ro p .

o n t a re n n ron w m a n no t Excepti s to h is rule p y , h ich e s the ’ n but r n s n a n d n a k z t w m a n n se der th e p e so e t , p y , h ich e s ill ess ,

a . s um / h a s a th e a f m ra m /z d ise se The root z lso i rregul r or p , w has m m a n s n l h ich the sa e e i ng a pny ro z .

b P r x “ a n uf x a n ( ) e ﬁ p d s ﬁ .

1 2 2 Ab a n s t a n a n . n n a a str ct ou , expressi g either qu li y or ctio , are for m e d by p re ﬁxi ng p i n i ts va rious form s as expl a i n ed i n th e P CT RA ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 4 1

“ s A s mbnno/za n a a a a a nd a ﬁﬁxi n a n . m n l t p r gr ph , g , p , urder ; p g ’ a a ra n a n n ma nda n a n zzc/za ma n e t j , te chi g, doctri e ; p g , sigh t ; p , g n a n e tc ti g livi g , livel ihood ; .

( c) P re ﬁx p e r a n d s u fﬁx a n .

1 2 n f m w er a re a o f na 3. Nou s or ed ith the prefix p usu lly th e ture f a n n n n b tw n the fi er o verb l ou s . The d isti ctio e ee pre xes p a n d ; see ms to b e th a t per is used with ro o ts wh ich ta ke the prefix ber a i s fo r m a n a n b w a (th t , the ost p rt , i tr sitive ver s) here s p is used w a k m a i s t a n b i th roots which t e the prefix (th t , r sitive ver s). Thus we h ave

rtzn a a n a m n B ertma m e . , eet ; p , eeti g ’ ' erm a z na n a m B erma z n a a . , pl y p , g e ’ B erka ta a k erka ta a n a a n w , spe ; p , s yi g , ord . ra ra n a n n b B er n a . p g , ﬁght ; pp g , ﬁgh ti g , ttle r/f r r h em n a B e e a . y , s i l p y , voy ge

n o f r i n ber a nd er b f 1 b f a no t For the elisio th e p e ore , or e ore her ab n n i n r a nd fo r a n f m r 1 b f closed syll le e di g , the ch ge ro to e ore 8 a w a a . . vo el , see p r 9

1 I n a fe w a a b a n d 5 m a b b e 2 4 . c ses the deriv tives ( ) ( ) y oth o m th e a m i n w a a ff n form ed fr s e root , h ich c se there is di ere ce i n m a n n a s th e e i g , ,

la a n a a ra n a n n ra n n . p g j , te chi g , doctri e ; p j , lesso n /za n m eréa nona n a o f n m b no k . p , urder ; p , pl ce illi g

’ ’ m berna u s a era a na n n a a nd f m Fro , leep , we h ve p , sleepi g pl ce , ro ’ ’ nz n a a n o m a i n we a n a a n a n m a n w i n g , c pl , h ve p g , co pl i t ; h ich is a a w th e n n a n i n a a a 1 2 ccord nce ith disti ctio expl i ed p r gr ph 3 .

O V CABULARY .

E S E S . V RB . V RB

a m a a o n a n rom a é m m a p , c rry the h ds , p , co it pir cy .

a n . ta w a r a a uphold , sust i , reduce , ssu ge , ’

bera a n o f a ra a . a n , sleep ( j ) che p e . ' ’ ber a a bn za a a t n m fn a m n . g , g , tr de . , eet , e cou ter a ll i tn i d . a a m . g , g j , Zn n a a m n n a n . a w . j , e tert i gg , it

na ta ak sa . , spe , y O S B UN ' ka o/é a y , p dd le . l ’ k n m ol a . n a a a n . p , g ther , he d , upper portio ’ ' m n a a n c m n . a n z m a . g , o pl i j j , pro ise ba ka n m a la b n n n o t . . , cure , egi i g '

d n k a . ra n a a n a t w r. p g , loo p g , 2 P T C ‘ 4 RAC I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

“

EC T I V E S . AD E CTW E ADJ J S. 1 ’ ta w a r t a f s no 5 4 21 ” a n a n i n a da n , steless, re h ( t 7 g , ccor ce

a i . s l t). w th

mn a ma k . p , l i e

D E I V E No r ms r . ( r R D ( P a a . 1 2 0

ka a era n . n a a r t a . p g p, tr p p g j , e cher

a . n a /z o a . pir te p g y , p ddle ' a m . n a lz a . p li r p gg , sp de

mbn no/z m . n /zn la f c hi e f p , urderer p g , . ’ mzn a m nka n wa . . n a n p , d ru rd p gg , rd er i nt/kc] a m m k n n a i t . p , h er p y , ill ess na éot wa b m n a n . p , co rd p y p , roo

na w a r a n . /z m n n a ro . p , tidote f y , esse ger ' f nc/z a rz . ra m/z m . p , th ie p , essenger

’ ' era a a a n i n a erma z na n a m : p , sleep g pl ce p , g e ra a ( o f a j ). ’ bn a a n ac t e n /a a n b i nn i n er t . rm p , , deed p , eg g ’ ’ a n w m a n r za a a n a erem a . e n . p p , o p g , tr de n a na n ff n o a mb n ba . erni m n . err z p p , sse ly p , o eri g ’ b er a /a n a n n . ern nz a nza a n . p j , jour ey p p , prover ' ’ a a f a a k b s n ne a n . ei mn n . f w p y , e st p y , or , u i ess ' ' m n ei a n za n /a a ra n . p y j , pro ise p j , lesso ’ ‘

n /a a n a . erka ta a w . er p , ord p y , voy ge b n ba t . erémn ola n a m . ra n a n p p , sse ly pp g , tle , ﬁghti g

’ ’ ma na a n a n n a a a a n m a n p g . sigh t . p g , co pl i t . ' brza n f n a a ra n a n nz . . p , gi t p g j , te ch i g n a n ona n m n ta /z ua n k z b . n p , urder p g , owledge . ' h nc/za rza n . p , l iveli ood

E XERCIS E XX 1 B ec a use he h a d n o em ploy me n t he bec a m e a th ief and a 2 ’ 3 a w m a n f w f . a a m urderer . Th t o is the chie s i e Th t d ise se could 4 wa s a m n fo r a a nd no t b e . a cured I t eeti g pl ce pir tes , thieves 5 wh o w n o t n n a n n a n m urderers . Those ill receive i structio c ot g i 6 7 S f w a re a n a n a n I f o u a kn owledge . o t ords tidote to g er . y h ve m a n o b e m a e k n n no a n w w . y requests or co pl i ts , they sh uld d o 8 9 n w h o a re o a a w no t I n ba tt le it is evid e t the c w rds . H is cts ere 1 0 A a n a o b i n accord with h is prom ise s . li r or a d ru k rd will n t e trusted .

P T 44 RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

’ fl n o n a n a a rena a a n . e m a n ue ce the l gu ge Thus p y e s trusted , ' “ “ ” w k a nz la n a n n o t 10 5 5 b ut trusty , trust orthy g is , lost or ” ff a s su ered loss , , ' ' ’ ora n f fa ka / ala n a n zs a a - n a a m a n h a s k n f g g p y , th t lost h is i e .

Th e re x e r a n d s uf x a n ( g) p ﬁ h ﬁ .

2 aer a nd f a s a 1 . n w a 9 The prefix su fix , u u lly ith redupli c tio n ’ - o f f m a k n o f ba n n A s éers a féa s a éa a n the root , or i d ver l ou , n beréa ra n - éa ra n a n a a m n n berra a i rejoici g g g , gr du lly d i i ish i g ; m ' ' i n berla rzl la rza n n n n ra 7n a za n w . , cro ds ; , ru i g T f ( lz) h e s u fix a n w i th re d up li c a ti o n .

I n n n th e a n o f w a 1 0 . 3 ou s , redupl ic tio the root , ith the dd i t o n o f fﬁ a n o r m i n a m a n i the su x , expresses d iversity ulti plicity , n e r so m e wh a t si m il a r to th a t expl a i n ed i n p a raga ph 1 1 5 i n th e c ase o f verbs ; th us :

’ ’ - - n a a na n a f u . ma n r ma n zra n ba a b w . , v rious r its z , s eets ' f a s a a r-s a a r i w o . a n a b n ords pr ise y y , veget le s . - ba a - n a ,éa a k a a n a a . ba n n n n y y , v rious trees , sce ts , i ce se .

1 1 B er m m ﬁ n n a s 3 . is so eti es pre xed to derived ou s , , ’ ’ ’ o a n a fz a a a b /eer a a n m e n wh o a re no t m r n . g y g p j , e ploy ed ’ ’ ’ ’ ' ' k n n b z n a a ber/era a a n a z s z fa . g j , the i g reig ed th ere

VOCAB U LARY .

E S N O S . V RB . U N

’ ’ k z ma n a fa r a a n . s a ra f zr . , rr ge , letter

lnla n n k n . g , cou t , rec o V E BS AD R .

ana rka n i f . , just y , prove true ’ / a w a n a a fa n ka n a n . e . g , c use , i duce z , o ly ’ ara ? ka l n K f f . di a m b e w . , quiet , d ell ] , o te ' '

a a i n a n . a a n fo r. ere ne z g z , desire , lo g p v i , useless

nz or d r i n s u n . j , y the '

a f a s . p f , pr i e ’ ' - ra s a f a n . ma s z n rn a s z n a . , eel , t ste , experie ce g g , e ch ’

fa a on . g , cover

a fa r n a n n . , se d e voy

D E R I V E NO S Pa ra . D UN . (

’ ’

n a a n k z rz nz a n n n . a fa ra m n . , rr ge e t , thi g se t '

bz la n a n n m b . la a fa n a n . g , u er , oce '

a n o f m a k a n a n f . ba rz f n a . , ster ( shi p) , ood ’ '

n a nz a n n k . éz ra n . nz z ﬁ , thought , dri ’ '

f n t a éa za n . lea a a a n . p , ro p , clothes /z a ra n wa k a la a n b o w o f a . a ne , ( sh i p) p , ter course ,

m n . k a ra n a n . g , co positio gutter

n n a ne/f a wn f n a n n . a s e a . le , love , p ity p , ou t i , spri g A PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMM R . 4 5

. na n m n a n a n a n s a ro . pg g , occup tio , esse ger ' ’

a za n w o f a . fa a o n a n n . p j , ords pr ise g , lid , coveri g a ka ra m ra m /ma n b o o . n a . p , ty , e sure ’ - a m ba a s a m zfa n b w . a fa r n n o a . p , lo pipe , e v y , ss dor

n s E S . ar D E R I VED N o u AND V RB ( P a .

’ é/a a ka na na a /e w w , r o . , ish , ill , desir , g out é a n /fa m m e é m . kna sen b . , eloved , su it ’ ’ ' ,é na k n fa z w . km a a z m . , hel , o

D E R I V E D N o u n s AND PARTI C I P LE S ( P a ra . 1 2 7 of 1 2 8 ) k ’ t n . rn a s a n n . exis e ce , golde ' '

é nza fza n a . ka / nla n a n . g , lost , de th ' ém n a n kba zka n a a n a a n . j , dv t ge , good g , victory ’ ’ la a i za a n n l . deeds . , g ory i nn a r n m . kba n a ka n m a . a a n y , jori ty , ercy ’ é ' i , n a zlea m n o . abi na s a a n n . n , d estruct o , ou t , h rse , sh ip ’ é n abode/f a n u . , a fa a n n . , st pidity y , evide ce

k i n . k bra ra n a n . , gr deur s ll , clever ess ' ’ é na fa t kelz a rza n n . ere a a n , stole p y , trusty , i h ’ o m n . ful f a a fa n a n a va . g , rri l , c i g ’

. éra m kcfen a ra n a a a n k n . g , he rd j , i gdo ’ ’ ny a / n n d o éa za nza n w n a . a a n w , d elli g pl ce , error , ro g ’ - i n le m . ,é es o a n w . , to orro g s t és n a n a n a desire , lu . g , e se . ’

é / ,és a a a na n e n d . , a f a fa n w k n s . j , ic ed e s , ’ ’

lefea a a n a Kes a éa a n a . w . y , e lth , riches , ple sure

kéa a a n n t ks a na ra n f . f . , stre g h , di ﬁculty e na t b n w a n rasa n . kka ra a n . g , t , rou le k fa éo fa n f a kla k a a n o n . , c duct . , e r é/a n ka a n nt afra n a n n , m . g p , equip e , g , evide ce éfa ra n a n n t n ﬂeet . . desce , ge e

kla a ra n n fa m n a . p , hu ger , i e . logy ' é/zna fa n n a a , see , ppe red .

E XE RC I SE . l XXI

' ’ 2 f n a a m a n t n n o t n fo r Folly o te c uses s destruc io . Do lo g the 3 a glory a nd gra n deur o f the world . I t is th rough your o wn f ult 4 t a o u a re ff n wa n a o n e k o o f h t y su eri g t . E ch should see the go d 5 6 t a s n wn m t n wa o t o . o hers . Th t letter his co posi io I t is useless 7 o a o m a i n n f h a t m ke c pl i nts f o e h as n o evide ce to justi y them . T t 8 t o o a s work ough n t to be give n to a n u n trustw rthy perso n . I t w a a m b a n o f s h ea rd th t the ssa dor from th e ki gdom Si a m wa com e . 9 s i o r a A k h m f wh t purpose he h a s co m e here . Which clothes o u m e d r i n sun si r ? d id y tell to y th e , PR TIC M L R R 46 AC AL A AY G AM MA .

L E S S O N XXI I .

I nt e rje eti o n s .

f w n a re n n w are m c o m 1 32 . The ollo i g the i terjectio s hich ost mo nly used :

’ lzez . O ’ '

a a onz a as . , l ' a m oz a n n o f a n m n b . , expressio sto ish e t k a a n n o f n e e/z . , psh w , expressio d isgust or scor w a n t a n n o f a n m n a , ush , expressio sto ish e t , d isple sure , d is

belief o r d isgust .

a ! A a b i n a n the n . y , O ( r ic) ddressi g Deity or holy perso s a k na n . , there , t e i t n a / o a wa b e n y z , g y , go e . ba s e/fa n w a s a a n a . y g , , h t pity

P un u ct a ti on W 0 rd s .

1 a a w n w n i n A ab C a a ha . s no 33 M l y , h e ritte th e r i c h r cter , n a n m a k but v a ff n w a re n pu ctu tio r s , se er l di ere t ords used to i tro n e w n n a nd v a m o a nd a re duce se te ces , th us ser e the s e purp se , a s n a n w m o f a re no t a k no wn pu ctu tio ords . So e these n ecess ry n a nd n o t a wa b e a n a t to the se se , do l y s requi re to tr sl ed . The followi ng a re t hose m ost freque n tl y used

m m l A s a h as n Ma ka is the ost co mo n o f a l. rule i t o equi a n i n n b ut a na i t m a be t a n a b v le t E glish , occ sio lly y r sl ted y the “ ” n d I t n E nglish word a . is ofte n used to i troduce the pri n ci p a l se nte nce whe n preceded by a n a dver bi a l cl a use ( s ee L ess on

B /fa w a is used to i n troduce d irect or i nd irect na rr a tio n .

