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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 105 761, FL 006 852 - TITLE ,A Contrastive Study of English and Arabic. INSTITUTION Defense Language Inst., Monterey, Calif. PUB DATE No 74 NOTE . 194p. AVAILABLE, FROMDirector, Lefense language Institute, Presidio of Monterey, CA mieo (with specific permission) . EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Arabic; Capitalization (Alphabetic); *Contrastive Linguistics; *English (Second Language); Fore Classes (Languages); *Interference (Language Learning); 'Intonation; Language Instruction; Morphology (Languages); Nominals4 Orthographic Symbols; Phonemics; Phonology; Phrase Structure; Sentence Structure; *Structural Analysis; Suprasegmentals; Syntax; Verbs; Vocabilary ABSTRACT . a This is a contrastive `analysis of English and Modern Literary AraLic..Part one deals with phonology, including suprasegmentals and orthography. Part two deals with morphology, part three with sentence structure, part four with verb phrases, and part five with noun phrases. These sections emphasize,structures that present problems to the Arabic-speaking student learning English. - Part six is concerned with the meaning*andlgage of individual English words that are difficult for Arab studentse A subject index and a word i5idex conclude the volume. (AM) f U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF November 1974 EDUCATION THIS OCCONtail tiA IAA% 41'IG OULED EXACT.a AS REt rialto R,SA THE PE SON OR ORGAN ZA/0% OR t. A T ING IT POINTS OF v E W OR I-,PNONS STATED 00 NOT NICE SSAPY RE Pia 00 SENTOF F- iCtAL NAT IONA, INS,' iT JTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR PrIL USX PERMISSION TO REPRGDUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICRO- F HE 0 Y HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 1111 VP nirMi WN, I re gOir TO ERIC ND OR NIZATIONS OPERAT LNG UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NA TIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC:SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMIS 12-- StON OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER " 1, P A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC -*DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE THIS PUBLICATION IS FOR USE BY THE FACULTY, STAFF,:AND STUDENTS OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE AS,A PART OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE PROGRAM. INQUIRIES CONCERNING THESEMATERIALS, INCLUDING REQUESTS FOR COPIES OR AUTHORITY TO REPRODUCE MATERIALS CONTAINED HEREIN SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO DIRECTOR, DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, PRESIDIO 'OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 93940. a 9 0 9 3 0 O O p 03 1 A-CONiRASTIVESTUDY . OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC November 1974 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE 04 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was prepared by the ContraStive Analysis Project, Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan, under Contract"#F41609-69-0004 for the Defense Language Institute in 1969. The development team consisted of J. C. Catfprd, Project Director; Joe Darwin Palmer, Principal Investigator; Ernest McCarps, Arabic Consultant, and Editor; and Elizabeth Moray, and Shafica Ahmed Snider, Research'. Assistants. '0 0 0 PREFACE ' The variety,. of Arabic described in-this study is Modern Literary Arabic, also referred to as "Modern Standard Arabic" and "Contemporary Arabic". It is the language of publications in all the Arab-states, as well as the oral language of formal occasions--radio and._ television, lectures and conferences,'discussions on technical topics, etc. Literary Arabic is.essentially the same the Arab world, and exists alongside the various colloquial dialects, which do vary from country to country and even from village to village. The colloquial dialects are -used to carry on the day-to-day activities of everyday life. The literary language.rather than a colloquial dialect has been chosen for this study becauSof the great universality of its applicability. The phonology morphology and syntax of.Literary Arabic are more com- plex and more comprehensive.thap those of any of the dialects; thus, while the literary is not the first language of any Arab, its problems do represent those of all Arabic dialects. If any one dialect were to be 1 chosen to represent all the rest,.the range of problems presented would not be substantially different from those presented herein, whereas the particulars of the 'dialect would be so peculiar to that dialect to limit the utility of this study to those familiar with that particular dialect. The literary is, in a very real sense, a composite of the features of all the dialects .and represents a linguistic common ground for all Arabs. Finally, all formal education in the Arab world is in . 