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Portuguese Grammar

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Portuguese Grammar PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Cardinals …………………………………………………………....….. 2 Ordinals ……………………………………………………….…..…… 3 Pronouns ……………………………………………………………... 4-5 Articles …………………………………………………………...……. 6 Nouns ………………………………………………………………..… 7 Plural ……………………………………………………………….… 8-9 Degrees of Adjectives ………………………………………………. 10-11 Adverbs ………………………………………………........................12-13 List of Verbs ………….……………………………………………… 14-15 Verb Tenses ………………………………………………………..….. 16 Cardinais Cardinals 1 um, uma one 2 dois, duas two 3 três three 4 quatro four 5 cinco five 6 seis six 7 sete seven 8 oito eight 9 nove nine 10 dez ten 11 onze eleven 12 doze twelve 13 treze thirteen 14 catorze fourteen 15 quinze fifteen 16 dezasseis sixteen 17 dezassete seventeen 18 dezoito eighteen 19 dezanove nineteen 20 vinte twenty 21 vinte e um twenty one 22 vinte e dois twenty two 30 trinta thirty 40 quarenta forty 50 cinquenta fifty 60 sessenta sixty 70 setenta seventy 80 oitenta eighty 90 noventa ninety 100 cem one hundred 101 cento e um a hundred and one 102 cento e dois a hundred and two 200 duzentos two hundred 300 trezentos three hundred 500 quinhentos five hundred 1.000 mil one thousand 2.000 dois mil two thousand 1.000.000 um milhão one million 2 Ordinais Ordinals 1st primeiro/a first 2nd segundo/a second 3rd terceiro/a third 4th quarto/a fourth 5th quinto/a fifth 6th sexto/a sixth 7th sétimo/a seventh 8th oitavo/a eighth 9th nono/a ninth 10th décimo/a tenth 11th décimo primeiro eleventh 12th décimo segundo twelfth 13th décimo terceiro thirteenth 14th décimo quarto fourteenth 15th décimo quinto fifteenth 16th décimo sexto sixteenth 17th décimo sétimo seventeenth 18th décimo oitavo eighteenth 19th décimo nono nineteenth 20th vigésimo/a twentieth 21st vigésimo primeiro twenty-first 22nd vigésimo segundo twenty-second 30th trigésimo/a thirtieth 40th quadragésimo/a fortieth 50th quinquagésimo/a fiftieth 60th sexagésimo/a sixtieth 70th septuagésimo/a seventieth 80th octogésimo/a eightieth 90th nonagésimo/a ninetieth 100th centésimo/a One hundredth 3 Pronomes / Pronouns Pronomes Pessoais / Personal Pronouns Subject Complement Eu I Me, mim Me Tu You Te, ti You Ele He Lhe, o Him Ela She Lhe, a Her Nós We Nos Us Vós You Vos You Eles (masculine) They Lhes, os Them Elas (feminine) They Lhes, as Them Pronomes Possessivos / Possessive Pronouns Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine O meu A minha Os meus As suas Mine O teu A tua Os teus As tuas Yours O seu A sua Os seus As suas His/hers O nosso A nossa Plural Os nossos As nossas Singular Ours O vosso A vossa Os vossos As vossas Yours O seu A sua Os seus As suas Theirs Pronomes Indefinidos / Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural Masculine Feminine ENGLISH Masculine Feminine ENGLISH Algum Alguma Some Alguns Algumas A few Nenhum Nenhuma Any, none Nenhuns Nenhumas Any, none Todo Toda All, every Todos Todas All, every Outro Outra Other Outros Outras Others Muito Muita A lot, much Muitos Muitas Lots of, many Pouco Pouca Little Poucos Poucas Few Alguém Someone Algo Something Ninguém Nobody Tudo Everything Nada Nothing 4 Pronomes Relativos / Relative Pronouns Que That Quem Who Qual (singular) Which Quais (plural) Which Cujo (masculine, singular) Whose Cuja (feminine, singular) Whose Cujos (masculine, plural) Whose Cujas (feminine, plural) Whose Pronomes Interrogativos / Interrogative Pronouns Que, qual, quais, o que What, which De quem Whose Quem Who, whom Pronomes Demonstrativos / Demonstrative Pronouns Singular Plural Este, esta, isto This These Estes, estas Esse, essa, isso, That Those Esses, essas, aquilo, aquela aqueles, aquelas 5 Artigo Definido / The Definite Article Género e Número / Gender and Number: o (singular, masculine) a (singular, feminine) os (plural, masculine) as (plural, feminine) Note: In English, the definite article is always THE. Ex: «Empresta-me o lápis?» Ex: «Can you lend me the pencil?» Ex: «O aluno é esperto.» Ex: «The student is smart.» Ex: «Os alunos são espertos.» Ex: «The students are smart.» Artigo Indefinido / The Indefinite Article Género e Número / Gender and Number: um (singular, masculine) uns (plural, masculine) uma (singular, feminine) umas (plural, feminine) Note: In English, the indefinite article is always A or AN in the singular. There is no plural form in English. Ex: «Empresta-me um lápis?» Ex: «Can you lend me a pencil?» Ex: «Ela contou-me uma história interessante.» Ex: «She told an interesting story.» Ex: «A menina tem uns olhos bonitos.» Ex: «The girl has beautiful eyes.» 6 Substantivos / Nouns Subclasses Género / Gender Número/ Number Grau / Degree Comuns: Masculino Singular Normal Designam seres ou objectos. Gato / cat Gatos / cats Gato / cat Identification of people or objects. Feminino Plural Aumentativo