Ad a - a n m m n a a n a a a t p so eti es i trod uces p re thetic l cl use , other ti mes a s ta t e m e n t o f fa ct or a re c o rn i ri e ri c e rn e n t o f na rr a t i ve after

a d igressio n or a ny i nterruptio n o f th e story . A l-kes a le is use d wh ere a n e w ch a pter or d ivisio n o f th e m m n a a f a a na a n . w k rr tive co e ces , usu lly ter d igressio Where or n o f a o f - ff n m m co sists series d i ere t stori es , th is word is so eti es a a t b n n n o f a n e w pl ced the egi i g story . ’ S na na a a n n a ne w a n o f a b e i troduces spect or d ivisio su j c t .

’ ' ' S ka /za a a n lag z or s - bag a l lag i m ay i n trod uce y e t a n other d ivi

sio n o f a subject . B erma la o r s -éerrn a la m ay be used a t th e comme nce me n t o f a n n e w b t a s a t t h e b n n o f C e t n n c . e tirely su jec , egi i gs hapters ,

' D a n la t m a ns f m a n d o n i n s a m a g e urther ore , c t ue the s e or s i mi l a r subject . ‘ P T . M R M R . . RAC ICAL ALAY G A MA 4 7

a /za - a la e n a f a n a m n i n Ta mb n p op s up urther re so or rgu e t , or a t r o k n t ro d uC e s a dd i ti o na l m te f a ny i d .

' n d éa la léza n n n e b a nd are a i troduce w su jects , e b n a éa oft n followed y z .

ab e-m n n w a re m if i n co n The ov e tio ed ords seldo , ever , used ’ ' f a a la t a n w n o n . vers tio , ith the exceptio g

C o m p o un d S e n t e n ce s .

L ADJECTI VA C L AUS ES .

n A a a u a re n i n n b 134 . Whe djectiv l cl ses i trod uced E glish y “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” a wh o w w a t a the rel tives , hich , h t , h t , the corres n n a a a i a re a s po di g M l y rel t ves used , ,

' ’ ’ ' t a na d i -ala / a i - a ora n ma n a a n mmba nolz a za z z ny g y g , no t k n w w wa s m a n wh o h ad k hi m they d id o h ich the illed . 1 35 Whe n cl a uses are i ntroduced i n E nglish by th e rel a tive “ “ a t w fzn a f m b e here , the word p ust i n a a a s used M l y , ,

' ’ ’ ne rz ta l a t ka za ma n -n a g y y , t w n w th e o here h e lives .

i n 1 6. n n a i n 3 Whe E glish the rel tive is the possessive , the M a l ay co n structio n is a s shown i n the follo wi ng exa m ples

’ ’ - - Tana n a n n a wa éa a a la /n fa n a n ,éa a ra f n a y g y g y , i n w s m a n God ho e ighty h d (fi t . i n the h a nd o f whose power) m b a y re th is .

’ ba n a k ra a -ra a a n bra r— bra r ( ff-bi na sa éa n Alla /z kraa a n-n a y j j y g j y , th e re a re m a n a k n w k n m o a s y gre t i gs hose i gdo s G d h destroy ed .

A m a a a n 1 . n 37 si il r. M l y co structio is used whe n the E ng lish a i s n b a n a s rel tive gover ed y prepositio , ,

' ' ’ rba /f -la npO/ wn my” y a ng a z ba ma /e- ny a z a f n w wa s a k n t the tree ell u der hich he t i g shel er .

VOCAB ULARY

N OUN S . V E R BS

/z A lla G . ber a ra a k . , od g , jo e ’ ’ ’ ka a ra f n . lz n a o n . , d ivi e power g , shelter ’

n a bz . /z fa rba . , prophet , ll v la te/a n a a . n fea k s a n . , d ers ry g , suppose , th i - fa a n k a m . , y lord ADJ EC T I V R . lza n L o Ya . , rd s a ba r a t n , p ie t . 8 P CTICAL ALA A M R 4 RA M Y GR M A .

E E C E X R IS XXII .

1 2 m a n i s n . ! m o u Tush , this exceed i gly stupid Oh y ch ild , y 3 a n B e k n n n m b e . w m ust very p tie t i t o u to y lord , O prophet 4 n wa s k n w m e n a o f G . n od Whe he jo i g ith other you g , h e s i d “ m a a n a m a a s a Psh aw ! I ust h ve d ir l n a d versa ry . Psh aw ! I ’ 9 S Bi a Di ra a was b a H a H a k a a though t this r i j j r ve . loo t th t 7 you ng tiger ! H e ordered them to c a ll the two m e n w ho were 9 i 9 a n n . n w o u i s st d i g outside The house hich y live . Th is the 1° a n m a n whose h d is wou n ded . The eleph a n t o n wh ich h e wa s n sitti ng fell dow .

L S ES ON XXI I I .

C o m o un S n te n ce s con ti n e p d e ( u d).

V E B I L C LAU SE s AD R A .

A b a a are n b n n n a nd 1 38 . dver i l C l uses i troduced y co ju ctio s n n a b n m a b P co ju ctive dver s expressi g Ti e , C use , O ject or urpose ,

' a a n d o nc ssi o n A a a i s n n n n C e . b Co ditio , M er , The dver i l Cl use a a f w b n a C a w i s usu l ly pl ced ﬁrst , ollo ed y the pri cip l l use , h ich n a n b n n n m a ea ba nw a ge er lly i trod uced y th e co ju ctio or , or “ m m b ns rlza a fn f a m a n n a n la Za so eti es y y or , e i g cert i ly , or , “ ” n . a o f a a n n the , etc The peculi rities the M l y co structio with th e di ffere n t cl asses o f co nju n ctio n s c a n best b e lea r n t from th e a m n b a ll o f w a re ak n f m S ara h ex ples give elow , h ich t e ro the j

Mlay u. 1 39: Co nju nctio n s d e n oti ng Ti me :

— /a n fla n n as - l s f w s b a m b f . or , he , , e ore ere ’ n a s a m a af . s a z soo , ter th t p , ' s -lz z n a gg , ma i a b n . n/ , si ce wh i e w i s -la ma , h lst , , a s a s lo ng . a l

serfa as n a s , soo . ' - s bra a ka lz a s f n a s . p , o te

' ' ’ ’ ' s - fla n a fa r z fa m lzna f nza n a s za a a fa n ma ka za a n m n ra é g , p gg ’ ' a ri - n a z y , h e a f w n t n sa w m a n m n b m . h e serpe t co i g , he estirred h i sel

' ’ ’ ’ serfa ma t s ora n a i — bri ora n fa / a a a a f P a fi /z Ad a m z g , g z p , a s a m a a k a a m n w s F A . e ch illed , they told tih d

1 n 40 . Co ju n ctio n s expressi ng Ca use

’ a m a s b a a n a s n . s ba a . s a , ec use g , , i s uch ’ ’ ' - K r a fo r r a a a w n . e n . a e i , f , o i g to PRACTI CAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 49

' ’ ' ’ ' ’ - a ka a - a ra n —n a ora n kerna b z na a .ra aa /z a i ra f z ora n ma i l g p g , g y g ' ' m na n zs z fa g , f ba b a k n h ad a a he or de the people to weep , ec use the i g lre dy n fo r bee n m our ed .

' ' ’ ’ ora n z fa s erfz a éa n feréa n ra m -n a a eri - a a a J a n a f a ma t g p g y , y g ' ' km : a n z n berfzo ) g j , f as if w n fl n n b n they elt they ere goi g to y , owi g to th e wi d lowi g n so exceedi ngly stro g .

1 n n n x s n 14 . Co ju ctio s e pres i g a n Object or Purpose :

s a a a n n p y j g a , a ﬂ a ﬂ s a a s a a a i n a f g , p y , p y , order th t , so a t a th t , h t . ba la a ,

' ’ ’ ' fza a k -la n na m z s bo fka n s moa -n a éa /a a m a ora n m nen a r d za y , j g g , no t m n n m all be f b we do e tio the , lest people should sur eited y

liste n i ng to the m .

’ ' ’ ' a n a n P a fi /z Ad a m a z — ba non fa éof a na l: sa n a a z -6a noi z-n a j g , y y , ’ P A b e k fo r f a n . . s k m . d o t let i lled , e r h e hould i ll y ch ild

2 n n n : 14 . Co ju ctio s expressi ng Co n d itio n

a a ka l ,

' ' ka z i ka la a t a da n . j , j z , u less ' zéa la a j ,

’ ’ ' ' - — ’ zéa a a fa a n na mba éa éa n fa a n ,é a d a na mba zka t a d lnzbi n j / p , j z a g ’ ’ ’ i n f ea fomba ééa - - , n a i a a na ba ka n ny a na mba a na l? Zuni la b ,

o u no t m m a a were y y ster , I should n ot be a m a n if I did no t c st a n a t b a th is j veli your re st .

’ ' ’ ’ - ’ zéa fza a a a n a n kud ra t A fla n mlz n fa n ka la n a r kofa Ma j g g , gg ' ' [a ka z n z .

n o f G b e a a n m e a a k f t o f u less the power od g i st , I will tt c th is or a a a M l cc .

14 3 . Co nju nc tio n s expressi ng M a nn er :

' ’ ’ - a ma a n s f nn a a . z . . gg , so . th t ' '

s erfz . . a miéza n s n a . . so ma i a . . m a k z n p , , , the . the . ' b z ma na g . such .

' ' ’ ‘ sp erfz m a na le a se/z fa a n -fa a n s moa a ka n kz fa,dﬁ kza n -la n Pa ren m a a s o f all o f o u h as b n wa so be th e love y ee to rds us , let your love

to hi m . 0 P CT C 5 RA I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

1 Co n u i rs . nc t o i n n n 44 , j expressi g Co cessio

’ ' zéa fa a s éa fi - a n n i f b a n - . z m a a n w w a j p , eve g p , ho ever , h tever . s a n on— a n bbra a w m or m a n gg p , p , ho ever uch y . though . m a i n- a n p ,

with th e correl a tives :

' ffa z p , mfa i nka n e t n v , y , still , e ertheless .

' ’ b z zn a na - a n bs a r a os a -n a a n a n ka ma ba ne / g p y , j g z , i t k w a s n m a he no t m . ho ever gre t their y , d o ill he

' ' ’ ’ s a n o/z - a n ffa a a a a 7n a a Ta n B fa za a a fa n gg p j g j g , wa s s o e t Tun B a no t m though i t , y i jid would co e .

’ ’ ’ ’ bara a a i -fa / a n i ofen Ta n Aba a f fi a a a a a ferfa /z a n p z j g , A a n w m Tun . an h o ever uch restr i ed (the eleph t), he could no t

b e h eld . kerna a d a fza mba zfea fa a s la m /z ta n a ff a w a f fa s éa fz - a n p j y p , ' ’ ’ a a s a ma a a a /z a a na é s a fz a ma fz fz a .ra a jzk y p y . o h a d w o f a a w n o t b e f r though I the hole J v , i t ould the s a me to

m e i f my ch i ld were d ea d . VOCAB U LA RY

N E S o un s . V RB .

’ ‘ ( fer/la k a b m . a a a f a b . e , custo , h i t , r el ’

a éni ra f a ft . a fz a fa éa n f , the here er , pre er , put ﬁrst .

ra fé m a n i n w n . . g , i d g , ove ’ /za ra a fz zs a bna n n a a a . n bn , tre surer , cou t , ccou t . ’ ' fa n a r a a k a a a b a . . a , re st gg , tt c fa ra n f b wa n i n . a s . d os , g , or id , r ' ’ ’ fzn fa n a n za w . n r. a , orld g , cross , h i de a a s a n a d i a mba . s Iz , sl ve p g , light ( fire), a m a k a a c t a n . a . l , , deed , ctio ch rge (fire r s) ra fa wa m n f7n f nn a n . . g , j veli p , i l , our m a fa / a n h o ld re stra i n n k ma n . n a s i a n n . m a , i d , z , , , e dure terba n rz ok o t . . p , p g, fly

b mb f a r b k . rzok a i . p p , o g , re u e ' fzn a fna n ba le a . a n . fara , spe r gg , le ve , eglect ' fzo b k w . a r n na . a f , serpe t , s e p , lo fo rn éa ééa n a , spe r . ° EC IVES . ADJ T ta a n g , pour . ' a / nz a S f w . fa a n z fi nfa n a w ti n j , ur eited , e ried g , c st ith

rofz w all. n s fa , hole , (he ce , solder).

M 52 PRACTICAL ALAY GRAMMAR .

n in n a b i s n n o n a n a w Wh e E gl ish ver d e p e de t djec tive , ith or w a n no n i n a a i thout prepositio , prepositio is required M l y , as,

’

a nda z ma a fzs at n . p , clever writi g

na f be a fa n o f a k n . p rf , tired w l i g n a e t i n na n m a s o . s g , e sy to g

“ n e a n i n a a fo r t n to There is o quiv le t M l y the preposi io , n n i n n a m used a s th e sig n o f th e i ﬁ itive E glish . Ex ples

’ ' a m ask fo r m n di a a a fa n mm z n fa w a n he c e to o ey , g , g , ' ' ’ a fo r a m a n m n a n fzéa n ora n z la a a fa n . w i t th t to co e , g g

1 n a b n two b a s w 47 . Whe ver gover s o jects, such those h ich tc b a n a k n e . n k express g ivi g , s i g, , the i d irect o ject t es the pre n as positio , ,

’ ’ fa mmbrz fzorma f a k a n bna a na ra , b nd ah a ra h e respected th e .

