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Transatlantic Variation in English Adverb Placement
Language Variation and Change, 25 (2013), 179–200. © Cambridge University Press, 2013 0954-3945/13 $16.00 doi:10.1017/S0954394513000082 Transatlantic variation in English adverb placement C ATHLEEN W ATERS University of Toronto ABSTRACT This study examines the placement of an adverb with respect to a modal or perfect auxiliary in English (e.g., It might potentially escape / It potentially might escape). The data are drawn from two large, socially stratified corpora of vernacular English (Toronto, Canada, and York, England) and thus allow a cross-dialect perspective on linguistic and social correlates. Using quantitative sociolinguistic methods, I demonstrate similarity in the varieties, with the postauxiliary position generally strongly favored. Of particular importance is the structure of the auxiliary phrase; when a modal is followed by the perfect auxiliary (e.g., It might have escaped), the rates of preauxiliary adverb placement are considerably higher. As the variation is chiefly correlated with linguistic, rather than social factors, I apply recent proposals from Generative syntax to further understand the grammar of the phenomenon. However, the evidence suggests that the variability seen here is a result of postsyntactic, rather than syntactic, processes. Quantitative sociolinguistic study of adverbs has been limited, and much of the comparative work that has been undertaken on English has focused solely on morphological variation of the suffix -ly (Aijmer, 2009; Algeo, 2006; Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999; Opdahl, 2000). This work addresses the lacuna by examining a facet of adverb placement in two varieties of English using data from large, socially stratified corpora of vernacular English (described herein). -
A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers
Aliyatul Himmah & Ribut Wahyudi - A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and English Noun Plural Markers A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL MARKERS Aliyatul Himmah Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Ribut Wahyudi Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand & Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang [email protected] Abstract This paper is attempting to explore the plural markers in both Arabic and English. The data collected qualitatively are sorted to meet the scope of this paper. Through contrastive analysis, it is discovered that there are numerous significant differences rather than similarities in terms of syllable count start, patterns of plural nouns in relation to gender, regularity, regular vs irregular plural and internal vowel change. Moreover, Arabic has some uniqueness in its plural marking system. Being well informed on all of these might pave the way for second or foreign language learners to comprehensively understand the plural marking system in Arabic and English. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris. Data yang dikumpulkan secara kualitatif diurutkan untuk memenuhi cakupan makalah ini. Melalui analisis kontrastif, ditemukan banyak perbedaan yang signifikan daripada kesamaan dalam segi jumlah awal suku kata, pola kata benda jamak dalam kaitannya dengan gender, keteraturan dan ketidakteraturan jamak, serta perubahan vokal. Selain itu, bahasa Arab memiliki beberapa keunikan dalam sistem menandai jamaknya. Memahami informasi hal tersebut dengan baik mungkin memudahkan pembelajar bahasa kedua atau asing untuk memahami secara komprehensif sistem penanda jamak dalam bahasa Arab dan Inggris. Key words: Arabic, English, plural marker, suffix INTRODUCTION Understanding what contrastive linguistics and contrastive analysis is a paramount important prior to the discussion and analysis of plural markers in Arabic and English. -
Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268274970 Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Article CITATIONS READS 0 284 1 author: Reima Al-Jarf None 223 PUBLICATIONS 191 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Translation Students' Difficulties with Color Metaphors View project The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities View project All content following this page was uploaded by Reima Al-Jarf on 06 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Contrastive Analysis for Translation Students Reima Al-Jarf, Ph.D. King Saud University 1 All rights reserved AL-Obeikkan Printing Press Riyadh, Saudi Arabia i 2 Table of Contents PREFACE ................................................................................................................ vi Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Aims of the Present Chapter ................................................................................ 4 Definition of Morphemes ..................................................................................... 2 Definition of Grammar ......................................................................................... 2 Definition of Morphology ..................................................................................... 2 Inflection ................................................................................................................... -
