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Features of Lexical Verbs in the Discussion Section of Masters' Dissertations

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FEATURES OF LEXICAL VERBS IN THE DISCUSSION SECTION OF MASTERS' DISSERTATIONS FAIZAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUSRI FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2018 FEATURES OF LEXICAL VERBS IN THE DISCUSSION SECTION OF MASTERS' DISSERTATIONS FAIZAH BINTI MOHAMAD NUSRI DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2018 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Faizah binti Mohamad Nusri I.C/Passport No: 860610-38-6394 Matric No: TGB 120045 Name of Degree: Master of English as Second Language Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): Features of Lexical Verbs in the Discussion Section of Masters’ Dissertations Field of Study: Corpus Linguistics I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate’s Signature Date: Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date: Name: Designation: ii ii ABSTRACT This study examines the use of lexical verbs in Discussion sections of Master’s Degree Dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics of University of Malaya. Lexical verbs are known to be prevalent in academic discourse notably in modulating writers’ ideas and stances to the readers. In order to convey their thoughts and communicate well with the readers, precise and succinct use of lexical verbs is paramount. Building on this background, the primary focus of the paper is an investigation of the use of lexical verbs in advanced ESL writing. Lexical verbs found in the academic texts are examined to identify the nature of verbal use and knowledge among advanced ESL speakers by the basis of types of lexical verbs, verb forms and associated verb patterns. It is interesting to note that Mental-Emotive verbs are second most commonly used verbs, after Activity verbs. The results also indicate the writers’ tendency to employ passive voice in their writing, which is generally avoided by ESL and non-native writers in other studies despite its conventionalized use in academic discourse. The key verb-based patterns examined in this paper are Passive+PP and V-that patterns in verb-based bundles. Passive voice is predominantly used in combination with PP in and by. This result indicates writers’ adherence to academic text objectivity and detachment conventions. Common V-that patterns examplify the writers’ confidence in their claims. Analysis of V-that pattern also show writers’ tendency to discriminate verb type according to animacy of the subject. This research highlights the use of accurate verb and importance of phraseological knowledge in academic writing and proposes analysis of academic verbs and common patterns as linguistic awareness exercise for advanced ESL learners. Keywords: corpus linguistics, phraseology, ESL academic writing iii ABSTRAK Kajian ini menganalisa kata kerja leksikal di dalam bahagian perbincangan disertasi Ijazah Sarjana Fakulti Bahasa dan Linguistik Universiti Malaya. Kata Kerja leksikal adalah sangat penting dalam penulisan wacana akademik kerana ia dapat membentuk idea dan pendirian penulis supaya dapat difahami sepenuhnya oleh pembaca. Untuk penyampaian idea dan komunikasi yang baik antara penulis dan pembaca, penggunaan kata kerja yang tepat patut diberi fokus. Atas sebab-sebab ini, fokus utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri penggunaan kata kerja leksikal oleh penulis ESL tahap tinggi. Kata kerja leksikal yang dikaji dalam teks akademik adalah dari segi jenis kata kerja, bentuk kata kerja dan pola kata kerja yang selalu digunakan. Kajian mendapati bahawa pengunaan kata kerja Mental-Emotif adalah yang kedua paling kerap selepas kata kerja Aktiviti. Dapatan juga mendapari penulis-penulis di dalam korpus ini juga lebih cenderung menggunakan ayat pasif dalam penulisan mereka walaupun telah diketahui berdasarkan kajian lalu yang teknik penulisan ini selalu dielak oleh penulis bukan natif. Pola penggunaan kata kerja leksikal pula dikaji dalam bentuk Passive + Preposition dan V-that. Ayat Pasif paling banyak digunakan dengan kombinasi preposisi in dan by. Ini menunjukkan pematuhan penulis-penulis kepada konvensi wacana akademik iaitu objektiviti. Pola penulisan V-that menunjukkan tahap keyakinan mereka terhadap kenyataan yang mereka. Analisis pola V-that juga menunjukkan penulis mendiskriminasi jenis kata kerja yang digunakan mengikut animasi objek, samaada hidup atau pun tidak. Kajian ini turut menekankan kepentingan penggunaan kata kerja yang tepat dan rangkai kata dalam penulisan akademik dan mencadangkan analisis kata kerja dan pola biasa dalam penulisan akademik sebagai latihan kesedaran linguistik untuk pelajar ESL. Kata kunci: linguistik corpus, fraseologi, ESL penulisan akademik iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me the opportunity, determination and strength to complete my research. His continuous grace and mercy were with me throughout my life and ever more during the tenure of my research. My enormous thanks also goes to my mother who has never stopped praying for my success. I also am deeply grateful for the exceptional help and guidance given by my supervisor Dr. Siti Zaidah Zainuddin without whom this dissertation would not be complete. To my friends who have also provided with strength to persevere through this journey, I could not thank you enough. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Abstrak ............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables..................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Background of ESL Status in Malaysia ................................................................... 4 1.3 Research questions................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research objective ................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scope of the study .................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Limitation of the study........................................................................................... 10 1.7 Significance of the study ....................................................................................... 10 1.8 Definition of terms ................................................................................................. 11 1.9 Summary ................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Academic discourse ............................................................................................... 17 2.3 Lexical Verbs ......................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Phrasal verb .............................................................................................. 25 2.4 Study of corpus ...................................................................................................... 26 vi 2.5 Lexical verbs in academic discourse ..................................................................... 27 2.6 ESL Writers and Use of Lexical Verbs ................................................................
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