’ ' ' ’ ' ’ - - - - a z bfza z n a ma s z f a ,é a a a ( m a n n a g y p y , b d e d ivi ed out the gold to his ch ildre n . I n so me c ases th e prepositio n before th e i ndirect object is m i n a m wa a s i n n o itted , the s e y E glish ; thus ,

fz a ri éa n a e t m e m c ka na s i . g so e rice ,

n a éa n w a b o f 148 . The preposi tio is used ith n u m er verbs a nd adjectives expressi ng the feeli ngs a nd a ctio ns o f the m i n d a nd

a e tc . as he r t, , ,

a a r é n a n éeré na n a ka n . m a f a a w , s tisﬁed with f , gry i th . ’

fza z ra n a ka n n a t . ere/za a a fea n b i n , wo der p y , elieve . i n ka n fza ra a éa n . ? a a ; p , trust p a] , pr ise ' '

fo r. fa f a ka n a f o f a a a ka n n éo a . z g z , lo g , r id ‘ / ea n Ka i s en a ka n fnz a a . , love . , covet f a a ka f a n . p , orget b 149 . The followi ng rief list o f verbs with th e prepo s itio n s wh ich t hey ta ke m ay be fou n d u seful

’ ’ - berfma d a a n m e t . ka fa a a a é a a a s a k o t . g , with y or p , pe ’ ra / k - a a a u ber z n a a s . fn f /z a a n a w t . z y , d eliver p to g , rgue i h ’ ffa n a z / a nda n a a t . c za m a r a n a n m i x i t i th p g , g e p g , . ' ka k t fzfza f a n a . fa a b a i m a t . , loo j , ’ ' ’ - [ba t k a a a k . berefz ra z a n a n a a m f . p , stic to g , sep r te ro

' ' All b n n a s bri ea s e/1 fzfza z z n a m ver s expressi g givi g, such , , g , p j , f é n Ae a rnfa ka n - ’ a n a ra z f a . c a n a k a k a / fz a a a g , , etc , t e either z or p . PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAMMAR . 53

’ ' b n m n ak a erz f m a nd b w n i s Ver s expressi g otio t e , ro , , to , he it ’ ' f a a n d d eri — a a n k - a d a f m to n m a . m otio ro or to pl ce , p or p , ro or

I n m an a n ,é n perso ns . y c ses the prepositio o ly is used where ’ ’ - - é a a la m ,é a a a as we should expect . or y , ,

- - - - eff ba zaa n a ma sok ,é ra ma n n a y y , s h e took h i m i n to h i house .

' - - - di fffekka n n a a er ,é ma fa f ba da fé z ta y y , ’ a n b m he dropped w ter i to the oy s outh .

’ ' di - a w a - n a na zk k- ra na z fa b y p , b a he took her o n o rd the sh ip .

' ’ - - s a /z a ra a a fz s z n a /z ,é ra zn a /f nenek k a y gg , ’ a fa I ca lled i n a t my gr n d ther s house .

1 0 m b n a ka n ma be use d 5 . Wi th so e ver s th e prepositio y with b a s the d irect o ject , ,

fa a n fa / a a ka n a rtf- n a p z y , a k n n n o f he lso ew the m e a i g it .

' ' ma ka e rnza z a rz a n m neni a i n a ka n m na n fa -n a p s p y , th e n k -i n -l quee issed her d a ughter aw .

' ' ' - - z ea fa a d am n a a fa f di ba no/z fz a cfa k z fa !ba ne/ a éa n di d j y p , z , a lthough his o ffe nce were worthy o f de ath we would no t k hi m ill .

I n m m n a a n a o f th e m n the co o colloqui l l gu ge Settl e e ts , the n s a ma i n t wa w a ll o f b prepositio is used h is y ith sorts ver s , espe c i a ll w n b a n n a s i n f w n a s y he the o ject is pro ou , the ollo i g ph r se : ' ’ ’ a hi m a n z f s a m a a za f m e {but s a ma s a n a C ll , p gg ; ollow , y ; ’ ’ n i t ba ka s a n a a a m b e a as a a z . m ope , z This ust reg rded vulg ris , a nd be a A m ak a m n should voided . desire to e co plete se te nce w t a n b a s i n n i s n o b a t o f i h o ject , E glish , dou t the root th is m ta k s aun a b n a m ak a a i s no t i n is e , the ei g dded to e ph r se which t h e a a b e m mb M l y id io m sou nd a lit t le better . I t should re e ered at n n a s a n o t b e i n a a th pro ou s , rule , do require to expressed M l y a a a b b t f w a n o f ( see p r gr ph 49 the ver y i sel , or ith the dditio a n b n f nt i n a n a b w [ ei g quite su ﬁcie the phr ses give ove , h ich ' ' ’ ' be P - : a n z f a n z f a za fea t fa n ba ka . should gg , or p gg ; ;

VOCAB U LARY .

E BS V II R B S . V R .

a m a a a n ba n ter/z a a . o w . p y , possess , , rgue , qu rrel

a n a ra /zka n i nfe berf /n a m . g , give (to , eet ' bna z riors). g , d ivide up l /e a bof o t ba e n n . en u . , tur , retur , pull P T R 54 RAC ICAL MALAY G AM MAR .

E BS No un s V R . .

i a a e/za nz r m x b w n . pa , . z , e rth , grou d ’ /z efz i a m m k . a a ra . , s ell , iss , blood

fla i ra n w o n z i . , der . g g , tooth ’ éoa on o ff m a fze rfa n . g , cut , uti l te . , goods , possessio s ’ k a rma/Pa n nf . n a s , give (to i eriors) z , gold

’ erc/z a a b a z na n fa s o n a p y , elieve , trust . , (or d ughter) -la i n a m n b i h w . w . p / , le d , orro a fa n ka n b a k i n n fa a fa h m p g , restore , give c . , t er (or other) i n -la w s i n a /z a i n a t a a . gg , c ll ( pl ce).

s ra n m a fa f m . , y ield , deliver . , outh ferfa w a a nenek an fa a n , l ugh . , gr d ther ( or gr d

fi fe/ék a n b m . , drop ( y d rops). other) fnz a m ora n oa n a k m m n , eet . g y , co o people , fa m a /z l o f w . p , spil , sh ed ( liquids). cro d ' a é na fa n ofe n a t n a . j , poi t , poi t out , p , il

a n ok w erma zs a rz i n n . j , sho . p , pr cess, quee bi n f . g , shore EC IV E S ADJ T .

fi feié . , d rop ‘ berén a n a a . fnz a a a n . , s tisﬁed , ple sed , v rice , covetous ess

m a boa n a . a a m a n b . , i toxic ted s p , o t

P E POS I TI S R O N .

D en oti n Pla ce g .

' ’

Mi li n a n . d z na a a n f a b . g , rou d p , e ore ’ a n ta ra b w n a m n . a i fa ka n b n b . , et ee , o g g , eh i d ’ ra m oa t n t i . a i fa a r o uts d e o f. / , u il , , ’ ’ ’ - a fra t ,é a a a n a . i a a /a n a b n . p , e r , u der ’ a ra ff ar / b wa a . i a r o n n a a f . , z , to rds , , upo , over ’ s bra n o o si te ac ro ss b n oerfn fa n a n a n a n g , pp , , ey o d g g , opposite .

D en oti ng Order

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ - - a li a fa a eri a a n .énza i a n a eri a a a p , b f p , L . a f e ore ter .

D e n o i n f g U n i on .

’ ’ f - a fa n . a i n a eri a a a b n m . , duri g y , esides n n/ra t a n . a , ccord i g to

D en oti n Se a ra ti on or P r g p i va ti o n .

’ ’ fa i a a a w t . nz i n ka n a n a n f . g , i hout I , except

D en oti n O osi ti on g pp .

w a n a a n . a la s a a n fa . m , g i st , g i st , versus P T C RAC I AL MALAY GRAM MAR . 55

’ D noti n t e “ E na e g h .

a ka n i n fo r , order to , . 7 n n u ab / co cer i g , out s a a as . 0 7 5 7777! p y , so to 5 D en oti ng Ca use a n d Mea ns

b b m a n o f y , y e s . o n a n o f ’ ccou t . r b a e i .rba

EXERCISE XXIV .

1 There were som e people sta n d i ng o n the shore wa iti ng fo r 2 a m All m n a r the bo t to co e . the co mo people w ited fo the b nd a 9 e t a k fo r h a r a t o a . H e s s the n a ils w hich were left here yester 4 5 d a . n b as n y He le t the horse to h is so n . Much lood w spilt o n m e hi as b hi m . t m w n the grou d Whoever , ordered y to tur 7 ’ 9 ba k n o t b e o f n . If c . Do covetous (other)people s possessio s ’ a m a n f n a n n b n n a nd no t n m ou d yo e s elo gi gs , d id retur the to wn a n a m a n a k n hi s an b e c ut the o er ( y g p y ), the i g ordered h d to 9 19 ff o e o n a m a n o k . a . No trusts wh d ri n s to excess She qu rrel! 11 e d w m -i n - Ia w no t an w ma n ith her other . Do trust old o to 17 m n o u fa a n -fza mba m e co e i to your house . Do y ( ) love

L S S E ON XXV .

E l m e n t a r a la I i m e y M y d o s .

1 1 a ak m m a a n . a n b ut 5 M l ys spe uch ore tersely th Europe s , a b n n w m n a n thei r rupt se te ces , hich see rude to wester e rs, co vey

no a o f m n na m n . n a n w ide i polite ess to the tive i d For i st ce , here we sa o u k ak m n e at should y , Would y li e to t e so ethi g to the a a no t be a n n i n n if a Ma n -na n M l y would w ti g pol ite ess he s id , m a ka n na s i

Such t erse phrases a s th e follow i ng are fou nd i n Cl assic a l M a l ay

na n a n a -eu n o t o f m na na ba b s . g , he is y tio lity ’ ’ i fza fa a a a n a n a i -fri ma i f n o t no t a fi a . j , j g , , d o receive it

e m a n ff n o f m b w n 1 52 . O n o f the m ost i port t di ere ces id io et ee Ma l ay a n d the Europea n l a nguages is i n th e us e o f pro nou n s i n a a a 1 Th is h as a lrea dy bee n referred to p r gr ph 4 3.

h e n n are a b ut i n c o n I n liter a ture t pro ou s usu lly expressed , a re m f n n n n b n versa tio n they ore o te u derstood , the se te ce ei g m ofte n put i n a n i m perso na l for .

“ n a n n s n n se e no ff n be For i st ce , the E gl i h se te ce , I d i ere ce ”

n m n n a a m d be sa ma ra a . twee the , whe put i to M l y idio woul , j r6 P T . J RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR

“ n a a a a n i s a m k b s o be y , their p pe r ce the s e ; I li e th is e t w uld , “ ’ ’ n i a no m t a a a fa i . ba i k i ; I h ve ore , g

1 n n o f t h e n ma b e m a 53. The pro ou ﬁrst perso y o itted lto gether whe n i t i s evid e n t to t h e perso n a ddressed th a t o ne i s f n n f a n d n no m a i s be a n re erri g to o esel , whe e ph sis to l id upo the no n pro u s . N ote the abse nce o f th e pro nou n i n the followi ng replies to d irect i n terroga tio n s : ’ l f a d a /z a kof br a ? B a ni ta f a fna n . S p ap , ’

a m ? n t k n w s i r. Wh t ti e is it I do o ,

a a ora n i tn K a ra n r /bra Ap na m g ? g p o . ’ ? i n i Wh a t is th at m a n s na me I h ave no t qu red .

’ ’ ’ 7 f - a a a S a da/ 1 oton fa i n a ? Ta bofefz i s a t a . p g y , p ’ ? k n f a o u c ut a n a n o . H ve y the rope I c t , I h ve i e

a a 6 1 o n o ra /z a w n n i n t e B ut se e p a r gr ph th e use f . y he reply i g h afﬁ rma tive or receivi ng a com m an d .

S m a i n na a n th e n n f n 1 54 . i il rly d irect rr tio pro ou o the I st perso m b i n a is o itted wherever possi le , or used the possessive c se , or the m e na ora n ma b o f n n a s i n i p rso l g is de the su ject the se te ce , the a m fol lowi ng ex ples .

b n a k m o ra n ma i ra ma /f Ta n a a n bf . I ee s ed to sell y house , g y ( h ve I nk h ad b no t a da bi ena ra Ta n a an a n d i thi I etter sell i t , p y , j g a a f j .

’ ’ a a was a ora n .éa fa a i a s a a a /z ma fi I h e rd th t he de d , g .

m a a a n- - . n : a n a a t a ra a n a I 55 The i perso l phr ses g y , guess , p y , ra m -n a m kfza ba r-n a i s a are f n i n a a y , it see s, y , it s id , o te used M l y w n n o f n w be i n n as here the pro ou the ﬁrst perso ould used E glish , ,

’ ’ n nk f / ra m -n a ba a t i n i ta oa i k . I do t th i this rui t is good , y

nk i s n - a n ma n na a n ra a n a . I th i i t goi g to r i , j p y

n 1 56 . The pro ou n o f the seco nd perso n is si m il a rly om itted i n n a n b n a a o f a a nk i n a n co vers tio etwee M l y s equ l r , though ddressi g a superior the word s fa a n a n d ta a nfea used a s pro nou n s a re ofte n a f n a a repe ted reque tly . Th e followi ng a re C h ar a cteristic M l y phr ases :

- ? f mda k fi ma n a ? where a re y o u go i ng

ma na J a na w o u k , h ichever y l i e . a pa bfza ba r? how do yo u d o ? P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 57

POLI ’I ‘ E PH S ES RA .

1 . f n a 57 . The ollowi g rem rks o n polite phr a ses will be fou nd f use ul . n m ak n a mi nfa a sk cfzoba a d Whe i g request , th e words , , , try , n ’ fofo n a re f n a fo r n ak a s we us g , help , reque tly dded polite ess s e , e ” w a the ord ple se , thus,

fa a n fofon ra nenon éa n ka fa rn sa /z a i ni a c ut m e n s i r g g y , ple se y p , .

e/zooa i éa fka n bun k a s ni a a g i , ple se tie up th is p rcel .

' mi n fa a a w a f m i nk a , so e , ple se .

1 8 - . S i fa m a n n o f w si t 5 , the ﬁrst e i g hich is to cross legged , ha s m m a n n si t wn a n d n co e to e to i vite to do , he ce to i nvite n a i s a m i n am a ge er lly . I t lso used very uch the s e w y a s the “ ” n w a m m i n f m s i fa iéa n s E glish ord ple se , so eti es the or a well

f n a m w a n o f Th e ollowi g ex ples ill expl i th e use these words .

s i fa a o r f a n ma s n a m i n si . , ple se co e ,

’ s i fa a a fa n k -ra nza /z s a /z a a m m g y , ple se co e to y house .

a a n E a n a 1 59 . The ord i n ry s alut tio n b et wee urope s nd natives w he n meeti ng or whe n taki ng leave o f each other i s the word fa oek w h as bab m n a a a n a , hich pro ly co e i to the M l y l gu ge a a n Am n a a a m mm n through the J v ese . o gst M l y s ore co o greet “ ” i n n m A a kanoa r w i s g whe they eet is p , th e reply to hich , “ ” K na ba r ba i é n ak n a a n a . Whe t i g le ve they exch ge the s lu “ ” “ “ ” tati o ns S fa ma f a fa n o i n a a nd s la ma t ti n a l y , g pe ce gg , “ ” m a n i n a a a wh o a ff re i pe ce . M l y s desire to ect the religious sty le “ ‘ o f a ddress m ake use o f th e A r a bic a s -s a fa rn a fa i é (si ng ) or ‘ “ a fa i na m pea ce b e with y o u the reply to wh ich m ay ‘ ‘ ” be Wa a : f a a n d o u b e a fa i f a fa i f a m s a f nz . , (or ) , to y pe ce

6 a k a re b w fri ma ea s e/z 1 0 . n Th s expressed y th e ords , or ’ ba n a k tri ma ea s e/z a n a bb a n fo r s a n a s a a a /z ba n a k y , revi tio y y f i a ka sen a a fa r nz a . , I h ve received gre t vour

T H E U SE o r B H ARU .

