*65 EØ RS Mitipse1e9tticaasa.56 9P
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers
Aliyatul Himmah & Ribut Wahyudi - A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL MARKERS Aliyatul Himmah Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Ribut Wahyudi Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand & Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Abstract This paper is attempting to explore the plural markers in both Arabic and English. The data collected qualitatively are sorted to meet the scope of this paper. Through contrastive analysis, it is discovered that there are numerous significant differences rather than similarities in terms of syllable count start, patterns of plural nouns in relation to gender, regularity, regular vs irregular plural and internal vowel change. Moreover, Arabic has some uniqueness in its plural marking system. Being well informed on all of these might pave the way for second or foreign language learners to comprehensively understand the plural marking system in Arabic and English. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris. Data yang dikumpulkan secara kualitatif diurutkan untuk memenuhi cakupan makalah ini. Melalui analisis kontrastif, ditemukan banyak perbedaan yang signifikan daripada kesamaan dalam segi jumlah awal suku kata, pola kata benda jamak dalam kaitannya dengan gender, keteraturan dan ketidakteraturan jamak, serta perubahan vokal. Selain itu, bahasa Arab memiliki beberapa keunikan dalam sistem menandai jamaknya. Memahami informasi hal tersebut dengan baik mungkin memudahkan pembelajar bahasa kedua atau asing untuk memahami secara komprehensif sistem penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan Inggris. Key words: Arabic, English, plural marker, suffix INTRODUCTION Understanding what contrastive linguistics and contrastive analysis is a paramount important prior to the discussion and analysis of plural markers in Arabic and English. -
A Minimalist Study of Complex Verb Formation: Cross-Linguistic Paerns and Variation
A Minimalist Study of Complex Verb Formation: Cross-linguistic Paerns and Variation Chenchen Julio Song, [email protected] PhD First Year Report, June 2016 Abstract is report investigates the cross-linguistic paerns and structural variation in com- plex verbs within a Minimalist and Distributed Morphology framework. Based on data from English, German, Hungarian, Chinese, and Japanese, three general mechanisms are proposed for complex verb formation, including Akt-licensing, “two-peaked” adjunction, and trans-workspace recategorization. e interaction of these mechanisms yields three levels of complex verb formation, i.e. Root level, verbalizer level, and beyond verbalizer level. In particular, the verbalizer (together with its Akt extension) is identified as the boundary between the word-internal and word-external domains of complex verbs. With these techniques, a unified analysis for the cohesion level, separability, component cate- gory, and semantic nature of complex verbs is tentatively presented. 1 Introduction1 Complex verbs may be complex in form or meaning (or both). For example, break (an Accom- plishment verb) is simple in form but complex in meaning (with two subevents), understand (a Stative verb) is complex in form but simple in meaning, and get up is complex in both form and meaning. is report is primarily based on formal complexity2 but tries to fit meaning into the picture as well. Complex verbs are cross-linguistically common. e above-mentioned understand and get up represent just two types: prefixed verb and phrasal verb. ere are still other types of complex verb, such as compound verb (e.g. stir-fry). ese are just descriptive terms, which I use for expository convenience. -
Identification of Zero Copulas in Hungarian Using
Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020), pages 4802–4810 Marseille, 11–16 May 2020 c European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC Much Ado About Nothing Identification of Zero Copulas in Hungarian Using an NMT Model Andrea Dömötör1;2, Zijian Gyoz˝ o˝ Yang1, Attila Novák1 1MTA-PPKE Hungarian Language Technology Research Group, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics Práter u. 50/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary 2Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Egyetem u. 1, 2087 Piliscsaba, Hungary {surname.firstname}@itk.ppke.hu Abstract The research presented in this paper concerns zero copulas in Hungarian, i.e. the phenomenon that nominal predicates lack an explicit verbal copula in the default present tense 3rd person indicative case. We created a tool based on the state-of-the-art transformer architecture implemented in Marian NMT framework that can identify and mark the location of zero copulas, i.e. the position where an overt copula would appear in the non-default cases. Our primary aim was to support quantitative corpus-based linguistic research by creating a tool that can be used to compile a corpus of significant size containing examples of nominal predicates including the location of the zero copulas. We created the training corpus for our system transforming sentences containing overt copulas into ones containing zero copula labels. However, we first needed to disambiguate occurrences of the massively ambiguous verb van ‘exist/be/have’. We performed this using a rule-base classifier relying on English translations in the English-Hungarian parallel subcorpus of the OpenSubtitles corpus. -
Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268274970 Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Article CITATIONS READS 0 284 1 author: Reima Al-Jarf None 223 PUBLICATIONS 191 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Translation Students' Difficulties with Color Metaphors View project The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities View project All content following this page was uploaded by Reima Al-Jarf on 06 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Reima Al-Jarf, Ph.D. King Saud University 1 All rights reserved AL-Obeikkan Printing Press Riyadh, Saudi Arabia i 2 Table of Contents PREFACE ................................................................................................................ vi Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Aims of the Present Chapter ................................................................................ 4 Definition of Morphemes ..................................................................................... 2 Definition of Grammar ......................................................................................... 2 Definition of Morphology ..................................................................................... 2 Inflection ................................................................................................................... -