Grammar Essentials for the KALULI LANGUAGE
Grammar Essentials for the KALULI LANGUAGE (Ethnologue Code: BCO) Andrew Grosh and Sylvia Grosh Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea September, 2004 Kaluli Grammar Essentials Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2. PHONOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 PHONEMES AND ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRENSENTATION .............................................................................. 8 2.1.1 Phonological Conventions .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Orthographic Conventions ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 SYLLABLE PATTERNS .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 MORPHOPHONEMICS................................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 Verbal Morphology ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1.1 Vowel Harmony ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.1.2 Consonant -
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English
An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English Meizi Piao (Seoul National University) Meizi Piao. 2012. An Analysis of I-Umlaut in Old English. SNU Working Papers in English Linguistics and Language X, XX-XX Lass (1994) calls the period from Proto-Germanic to historical Old English ‘The Age of Harmony’. Among the harmony processes in this period, i-umlaut has been considered as ‘one of the most far-reaching and important sound changes’ (Hogg 1992, Lass 1994) or as ‘one of the least controversial sound changes’ (Colman 2005). This paper tries to analyze i-umlaut in Old English within the framework of the Autosegmental theory and the Optimality theory, and explain how suffix i or j in the unstressed syllable cause the stem vowels in the stressed syllable to be fronted or raised. (Seoul National University) Keywords: I-umlaut, Old English, Autosegmental theory, vowel harmony Optimality theory 1. Introduction Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in the area now known as England between at least the mid-5th century to the mid-12th century. It is a West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian. During the period of Old English, one of the most important phonological processes is umlaut, which especially affects vowels, and become the reason for the superficially irregular and unrelated Modern English phenomenon. I-Umlaut is the conditioned sound change that the vowel either moves directly forward in the mouth [u>y, o>e, A>&] or forward and up [A>&>e]. -
The Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics of Adverbs in Cantonese
THE MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND SEMANTICS OF ADVERBS IN CANTONESE WONG LA1 YIN ZER M. PHIL. THESIS THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 2002 Abstract of thesis entitled The Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics of Adverbs in Cantonese submitted by Wong Lai Yin for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong in September 2002 This thesis reports on a study of adverbs in Cantonese as it is spoken in contemporary Hong Kong. Previous studies of Cantonese adverbs have put particular emphasis on the grammatical meanings of a few individual adverbs, for instance, the adverb % sin] (Cheng, 1990; Cai, 1995; Luke 2002; among others). The general properties of the adverb class as a whole have received relatively scant attention. In this study, the characteristics of Cantonese adverbs, and especially the morphologically, semantically and syntactically relevant aspects of these adverbs are investigated in greater depth. The search for general patterns has been given priority above the description of the peculiarities of each individual adverb. Linguists have generally agreed that an adverb can serve as an adverbial in a sentence (see, for example, Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973). Zhu Dexi (1982), in particular, provides the most insightful criterion in distinguishing adverb f?om other word classes. He proposes that an adverb can and can only function as adverbial, and never hnction as any other sentence constituent like subject and predicate. In the present study, only those words that can function only as adverbials according to Zhu's analysis are identified as adverbs. Particular attention is given to distinguishing adverbs from adjectives, time words (nouns) and conjunctions, which are commonly used as adverbials as well. -
(Non ) Occurrence of Subject Pronouns