1 a n as a b m 6 1 . a w Ma ra w n a The M l y ord , he used dver , so e ” m h a s m a n n n a n d no t n m ti es the e i g , the till the . This idio a tic use o f th e w ord c a n be u nderstood fro m the foll o wi ng exa m ples ’ a i —ba n a tka n n fa ole/z na moa ra a i ta Ma ra -fa n i a be ren i a g p j , , ’ : was a n a a n b k n a n t n a nd n o t li t he h ste ed g i y the i g s ret i ers , he

. n o t n i h e wa s t n i e . ill the he dressed , he did d ress u t l ’ a h aste n ed aga i n by the ki ng s ret i n ers . 58 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRAMMAR .

- ’ ba n i bun i a n a n fi a a a oerba n i i fn a n b/za ra -fa /z erba n i y y y g y p b y , the i nstru m e nts which ha d bee n sile n t the n a t le ngth soun de d

There is n oth i ng id io ma tic i n the co m mo n a dverbi a l use o f bfza rn i n a a s : afi a ra ma ti a afi a ra fi n ai s such phr ses , just d e d , just

n . ﬁ ished , etc

T H E U SE G O F J U A .

1 2 wo rd n a m a a i 6 . The j g i s used very id io tic lly n severa l d i ffer “ ” t a Th e n a n a i e n . w n i n w ys E gl ish equiv le t lso , h ch is g ive m a b a n o t n m t m m o n ost voc ul ries , does represe t its os co use ; “ ” o n n a n a lso m f n the co tr ry , the E glish word i s ore o te equi “ ” a a a un v le n t to th e M l y p .

a a a m a a m a n o f a a s i n ( ) y g e ph sises co p riso equ lity , th e ' a s a ma a a m a mki a n a a phr ses . jag , just the s e j g , just ’ k a s orti a na fa a a a s b fo a i n t h e m a li e th t , p y g , just e re ; lso id io tic i a a u x n i n no w . e pressio j g , j st

(a) The word jng a ma y itself express su c h a com pa riso n i n th e “ am wa as E n w k w s e y the glish ord l i e ise .

’ m a éa S ri R a ma pa n s a a a fz ma fi ; a na fe-ny a pn fa bergfa r S ri R a ma jag a n S R a m a a a nd s o n i n h i s n h ad S o w ri lso d ied , h is tur the ti tle r i

Ra m a li ke wise .

(c) O n th e other h a nd jag a is freque n tly used to qu alify a n t a a m n o f fa i n a m wa a we epi het or st te e t ct , the s e y th t use the ’ word pretty th us oa i k jag a m ea ns pretty g oo d pa na n i “ ” i a a fa C . n fo w n n n f m f g , irly lever So th e llo i g se te ces ro th e Sja rah M a l ay u :

’ - fa an ka n a ng an a n a i fz ,en na c a n y o u ride

a a a /z a fa a n -kn w Si r fa na s . j g y , pretty ell ,

ba i /e a a Pi ta beroa feé as a we s n . j g , it is just well th t hould retur

’ f a a a m m a n n but ( ) S g is so eti es equiv le t to the E glish words , , w n t a s i n f w n n n though , ho ever , ever heless , the ollo i g se te ces

’ ’ n a li efi a ri bfn m a a n a a f s a , f g p , r b k fo ut a no t f n . I h a ve loo ed it , h ve ou d it

’ ’ ’ a n off a n a mki a n fi a a a a a i a m a a a a ta n s gg p , j g g , m a wa s so n n o t wa n . although th t , evertheless he did t to co e ’ ' ka n Ta n [ s a a a a n a a a f m mi n a nz a i a mfa i n p j g y g p j ,

un a w i n b o wi n . b ut T I s p , h o ever , succeeded orr g i t

o n use o f a a a a a 1 . a lso , th is j g , p r gr ph 44

60 P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

L S S E O N XXVI I .

W o r s o f S i mi la r Me a n n d i g .

I n m a o f w i n 16 . a a o b 3 so e cl sses ords, especi lly the c se f ver s n m a n o f mm n a n a a a n a expressi g y the co o est ctio s, the M l y l gu ge m a n a n a n a n a n is uch richer th Europe l gu ges . For i st ce the M a l ays use h a lf a do z e n d i ffere n t word s to express th e ide a s “ ” “ ” a k e tc . n n a a n c rry , stri e , H e ce i t is ecess ry to le r the precise sh ade o f m ea n i ng co nveyed by e ach o f a series o f w all a am a n i n n words w h ich ould h ve the s e equiv le t E glish . o f w w b e a k n i n a ab a e o f These lists . ords i ll t e the lph etic l ord r a n their E ngl ish equiv le ts .

i n s a na f i d o f n n be . a n n B a ( se tie t g ), j C rry ( the ﬁ gers) ’ o f na n m a b na i n b m éa na on ( i i te o jects), ( the oso ), g . ’ i ié o o ra n ba . n a nn n g ( the h i ps), g . /e n a nd fo ba so . o n a m f a n (rotte etid), ( the p l s o the h ds), t n b ut n o t o f a n m a (rot e , i l - m a ba ron b a fa n o . n tter), ( e r , support), gg g .

k fa nc ,é a ba n i a n o n. B elieve (th i , y), j Ch ge ( lter), /z a a t ere . C a n n i n ( rust), p y ( h ge positio ), p ’

n . n a l ft B ak b a fa s a a e . re ( y pulli g), p , / a n i a n a ta . b t . (tr sversely), p z (su stitute), g e/za /z a n ba a ka i n . f r ( pieces), p (exch ge , rter), . fo r a b na r a n i s a m C t . C a ll (c ll , c ll y e), y (wee p), g

wa ra ta . ( il), p a o n mla w a t s ra fri a k (c ll , visit), . (shout), , . a i n a ma r a i n a t a a wa rc r a n so a k . (c ll pl ce p ss ( y , ccl tio ), i n s i n a ff n a o o n . t . g), gg Cu t (ge er lly), p g

” ri eze aff i ne/ra n . a f . (c ll ou t, shout), (chop , slice), g

a a k a b wa a a he w a s w a w ffa k . C re (t e c re , e re), j g , ( , i th s ord), o ff kra t (cut , sever), . f fi /za ra k a o n foa n . a . (t e c re ), p (cut dow trees), g é/za a fi r b a a n , wn tb s . b e . ( xious), (cut do ushes), ’ fo r a a fi a k n f a a a . w (h ve reg rd ), p ( ith i e , edge tow rds ’ i n n a a th e b ra e/z a a . C rry (c rry ge er l , r ther , ody), a n ka t k n f a a f . w a l i t), g ( i th i e , edge w y n a a b ra n t a i n f m . (c rry ge er l , r ther , ro the ody), a w a n a a o c ut f z . n . co vey), ( cor ), n na e o n a a on n w . ( th e he d ), j j g . ( le gth ise), ba k bfa n o n . ( the c or shoulders , Divid e (split , )

b ana z . i k a f. p (d istri ute), g

r é a ei m . i fek a f r é. n a . (u der the ), Dr w (pull), AR PRACT ICAL MALAY GRAM M .

n fa a z w a f e . m a f n a w k a . Dr (dr g ith orce), H it ( h it r ), a t fi s w a n fa . a n ( pic ure), H old ( ith the h ds), pg g .

a a s a cna oot. m n a n ab ( d r w out , tooth) ( ore stro gly th ove), /z a n t P a ba oo . l ce (put), . p o f a b n a n m na f i s i (d itto , l rger o jects , (co t i ), , . ba n ta n o f a n a s . Hot ( ﬁre), p . ’

Dr a n k r n éa n . o f S a a b s i s . y (ver tr ), g ( pices), p K w s i n a i r a n i n ka n . n e e a a 6 2 a . ( the ), g o , p r . i n s un mor L k fa a é . m . ( the ), j oo p a t oa r/i i k a t fen k m n w . a m E r h (grou d , orld), ( loo ), g , so eti es ’ w a a a fi /za n ab n i f . (i h ited orld), .

fa na n L i li a t i s m o re usuall to s e (soil), . y e ’

d r a n n a ra t . ( y l d), b ut m n n ( d itto , ore i te tly , ) a F ll ( i n a nd a n p g . o f m a n ( s ll , light thi gs), lo o k a t na w i n fa i ( very rro ly), a a r ’ . m g g s fi a elé. ( still ore closely), o f m e n rba z ( , trees , f . k fo r efza ri ( loo ), . o f ( houses a nd l a r e o b k ) n a fa g ( f t /i . loo up , g e c ts robe/f j ), . k ba k m nofe/z ( loo c ), . o f k a n d ( roc s si m il a r m a ss L n o f m a m n a n o g ( e sure e t), p ra n ton; es), a n f g . o f fa m a ( l iquids), /z . o f m la ma p ( ti e), . o f i n ( fi tek . L ni f liquids drops), ose a ng . fa o n ti m a a n (to ll ), p (tr s). ff ) ra z ( su er loss , g . mak ab f Fill ( e solutely ull), Ma n n a ora n ( i divid u l), g . no/ éa n p . m a nk n m a n a a s i . i ( i d ), n n i s i ka n (put thi gs i to , , ma fa ki fa éz ) ( le), . ma a f . a o f m n n a feor M e sure ( di e sio s), . ’ a na fa First (previousl , . o f a a y) s a na f. ( c p city), o f a n s fi rst (first sever l thi , i n n a oerfm n er g Meet ( ge er l), , b l a n erta ma er y , )y g p , p fa ma - fa ma . a mb oer/zi m on oer ( sse le), p , o f a ll ab first , first solutely), n a M i d , see C re . G ’ a a . c et , see p r 55 . a n o a i na a /f Move ( to ther pl ce), p . n a H i t (g e er ll ), a fe of a n y r . p ( sligh tly), g ( w fis t ta m oft ith the ), b . n i n n a ma m Ope ( ge er l ), . w t n a n ( i h the ope h d , a s a w emba n ) , . ( flo er), g m n a n a ( th e outh ), g g . m ( g n a n ( eff / ff e . ore e tly th th e the eyes), a b t ok ove ), . a a n m n a fa r p Order ( rr ge e t), . ( k n k a s w a h a m , ( a m m a n nn féa m oc ith co d), .

m e r ,étoe ) . , ( m m a n s a ro/z ra n . to co d), , p b a t w a k a fa . ( e i th stic ), p a r n fa /z e . ( uthority), p

a s a é . n fo r g n s a n . ( se d th i gs), p 62 P T C RAC I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

P a a a wa S tre t c h . b n r a n lza n l ce (especi lly to put y ) ( y pulli g), g g . le n th e n a n a n ka n (to g ), p j g .

wn lfa a. a émba n (pu t do ), Spre d g . i n a ra ééa n m . a n . a s a m a t on ta n (put ), (tr s ), g , na i o n a . fza m a (put ), p p r.

R as a w efeé . a fza nzoa r fa oa r oll ( heel), g (sc tter), , . l n - a nd a i . oli r ra i a i o . ( over over), g g (disperse), a d fro ofeé ak n . s e e a a . a ( to )g T e , p r 55 . R o llu a s a ro llo f a a fo n S a p ( p per), g g Tell , see y .

S a n n a ra m . w n a lem a r lt ( ou ), g Thro (ge er lly ), p . a a s i n m a i a s n . wa ba a n . ( djective ), , ( y), g

S a a k Pa ra . wn e/za m a le y ( spe ), (do ), p . n e fa for e/z a éa n f . o n fa r lota r (co v rse), , p (viole tly), , . ' n a bi la n b a . n m m n a a i (tel l , rr te), g Tur ( eco e), j . n f m bri ta /i a kna n oa fele i ntra (tell , i or ), , ( right rou d), . n .

bar/ba n . ba lenka n a n , tr s .

m n n s oot . a ri n ( e tio ), ( revolve), p g . a nk th e a b a l i n . (utter , express th s or ( he d or ody ), p g a a e/za as m a hi ne r . c a fa r pr ise), p ( y ), p ma n o f G r . ak be a wa k a a ( od), ﬁ W e ( to e), j g . /z o f k n fi ta . b m n ( i gs), ( to eco e co scious), ’ a nd k n ra a r (o f prophets i gs) . . ' ’ ba a a s a . ( to rouse o n e s self from

o f nf s moa /z . ba n a n ( i eriors), sleep), g .

S n éi ri m . m n t ba n k n i t. e d (th i gs), ( ore viole ly ), g Wa sh ( face a n d h a n ds or n / fo r ra n . ba so . (th i gs), p clothes), z ’ n m a na i a n i ba . fo r l. (perso s), p gg ( the),

S o a n . a n n a o/za e/zi ak ) . h e , g y g ( cle ge er lly , n m/faa V i ber n . m one/ra n . ( ore ole tly), g g a a l ba r s a k n a ba f o f b e . ( h e h d s), j Wide ( re dth ), o f a la a s la a n ( sp ce), , p g .

S a lka t . o f n a a ra n k . tic ( d here), ( i terv ls), j g k a r e t a n a n n i n a len . (g c ug ht or e t gled), Wi d ( coil ), g lon ra o n a a . . ( core), g g ta a a k ba ne/ néa o n a s a a m l. n ( p tch), p ( cloc ), .

li . a li s i n a s a C n e/fa n f . ( pole), Write ,

m ,é i n a fi ka m . a ra n b . (st ), ( co pose), g

S a ns bsa rna n . tretch (tr ),

No exercises h a ve bee n prep a red fo r th is a nd the follo wi ng n n m b o f w i n a n b n so a t a lesso s , the u er ords e ch lesso ei g gre th t w i n e a a a they could no t b e dea lt i th a d equ a tely th sp ce a v il b le . Moreover the proper use o f these words h a rdly requires further a n elucid tio . P RACTICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 63

L ESSON XXVI I .

o m un W o rd C p o d s .

1 a a a a n mb f 6 . o m n 4 The M l ys use l rge u er co pou d words . m o f a a a b n n i n s n b ut So e these h ve lre dy ee give previous les o s , a m m t w o b a b b e f n f a as ore co plete lis ill pr ly ou d use ul , especi lly ’ m f n som e a re very id io a tic . The re ere ces to S h e lla b e a r s Vocab ul a ry will give the s tude n t a l a rger n u mber o f words th a n could e n possib ly b pri ted h ere .