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Glossary of Linguistic Terms accent Often used to refer to distinctive pronuncia tions which differ from that of Received Pronunciation It differs from dialect which includes syn tax and vocabulary as well acronym A word formed from the initial letters of the words which make up a name, e.g. NATO (from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) active A clause in which the subject is the actor of the verb; in a passive clause the actor is not the grammatical subject; seep. 14 addressee The person being addressed or spoken to in any form of discourse adjective In traditional grammar a word which de scribes a noun, as happy in 'the happy man'; an adjective phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adjective; seep. 11 adverb In t:r:aditional grammar a word which de scribes a verb; in 'he ran slowly', slowly describes how he ran An adverb phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adverb; see p. 11 affix A morpheme which is attached to another word as an inflection or for derivation Affixes include prefixes at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end of a word, e.g. un-god-ly with prefix un- and suffix -ly A derivational affix is used to form a new word, e.g. the suffix -less with hope gives the new word hopeless; an inflectional affix marks grammatical relations, in comes, the -s marks third person singular present indicative 159 160 Glossary alliteration The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words in close proximity, e.g. -
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English Meizi Piao (Seoul National University) Meizi Piao. 2012. An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English. SNU Working Papers in English Linguistics and Language X, XX-XX Lass (1994) calls the period from Proto-Germanic to historical Old English ‘The Age of Harmony’. Among the harmony processes in this period, i-umlaut has been considered as ‘one of the most far-reaching and important sound changes’ (Hogg 1992, Lass 1994) or as ‘one of the least controversial sound changes’ (Colman 2005). This paper tries to analyze i-umlaut in Old English within the framework of the Autosegmental theory and the Optimality theory, and explain how suffix i or j in the unstressed syllable cause the stem vowels in the stressed syllable to be fronted or raised. (Seoul National University) Keywords: I-umlaut, Old English, Autosegmental theory, vowel harmony Optimality theory 1. Introduction Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in the area now known as England between at least the mid-5th century to the mid-12th century. It is a West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian. During the period of Old English, one of the most important phonological processes is umlaut, which especially affects vowels, and become the reason for the superficially irregular and unrelated Modern English phenomenon. I-Umlaut is the conditioned sound change that the vowel either moves directly forward in the mouth [u>y, o>e, A>&] or forward and up [A>&>e]. -
Preposition Stranding Vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation
languages Article Preposition Stranding vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation Christine Günther Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Universität Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Grammatical variation has often been said to be determined by cognitive complexity. Whenever they have the choice between two variants, speakers will use that form that is associated with less processing effort on the hearer’s side. The majority of studies putting forth this or similar analyses of grammatical variation are based on corpus data. Analyzing preposition stranding vs. pied-piping in English, this paper sets out to put the processing-based hypotheses to the test. It focuses on discontinuous prepositional phrases as opposed to their continuous counterparts in an online and an offline experiment. While pied-piping, the variant with a continuous PP, facilitates reading at the wh-element in restrictive relative clauses, a stranded preposition facilitates reading at the right boundary of the relative clause. Stranding is the preferred option in the same contexts. The heterogenous results underline the need for research on grammatical variation from various perspectives. Keywords: grammatical variation; complexity; preposition stranding; discontinuous constituents Citation: Günther, Christine. 2021. Preposition Stranding vs. Pied- 1. Introduction Piping—The Role of Cognitive Grammatical variation refers to phenomena where speakers have the choice between Complexity in Grammatical Variation. two (or more) semantically equivalent structural options. Even in English, a language with Languages 6: 89. https://doi.org/ rather rigid word order, some constructions allow for variation, such as the position of a 10.3390/languages6020089 particle, the ordering of post-verbal constituents or the position of a preposition. -
Interrogating Possessive Have: a Case Study Argumentum 9 (2013), 99-107 Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó
99 József Andor: Interrogating possessive have: a case study Argumentum 9 (2013), 99-107 Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó József Andor Interrogating possessive have: a case study Abstract Major, standard grammars of English give an account and interpret interrogatively used possessive have as a unique specialty of genres and text types of British English. Reviewing descriptions offered by some of these grammars and presenting empirically based evidence on acceptability of usage and function, the present paper offers results revealing the occurrence of inverted possessive have in other regional varieties, specifically in American English. It is suggested that have, retaining its possessive lexical meaning behaves as a semi-auxiliary in such constructions. Keywords: possessive, inversion, do-support, corpus-based, semi-auxiliary, notionally and morpho-syntactically based categorization 1 Introduction What made me start researching the functional-semantic and pragmatic-contextual force of interrogative sentences with the possessive lexical status of have was finding the example Have you a pen? on page 88 of the recently published Oxford Modern English Grammar authored by Bas Aarts (2011). The sentence was given under section 4.1.1.6. titled “Subjects invert positions with verbs in interrogative main clauses”, which section, due to its scope, did not address discussing syntactic variation concerning possessive usage of have, contrasting syntactic as well as cognitive-semantic and pragmatic, usage based issues of formally pure cases of inversion with the co-occurrence of have and do-support (also called do-periphrasis) or the have got construction. This came to me as a surprise, as types of have-based possession could have been discussed in a dictionary based on one of the most valuable corpora of British English, the British component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB). -