Contrast and the (Non-) Occurrence of Subject Pronouns Patrícia Matos Amaral and Scott A. Schwenter The Ohio State University 1. Introduction One of the main communicative functions of subject personal pronouns (SPPs) in Spanish and European Portuguese (as well as other “pro”-drop languages) is to mark “contrast”. This function is recognized by nearly all grammars of these languages (e.g. Alarcos Llorach 1994; Butt & Benjamin 2000; Gili Gaya 1943; Cunha & Cintra 1987), and has been succinctly summarized recently by Luján: “[E]l uso explícito de un pronombre personal tónico en posiciones donde su omisión es normal obedece a razones de contraste o énfasis” (1999: 1277).1 However, neither these works nor more specialized studies tend to be explicit about the OBLIGATORINESS OR OPTIONALITY of SPPs in contrastive contexts. Must SPPs appear in contrastive contexts or are they merely a POTENTIAL feature of such contexts? As a result of this inexplicitness, there is no consensus on the issue, and several different positions regarding the (non-) occurrence of contrastive SPPs can be found in the literature. On the one hand, there exists a number of studies where contrastive contexts (or a subset thereof) are considered to be obligatory contexts for subject pronouns. Examples of this approach in the study of Spanish can be found in Silva-Corvalán (1982, 1994, 2001, 2003), Cameron (1992, 1995, 1997), Bayley & Pease-Álvarez (1997), and Solomon (1999). The common bond that unites these studies is that they are all carried out within a variationist (socio)linguistic framework in the Labovian tradition (cf. Labov 1972). In this tradition, an important methodological step that serves as a necessary precursor to quantitative analysis is the identification of the so-called “envelope of variation”, i.e. -
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1100&*430 ERIC RE PeRT .RESUNE IEO 010 -t-60 1W,29Hib 24 (REV) USSGE IIANUAL:44LANGUAGE CUUICIMUK. I AND !I TEACHER V ER&Iet4, ZHAER4ALURTAWR RaR610280 UNC.VERSITY OE ORE?, -EUGENE Cit9+1*114114411 1111409,40116.C431 . *65 EØ RS MiTipse1e9tticaasa.56 9P. *GRAMM-0..111GhTH- IIRAINEV.- sevens .'GRADEs. vitiCIINUCAILOCSUIDESS *TIEAZINING- SUIDESL 11-YEAL4IVIL 61/10Ett. TiENGLISK EWEN/v; MESONV4-PROJECIr'ENG11314-- RE* GRAM* A IIANUSL, GRINAR- WAGE WAS PRIEN*.f.a *OR- -TEACHINC,1semoffspoi, AND EIGHTIWERMSE- MOMS .CARINECULUNS.- THEP-MANUAt 11111S44R,-TEAT;NERWAIND CONTAINS1 96 ' GRIMMAR_ USAGEWITEett -*WOE 4-1111111), 4ItykiPROF1TSO1Y,-:TRENNIED: .4N SENENTWAID: E IGHTW GRAvegq: THE7COIITEInt-41ave-litst ,i4MIANGEO- ALAINACITICALLY-41101 A GAUt MOM '41F- -CROSSMIEFERENEU,-311EIMINUAL -414--STIODENT 4111.11NADVE_':OP-.4=UNISSORMATI.-4.14AL'IMAPSIAL--Te MEGRIM: -47 NTH SUER- -ALIPECTS 1iI E 1INGUSH 7CURRICARAIMIAN ACCOMPANYING MANUAL WAS ?NEPA-RED FOR -STUOEUT USE :4110,-010 :ant; IMO el OREGON etlittfAcilLatIM 5.xuuY CINTER **0 014 VELEM IL SiDEPARTMENT OFHEMplti: MICATION v-4 Office cif Echkgati On d**filthy has beenreproduced exactlyslitectile Co This document Points Of VieW OrOPielone organizationoriginating It. v-1 person or represent OMNIOff Ice etEducation stated donot necessarily CI position or policy. C) I USAGE ISAIWATe !ammo Curriculum I Mid II Teacher I/onion The project reported hereinwas -supported through the Cooperative ResearchPrograxa of- the Office of Education, U, S. Departgle4totilealt4s Education, and Welfare USAGE MANUAL TABLE OFCONTENTS Etas Abbreviations 1 Bust for burst Accent- Except 3. CapitalCapitol a Adjective 1 Capitalization 9 Adverb 2 Case 10 I Advice- Advise 2 clothsClothes 11 Affect- Effect 3 Colon 11 Agreement 3 Comma 11 Ain't 5 Almost-Most' 5 ConjUnction 11 Already-All ready 5 Contractions 12 All right 5 tOundil- Counsel 12 Altogether - All together 5 toUrse-Coarse 12 Among- Between 6 DetertDessert 12 ft.n-And 6 Determiner 13 Antecedent 6 ed -bove 13 t Apostrophe 6 Done foi-' did 18 Appositive 7 Negative 14 s. -
ON the NOTION of SUBJECT for SUBJECT-ORIENTED ADVERBS Mikinari Matsuoka
ON THE NOTION OF SUBJECT FOR SUBJECT-ORIENTED ADVERBS Mikinari Matsuoka University of Yamanashi This article investigates the nature of predication of so-called subject-oriented adverbs in English. It is noted that there are both conceptual and empirical issues to be addressed. On the conceptual side, there is no consensus in previous studies on what exactly the notion of subject is for these adverbs and why these adverbs have an orientation to the subject. On the empirical side, there are circumstances in which some of the adverbs seem to be construed with the object argu- ment of the verb. This article focuses on these problems through an examination of the adverbs occurring in locative, passive, unaccusative, and resultative constructions. It is argued that when these adverbs seem to be associated with the object , they are predicated of a phonetically empty pronoun that occurs as the subject of a small clause, controlled by the object. Moreover, it is indicated that subject-oriented adverbs occurring in different positions across different construc- tions are all parasitically predicated of DPs that are introduced by a functional head in primary predication. Given the proposal made in recent studies that predication relationships between lexical categories and their external arguments in general are mediated by a functional head, it is claimed that subject-oriented adverbs also need to be supported by such a head to be associated with DPs. Thus, it is concluded that the notion of subject for these adverbs and their orientation are derived from the general theory of predication.* Keywords : adverb, locative, predication, resultative, small clause, subject 1. -