‘ ' n i o /z kid v a éa f oa a i n . a a i n a n n e s . , i tell ge ce p gg g, ‘ ‘ a la m a a f a la m oa rz a k/z ba a f— a a f n m o . , , , prete d i a d e I s . a f a n on ren f . g , rivolous

- a fa r ra nza lf f n a n . oa fa f bnfa f n . , ou d tio s , e tirely a r f m a t e r i a . a a é n i n b o w . p p g , squ re g, eye ro s s a n a k e e a b a . la a a oa m fa . , Voc ul ry , ey el shes a n ka t a n a k a k k . ba n a a i a w . g , dopt g p , sp r s , ﬁre or s ra a fe n a n ba fa . n a a ra n S ba . g , co l g g , po ge a fa r a n i n w n wa w n / a oa fa e z a . g , i d rd , ester p , lithogr phy '

E a n . na ra l an a i n n e C . urope , Chi ese sty le a a la ‘ m i fo . a r féa l m a n on i a . y , poultry , devise e s a b a a r i n m a a . e s e e a . ofzerm f y , Voc ul ry , spect cles

" - ba i é a ra r a n m elzermi n m a f a k n a . p , h dso e . , loo i g gl ss ba l : ki a f el ra f eni ri bi n ta n m . , rel pse . g , eteor ’ ba a r no m a n - a i n a a ra a a a n . e on m . p , u cle p g p g , r gged ba a f a /z ne/zok ra n a f a i i n . i ri f . e p , step ther gg , h r p ba a i mb lfa i ,é a la tax ra ena . p , e ers . p , poll

a fe n n iéa i a m n b fo k ri m n cna i n fn . g , co su ptio . p , house ssess e t - n ba a e e ab a e/za ri o a ri . f s . , Voc ul ry , secretly ' ba w a fa ri run a wa w . ri n i n na ra li b a n , y i th g g , lood rel tio

ba w a ma la f a n a . . , sc d l , gossip ship

oa w a er i ak a wa d a a a a a . p g , t e y . y p y , resources ’l za fa k a la i n d n m . bi i ma fa b a . a j , eye lls , ol e ti es ’ m /za i n i ri . bi n fa n berenor . a w g , co et , t ilight

d a a la i r o b two a . bfea r fa n a n na . g , sig ture p , d u le , l yers ’ - ka fz i fa w . ona n a ra n C a k n . a a e g g , h l li e , sorro ’ / a le fo r ll m . bon /ea r ra n/ w a n . a n n i a a t i ra f g z , eigh chor , ti e ora a a loli h o w m a n n ? i la ba oi . p p , y te s g , epilepsy

- i s e a b a i la n mi fa n n . br e . , Voc ul ry g g g g , glitteri g

la n ka ki a nk . bri bra n i m a n . , g et g g , let ’ z la n fa n a n b a . bri f a a a . . horseshoe g g g , r celet P CT C 64 RA I AL MALAY GRAMMAR .

a Pi ra -Pi ra m a ba mi a k . a n g p , e rthqu e , ccou ts .

a n on bera i a n . Pla m Pa Pof a k g g p , volc o , pi tch d r . - a Pfo a P a a Pa l i /i w a f m n . m f , circu st ces p , ey elid . i ba fa n a d a o f m n Pna a b Pa r a . , d te , y th e o th , see Voc ul ry a f a P a fa r Pa ri ra a . a ra a m y , holid y , estiv l p , cre , bi ra nf n Pra s Pa fi a a a ra e d . P , co usio , d isorder , h rd he rt P a s P a la a fi Pra r . r b na P , proud p , o sti te . m P fer n a . reta e b a ff a n r . P p , hot te pered g , icycle a a Pr H on P . Pa w a na ra n . eta o n k a f , c r l desires g g , ri ish

ma fi . Preta rew a a Per a . g , ﬁxed price , gh rry ’ ’ ’ a nd a - ta Pna a . Pa a a Pa a a tre ssle s . Per , goods ch ttels , ’ - mm n Pa fi f Pa a b a a k . na a i n . Pi , co o people y , r

li n on fa na lf a . Pa li t flor . j g , c pe , eggshell - Pa ne/i i m a n Pa ra Pa ra . a p a k . , riot gg , d loc n Pa ra -Pa ra a P h e . P i n a a m . i ba y , , i step

a n Pa ra n s e e . a Pa a . a b a i b p , p re ts g , Voc ul ry mb la a - a ri . m la m af m m ba a . i j , thu , ter so e ti e a f - n a Pa Pi . a n i f la i f n f o f i h i b , gre t toe g g , ceili g , roo

n wa b . m i n a . i Pa f p gg g , ist elt outh

n i a a no w . i j g , just f /f a ra n a nw i n w . be k m i n i P , do ry g , ore or less . i a b a f /f f o n n . mb f m n e r ma k . i ri g , i h it ts , ee ’ a fo a n Pi non f n . b n ro . i ri p , e tr ils g g , ostrils f . P fa a f a ra ma z ma bo k . i ri , household , se sic n a n a k a ma P- ba a a n a ba f fa nd . . j g , sh e h s p , p re ts

P ra m . m a Pa n s e e a b a fa n P a a . j , id io , Voc ul ry ’ a m a n a ra i . m a r a la n ra a . j y , i ro d , gold dust e ab a ma ra m m a Pa n . w a ri se k . j , Voc ul ry , sco li g, sul y /zoP P a fa a c b k n a ro m f . a rom eP . m n j , od i , i terru pt a P fa n a n a la m a t n . ma ro n f a a P m . j , l te igh t g , i ter ere a b a a s e e a ra s e e . ma f ab a ; j , Voc ul ry , Voc ul ry

e a b a . mera / flor k o f a n Pa i n s e e . , Voc ul ry z , yol gg i t z n i n fa o a la n . m b a Pa Pi g , hori o , see V c ul ry .

boP f n a n m i n a P fa na P m . i fem . n a Pa P , ou d tio s y , i er l oil Pi n n mi n a P fa r tar a fa n . . P j g g , scorpio y , i t a m m a Pa s e e a . b a l a a . Pa p p , s e sh i p , Voc ul ry n wa m a fa -ma fa a a l ra . t . Pap p g , rsh ip , ﬁrst ba n a n na i P ab a a n a n a . . Pa r g g , oseg y , see Voc ul ry la r a fa m na ma ba roP a ba d P . a n Pa a m g , ily , reput tio . ’ i a P l a i w . na n f a a w a bi Pa a a t . y p , ﬁre ood , i t b n n P mo a n a a a ra n . ne e a n . P y g, e o y y g , cestors n n a fa - n i m n . n a a fa Pa a ma n r n b . y , ci o y y , ope ly , pu licly ’ f o Pa t Pa i l fi . n lzi l Pa w . Po , spite ul , gu po der a n b a o ba f a na b n . m a a r Pm . Pert g , lotti g p per g , gic fa ra n a r a n i n m . o a b a . Pna b g , lse ru ours g , see Voc ul ry P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 65

o ta P fa la n m a w ra Pa - e/z i a . f a n g , rro , joy , gl d ess .

a a r Pa la n a . ra ra f P/z a ba r n w a . p g , h lo , e sp per

a n a f ffa /f a ka rn ra f P . n i . na ra w o f a n p j g , t l tive , po er ttor ey

a a n fo/f a . ra ra t w a ri a f w . p p , sl te , ill er a l P a nd ba k fa / i ri i b e . b p g , there c z , rust . rP r n f n t fa / i fa f e a Pa r a ma . a t m f k s p , ur i ure z , oles , rec le . ’ ’ ’ fa /f a n Pm a a i . n a a a f l pg g , steer , po ite .

‘ a n ra r fa li b . a a pg g , drive , see Voc ul ry . i ra Pa Por a z fa na fz li a f C n e . a . p , r or , l y ’ fa n i ra a li a f nk n f . a a fa n a n na p p , pe i e g , sig tur e . ' i ta /z fi a a /z n t fa a P Pa Pi o f f p , eloque . p , sole the oot . non rra P b m - f fa a P fa n a n a m o f an p , ri ull . p g , p l th e h d . ri o P a i bo mb fa w a r Pa fi a p p , sh ell . , d iscour ged . rof Poron fa m ti Pa r ba n fa l b n o f a na p g , ished . , edd i g ( a ri n P a la n f p g p , giddy , co used . tive). ' a f ba l P ti m a le l a a r e k a a n nfa m . p , ﬁc le , v cill ti g . , le d a ti n bli on ' a f i nz a lz a teli ti n w . . p g g, terspout p , a fa a ra i ma /z r r r P i n a f a i z n . p p, desp ir . , i c ’ ’ ’ ’ i i a - a r na a a na a m a n n n f a a . , xious lo gi gs . p y , deceit Pa - ra ma n ab a t fPi . , see Voc ul ry . , r iddle

ra Pi t s e e V o c a b ula r fm a f se e a b u a . , y , p , Voc l ry l l a a n P ab . r fa t a i a m m n ta n . f a f , isu ders d g , see Voc ul ry

ra fa P a ra f a n fola P Ma ra b a a . , spr i . , ll st a / r ma fn a z a n f ri ma Pa re/i a nk . g , ex ct ce tre . , th you ’ ra m a i a mor f a e fa a n ra ma / a n . p , ull g . z , l dlord ’ ra na ri n i a nd t ta n on m a Pa . , here here . g , veil

ra a na f a Pa n a b a . e a n . t p , to p i t g , see Voc ul ry ra a Pa a r w wa fa la n a b a . p p , hite sh . g , see Voc ul ry

ra a fa n a n a n k f fa n a n fa n a n a n . p g , h d erch ie . gg g gg g , he dlo g b ra ron b a r ren fa fz o . a y . fa a f g , see Voc ul r p , ey

re a P ra a a a f a a bi Pa a a a . b . p g , M l y oot ll y , t pioc ’ - ri a n ri a n a ubi a a i a m . g g , very e rly . , y Pa a n ri f ra mbo f mb a fa r n a a . , co . g , d r go ri la m a fa o f a n a ra f aa ra lz n . p , sleight h d . , vei rPa ra n zn z n o w a ra f a teli n . g , just . p , erve ra a f a w a b a m w a n Perta r ba nk n . j , c techis . g , otes

L ESS ON XXVI I I .

T rm s R e li gi o u s e .

1 f o w n o f m n n d a 65. The oll i g list religious ter s is i te de speci lly fo r o f m na but w no b a be o f i the use issio ries , ill dou t lso serv ce 66 P CT C RA I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

a w n m n f a a nd m ak to l yers , gover e t o ﬁci ls others wh o desi re to e m a ua n a o f the selves cq i ted with the religious ide s the people . S om e o f t he ter m s h e re give n a re no t used a t a ll by Moh a m m e da n s a n b n n b m na a a n d n to , h vi g ee chose y issio ries p st prese t n t a n a a n a w f n express d isti c ively Christi ide s , or to tr sl te ords ou d i n the B ible wh ich are pecul i a r to Chr isti a n i ty with o n e or tw o n w t w are n t d exceptio s , ho ever , hese ords thoroughly u d ers oo b a ll a a o f m a n o f m n y M l y s , though course y the co vey to the n a tive Christi a n s a tech n ic a l m e a n i ng wh ich m ust n ecessa r i ly b e n k n w n a m a t o f a m m a n n ta n u o to th e gre t jori y Moh ed s . For i s ce the d ivisio n o f the B ib le i n to the Old a nd N e w Testa m en ts is n o t kn wn th e m w h o n n a h e P n ta o to Mosle s , o ly recog ise e teuch , ’ ’ P a m G a nd K o ra a n Ta a ri f Z a ba r I n i I K or a n a s s l s , ospels . ( , , j , )

the four revel a tio n s o f God . For co nve n ie nce th e word s which are used exclusively by a n i n t a n n are n i n a a a Christi s or the Chris i se se give sep r te l ist , n o f n I n a nd a nother list is give words exclusively Moh a m m ed a . n a w t a ff n b w n a n the ge er l l ist , here h ere is d i ere ce et ee the Christi a nd a m m a n o f a w n a b m a n o f Moh ed use ord , this is i d ic ted y e s the a b a n d brevi a tio n s C M .

CPri rfi a n Terms .

a Pa n i m n o f n erfz i m ona n a C c o n , perso s ( th e Tri p p , loc l hurch , i r a ti n t e o . y). g g ’ a - n a n Pa fi n n e Ta /z a n L a n n a . r a m a a n g g , co scie ce p j , the ord s

ba ti s b a m . n p , ptis S uppe

Pa n f . P n Pa s R m Pn a r . , justi y , edee er Pfi s i a C n a er a a n la m a ta e . n z , th e h urch u ivers l p j j , Old Tes re a b n m n g j , ch urch uild i g . e t . a ra a n m n er a n z a n PPa ra N e w a g , ord i ed i ister . p j j , Test a Pra r m n N“ N i m m . , h igh priest . e t ’ - b a rn s la m a t a era m a ma a n a a . y , S viour p p , p r le Pi fa n r a P a n n n . P . a a g , resurrectio p g j , pre ch er

— P a la P a la t n a a ra n n . p p pries s . p g j , d octri e ’ ‘

o a a a m a . mi n fa a . n a n fa r , pr y p g , ed i tor

m n a a r a P no lo n a . g j , pre ch . g , S viour f fma b m n a n a /z a r o m . m n e . P n i b j , to eco e i c r te g , the C orter '

m ri Pi a n R on A fPa a a r o G t . , Christi . , H ly hos ’

ri a . ra fi b o m a . , d isci ple , cr ss ’ . f n a . a a ri R . n a rPo fa /z a a m a p , C priest (o te pplied g , Su d y sch ool t dt i n P ro te s a m n s la a va t . a . m a t lso to i isters) , s l o ’ i fa a n m n t e a m a na fb r . p , ord i ed i i s r , redee

n . f ba ra n m n . (Dutch I dies) , rede ptio a a i a n a n m P a a n eref m n . Eva /i i w a p , to e e t , y , revel tio

68 P T A RAC ICAL MAL Y GRAM MAR .

rPa Por a nk n m a . f f errmba na n a a , th sgivi g p p , lt r . / rzn ba z a n w . a e/za rPa Por a nk y g , orsh i p p , g ive th s . fa ba f n a n a . Z a ba r b k o f , repe t ce , th e oo Psa l ms . f a a ri f P n a la w o f , e t teuch ,

Moses .

L S S E ON . XXIX .

Th e Mo h a m m e d a n a le n d r C a .

“ The Moh a m med a n e ra ( ta ri P/f ) d a tes fro m the m igr a tio n a t o f a m m f m M a to na or d ep r ure M oh ed ro ecc Med i , w t k a i n a 62 2 o f h t a n e ra h ich oo pl ce the y e r the C ris i . The o a m m a n a na a nd a m n n a a a n d M h ed ye r i s lu r , ou ts to e rly 354 d ys a b 1 1 a t a n th e a a 9 hours , or out d y s less h sol r ye r .