Ex.: mulher/ woman, praça/ square Gata / cat Gatas / cats Gatarrão / big cat Diminutivo Gatinho / kitten Próprios: Masculino Singular Individualizam seres ou objectos. Feminino Plural Specific people or objects. Ex.: Maria / Mary, Lisboa / Lisbon Colectivos: Masculino Singular Designam conjuntos de seres da mesma espécie. Feminino Plural Names a group of creatures from the same species. Ex.: rebanho / herd Concretos: Masculino Singular Designam coisas do mundo material. Feminino Plural Material world. Ex.: José (a name), mar / ocean Abstractos: Masculino Singular Designam sensações, ideias, sentimentos. Feminino Plural Sensations, ideas, feelings. Ex.: amor / love, arte / art 7 FORMATION OF THE PLURAL: B Add S to the singular form. Ex: casa (house) / casas (houses) B Nouns that end in AL, EL, IL, OL and UL are formed by removing the L and by adding ES. Ex: anel (ring) / anéis (rings); oficial (officer) / officiais (officers) B Nouns ending in ÃO have three ways to form the plural: 1. mão (hand) / mãos (hands) 2. pão (loaf of bread) / pães (loaves of bread) 3. leão (lion) / leões (lions) GENDER: B In Portuguese, the article (o, a, os, as) is a helpful way to identify the gender of a noun. Ex: o chá (tea) is masculine; a chaminé (chimney) is feminine B Nouns that point to living beings identify their gender based on their endings: o for males and a for females. Ex: gato / gata (cat); leitor / leitora (reader) B The feminine can also be formed by adding the following suffixes: essa, esa, isa, ina, inha. Ex: conde / condessa (Count / Countess); príncipe /princesa (Prince / Princess); herói / heroína (hero); galo / galinha (cock / chicken). B Nouns, in the masculine, that end in DOR have different ways to form the feminine: add a or change DOR to triz or deira. Ex: vencedor / vencedora (winner); actor / actriz (actor / actress); lavrador / lavradeira (farmer). B Nouns ending in ÃO change the suffix to Ã, ANA, ONA or OA. Ex: irmão / irmã (brother / sister); sultão / sultana (sultan); mocetão / mocetona (young man / young woman); leão / leoa (lion / lioness). 8 B There are nouns that have different forms according to their gender. Masculine ENGLISH Feminine ENGLISH Bode Goat Cabra She goat Boi Bull Vaca Cow Cão Do Cadela Bitch Carneiro Mutton Ovelha Sheep Cavalo Horse Égua Mare Genro Son-in-law Nora Sister-in-law Homem Man Mulher Woman Pai Father Mãe Mother Rapaz Boy Rapariga Girl … B Some nouns have the same form for both genders. The only way to identify the gender is by the use of the article O or A. Ex: o pianista / a pianista (the pianist); o jovem / a jovem (the young man / the young woman) B Some nouns only have one form for their genders and the use of the article can not specify its gender. In order to identify the gender you need to say if it is male (macho) or female (fêmea). Ex: a águia (the eagle) – a águia macho / a águia fêmea 9 Graus dos Adjectivos / Degrees of the Adjectives Comparativo de Superioridade / Comparative of Superiority Ex: O ferro é mais útil do que o ouro. Ex: Iron is more useful than gold. B In Portuguese, add the adverb mais before the adjective. Comparativo de Igualdade / Comparative of Equality Ex: Pedro é tão inteligente como João. Ex: Peter is as intelligent as John. B Add the adverb tão before the adjective. Comparativo de Inferioridade / Comparative of Inferiority Ex: O ouro é menos útil do que o ferro. Ex: Gold is less useful than iron. B Add the adverb menos before the adjective. Irregular Adjectives Normal ENGLISH Comparative ENGLISH Bom Good Melhor Better Mau Bad Pior Worse Grande Big Maior Bigger Pequeno Small Menor Smaller Alto High Superior Higher Baixo Low Inferior Lower 10 Superlativo Relativo de Inferioridade / Superlative of Inferiority Ex: Este é o menos espaçoso. Ex: This is the least spacious. B Add o menos before the adjective. Superlativo Relativo de Superioridade / Superlative of Superiority Ex: Atenas é a mais interessante. Ex: Athens is the most interesting. B Add a mais before the adjective. Superlativo Absoluto Analítico / Superlative Ex: O meu apartamento é muito pequeno. Ex: My flat is very small. B Add the adverb muito before the adjective. Superlativo Absoluto Sintético / Superlative Ex: Aquele livro é interessantíssimo. Ex: That book is most interesting. B Add the suffix íssimo to the adjective. 11 Advérbios / Adverbs Lugar Place ali there aqui here longe far away perto near dentro inside atrás behind acima above Modo Manner mal badly melhor better pior worse assim this(way) devagar slowly depressa fast, quickly quase almost, nearly como as Quantidade Quantity muito a lot pouco little mais more menos less tanto as much Afirmação Affirmation certamente certainly/certain sim yes concerteza sure realmente really Negação Negation não no nunca, jamais never 12 Dúvida Doubt talvez maybe Inclusão Inclusion até even mesmo the same também also,
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