A Case Study in Grammaticalization a Dissert
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENT IN BIBLICAL HEBREW PREPOSITIONS: A CASE STUDY IN GRAMMATICALIZATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY HUMPHREY HILL HARDY II CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2014 Copyright © 2014 by HUMPHREY HILL HARDY II All rights reserved. To Katy ִא ָּׁשהָּׁיְִָּׁרַאת־יהוהִָּׁהיאִָּׁתְתַה לָּׁל Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xxvii List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xxxi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... xxxiii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xxxv Transliteration ........................................................................................................ xxxviii 1 Introduction and Analysis Framework ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Towards a Definition......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Grammaticalization of FUTURE Markers in English .......................................... 12 1.3 Issues in Grammaticalization Theory ............................................................. -
A Morphological Comparative Study Between Albanian and English Language
European Scientific Journal A morphological comparative study between Albanian and English language Aida Kurani Anita Muho University “Aleksander Moisiu”, Durres, Albania Abstract: The aim of this study is to point out similarities and differences of English and Albanian language in the morphological level, trying to compare different parts of speech of both languages. Many languages do not distinguish between adjectives and adverbs or adjectives and names etc, i.e. the Albanian language differs in terms of gender and plural adjectives, while English has not such a feature. Therefore formal distinctions between parts of speech should be done within the framework of a given language and should not be applied in other languages .In this study we have analyzed nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjective structures, the use of articles, pronouns etc. in Albanian and English. In the light of modern linguistics, comparative method plays an important role in the acquisition of languages comparing the first language with the target language. Comparative method is also considered as a key factor in the scientific research of modern linguistics, so it can be used successfully in teaching. Keywords; Albanian, English, differences, morphology, similarities, teaching. 28 European Scientific Journal Introduction In Albanian language, the comparative studies in linguistics are very rare. Considering the fact that language is closely related to culture, a linguistic comparative study is also a cultural comparison. Although all languages mainly play a similar role, there are similarities and differences between them. Knowing the differences between the two languages also helps in identifying students' linguistic errors in the process of teaching the grammar. -
English-Russian-Finnish Cross-Language Comparison of Phrasal Verb Translation Equivalents
English-Russian-Finnish Cross-Language Comparison of Phrasal Verb Translation Equivalents Olga Mudraya1, Scott S. L. Piao2, Laura Löfberg3, Paul Rayson2, Dawn Archer4 1 Department of Linguistics and Modern English Language, Lancaster University – UK 2Computing Department, Lancaster University – UK 3Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere – Finland 4Department of Humanities, University of Central Lancashire – UK Keywords: MWE extraction, phrasal verbs, English, Russian, Finnish 1. Introduction A phraseological expression in a language may have equivalent expressions in other languages with different morpho-syntactic structures and semantic properties. Our recent experience in the Benedict Project (EU IST-2001-34237), in which a Finnish semantic lexicon compatible to the Lancaster English semantic lexicon (Rayson et al., 2004) has been built, shows that there can exist complex cross-language relations between English phraseological expressions, or multiword expressions (MWE), and their translation equivalents in other languages. A deeper understanding of such relations between phraseological expressions across languages is important for various tasks such as language learning, translation, automatic bilingual/multilingual lexicon extraction, etc. This work forms part of two research projects which involve porting of the Lancaster English semantic tagger (Rayson et al., 2004) to Russian and Finnish languages, as well as the continuing improvement of the English tagger. Previous computational approaches to MWE have mainly focussed on English, and there has been little previous research on computational approaches to MWE in Russian (Sharoff, 2004) or Finnish. In this paper, we will compare some frequently occurring English phrasal verbs with their translation equivalents in Russian and Finnish, both in terms of morpho-syntactic structures and semantic properties.