The t welve lu na r mo n ths are k no w n a mo ng th e M a l ays by their A rab ic na mes :

Ma fza rra m R a a b , j , ‘ s a ba n , ‘ ’ ’ R a bi n f-a ww a l R a ma a fa n , , ‘ ’ a bi a f- a P/z i r S /za w w a f R , , ’ ’ ’ n ma a i f- a w w a l Dnn l 7 , ’ ’ ’ a ma a i f- a PPi r D/za l 7 ,

‘ The d ays o f the week (ja m a t ) a re a lso k no w n a mo ng M a l ays b t A a b n a m c o rri i ti o ns o f m y hei r r ic es , or p the

’ “ Aff a a m a n n t n t o S un d a v , e i g ﬁrs , correspo d s . “ ” lf/z na i n [ ra i n S n i n s o n Mo n d a v. or or , ec d , “ ”

Tlfa fa f/i a S a la s a u a . or , th ird , T esd y ‘ “ ”

A rb a R a ba f n a . or , ourth , Wed esd y K fza mi r f a , ﬁ th , Th ursd y . ‘ ‘ “ f m a t a mb y r F rid a n m a z a . f7 or Y , sse l , y bba d a a S a bta a a y . , s th y , S turd

I n th e i a a n a o f th e t m n th e a o f colloqu l l gu ge Se tle e ts , d y s th e w eek ( mi ngg o ) a re k n own a s

H a ri mi n o P d o mi n o L S n a . gg ( ortuguese g , ord ), u d y

H a r H a a i a m t a . i s a fa n a . r , Mo d y p , Thursd y ’ H a r H a f a a i a a a a ri i m . , Tuesd y . , Frid y

H a ri i H a ri a na m a a . f a n a . g , Wed esd y , S turd y

na t i n m n wh o m i n n a w t The ives the Settle e ts , co e co t ct i h

a n n a use a n a n a . Europe s , ge er lly the Christi C le d r P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAMMAR .

n rr n C e cy .

7 Si n a or Ma la cca a n a S l n g p e , e a gor

n 1 s e n n 4 d uit ce t) (ce t). 2 s e n 1 wa n 5 g . a n 1 k 10 w g su u . k 1 n a 4 su u ri ggit (doll r).

’ ena n Pr i nc Wellesle a n a P g , ov e y , Pera P. 10 d uit ( ce n t) 1 2 }1 duit 2 ta l i 4 suku

W h a n d ur e i g ts Me a s e s .

I ka ti

1 . 1 pi kul ( 331r 1 ba h a ra (400 l 1 koya n ( 5333.1r b ).

Cap a ci ty

a u 1 a k 4 p chup . a k 1 a n a n 1 L n 4 chup g t g ( 14 ga llo s ). 1 a a 10 ga n ta ng p r h . a a 1 k 2 p r h pi ul . i k 1 a n 40 p ul koy .

Lengt/I

1 a a 2 jngka l ( spa n) h st (cubit). a a 1 e la a 2 h st (y rd). 1 d a 4 h a sta pa (f thom). 1 m a 2 d pa ju b . rlo n 40 d pa 1 g .

Area .

00 m ba 1 rlo n 1 a n a . 4 ju g ( 5, cre e rly 70 PRACTICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

R A G R S S E D I N EXE C I E .

The followi ng exercises a re i n te n ded to give the st ud e n t a n f a a a An n n a fo r a o . w w ide M l y liter ry sty le i terl i e r , ord ord a n a n i s n i n a ff n i n m a n d tr sl tio give , order th t the d i ere ce idio i n the co n st r uctio n o f se n te n ces m ay b e m o re re a d ily see n ; a n a n o f a a a a n n m a n d a free tr sl tio e ch p ss ge is ppe ded . The u er a ls i n p are n theses refer to the p a ra gra phs i n th e G r a m m a r wh ere a n expl a na t i o n w ill be fo un d o f som e peculi arity i n the n w Th e n t m m n m a ke a precedi g ord . stude is reco e ded to n a a n very c a reful s tudy o f these exercises . The E glish tr n sl tio s should a fterwa rds b e put i n to M a l a y by th e stude n t as a n e xe r e i n o m n w f n na w t cis c positio , ithout re ere ce to the or igi l , i h ’ m n n b e m a wh ich the stude n t s co positio should th e co p red .

R a i n E x e rci s I e d g e .

ikalau k a - n a a n ka u na m n a -la h a a a n J ir y g h i , i t p d y g erc/za nce on low a s P o More mfi o f p y ly , f

a d a n ikala u a n kau m k n n a - la h a a m uli ; j g is i , pi t p d le a nd on oor a s P o nob if y p , f

a n k a a d a n i ka la u k a n a a m -m u y g y ; j ur g p h , ’ os w no ri eff a nd less Pnow lea e o a r f/f e if g y ,

o h o nka n -lah k- a a a n am a b e r a n i b ara n - a a p p d Tuh , 5 g tl h j j g si p ’ ’ a sP o Goa rono lfa r romi rea w fzoroever f , p

k n nd a a n m mi n ta i a a a m a t . y g , p / a P lze s /ca ff recei ve f za f s r, .

I f a n o u are w a sk o f wh o a re n b a n d perch ce y lo ly , those o le ; i f o u a re a s k o f wh o a re a n d i f k n w y poor , those rich your o i nsufﬁc i e n t a sk o f G o d wh o h a s m a wh ledge is , , pro ised th t oever ’ — H i Pa a f A a a ff b a b a . asks sh ll receive . y

R e a d i n E x e rci s e I I g .

s -m a a -m a a m rn b i na sa k a n a n d a n m n i u J ud i itu t t or g , p ’ ’ ’ Ga mbli n a lfo efPer n es tro s eo le a n a a ecei a er g g y p p ,

‘ n nd a ta n ka n a ka a a - a a o a n o ra n da m n h a k . g , g l y g j t p d r g ' ’ d bri n s tri oPs zo / ncfi a a to eo le eo le a n b , p p , g p p T L AL PRAC ICA M AY GRAMMAR . 7 1

’ Ad a un -la b i b u k a h a ta n m aka i a i tu p jud i i tu j , N ow a mbli n mofPer o w i cPed n ers a nd rPe g g f ,

’ b e ra n ak ( 1 1 4) tiga ora ng : y a ng tua b e rna ma I nche a r cPi d r n f/cree ersons f/ze olderf n a med Mr P l e p .

’ ’ B n kd ua n kti a n Pmbuno h oho g ; I che Churi ; g I che .

s o d Tlzi e ni rd r Mn d r r. L i a r ec n Mr f M . r e e ; . f M aka tiga ora ng i n i -la h y a ng rn m bi nasaka n du n i a A nd f/z ree pers o ns fli es e w Pi cP d es troy w orld i i n . ni s f .

G a m b n a t t n a nd m a n d li g l oge her rui s people , d eceives the , o b a d t G a mb n m o f le ads pe ple to pra c ices . li g is th e other k n a nd ha s t C n a L a w . ic ed ess , hree hild re the eldest is c lled M r i r ,

o n . f . the sec d M r Th ie , the third M r M urderer . I t is these three — fl n which destroy the worl d Hi Pay a f A bd n a .

E x I R e a di n g e rci s e I I .

’9 Ad a bra a a ma a n a a -n a m aka a a n -lah p l t r y , d t g Wa s so mew Pa f lon i nferna l o i f tPere ca me g f ,

a k m n e ra n n a a b e rlo ni atan 1 2 a tod y g Si g pur , p ( 9) l lu w ord - sP to a ffa cP S i n a ore b n m s a nd f/zen s ﬁ g p , y j p k - d a r a t ; d a n sgala ora ng d i p a nta i itu ba nya k fo tne la nd ; a nd a ll pers ons on fff e s no re fPose m a ny

- m a lo m a ti a k . ka k na a a ti , d i p oleh tod i tu J i d d , b s w ord - s fli e di ed n m ed on /z . s frncP brea s t , j p y ﬁ f ,

k - b a ka n k a kn a b d a n n a n trus l g ; ji le ir pi gg g, trus tnroa n to ba cP s trncP necP a n d w a i s t flcroa lc g if , g

- ak a ti d a k a a a n k sbla h . M d p t or g berd iri d i p a n ta i ’ to o f/zer s i de A n d no f a ble people to rfa na on sno re

a ba n a k m a m a ka m a r-la h a n i tu , l gi y ti ; g p or g fffe mo reo ver m a n d i ed s o w ere i n a fn mn ff eo le , y ; p p be rlari a n 1 2 k - a na - n s m o a- n a m n a ta ka n a k ( 9) s si i , y g , Tod rn n ni n Pere a nd fli ere a ll o f/zem s a i n S w ord - sn g , f y g , ﬁ m ny e ra ng k ita ! B a nya k -la h sud a h m a ti ora ng kita a re a ffa cPi ng n s -Ma ny a re dea d people oa r

— - n a d i b uno h y . ’ fP m Pi llen by e .

n a 1 S e e N o te o p ge 5. 2 P T C 7 RAC I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

Af a n a b n a a m a nd a a k ter co sider le i terv l , swordfish c e tt c ed S n a m n a nd o m n o n a n a n d m a n i g pore , ju pi g c i g u p the dry l d ; y o f o n b n m o n b w the people the shore d ied , ei g ju p ed y th e s ord I f k b a t . t fish they struc the re st , hey pierced hrough to the b a k i f k n k a nd wa t c ; they struc the ec is , they pierced th rough to P no t a n o n a n d m a n the other side . eople could st d th e shore , y i n a t m t n n . n n a d d ied So the people were u ul , ru i g here there , “ a nd all o f m a n The w -fi sh a re a a k n ! the s y i g , s ord tt c i g us ” a n o f a re a a n b n k b m M y our people de d , h vi g ee illed y the . S a ra lt Mla a j y .

R a n E I e di g xe rci s e V .

D a ri pad a su a tu h a ri R a d i n d i Kl ang b e rm a i n ’ A n d o n one d ay R a d i n d i K la ng a zn nsea Pi mseff

- 1 n n aka a n un n a m o k ° k ( 49) Ka m po g Kli g . M or g p m g “ to K a mpong K li ng . A nd a ma n a lso ra n a moP

i a n h a a aka R a m a ka s kl a n or g pc h h a bis ( 76) l ri . M d i n a l eo le s ca tter d co m l ra n B a t R a di n a nd l p p e p etely .

' K a n un b m n un us k d i l g p erdiri g ris , di K la n s tood d rew d a er g g g , ora ng m nga mo k i t u ; m aka ora ng m nga m o k itu p un a maP- rn n ner t/ze ; a n d a maP-ra n ner f/ce

a a n a b ka m d n a n Ra n K a n m aka d t g, l lu erti g d i d i l g ; ca me a n d s ta bbed w i t/ R a di n di K la n a nd , z g ;

a m a m n ika m a m a k na k - a a a a kd ua -n a s s p d d d , y to etner s ta bbed to etlzer rtra cP i n tlze brea s t bot/t o d am g g , f

’ ’ - - m a a n ba k k a n b a k ka na n . ti , s or g r h i ri , s or g r h di ed o ne ell to tPe le t one ell to tPe ri nt . , f f , f g

A n d o ne d ay R a di n d i Kl ang we n t to Ka m po ng K li ng to “ ” f A nd a k a nd all m m . m a n ra n a m a use h i sel o , the people a nd ra n a wa B ut R a n K a n sc a ttered y every o ne o f them . d i d i l g a n d w a wa n fo r a m k - n n stood still dre h is d gger , iti g the o ru er ; a n d the a m ok- ru n n er ca m e a nd h ad a s ta bb i ng e n cou n ter with R a di n d i Kl a n g ; a nd they st abbed a t th e sa m e ti m e a n d e ach ’ c k h b a a nd bo o n e fa n f stru the ot er s re st , th d ied , lli g to the le t

— a ra P Mla a . a nd the other to the righ t . Sj y P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 73

R e a i n E x r s d g e ci e V .

Ad a a a n a a m - n a ba n ak k ra k a a su tu h ut , d i d l y y dudo d i t s Wa r a n n fe i n i t ma n mo nPe s li ved a on j g , y y p

’ C a a n ka aka a a n a n a h n dak h w g yu . M d t g s or g ut s bra nc/zes o trees N o w ca me a wo e na i n o rd er to f .

m n a mbi l ka h n d ak - e rb ua t 1 16 e rka kas m a g yu di p ( ) p ru h . et w ood i n order to m a Pe m a teri a ls o Po ns g f e .

a bra a b a n ak -a mb -n a n a s - b a a n 8 ka Tl h p y d i il y , ti gg l t g ( 4) yu H a d been s ome a a n fi t ta Pen b ni m rema i ned one lo q y y , g

a m a b a a a te rba wa 1 1 2 - n a m aka — b a t s r , ti d ( ) oleh y ; d i l h oleh ver bi n ot conld be ta Pen b Pi m s o w a s s li t b y g , y p y

- b b -n a ba i k a a ka . a a ut s yu itu , d i u oh y j M h ri ’ lo t/f a f w ere a t i n fc w d s N ow a a w oe a n b i m e e . g , p y g y

un a u a a m a ka - ti n alka n - n a ka u a n p sud h t g h h ri , d i gg y y u itu d g a ls o w a s mi d -d a a nd w a s le t b Pi m lo f/za t w i t/ y , f y g z

- - b a i n a a i a a n m aka n k ma n a . j y , l lu pul g ru h y fzi s w d s a nd li e w en t Pome a o bi P nr e e to e t t s o e. g ,

’ A a b i la - ba k 8 k ra a n a n p di li t oleh s e or ( 4) or g itu pul g , W/zen w a s s een b one m onPe ma n fPa f o ne Pome y y g ,

’ m aka i a pun turu n deri a ta s poho n kay u itu l a lu n a i k k a ta s li e ca me d ow n f ro m free fPa f a nd g ot up on

kay u y a ng d i - bl a h ora ng itu m ak a d i -gra k -g ra kk a m fPe log w /zi cn w a s spli t by flfe ma n a nd i t w a s mo ved a nd moved

- ny a ; m a ka b aj i i tu p un te rb a ntun eko r -nya p un b ft i m a nd w ed es tfcos e ca me oa t ta i l Pi s a lso y g ,

' te rs i t a a b a a n ka ti a d a d a a t -l aska n - n a p p d l h yu itu , p d i p y , n i ed i n s li t o tPe fo not a ble to be loosed b Pi m pp p f g , y

a a kra m a ka a n a n m mblah ka m k itu p un a ti . M or g y g y u a nd monPe f/z e di ed N o w ma n w/zo s li t fo y . - p g

’ - - ra m a te rs i t i t u un a a n b a n a k k , p d t g , d i l i t y , s e or ti p tPe ca me w a s seen b Pi m a monPe d ea d n i ed , y y pp ,

a - - - - a I n i -lah a m b n a b ua n ka n n . l lu di il y , d i g y tfzen w a s ta Pen b mm w a s f/zrow n a w a b Pi m . TPi r y , y y

’ pri - ny a or a ng y a n g p d uli a ka n pke rja a n ora ng fff e w ay of f/zem m en w /zo ca re for w orP of oflter people L Y R R 74 PRACTICAL MA A G AM MA .