'terms of Literary Arabic, and the educated Arals will tend to transfer into English,the patterns of Literary Arabic rather than those of his particular colloquial dialect. 06 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1: Phonology 1.1 Intonation 1 1.2 Consonants and vowels 14 1.3 Consonant clusterd 24 1.4 Handwriting 25 . Part 2: Morphology . 2.1.1 Parts of speech 29 2.1.2 Verbs 39 2.1.3 Particles 44 i Part 3: Syntax: Sentence Structure 3.0 Introduction '. 46 3.1 English question types 57 3.2 Arabic question types '57 3.3 Yes-no questions 57 3.4 Negaae questiOns 59 3.5 Tag questions' 59 3.6 Aphorism 60 3.7 Be + predicate 60 3.8 Intransitive'verbs 61 3.9 Two-word transitive verbs 61 3.10 ObjeCts 61 3.11 Infinitive object complement 62, 3.12 Infinitive as object 63-4' 3.13 Gerundive objective complement 6' 3.14' Nominalized verb complement 64, s 3.15 Nominal objective complement 64.- 3.16 Adjective infinitive complement * 65 3.17 Linking verbs 65 . 3.18 Adjective complements 67 3.19 Adverbial complements ,,67 ,3.20 Complement of obligation -:.67 3.21 There + indefinite NP . 68: 3.22 It inversion ',, 69 3.23 It statements 69 3.24 There inversion '70 3.25 Non replacement ..- /1 3.26 That + S as object ° 71 3.27 Wh-word + Sentence 71 3.28 Whword + infinitive as subject 72 3.29 Wit-word + infinitive as ,object: 72 3.30 Infinitive assubjedt 73 3.31 Infinitive of purpose' 74 3.32 Gerund nominal 74 3.33 Abstract nouns 75 3.34 'Adjective + infinitive 7'5 3 :35 Adjective + that 75 3:36 Adjective + gerundive 76 3.37 Adverbial clatise 76 : 3.38 Connectives 76 Ori Part 4: Syntax: Verb Phrase 4.0 Introductioh 78 4.1 Agreement 79 -4-.4-Past-tense-forMs 80 4A'Arabic verb inflection 80 4.4 Third person singular inflection 81 4.5 Interrogative 81 4.6 Positiveind negative 81 4.7 Negative' particle not 82 4.8 Negativewith modals 83 4.9 Subjunctive 83 4.10 Common tense -8t 4.11,Arabic common tense -84 4.a2 Past 'tense as completion 86 4.13 Past habitual , 85 i' Q. 4.14English preterit forms 8T 4.15 Modal auxiliaries- 87 4.16 Arabic problems with modals 88 4.17 Use.of to with modals" 88 4.18 Modals with two meanings 89 4.19 Hypothettcal situations 91 4.20 English past time 92, 4.21'Would .) 92 4.22 Wish 1 92 4.23 Past modals 93 4.24 If and would clauses 94 4.25 English progressive. 94 4.26 Modal progressive 95 4.27 Present peifect progressive 95 4.28 Past perfect progressive 95 '4.29 Non-perfebt and perfect ' 96 4:30 Present.15etfect constructions 98 4.31 Verbs which cannot be progressive 99 4.32'Passive, . 99 .4.33 Indirect objects and passives 100. 4.34 Adverbs . 100 4.35 Othei adverbial expressions 101 4.36 Ordeking of'adveibs 101 4.37 Adverbs of frequency '102 4.38 Preverbs 103 4.39 Comparing adverbs 103. 4 .40 Comparing adjectives' 104 4.41,Adverbials bf degree 105 '4.42 Adverbs of location , 105 4.43 Derived verb forms ' 105 4.44 Two-wordverbs 106 . 109 4.45 Particles 0 . 4.46 Manner adverbs - :. 109 4.47 Irffinitives as complements 110 v 0 8 4 Part 5: Syntax: Noun Phrase 5.0 Introduction 111 5.1 Number classes ofnouns 113 5.2 Compound nouns 115 5.1 Adjectives.as noun phrase 116 5.4 Der.vation 116 5.5 The -ate suffix 117 5.6 Variations in derivations 117 5.7 Feminine morphemes 118 5.8 Nouns derived from verbs 118 5.9 Diminutives 118 5.10' Possessive forms 119 5.11 Determiners 119 5( Part 6: Vocabulary 143 Subject Index 174 Wird Index 182 vi 0.5 61% A Contrastive Study.of English and Arabic. Part One The Phonology of English and Arabic' 1.1.1. Intonation The prosodic features of language (intonation, st ess, and rhythm) are not as well understood as the segmental phonemes._ . Less detailed attention is usually given them in languageteach- ing than to the other areas of,syntax and phonology. This.is un- fortunate, since it is the imperfect mastery of these features that gives rise to foreign accent and to' misunderstanding of a fspeaker's intent. Tone refers to the rising and falling of voice pitch in con- versaETUF. , Stress refers to the relative prominence that is giVen to - patticular words in phrases and to particular syllables in words. - Rhythm is the more orless regular recurrence of stressed syllab. es in speech'. These features are dependent on each'other only to the ex- . tenethat.none of them occurs without the other two. They con- stitute a set of vocal features wLict. every language draws upon to perform different functions. For example, in atone language such as. Chinese, rising or falling voice pitch (tone) maybe used to distinguish meanings between words. This is not the case in English, however, where stress sometimes performs this functions noun: digest - dig6st : verb In Arabic, none of the prosodic features performs thefunction of distinguishing between parts of speech, 4, 1.1.2. An utterance may be said witha variety of different, though related; meanings. For-example, by shifting the location of contrastive tone and stress: high 3.
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