Inflectional Morphology and Compounding in English: a Single Route, Associative Memory Based Account
Inflectional morphology and compounding in English: A single route, associative memory based account Jennifer Anne Hayes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsof the University of Hertfordshire for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy The programme of research was carried out in the Faculties of Health and Human Sciences - and Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Hertfordshire. May 2003 Section Title Page Table of i contents ................................................................... List of Tables and List of Figures ............................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................... vii Abstract ix ................................................................... Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1 ......................................................... 1.2 Compounds 6 ............................................................ 1.3 Evidence for the putative dissociation between regular and irregular in 7 plurals compounds ..................... .............:..... 1.4 Innate constraint based explanations of the putative dissociation between irregular in 7 regular and plural compounds ................ 1.4.1 Level 7 ordering model................................................... 1.4.1.1 Tests of the level ordering model's accountof compounding English 9 with native speakingchildren ................................ 1.4.1.2 Tests of the level ordering model's accountof compounding with native German 10 speaking children ............................. -
Features of Lexical Verbs in the Discussion Section of Masters' Dissertations
FEATURES OF LEXICAL VERBS IN THE DISCUSSION SECTION OF MASTERS' DISSERTATIONS FAIZAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUSRI FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2018 FEATURES OF LEXICAL VERBS IN THE DISCUSSION SECTION OF MASTERS' DISSERTATIONS FAIZAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUSRI DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2018 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Faizah binti Mohamad Nusri I.C/Passport No: 860610-38-6394 Matric No: TGB 120045 Name of Degree: Master of English as Second Language Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): Features of Lexical Verbs in the Discussion Section of Masters’ Dissertations Field of Study: Corpus Linguistics I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. -
Department of English and American Studies Phrasal Verbs in the British National Corpus and ELT Textbooks 2018
Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Teaching English Language and Literature for Secondary Schools Jan Štěrba Phrasal Verbs in the British National Corpus and ELT Textbooks Master’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. František Tůma, Ph. D. 2018 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Jan Štěrba I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. František Tůma, Ph.D., for his time, kindness, willingness to help and the excellent feedback he provided me with. I would also like to thank my original supervisor, doc, PhDr. Naděžda Kudrnáčová, Csc., who approached Mr. Tůma after my topic had to be changed and thus helped me to finish the thesis successfully. I cannot forget to thank James for proofreading the whole thesis as well as my grandfather who proofread the Czech parts. I am also very grateful for the support I have received from my family throughout my studies and finally, I have to thank my girlfriend Janča for simply being out there for me. Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 1. Multi-word Verbs ....................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1. Definition ...................................................................................................... -
Fundamentals of English Syntax 1
English Syntax Fundamentals of English Syntax 1. Introductory Concepts (Version 4; 06/11/2014) Andrew McIntyre 1.1. Syntactic categories This text is a brief introduction to syntax, the study of the structure of sentences. It introduces All words in a sentence belong to a particular part of speech or, in more modern parlance, the most important basic concepts, aiming to give readers an idea of syntactic phenomena category or syntactic category, like those in (1). and argumentation. Some analyses given below are simplified in order to make this text (1) Category Abbreviation Example accessible to beginners. Readers wishing to know about the more sophisticated analyses are a. noun N computer, city, stupidity, event, John, London directed to the book-length introductions to syntax listed in the bibliography. b. verb V hear, think, disagree, shorten, eavesdrop, exist Readers are welcome to send any questions and suggestions for improving the manuscript c. adjective A good, obscene, demented, lovely, schoolmasterly to [email protected]. d. preposition P off, by, in, with, from, to, at, inside, despite Contents e. adverb Adv slowly, often, now, mostly 1. Introductory Concepts ..................................................................................................... 2 f. determiner D (or Det) a, the, this, those1 1.1. Syntactic categories ................................................................................................. 2 Here we will not try to give a set of completely failsafe criteria for determining the category 1.2. Constituents ............................................................................................................. 2 a word, but will describe some issues arising in defining the various categories. One kind of 1.3. Tests for identifying constituents ............................................................................. 3 criterion is semantic, i.e. based on meaning. Such criteria take the form of statements such as 1.4.