’ b ka n ke r a a n - n a m aka - e ro le h 1 16 n a u p j d iri y , d i p ( ) y no t w orP o fPei r ow n i s otten b fPem f , g y

’ kbi na sa a n a a -n a a - a a bah k a n 0 t s d iri y jug , deri p d s ur g (9 ) destructi on a on fPemselves a s f rom beca nre w i tPonf p y , f

- bud i b ich a ra nya .

w i sdom con nrel of fPem .

wa s a n w m a n m n k o n b a n There j u gle , here y o eys lived the r ches N o o f the trees . w there c a m e a work m a n to ge t wood fo r build i n m a t a a nd w n h ad a k n a n ab a n g eri ls , he he t e co sider le qu ti ty , m a n o n e bi lo w n o t ak a wa th ere re i ed very g g , hich he could t e y m a n l i N o n W k o n n w . w w so the or spli t the g , putti g ed ges he i t a m a f lo w w a nd w n ba k w s idd y , h e le t the g i th th e ed ges , e t c to e t A n d m a . o ne n k w n sa w m a n o m h is house to o ey he he th e g ho e , m o w n f m a n d o t n lo w th e m a n ca e d ro the tree , g upo the g h ich n a nd k a k n i t a n d w a m a n d was splitti g , ept sh i g , the edges c e out a w a s n i n a k f t lo a nd no t e t i ts t il pi ch ed the cr c o he g , he could g i t k a free so the m o n ey d i ed . N o w the m n wh o wa s splitti ng the lo g m a n d a a m nk a b n n a nd k c a e s w o ey de d through ei g ipped , he too i a a it a n d th rew t w y . Th is is the way with people wh o m i n d ’ e b n a nd no t o w n b n other peopl s usi ess their , th ey just ri g des truc ti o n upo n th em selves o wi ng to their l ack o f w isdom — K a fi la n

d a n D a mi na n.

R e a i n E x e rci s e I d g V .

’ Al-kesa b ( 1 3 5) a d a - lah s ekor (84) buro ng ba nga u Tbe s tory w a s a bi rd s to rP

a n ka a k - - - be rtlo r ( 144) d i tas poho y u . M a s h a ri h a ri di Churi la i d egg s a free A n d d a i ly w a s s tolen

1 l -n a oleh ul a r a ka n ( 50 ) t o r y itu . M aka p a d a su a tu e s i ts fnose N o w on o ne by rna Pe gg .

- ba n a -la h a k a n tlo r- n a i t u a a m a ka h a ri d i l i t y y ti d , w a s seen b i t a s to i ts e s tPos e w ere no t a nd d ay y gg ,

’ ’ e r i -lah ban a k a a a ab a - n a i a i tu k 1 p g g u itu p d s h t y , s e or ( 4) s torP flee to i ts ri en d fPa f i s a w en t f ,

m m aka -ch e rtraka n n a - lah aka n 1 kta , di y ( 59) a a n d w a s told b i f a s to cr b, y

h al ih ual tlo r-ny a i tu d i -Ch uri oleh ci rcums ta nces i ts eggs fPore s tolen by

6 P T 7 RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

i n k n nak G a nd f a a m an fish a nd culty illi g the s e o etch gre t y , ’ la y out the fish from the hole o f the m o ngoose to th e s nake s a n d n m n th e fish w a n fo l hole , whe th e o goose sees he ill cert i ly lo w m a n d w n m n w a n the up , he the o goose gets there he ill cert i ’ n o k ad a a ly kill the s n ake . Whe the st r h he rd the cr b s i n s truc A o n . n d m n a m ut a n d f w tio s , h e d id so the o goose c e ollo ed up fish a nd w n a o f na k m e t the , he he re ched the hole the s e , he the nd i t — K a li l d a n a a s nake a killed a b D mi n b .

R e a i n E x rci s e I I d g e V .

Al-k ab 1 ada-la h s-b a 8 n m aka nam a es ( 35) u h ( 4) egri , Tbe s tor w a s a con n tr a nd fbe na me y y ,

’ R a a - S a R a a a ka a a n — lah a j nya hul j . M d t g s or ng o n b a fa R a a N o w ca me a f i ts Pi g S j . m n e ra n d i a k md ia n c h ah -lah a n -n a R a a y g ; p pr g y j itu , to a tta cP i f a terw a rd s broPen a tbc ba ttle o fba f Pi n f p f g ,

‘ - - - m aka sgala r aya t nya p un c h ra i bra i la h . M aka ba nyak ld i ers a ls s a r d A d a nd a ll bi s s o o c tte e . n m a ny

‘ lah r a ya t d a n gaj ah kud a n y a m a ti ; m a ka ti ngga l soldi ers a nd elepba n tr borres of bi m d i ed ; a n d re ma i ned

p e rkak a s- nya d a n g nd ra ng p ra ng - ny a bi s i mplements a n d bi s w a r-d ra m s

tn a h a a ka a a n - la h s ri a la d i g p d a n g itu . M d t g g d e ri i n tbc mi d l o fbe eld A nd ca me a cPa ls ro m d e f ﬁ . j f

- d al a m huta n i tu m ma ka n b a ngkai b a ngka i i t u . Maka p a d a ‘ s es A n d a t i n fbe ﬁ cngb to ea t tbc ca rca . kti ka itu turu n - la h a ngi n k ra s m ni o p d a h a n ti me fba t ca me w i n d s trong a nd blew tbc bra ncber ka s - n a be r alu- a a n -lah 1 2 a ma s n d i ri -n a y u itu h i gg p p lu ( 9) s y , o fbe freer a nti l fbe Pe f s tri Pi n one a n o tber f y p g , d a n te r a lu-lah 1 10 k- a a n d ra n a n d a n p ( ) p d g g pr g itu , a n d fbe w ere rtrncP a on tbc w a r -d ra ms a nd y p ,

- i t un b e rb un i o la h a ka te rk o t lah s ala g n d ra ng u p y . M j g b c d ra ms a ls o ro un d ed A n d w ere s ta rtled a ll t . s riga la i tu h a b i s -la h (76 ) b e rla ri a n d nga n h a ir a n a ka n ( 148) tbe ja cPa ls completely ra n a w ay w i fb w o n deri ng a t P T RAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 77

’ m a n - ma n r “ g . a be rﬁki r k s ri ala A a diri si si g Se t s e or g , p kah

ea cb o fber. A nd fboa gbt one ja cPa l Wba t

’ ra n a n b n i n i K e g g u y i r n a s or a ng ma n us i a p un ti ad a p ry tbee noi se fbi s F or on e ma n even i s not

n . La h a m i ri n a a ka n nd ra n d i si i lu d i p y g g i tu , r be e . So w a s a roa cbed b bi m to tbc d ra ms pp y ,

’ maka - b a n a a n un t a a - d i li t y s or g p i d . h a ny a la h a nd w a s s een b bi m one m a n even w a s no t y , d a h a n k ayu juga ( 16 2 e) m malu g nd ra ng itu tbc bra ncber of tbc frees merely w ere s tri Pi ng tbc d ra ms

a - blah ka n n a n d ra n - ba n a l lu d i y g g itu , di li t y a n d fben w ere s li t b bi m tbe d ra ms a n d w a s s een b p y , by i m

t a m n - k n a a a a a . S a oso g , su u ti d d i d l y tl h itu ma ka e m t one fbi n w a s no i ns i de o tbem A t . ter b p y , g f f f a t b e rba le k-lah sga la s riga la itu pul a m m a ka n ba ngka i -ba ngka i retn rned a ll fbe a cPa fs a a i n to ea t tbc ca rca ser j g .

Dmki a n-lah i ka a t i tu m a ka s ba b itu . h y ; oleh tbe s tory f or rea so n d m ki a n j a nga n -lah s- ka li - ka l i tu a n - ku p d uli ka n bu ny i fb ns d o n ot a t a ll y on fron ble a bon f noi ses

a n m y g d k i a n i tu . w bi a cb s ncb a s tb f .

r was a n k n o f w wa s na m The e cou try , the i g hich ed Shul a

R a a . N o w a m a k n a t ta k a nd a f wa j there c e i g to c i t , ter rd s t h a t k n was i n ba t a nd a ll h i s w a t i g routed th e t le , sold iers ere sc t ere d a nd m a n o f a nd a n a n d w k y h is soldiers eleph ts horses ere illed , a nd a llh is i m plem e nts a nd h is war- dru m s rem a i ned i n th e midd le o f n A nd a ka a m f m n a nd t th e pl a i . j c ls c e ro the ju gle a e the a a n a n w n a m a nd b w b a n c rc ses . The stro g i d c e le the r ches o f a k i k n a a n a er a nd the trees so th t they ept str i g g i st e ch oth , they a a n t e ar- m a nd m n A n k h w . d struc g i st d ru s , the dru s sou ded all th e a ka w a a nd o ne o f t m ra n a wa w n j c ls ere st rtled every he y , o der i n a t a t N o w o ne a ka a i s g e ch o her . j c l thought , Wh tever th is n m a n a n oise For there i s no t a si gle here . So he pproached m a n d s a w a was no o ne but m the dru s , th t there , erely the . bra nches o f the trees were stri ki ng the drums s o the n be split m a nd sa w a t w m — t wa s n n the dru s , th they ere e pty , here oth i g n m n a ll a ka a m ba k a a n e a t t h e i side the . The the j c ls c e c g i to a o y fo r a n no t b c rca ses . Such is the st r so th is re so do trou le — yourself at all a bout such noise s K a li la b d a n D a mi na b . 8 P CT 7 RA ICAL MALAY GRAM MA R .

KEY R S S TO T H E EXE C I E .

E E XERCIS I .

2 6 1 a n k P l R a a b a . . n b a o r i n tu bsa r j s r Sur t pe de i tu s r , , p itu . 6 O ra n a h at o r a n a h 6 a . a t t B a b , , i u . a a n u u ju h ru g j or g j J l itu l r s , 7 Pa n a — la h a i tu 9 a a n . o r i t s o r u a u a na . K a , l rus j l i tu s h ri , , h ri p u t 9 s uk o r s u a i 16 a A k t u. Pa n b k u . a n a la h d y er i tu j , , j yer j g ju bh a r u 1 1 l — o r ba b a a n a n . a a la h b u a k k c hi l i tu o r i tu , , ju h ru i tu p j g M s d , , ‘9 m a a a a n a n a n a k k c h il i tu . b a k o r b a i bud l s J l p j g itu i , k j a l a n 19 K a lah k a b a i t u o r k a b a n a n . a k a p j g itu u t ud s r , , ud s r itu u t .

E EX RCISE II .

9 9 1 a b a A n k au a na k kc hi l Ak u a . . K a a a r j s r g ret s hy bh a ru . 4 a n n a k a a m k a or k a -la h a n n a Tu pu y ud h it itu u t , , u t tu pu y kud a 6 6 7 k a m m k n k a a . A a m a n . a a ta . n n a nak h i Tu y , i is i y er l ut T g itu . 9 1° 9 k a a Ma la ka A ku a na . S a K ret a lni b u. r j k i t kaki bi na ta n g 1 1 19 a t Di a l k a k b n a a n k . a h a n a o r a . Pa n a i tu , , i i t g itu s i tu s hy d i 1 9 14 1 6 b a -n a i t u B ud ak- i tu P . n a i tu ti n i o ra ng . uteh ju y y gg . Pti ko 16 a A a n a d i a a n ka u n . n s o ng itu g pu y yer p s itu pu y a . B ud a k n a k c hi l i tu d i a pu y .

E XERCISE III .

1 9 ka u n a k I n i lah a n or an . a a m a i n i tu ( , g ) pu y ursi M h l ej . 4 ’ 6 3 i I a i n i or i n i lah b e r - k k i n k . k a n se h I a n . n i la M g o otor ( , ) i h ’ 6 ’ 7 I - l h i k a . a i n i a a n a ka m a a i tu m n . A a y u er h , r s or g te p g p itu 9 1” 9 - m S a a a n i n i - la h I tu la h tlo r ay a . i p or g I n i s a hy a pu ny a u 1 9 k a a n m a ri a m a n a a n ku i bh ru . Or g te p g Si p pu ya topi 19 ? 11‘ 1 6 i n i B u ah m a ri a i tu A pa m a ch a m i ka n itu ? Si a pa p u 1 6 ? 17 n ya ka i n kotor i n i ? Si a p a tuka ng itu A pa bu a h i tu

E EX RCISE IV .

1 ’ 9 B a a n a n a k u n a i a a n k au n a B a a n - a a r g y g pu y , i tu g pu y , r g si p ’ 9 4 h a a ka n kb un a n m a la m a a i a i tu . Ga rf a n . u y g r , s l h Tu g itu v g s 6 ’ a n b n k k I a i n i -la h ka n b s i a n a n m a ri a y g e g o tu g y g p d a i . 7 6 - ? a na a n m a ak lah a n b a k . a n m a ri a a n m a M y g s , itu y g i Or g y g ti 9 9 1 6 la b a a h k a n m a n . h k n ni o k A k I n i la ueh y g is I tu ud y g g . u 1 1 12 n i a . A n ka u s nd i ri b a n uka n s udi t i lah y a ng ar h g r i . T g ka yu 1 3 1 4 a — n a s n d i ri i tu t i -l o P a m . I n a h itu s nd i ri bod h . is u y ja t u a n 1 6 ' rfu i ni a n n i i n a . s n di ri pu ny a s e nd o k . Ga tu s d r pu y T PRAC ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR . 79

EXERCISE V .

1 9 a na a n kau n a b a a or ba a-m u ka a n Dh ulu i M g pu y p ( , p )s r g a 9 4 a n k a n a a ka a a . T m o k ka . m m a t i n i g , s r g urus Or g j h t l s r h p 6

e h a b m a . a na a n blu m b e rs . N si lu sdi Ora ng m y g h a m pir 7 9 m a a n k n m a n t t . Be s o k a n na n ti Si i p y g ri g h ari y g s g .

R EXE CISE VI .

1 9 Deri m a na a ngka u pu ny a ka wa n i n i M a na ba kul y a ng d i ? 9 ’ ? si n i ta di Di a ta s m ej a bul a t d nga n ro ti d a n d agi ng itu 4 6

a i ba a a a a n . Ka a ka s a t ntu m a Kd p s hy j uh deri si i l u r ur h . 6 ? 7 B ra pa h e rga d agi ng ka mb i ng i n i B ra pa ka mb i ng d a l a m 9 9 b a ngsa l itu K na pa roti i n i bgi tu kr a s B ra p a a ngka u pu nya 16 b l a nja klm ari n Bgi m a na d agi ng l m bu i n i bgi n i lm bo t

EXERCISE VII .

1 - 9 a n a a d ua n . B a d ua a m H ut g s hy puloh ri ggit tu puteh , hit 9 4 - a n a — a m - a n s a Ka a a . G n a a b a bl s . sut tig p s g ji y p t l s ri ggi t s tu 6 6 7 B ra a a n a n — n a a i n i Dua d a K a a b a n . k n ul . p p j g y t li p yu i 9 ? - - i n i b ra p a e la G rej a i n i s r a tus a m p a t -puloh li m a ka ki t i nggi 16 9 i s - b d ua - a d - L a i n a a a m n a . a a n n a . y ut ri u r tus p , d l y J r g a n b i tu b a ba ra n ka li d ua k b a - n a R m a or g g r t , g pi ul r t y u h ’ 19 a n k a m a s bla h ka n a n - la h a a n a a n a a nak y g p t , itu s hy pu y . T h a k ba a - n a a m u itu tig su u tu j uh y deri l ut .

EXERCISE VIII .

1 2 9 l a a n ? H a m i r a L a m a a a Puko b r a ka uko l . p s r g p p s tu sud h gl p: 4 ? 6 B ra p a l a m a l a gi huj a n bgi n i B ra p a l a m a sud a h p a p a n i n i 9 7 t i a a ul o l a a b i n i D ua a m k K n k a . b s h g j g su u . ur g su u p tig 9 9 - ' Egi n i l a m b a t o r a ng t ntu p nat . Puk o l d ua bl a s k ura g d ua 16 1 1 - m a m n a a a m a s -t n a h P k k . puloh li i i t . T d i p gi pu ol p t g u ol 1 7 a t n a h a a m a k a m a d ua - tig a pt ng . Deri g h ri s p i pu ol p t puloh

' m i n i t .

1x EXERCISE . 1 9 K a a a a n te rlalu lka s b ra n k a n kau a Pa n a a li . l u j l , g g j toh g 9 4 k d i a na k a n a n n a k . S h i l k . ka n g u i , suroh i Suroh tu g yu ti si i 6 a ﬁki r d i a b m a n a a a a m a u ba n n b e so k y lu pul g deri p s r . S hy gu 6 a n a m a a i k a n m . h o b o k o b n p ag kur g su u pukol Ti k us le s l g itu . 9 m a t i n i - a ba - m u i a u k a tr m a a K k a a d t n t . a iri sur p d p , su i S hy 9 n i a a a n a n t i a -b a m a u pi n d a h d eri eg ri i n . S hy sud h ti gg l d i si i g l s 1 0 - i n a . n a a a k t n i ta hu n l a m a y Pa tut a gk u ch a ri prigi d i t s bu i . 1 1 4 9 a i tta i um a a I n i -la h a n a n u a a a b . S d h s hy ch r , p l d p t . or g y g i d h a a l n i a a n a klm a r n ulu. b u m a sok tu pu ny rum ah S hy ch ri . O P CT C RA I AL MALAY GRAM MAR .

EXERCISE X .

1 7 - - Ad a li ta a a m b k m u . A d a sd iki t t o n a a m n a p d l ile p g d l y . 9 4 Ka a a da a n a a k k bli k . a n l u pis g d i p s r , suroh u i Tu g ka sut a d a 6 6 k a B ra a a n ad a i ni dudo d i lu r . p or g h ari ? Tua n pu ny a tuka ng 7 9 a ad a ska ra n Ad a a n na 1 a . ( a m a g a . Ada j hi t ‘ g or Ch i l d pur t d i 9 a m n a m a - n a aba n a a a k tig i ggo l y g s hy s i t . Ch a ngkol a d a sa m a 1° ka n kb un K a a a d a a n e . r i a mb Ba a b tu g l u p yo g, p g il . w u nga 19 1 9 i n i k - a a kaka k- m u A n k a ka - p d g t ti r i tu ba wa k l u a r . Pe rgi a mb ka a Ad a a n a a . a il su t s h y or g b w .

EXERCIS E XI .

1 9 B ak k ch i l i t u a m a n b a - ka h a L a b o le h ud t h u i ol T h u . us 9 k - a o B e so k d a ta n g gud ng B le h . pag i ka p a l ya ng m a na sa m 4 n n a a a ? 6 pai A gka u k ] b i n i dek s hy a K ual . S a is sud a h ta roh 6 m a i tu a na ? a ? ba k a S . ka n ad a d ul l d i s ud h Tu g roti A a . 7 B o le h a a ubi d a n a n a a a m ka m n i ni B o le h d p t l i s yur d l po g . 9 9 a n n a a ta b k i ni - ka h ? S a a A n kau ak Tu ti gg l d i s u it hy . g t ot 1“ 1 1 a k a n a n m a ri a a n ka h . m a n a S a T ot , tu Or g y g d i t d i ud h kah a n kau a n ka n k S a g p ggil tu g chu or ud h . E EXERCIS XII . 1 b a k a k k me a i ni Tid a k a n a k ak . Dho i sud h oy j , tu , sud h oy 9 6

a n a b a B m . d h ulu. Tu sud h yer lu Ora ng itu ta hu j a hi t ’ 4 Tid ak a ta h u A n k h d i ta . a u m a u m aka B m ka n . , g lu 6 ’ 6 a n m a u bli a a -a a ? a m a A n k a u a n a Tu p p T u . g t h u a m pokok ’ 7 9 i i Ta ta h u. Ma u a k n i n i a na h b I ni a n n ju l uch i g M ole . tu 9 n n ? Di a tut0 a a s a a pu ny a a ji g B uk a n . p pi n tu p g r pay ja ng n 1 1 a k a a -ka h ka n a - a h ora ng m so . Ti d i d i d a l a m kol m B uka n k ? “ 7 ? a ngkau pu nya ki pa s i n i Sud a h a ngka u ma ka n -kah bl u m 19 4 4 n a m a a a - a k k Tu a n pu y ru h sud h sew k h Blu m . S uroh u i a n n bli k i n i a j ga ite h ri . EX ERCIS E XIII 9 1 a m a n a G a a m d a n a a S m o a li m u is sud a h h abis ros k . r l d 3 4 a n a k a na s u a a b -ka h b m a n h a m pi r h b is . M i y t h d h h is lu Tu 6 s k na k sud a h h a bis tulis ura t itu B ud a k y a ng na ka l p a tu t pu ol . 7 9 a na b a n ak m a n B ka n - n a a n ka a Di k y rugi oleh i judi . u y or g y 9 Di a k na u a a n t s bab a mba sa h aja ya ng k na churi . d d s tu ri ggi l t 9 a a a b ri a s a a an a n i a k na . d a ta ng . S hy sud h t hu p y j g ti pu 1 1 a a tn tu a S uroh or a ng j aga j a ngan b ri or a ng ma sok . S hy lup a a ri a ka l a u tu n ti a d b i ng t .

EXERCI SE XIV .

9 1 i a n a k a an Suroh d i a go so k m a n gkok d a n p ri n g . B y pr h u y g 9 - — - a a n a b a k b ak i t u a a n k m a . kc hi l kc hi lsud a h k r m . M i t ud ud d t g ri 4 - a a Orang itu sud a h bli te rlalu ba nyak r uma h ya ng bsar bsa r . M t PRACTICAL MALAY GRAM MAR I

m a a s m o a-n a a a n n P a P na n t itu y d t g si i deri ul u i g . Brapa eko r 7 9 bab ln liha ra ? S k k m a ak tlo r d ua b i i i p uroh u i s j . Fergi bli 9 a a n d ua a k i an a bli m a p p tig p ng . Tu sud h r u h bra pa pi n tu d i 1" 11 a a n B ra a a ba a n a a am ti an j l itu p hl i ju tu t roh d l p itu . Or g a d a aka ba d ua a b a i a k na ta n ka - itu p i ju l pis il g p oleh mata ma ta . 19 n a ka n b a a ma b be so k a M i t tu g roti w li iji p gi .

EXERCI SE XV

1 ‘ 4 ’ Kanak-ka na k i n i j a n ta n-ka h a ta u p re mpuan S ekor kud a 9 i n b m ta n a n ni a 4 bt a a a k . G n i a am sud h l ri lu g p u ti g l gi t j . J arom 6 i ni a a Ka n a n a a a bli d hulu i l gi h lus . i y g s hy sud h tu lbe h tba l 6 - 7 a a i ni R a i n i m ak n a ma m ak n n ar. D deri p d . od i l i lo gg agi ng 9 9 i ni a n aba lbe h da - a a k a na . s a a a ur g p s Ch i p deri p d l d h it m . Da 1° b l - a b gi ng m an a y a ng te rl e h mb o t . I a l h ud ak ya ng te rlbe h raji n 11 1’ a a m k a i n i . Ba am a b k s e rti an a n d l s ol ju itu s uro p y g l i . Rumah n a di a am ada n a n ama a y d l l g y g t lu s .

EXE RCISE XVI

’ b ti na b a n a k lm ah ta b o le h i a b 1 L mb u itu y erd iri . Lusa ka pa l 6 l r B a -b s m o -n a ap i tu ma u b ay e . ud k ud ak a y masok skol a apa 4 b a n b e rb un i . ikalau a n a bke r a d ia il loche g y J or g l gi j , suroh be r 6 6 K na a a n kau b m s ia ka n tm at tid o r a he nti . p g lu d p G nto ngkan 7 9 r a . d o n a baju d a n slua sahy A a b e rga nt g d i situ . J nga n bua ng 9 kan ka lbe h b a k b ri ka n k - a a a n m k n Pa sut i tu , i p d or g is i itu . tut 1° a nak - h o rm atka n a n tua-n a S d i a kunc hika a nak or g y . uroh n p i ntu a a Pa n a n a n be r ual b a su d ia i si k p g r . ggil or g y g j u h itu , roh an

bakul i ni .

E E X E X RCI S VII .

1 9 - A abil - J aga baik b aik janga n pad a m pli ta itu . p a saud ara mu 9 d i a b ka ti i n i A a bi la i a m ne n ar a a n m n a . k abar d t g , i t u p p g h i tu , 4 6 alu a - a -n a an an a m n ara n a te rl sus h h ti y . Tu i tu p d i g g sur t . Sa hya 6 sud a h d a ta ng mlih a t negri Pa tut a nak-a nak m nurut p re ntah 7 - - - m ak ba pa nya . Bodoh la h ora ng mmbri jawab kal au blum m ug 9 - a A abi la i a e r i k -K a n b a i a mli h a n . a erti su l y p p g l g, h ru t kreta 9 1° B na a - a i la h nd ak m i i ukaka n a a a . n smo a n a p . y h ti r j i t g itu y - a a i a n ba k d a tang k sa n m nc h r rumput y g i i tu .

EXE RCISE XVIII .

‘ 9 1 — - ma ara a - i ka m — D i d uko ri g ny a a nak raj a itu . Oleh h j d i t nya 9 4 - i d n a n sa a n b i nda si . ka aka n d i a d nga kris . Di suroh g g gu M di - amb han a a -brika n k - a a k a b m aka di -ba a s ot oleh t r , di p d h ti , ch 8 2 P CT RA ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

6 k a K-s- a - a - - - oleh h ti b . puloh j ri ny d i bub oh ny a s puloh b n to k 6 7 - - - - - C n . a b n a na n a . n a hi ch i Tl h d i li t oleh Ch i , d i turut y D i suroh y 6 9 k a ubi B k i tu - h o a n B . k na up s itu u it d i s ot r g u i t Ch i . Oleh Sul ta n M a n sur Sh a h d i - b ri bgi n d a ay er b a so h kaki m a ka Oleh r aja 1 ” na a b a s o h ka k - m n m d a n - m a n d i a Chi y er i itu d i i u d i ka n . Ti d a - 1 1 te rh i t n n a A o g ba ny ak y . D nga n ta kd i r A ll a h ista na itu p un ter baka r . E E XERCIS X IX .

1 9 ’ a n n a a a a ma a a a b e rra a R m a b e r Or g I dr pur p d s itu ti d j . u h i tu 6 4 a a b a K a a b e rti a n a B n a n . . a b e rka ki a a l s tu p l g tig i t g m p t . 6 B a k-b a k i tu be rm a i n - m a n a a m a m a n a n a n 9 ud ud i di d l t . Tu y g 7 6 - a a n . t a a b e r i sa i R a a a a b e ra n ak la k a m . k d t g itu i d j itu ti d i l i . D i b a - n a a n a k b e r ri - a h a d a a n b i nd a B a a n k-m a n li t y i tu la l ri d i p g . r g a i a e r i b e rsa m a - a a d n a n Tun a n a S a la n p g s m a jug g M d . g buro g 1 1 a a m a m a n b e rb un i be rb a a i - b a a b n - n a A n n d i d l t i tu y , g g i u yi y . gi 17 b e rti o e lalu B e r a n d ua -d ua a n a n - n t r k a a . a n p r s . pg g t g y Or g 14 b e rsru-s ru a a P a a a n a - e rbua -n a k k . t itu deri p l g r ist d i p y ota .

E XERCISE xx .

1 4 Sba b ti ad a p nc h a ri an i a m njad i p uchuri d a n p mb un o h . Prem 9 ’ ua n - Pn k i ta o l h - tka n lah i s ri n h lu . b t u a t b e o a . p itu , p g y itu d i ’ 4 I a e r i e ro m a d n nc h ri d n m b no h itu tmp a t p h m po na n p p k a p u a p u . 6 ‘ ’ Or a n g y a ng ti a d a m a u tri m a p ngajara n ta bo le h d a p a t p ngta 6 ’ 7 a n e rka ta a n m a n m n a di na w a r a k a n m a a a n i h u . P is j p r h or g J ’ ka l a u a d a ba ra n g pe rmi n ta a n a ta u p n ga d ua n p a tut d i - b ri ta h u

9 ‘ 9 a - - a o P e r k a n a a m ra n a n n a a la h S a a ka h n k t . s r g . D l p p g y t i p p 16 b a - a s - d n n e r a n i - a Pm bo h o n a a u ta n ny a ti d a tuju ga p j ja n ny . g t u ’ m i a e r a a n p n um ti a d kp c h y a .

EXERCISE XXI .

1 ’ Kb o d o ha n or a ng kr a p k a l i m n da ta ngka n kb i n a sa a n - n y a ’ 2 ra n n a i n i J a nga n la h a ngka u i ng i n a ka n k m uli a a n kb sa d u i . 4 3 H nd a k -la h S bab k sa lah a n s n d i ri a ngka u m r a s a kk ura nga n . 6 - a n m a i a n a a n a k m a n m a si ng m si g uch a ri kb jk or ng l i . Sur t iri itu 6 ’ b n ka a n a n - n a s nd i ri Pe rc h um a a n m n a d u i kala u ti a uka r g y . or g g j 7 ’ - kt r n n a a a ke r a a n i tu ~ b k a a a n a n d a a ga . Ti d p tut p j d i r i p d or g y g ’ 9 ’ n rc ha a a n Kd e n a ra n -la h b a wa utusa n k a a buka or a ng kp e y . g h r j 9 - - a a nd a k - n a a a n a n S i a m itu d a ta ng . Ta nya la h a p a k h kah y d t g 1 6 - a ka i a n m a na m o r ? k m a ri . P tu a n suroh j

EXE RCISE XXII . 9 1 i a n ak -k n h n d ak -la h W t lal b o a n i n . ah e r u ska li od h or g H ei , 6 - a b A a a n ka u ba n a k a ba . Kta h ui o t a n ku a n . g y s r . leh u , y i ll h 4 - - A abi la i a b e r ura u sa a . m a m a ka a n a a k a p g m ud ud , t y , Cheh l s

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